First Among 1

Equals
Reasoning with Equal Expressions

WARM UP LEARNING GOALS

Rewrite each • Compose and decompose numeric and algebraic equations.
number as an • Substitute values into equations to determine whether they
addition, subtraction, make the equation true.
multiplication, or • Construct and analyze equations using Properties of Equality.
division expression. • Analyze, write, and graph inequalities.
Use each operation • Determine the number of solutions of an equation or inequality.
once.
1. 24 KEY TERMS
• equation • Division Property of Equality
• Reflexive Property • Symmetric Property
1
2. __
2 of Equality of Equality
• solution • Zero Property of
• Addition Property Multiplication
3. 0 of Equality • Identity Property
• Subtraction Property of Multiplication
4. 100 of Equality • Identity Property of Addition
• Multiplication Property • graph of an inequality
of Equality • solution set of an inequality

You have learned about both numeric and algebraic expressions and how they describe
situations and relationships among quantities. What properties do equal expressions have
and how can you use these properties to reason about solutions?

LESSON 1: First Among Equals • M3-87

 Getting Started

The Same But Different

1. Write different expressions equal to 4.

54

45

45
Be creative!
Include
different 2. Now write different expressions equal to 4 1 5.
operations
in your
expressions. 4155

5415

4155

3. What can you do to one of the expressions you wrote in

Question 1 to make it equal to one of the expressions you
wrote in Question 2?

M3-88 • TOPIC 2: Equations

 AC T I V I T Y
Using Substitution to
1.1 Understand Equality

An equation is a statement of equality between two expressions.

The Reflexive Property of
An equation can contain numbers, variables, or both in the same
Equality says that when
mathematical sentence.
both sides of an equation
look exactly the same,
Consider the equation 8 1 4 5 1 5. It has an unknown number.
their values are equal.

One way to determine the unknown number is to rewrite the

expressions on both sides of the equals sign until they match.

Consider each reasoning strategy that is used to determine the

unknown number in 8 1 4 5 1 5.

Rylee
The equal sign tells me to perform the operation on
the left in the equation 8 1 4 5 1 5.

8 1 4 5 12 1 5

12 1 5 5 17

Therefore, the unknown number is 17.

Clover
I can determine the unknown number in 8 1 4 5 1
5 by rewriting the expression on the left. I can take 1 from
8 and give it to the 4 and keep the value of the expression
the same.
(8 2 1) 1 (4 1 1) 5 15
7155 15
Therefore, the unknown number is 7.

LESSON 1: First Among Equals • M3-89

 Fiona
I can determine the unknown number in 8 1 4 5 1 5
by rewriting both expressions.

8 1 4 5 1 1 1 4

7 1 1 1 4 5 1 1 1 4

Therefore, the unknown number is 7.

1. What is the unknown number in the equation 8 1 4 5 1 5?

Explain how this makes sense.

2. Explain the error in Rylee's reasoning.

3. How are Clover's reasoning and Fiona's reasoning similar?

How are they different?

M3-90 • TOPIC 2: Equations

4. Consider the equation 31 1 67 5 1 12.
NOTES
a. Determine the unknown number by rewriting the
expressions on either side of the equals sign until they
match.

b. How can you check your answer to make sure it is correct?

c. What number property or properties did you use when

determining the unknown number?

5. Use your number sense reasoning to determine each unknown

number. Show your work.

a. 85 1 45 5 1 60 b. 9 1 23 5 1 14

LESSON 1: First Among Equals • M3-91

 AC T I V I T Y

1.2 Solutions from a Set

Equations come in many forms. Because expressions are either

numeric or algebraic, equations can be made of just numbers or
both numbers and variables.

Equations are statements—they may be always true, never true, or

true only for one or more values of the variable.

True for certain

Always True Never True
values of the variable

6 5 10 2 4 10 5 20 x55
x5x x5x12 x 1 2 5 12

When you determine that an equation is never true, you can make
it a true statement by using the symbol ≠. For example, 10 5 20
should be written as 10 ≠ 20.

1. Create at least five different kinds of equations using the list

Expressions of expressions given.

622

2(x 1 1)
2. Identify your equations that are always true, never true, and
018
those equations where you don’t yet know whether they are
2x true or false. Explain your reasoning.

2x 1 2

3x

M3-92 • TOPIC 2: Equations

A solution to an equation is any value for a variable that makes the
equation true. NOTES
3. Sets of values are given. For each set, decide which value(s), if
any, makes each of your equations from Question 1 true.
Show your work.

a. {1, 2, 3, 4}

b. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

c. {0}

4. Use the list of given expressions to write the type of

equation described.

a. Write an equation with variables that has no possible

solution. Explain why the equation has no solution.

b. Write an equation with variables that is true no matter what

number is substituted for the variable. Explain why there
are an infinite number of solutions.

LESSON 1: First Among Equals • M3-93

 AC T I V I T Y
NOTES
1.3 Using Properties of Equality

The Addition Property of Equality states that if two values

a and b are equal, when you add the same value c to each, the
sums are equal.

