Enabling Technologies

for Data Science

Analytics: IoT
IV B.TECH II SEM – CSE
SKIT - SRIKALAHASTHI
Introduction to Internet
of Things
UNIT – I
CHAPTER - 1
Definition IOT:

A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring

capabilities based on standards and interoperable communication
protocols where physical and virtual things have identities, physical
attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are
seamlessly integrated into information network, often communicate
data associated with users and their environments.
Terms into perspective of IoT

● Dynamic & Self-Adapting

● Self-Configuring
● Interoperable Communication Protocols
● Unique Identity
● Integrated into Information Network
Introduction of IOT

Internet of things comparises things that have unique identities and

are connected to the internet.why many existing devices such as
networked computers or 4G enabled mobile phones already have some
form of unique identities are also connected to the internet.internet
application development demand is very high.IOT is a major technology
which can produce useful internet application.experts forecast by the
year 2020 there will be total 50 billion things connected to the internet
Physical Design of IOT

IOT systems combine physical and digital components that collect

data from physical devices and deliver actionable, operational insights.
These components include: physical devices, sensors, data extraction
and secured communication, gateways, cloud servers, analytics, and
dashboards.
Things in IOT
● IOT devices have unique identities and can perform remote sensing,
actuating and monitoring capabilities.
● IOT devices can exchange data with other connected devices and
applications (directly are indirectly) connected data from other
devices.
● It process the data either locally or send the data to centralized
servers.
● An IOT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to
other devices both wired and wireless.these includes:-
○ I/O interfaces for sensors
○ Interfaces for internet connectivity
○ Memory and storage interfaces
IOT Protocols
● Link Layer
○ 802.3 – Ethernet, 802.11 – Wi-Fi, 802.16 – WiMax, 802.15.4 – LR-
WPAN, 2G/3G/4G LTE – Mobile Communication
● Network Layer
○ IPV4, IPV6, 6LoWPAN (IPV6 over low power Wireless Personal Area
Networks)
● Transport Layer
○ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) & UDP (User Datagram
Protocol)
IOT Protocols
● Application Layer
○ HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol), CoAP (Constrained
Application Protocol), WebSocket,
MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry
Transport), XMPP (Extensible
Message and Presence Protocol),
DDS (Data Distribution Service),
AMQP ( Advanced Message
Queuing Protocol)
Applications of IOT
IOT Protocols
• Link layer:
• 803.2 - Ethernet: IEEE 802.3 is a collection of wired Ethernet standards
for the link layer
• 802.11 – Wi-Fi: IEEE is a collection of wireless local area network
(WLAN) communication standards, including extensive description of
link layer
• Network layer:
• IPV4: Internet protocol version 4 (IPV4) is the most deployed internet
protocol that is used to identify the devices on a network using a
hierarchical addressing schema
• IPV6: Internet protocol version 6 (IPV6) is the newest version of internet
protocol and successor to IPV4.
IOT Protocols
• Transport Layer:
• TCP: Transmission control protocol is the most widely used transport
layer that is used by web browser. TCP is described in RFC 793.
• UDP: Unlike TCP which requires carrying out an initial step procedure.
UDP is a connectionless protocol. UDP is described in RFC 768.
● Application Layer:
○ HTTP:Hypertext Transfer protocol is the application layer protocol that
forms the foundation of the world wide web .
○ COAP: Constrained Application protocol is an application layer protocol
for machine to machine (m2m) applications means for constrained
environment with constrained devices and constrained networks.
Logical Design of IOT

● Logical design of an IOT system refers to an absract

representation of the entities and processes without going to lowlevel
specifics of the implementations.In this section we describe the
functional blocks of an iot system and the communication models.
IOT Functional Blocks
● An IoT system is comprised of a number of functional blocsk to
facilitate various utilities to the system such as, sensing, identification,
actuation, communication, and management. These functional blocks
are described as follows.
○ Device: An IOT system comprises of devices that provide
sensing,actuating,monitoring and control functions.
○ Communication: The communication blocks handle the
communication for the IOT system.
○ Services: An IOT system uses various types of an IOt services such
as services for device monitoring,device control service,data
publishing service and services for device discovery.
IOT Functional Blocks
● Management: Management functional block provides various functions to
govern the IOT system.
● Security: Security functional block secure the IOT systems and by
providing functions such as authentication, authorization and content and
message integrity, and data security.
● Application: IOT application provide an interface that the user can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IOT system. Application also
allow user to view or analyze the processor data.
Functional blocks of IOT
IOT Communication Model

● Request-Response: Request-response is a communication model in

which the client sends requests to the server and the server responds
top the requests. When the server receive a request ,it decides how to
response fetches the data.

