Sistemas de Generacion

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Problem 2

An economizer is to be purchased for a power plant. The unit is to be large enough


to heat 7.5 kg/s of pressurized water from 71°C to 182°C. There are 26 kg/s of flue
gases (cp = 1000 J/kg K) available at 426°C. Estimate:
(a) the outlet temperature of the flue gases and
(b) the heat transfer area required for a counterflow arrangement if the overall
heat transfer coefficient is 57 W/m2 K.
1°-Analysis of the problem
The problem asks us to choose an economizer for a power plant as a condition
since the unit must be large enough to heat water at a specific pressure.
counterflow arrangement if the overall heat transfer coefficient is equal to 57 watts
per cubic meter Kelvin
2°- Scheme

3°- Assumptions and approximations


1° - There are stable operating conditions.
2 ° - The heat exchanger is well insulated, so that the loss of heat to the
surroundings is negligible and, therefore, the heat transfer from the hot fluid is
equal to the transfer of heat to the cold fluid.
3° - Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid flows are insignificant.
4° -No inlays.
5° - The properties of the fluid are constant.
6 ° - The thermal resistance of the inner tube is insignificant since the tube is thin
wall and highly conductive.
4°- Physical laws and formulas
In a well insulated exchanger the reason for the heat transfer from the hot fluid is
equal to the reason for the heat transfer to the cold fluid; that is to say:
Q̇= ṁc c pc ( T c ,salida −T c ,entrada ) =Cc ( T c, salida −T c, entrada )

Q̇= ṁh c ph ( T h , salida −T h , entrada )=C h ( T h, entrada−T h , salida )

The mean log temperature difference is related to that corresponding to the


counterflow ΔTml, CF.
Q̇=U i Ai FΔ T ml
Δ T 1−ΔT 2
ΔT ml=
ΔT1
ln
( )
ΔT2

5°- Properties
Water flow rate ṁw =7.5 kg /s
Water temperatures
T w ,∈¿=71 ° C ¿

T w ,out =182° C

Gas flow rate ṁ g =26 kg /s


J
Gas specific heatc pg=1000
kg . k
Gas inlet temperature T g ,∈¿=426° C ¿
Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) = 57 W/(m2 K)
water at the mean temperature of 126.5 ° C cpw= 4240 J / (kg K)

6°- Calculations
C c =C w =ṁ c c pc =¿

kg J W
¿ 7.5
s (
4240
kg . K
=31801 )
K
C h=C g= ṁh c ph=¿
kg J W
¿ 26
s(1000
kg . K)=26000
K

matching the balances of the hot fluid and the cold fluid
Cg ¿

a) from the previous equation we proceed to clear the outlet temperature of the
gases
T g , out =T Cw
g ,∈¿− ¿¿
Cg

31801
¿ 426 ° C− ( 182° C−71° C )
26000
¿ 290 ° C
In the LMTD method, the reason for the heat transfer is determined from
ΔT 1=T g ,∈¿−T w ,out =426° C−182° C=244 ° C ¿

ΔT 2=T g , out −T w ,∈¿=290 ° C−71° C =219 ° C ¿

ΔT 1−Δ T 2 244−219
ΔT ml= = =231° C
ΔT 1 244
ln
( ) ( )
ΔT 2
ln
219

Q̇=U A s Δ T ml

Q̇=C w ¿
b) equalizing the two previous equations, we can clear the area
U A s Δ T ml=C w ¿

A s=C w ¿ ¿

¿ 268 m 2
7°- Conclusions
Note that the temperature difference ΔT between hot and cold fluids is large at the
inlet of the exchanger, but decreases exponentially towards the outlet. The
temperature of the hot fluid decreases and that of the cold increases along said
exchanger, but the temperature of the cold fluid can never exceed that of the hot,
regardless of how long the exchanger is.
Problem 4.
Two engineers are having an argument about the efficiency of a tube-side
multipass heat exchanger compared to a similar exchanger with a single tube-side
pass. Smith claims that for a given number of tubes and rate of heat transfer, more
area is required in a two-pass exchanger than in a one pass, because the effective
temperature difference is less. Jones, on the other hand, claims that because the
tube-side velocity and hence the heat transfer coefficient are higher, less area is
required in a two-pass exchanger. With the conditions given below, which engineer
is correct? Which case would you recommend, or what changes in the exchanger
would you recommend?
Exchanger specifications:
200 tube passes total
1-inch OD copper tubes, 16 BWG
Tube-side fluid:
water entering at 16°C, leaving at 28°C, at a rate of 225,000 kg/h
Shell-side fluid:
Mobiltherm 600, entering at 50°C, leaving at 33°C
Shell-side coefficient = 1700 W/m2 K
1°-Analysis of the problem
talks about two engineers who are discussing the efficiency of an exchanger one of
them states that for a given number of tubes and heat transfer speed it requires a
larger area and in a two-pass exchanger than in one pass, For his part, Jones says
that the speed of the tube depends on the coefficient of transfer of calories and
given that it requires less area in one in a two-step exchanger, the problem asks
Picasso would highly recommend that changes could change
2°- Scheme
3°- Assumptions and approximations
4°- Physical laws and formulas
In a well insulated exchanger the reason for the heat transfer from the hot fluid is
equal to the reason for the heat transfer to the cold fluid; that is to say:
Q̇= ṁc c pc ( T c ,salida −T c ,entrada ) =Cc ( T c, salida −T c, entrada )