The Subtraction Property of Equality states that when you

subtract the same value c from equal values a and b, the differences
are equal.

Properties of Equality For all numbers a, b, and c

Addition Property of Equality If a 5 b, then a 1 c 5 b 1 c.

Subtraction Property of Equality If a 5 b, then a 2 c 5 b 2 c.

1. Suppose you have the equation x 5 15.

a. Use the Addition Property of Equality to write at least

3 equations that have the same solution.

b. Use the Subtraction Property of Equality to write at least

3 equations that have the same solution.

2. Suppose you have the equation x 1 5 5 1 1 9.

a. Use the Addition Property of Equality to write at least

3 equations that have the same solution.

b. Use the Subtraction Property of Equality to write at least

3 equations that have the same solution.

M3-94 • TOPIC 2: Equations

The Multiplication Property of Equality states that if two values
a and b are equal, when you multiply each by the same value c,
the products are equal. The Division Property of Equality states
that when you divide equal values a and b by the same value c, the
quotients are equal. The Division Property of Equality is true only if c
is not equal to 0.
Why can’t the
Properties of Equality For all numbers a, b, and c value of c be 0?

Multiplication Property of Equality If a 5 b, then a ? c 5 b ? c.

If a 5 b and c ° 0, then
Division Property of Equality
a 4 c 5 b 4 c.

3. Suppose you have the equation x = 5.

a. Use the Multiplication Property of Equality to write at

least 3 equations that have the same solution.

b. Use the Division Property of Equality to write at least 3

equations that have the same solution.

1
4. Suppose you have the equation __
2
x 5 10.

a. Use the Multiplication Property of Equality to write at

least 3 equations that have the same solution. Properties of Equality are
logical rules that allow
you to maintain balance
and rewrite equations.

b. Use the Division Property of Equality to write at least 3

equations that have the same solution.

5. Describe how you can check the solutions of the equations you
wrote in Questions 1 and 3.

LESSON 1: First Among Equals • M3-95

 AC T I V I T Y

1.4 Identifying Solutions

Cut out the cards at the end of the lesson. There are Equation Cards
The Symmetric and Solution Cards. The Solution Cards are shaded blue.
Property of Equality
1. Match the Equation Cards with the Solution Cards.
states that if a 5 b,
Explain how you identified each solution.
then b 5 a. So, x 5 3
is the same as 3 5 x.

2. Which equation(s) have no solutions? Explain how you know.

3. Which equation(s) have an infinite number of solutions?

Explain how you know.

M3-96 • TOPIC 2: Equations

Equations that have an infinite number of solutions are equations that
are true no matter what value you assign to the variable. These kinds NOTES
of equations often describe important properties of numbers.

Consider each property.

• The Zero Property of Multiplication states that the product of

any number and 0 is 0.

• The Identity Property of Multiplication states that the product

of any number and 1 is the number.

• The Identity Property of Addition states that the sum of any

number and 0 is the number.

4. Study the Equation Cards.

a. Which equation(s) states the Zero Property of Multiplication?

b. Which equation(s) states the Identity Property

of Multiplication?

c. Which equation(s) states the Identity Property of Addition?

5. Three of the Solution Cards did not match any of the Equation
Cards. Write equations that have those values as solutions.

LESSON 1: First Among Equals • M3-97

 AC T I V I T Y

1.5 Inequalities

You can use a number line to represent inequalities. The graph of

an inequality in one variable is the set of all points on a number
line that make the inequality true. The set of all points that make an
inequality true is the solution set of the inequality.

1. Consider the graphs of the inequalities x . 3 and x $ 3.

x.3

0 1 2 3 4

x$3

Why does one 0 1 2 3 4

graph show an
a. Describe each number line representation.
open point and
the other one
a closed point?

b. Describe the solution set for each inequality.

c. How does the solution set of the inequality x $ 3 differ

from the solution set of x . 3?

M3-98 • TOPIC 2: Equations

2. Consider the graphs of the inequalities x , 3 and x # 3.
x,3

0 1 2 3 4

x#3

0 1 2 3 4

a. Describe each number line representation.

b. Describe the solution set for each.

c. How does the solution set of the inequality x # 3 differ

from the solution set of x , 3?

The solution to any inequality can be represented on a number line

by a ray. A ray begins at a starting point and goes on forever in
one direction.

A closed circle means that the starting point is part of the solution
set of the inequality. An open circle means that the starting point is
not part of the solution set of the inequality.

LESSON 1: First Among Equals • M3-99

 3. Write the inequality represented by each graph.

For solution
sets that don't a.
start on an 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
exact number,
make your best
approximation. b.
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

c.
30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

d.
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

4. Graph the solution set for each inequality.

a. x # 14

10 11 12 13 14 15

b. x , 55

50 51 52 53 54 55

1#x
c. 2__
2

0 1 2 3 4 5

d. x . 3.3

0 1 2 3 4 5

e. x fi 4.2

0 1 2 3 4 5

M3-100 • TOPIC 2: Equations

5. Consider the inequalities in Questions 1 through 4.

a. How many solutions does each inequality have?

b. Can you write an inequality that has no solutions? Explain.

c. Can you write an inequality that has just one solution?

Explain your reasoning.

Does a
6. Explain the meaning of each sentence in words. Then, define a "maximum"
variable and write a mathematical statement to represent each include the
statement. Finally, sketch a graph of each inequality. starting point?

a. The maximum load for an elevator is 2900 lbs.

b. A car can seat up to 8 passengers.

c. No persons under the age of 18 are permitted.

d. You must be at least 13 years old to join.

LESSON 1: First Among Equals • M3-101

 NOTES
TALK the TALK

Not All Variables Are Created Equal

A point at a is plotted on the number line shown.

a
0

1. Plot a point to the right of this point and label it b.

a. Write three different inequalities that are true about

a and b.

b. What can you say about all points to the right of point a
on the number line?

2. Plot a point to the left of a and label it c.

a. Write three different inequalities that are true about

a and c.

b. What can you say about all the points to the left of
point a on the number line?

3. Describe the position of all the points on the number line

that are:

a. greater than a. b. less than a.

M3-102 • TOPIC 2: Equations

Equation Cards

11 1 x 5 11 10x 5 30 x 1 10 5 20
__ x 1 3.5 5 14.25 1x 5 8
__
3 8

1x 1 6 5 9 x115x 5 5 x 1 __
__ 1 x255x24 x 52
__
8 2 9

55x15 29 5 x ? 29 x 5 0.1
___ 45 5 5x 10 5 0.1
___
10 x

x?15x x105x x14541x x 5 __

__ 1x 0x 5 0
4 4

Solution Cards

x 5 10.75 x50 35x no solutions 1

x 5 __
8

65x
x 5 18 30 5 x x 5 100 x51
(six)

95x 1
x 5 __ 64 5 x infinite solutions x 5 0.1
(nine) 4

✂
LESSON 1: First Among Equals • M3-103
 Assignment

Write
Complete each statement with the correct term.

1. The states that if two values a and b are equal, when you multiply each by
the same value c, the products are equal.
2. A to an equation is any value for a variable that makes the equation true.
3. The says that when both sides of an equation look exactly the same, their
values must be equal.
4. An is a mathematical sentence created by writing two expressions with an
equals sign between them.
5. The is the set of all points on a number line that make the inequality true.

Remember
Properties of Equality are logical rules that allow you to maintain balance and rewrite equations.

Properties of Equality For all numbers a, b, and c

Addition Property of Equality If a 5 b, then a 1 c 5 b 1 c.

Subtraction Property of Equality If a 5 b, then a 2 c 5 b 2 c.

Multiplication Property of Equality If a 5 b, then ac 5 bc.

a b
Division Property of Equality If a 5 b, and c ° 0, then __c 5 __c .

Practice
Indicate whether each equation has one solution, no solutions, or an infinite number of solutions and explain
your reasoning. If the equation has one solution, determine the solution from the set of values given.

Set of values: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 50, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 99, 100}

1. x 2 3 5 x 1 3 2. 4 ? x 5 20

3. 81 5 9x 4. x + 17 5 55
x 5 21
5. __ 6. 1x 5 x
3
7. 8 1 x 5 x 1 8 8. 99 5 x 2 1

LESSON 1: First Among Equals • M3-105

 Stretch
Model each equality or inequality situation. Then determine each solution.

1. Najid is taller than Emily and shorter than Daniel. Who is the tallest?
2. Sophie is now as old as Jasmine was 6 years ago. Who is older?

Review
1. Define variables and write an algebraic expression to represent each situation.
a. Miguel has three times as many books as Jose.
b. Rosa has 5 fewer bracelets than Maria.

For each situation, examine the given expressions and/or solution strategies.
2. Darian’s band made $500 on one night. They had to subtract costs of $80 and then divide the remaining
money among the band members. If there are 4 members in the band, which numeric expression
correctly shows the amount that each member will make? Explain your answer using the rules for order
of operations.

Expression A Expression B
500 2 80 4 4 (500 2 80) 4 4

3. Darian’s band hires a manager. The manager asks a local park if they can hold a concert on one of the
lawn areas. The lawn can have 20 rows of seats with 20 chairs in each row. The band charges $25 for each
seat. The cost for advertising, the rental of the chairs, and the management fees totals $4000. If the band
is able to fill all of the seats, which solution shows the amount the band will make? Determine the error
that was made in the incorrect solution.

Solution A Solution B
2
25 3 20 2 4000 25 3 20 2 2 4000
25 3 400 2 4000 500 2 2 4000
10,000 2 4000 250,000 2 4000
6000 246,000

4. Determine each unknown.

5 5 ___
a. __ x 90 5 __
b. ___ 9
6 30 x 2

M3-106 • TOPIC 2: Equations