Q̇= ṁh c ph ( T h , salida −T h , entrada )=C h ( T h, entrada−T h , salida )


The mean log temperature difference is related to that corresponding to the
counterflow ΔTml, CF.
Q̇=U i Ai FΔ T ml
Δ T 1−ΔT 2
ΔT ml=
ΔT1
ln
( )
ΔT2

The water velocity.



v=
ρA
Then we get the Reynolds number.
V Di
ℜ=
v
Numero de Nusselt

Nu=0. 023 R e 0.8 Pr n

5°- Properties
in the table we look for 16 tubes and with a diameter of 1 in

Di = 0.870 in = 0.0221 m
Do = 1.0 in = 0.0254 m
for water at the average temperature of 22°C
Thermal conductivity (k) = 0.601 W/(m K)
Kinematic viscosity (ν) = 0.957 × 10–6 m^2 /s
Prandtl number (Pr) = 6.6
Density (ρ) = 998 kg/m3
Specific heat (Cpw) = 4180 J/(kg K)
the specific heat of Mobiltherm 600 at its average temperature of 42°C
(Cpm) = 1654 J/(kg K)
6°- Calculations
the specific heat of Mobiltherm 600 at its average temperature of 42°C (cpm) =
1654 J/(kg K)
The water velocity

V=
ρA
4˙m
¿
π
ρN
4 ()
( Di )
2

kg
4(62.5 )
s m
V a= =.816
kg s
(
200 998
m
3)π ( .0221 m )
2

m m
V b =2V a =2 .816 ( s)=1.63
s

a) Then we get the Reynolds number.


V Di
ℜ=
v
m
ℜ =
( .0816 ) ( .0221m )
s
da
.957 x 10−6 (m¿¿ 2/s )¿
ℜda=18851
where n = 0.4 for heating

Nu=0.023 R e 0.8 Pr n

Nuda=0.023 R e 0.8 Pr n=0.023(18851)0.8 (6.6)0.4 =129

W
hi a =Nuda
k
( )
Di
=129 (
.601
mK
.0221 m
W
=3502 2
m K
)
b) Then we get the Reynolds number.
ℜd b=2 ℜda=37701

where n = 0.4 for heating

Nu=0.023 R e 0.8 Pr n

Nud b =0.023 R e0.8 Pr n=0.023(37701 x 106 )0.8 (6.6)0.4 =224

W
hi b =Nud b
k
( )
Di
=224 ( mK
.601
.0221 m
W
=6108 2
m K
)
The overall heat transfer coefficient

1 D0 1
= +
U 0 D i ( hi ) h0

for subsection a

1 .0254
= (
U 0 .0221 ) 35021 W
( )( +
1700
1
W
)
2
m K m2 K

W
U 0 =1091
m2 K
for subsection b

1 .0254
= (
U 0 .0221 ) 61081 W
( )( +
1700
1
W
)
2
m K m2 K
W
U 0 =1288
m2 K

ΔT a=T m ,∈¿−T w ,out =50° C −2 8 ° C=2 2 ° C ¿

ΔT b=T m , out −T w ,∈¿=33 ° C−1 6 ° C=17 ° C ¿

ΔT a− ΔT b 2 2−1 7
ΔT ml= = =19.4 ° C
Δ Ta 22
ln
( ) ( )
Δ Tb
ln
17

The mean log temperature difference for the counterflow arrangement and the
correction factor F are:
P=(t ¿ ¿ 2−t 1)/(T ¿ ¿ 1−t 1)=(28−16)/(5 0−16)=. 35 ¿ ¿

R=(T ¿ ¿ 1−T 2)/(t ¿ ¿ 2−t 1)=(50−33)/(28−16)=1.41¿ ¿

We found the correction factor F:


F=.91
Q̇=U A s Δ T ml

Q̇=C w ¿

7°- Conclusions

1°-Analysis of the problem


2°- Scheme
3°- Assumptions and approximations
4°- Physical laws and formulas
5°- Properties
6°- Calculations
7°- Conclusions

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