● Publish-Subscribe: In software architecture, publish–subscribe is a

messaging pattern where senders of messages, called publishers, do
not program the messages to be sent directly to specific receivers,
called subscribers, but instead categorize published messages into
classes without knowledge of which subscribers, if any, there may be.
IOT Communication Model

● Push-Pull: Push communication refers to any message that is sent

from a sender to a receiver. Push is a broadcast. The sender is in
control, determining who receives the communication, how they receive
it, and when. ... Pull communication refers to any information that is
accessible by a recipient on his terms.

● Exclusive-Pair: Exclusive-Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex

communication model that uses a persistent connection between the
client and server. ... Client and server can send messages to each
other after connection setup
Request-Response Communication Model
Push-Pull Communication Model
IOT communication APIs

Rest based communication APIs: A RESTful API - also referred to as

a RESTful web service or REST API - is based on representational state
transfer (REST) technology, an architectural style and approach to
communications often used in web services development.
● Client-Server: the principle behind the client-server constraint is the
separation of concerns.
● Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the
information.
IOT communication APIs

● Layered System: Layered System constraint, constrains the

behavior of components such that each components cannot see
beyond the immediate layer with which they are interacting.
● Uniform interface: Uniform interface constraints requires that the
method of communication between a client and server must be
uniform.
● Code on demand: Servers can provide executable code or scripts
for clients to execute in their context.
Websocket based communications APIs:
Websocket APIs follow
the exclusive pair communication
model. Unlike request-response
model such as REST, the
WebSocket APIs allow full duplex
communication and do not require
new connection to be setup for
each message to be sent.
IOT Enabling Technologies

● IoT is enabled by several technologies including wireless sensor

networks cloud computing,big data analytics,embedded system
security protocols and architecture communication protocols, web
services, mobile internet and semantic search engines
● This section provides an overview of some of these technologies
which play a key-role in IoT.
Wireless Sensor Networks

● A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises of distributed

devices With sensors which are used to monitor the environment and
physical condition.A WSN consist of a number of nodes and routers
and a coordinator. End nodes Have several sensors attached to them
.end nodes can act as routers.Routers are responsible for routing the
data packets from end nodes to the coordinator.the coordinator
collects the data from all the nodes. Coordinator also acts as a
gateway that connects the WSN to the internet.some examples of
WSN s used in IOT systems
WSN Architecture
Applications of wireless sensor network
● Wireless sensor networks have gained considerable popularity due to their
flexibility in solving problems in different application domains and have the
potential to change our lives in many different ways. WSNs have been
successfully applied in various application domains.
● Military applications: Wireless sensor networks be likely an integral part of
military command, control, communications, computing, intelligence,
battlefield surveillance, reconnaissance and targeting systems.
● Area monitoring: In area monitoring, the sensor nodes are deployed over a
region where some phenomenon is to be monitored. When the sensors
detect the event being monitored (heat, pressure etc), the event is reported
to one of the base stations, which then takes appropriate action.
Applications of wireless sensor network
● Transportation: Real-time traffic information is being collected by WSNs to later
feed transportation models and alert drivers of congestion and traffic problems.
● Health applications: Some of the health applications for sensor networks are
supporting interfaces for the disabled, integrated patient monitoring, diagnostics,
and drug administration in hospitals, tele-monitoring of human physiological data,
and tracking & monitoring doctors or patients inside a hospital.
● Environmental sensing: The term Environmental Sensor Networks has developed
to cover many applications of WSNs to earth science research. This includes
sensing volcanoes, oceans, glaciers, forests etc. Some other major areas are listed
below:
● Air pollution monitoring
● Forest fires detection
● Greenhouse monitoring
● Landslide detection
Cloud Computing
● Cloud computing is a transformative computing paradigm that involves
Delivering applications and services over the internet.cloud computing
involves provisioning of computing,networking and storage resources on
demand and providing these resources on demand and providing these
resources as metered services to the users,in a “pay as you go” model.
● Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the
applications online. It offers online data storage, infrastructure and application.
● Cloud computing resources can be accessed over the internet using standard
access mechanism that provides platform independent access through the use
of heterogeneous client platforms such as workstations, laptops, tablet and
smartphones. Cloud computing services offered to users in different forms.
 Cloud Computing

● Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

● Platform as a service (PaaS)
● Software as a service (SaaS)
Cloud Computing
● Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a type of cloud computing model that
allocates virtualized computing resources to the user through the internet.
While renting from a cloud IaaS provider, users are essentially renting
hardware along with the provisioning software that automates it.
● Platform as a service (PaaS) is a cloud computing model in which a third-
party provider delivers hardware and software tools -- usually those needed
for application development -- to users over the internet. A PaaS provider
hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure.
● Software as a service (SaaS) is a software distribution model in which a
third-party provider hosts applications and makes them available to customers
over the Internet. SaaS is one of three main categories of cloud computing,
alongside infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and platform as a service (PaaS).
Cloud Computing
 Big Data Analytics
● Big data is a collection of
datasets whose volume, velocity
or variety, is so large that is
difficult to store, manage,
Process and analyze the data
using traditional database and
processing tools.
Big Data Analytics
Big analytics involves several steps starting from data cleansing and data
munging, data processing and visualization Some examples of big data
generated by IoT systems are described as follows:
● Sensor data generated by IoT systems such as weather monitoring stations.
● Machine sensor data collected from sensors embedded in industrial and
energy systems for monitoring their health and detecting failures
● Health and fitness data generated IoT devices such as wearable fitness
bands.
● Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles.
Big Data Analytics
● Data generated by retail inventory monitoring systems.
○ Volume: The quantity of generated and stored data. The size of the data
determines the value and potential insight, and whether it can be considered
big data or not.
○ Variety: The type and nature of the data. This helps people who analyze it to
effectively use the resulting insight. Big data draws from text, images, audio,
video; plus it completes missing pieces through data fusion.
○ Velocity: The speed at which the data is generated and processed to meet the
demands and challenges that lie in the path of growth and development. Big
data is often available in real-time. Compared to small data big data are
produced more continually. Two kinds of velocity related to big data are the
frequency of generation and the frequency of handling, recording, and
publishing.
Communication Protocol
Communication protocol form the backbone of IoT systems and enable
network connectivity and coupling to applications.communication protocol
allows device to exchange data over the network. Types of
communication protocols:
● Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
● Internet Protocol (IP)
● User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
● File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
● Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
● Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Embedded System
● Embedded system is a computer system that has computer hardware and software to
perform specific tasks.
● It contrast to general purpose computer or personal computer (PCs) which can perform
various types of tasks.
● Embedded system include microprocessor or microcontroller, memory (RAM, ROM,
Cache), networking units (Ethernet, Wi-Fi adapters) inputs/output units (Display,
Keyboard etc.) and storage (such as flash memory).
● Some system has specialized processors such as digital signal processors (DSPs),
graphics processors and application specific processors.
● Embedded systems run embedded operating system such as real time operating
systems (RTOS).
● Embedded system range from low-cost miniaturized devices such as digital watches to
devices such as digital cameras, point of sale terminals, vending machines, appliances
(such as washing machine), etc.
Domain Specific IoTs
UNIT – I
CHAPTER - 2
Domain Specific IoTs
● Home Automation ● Cities
○ Smart Lighting ○ Smart Parking
○ Smart Appliance ○ Smart Lighting
○ Intrusion Detection ○ Smart Roads
○ Smoke/Gas Detectors ○ Structural Health Monitoring
○ Surveillance
○ Emergency Response
Domain Specific IoTs
● Environment
○ Weather Monitoring
○ Air Pollution Monitoring
○ Noise Pollution Monitoring
○ Forest Fire Detection
○ River Floods Detection
● Retail
○ Inventory Management
○ Smart Payments
○ Smart Vending Machines
Domain Specific IoTs
● Agriculture
○ Smart Irrigation
○ Green House Control
● Industry
○ Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis
○ Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
● Health & Lifestyle
○ Health & Fitness Monitoring
○ Wearable Electronics
Home Automation: Smart Lighting
Smart lighting for homes helps in saving by adapting the lighting to the
ambient conditions and switching on/off or dimming the lights when
needed.
• Smart Lighting solutions for home achieve energy savings by sensing
the human movements and their environment.
• Wireless enabled and internet connected lights can be controlled
remotely from IoT applications(mobile or web applications).
• Key enabling technologies for smart lighting include solid state
lighting and IP-enabled lights.
Smart Lighting
• Solid state lighting model is
implemented on a wireless
sensor network that provides
services according to user
preferences.
• IP-enabled lights can be
monitor,manage and control
from any internet-enabled
device.
Smart Appliance
• Smart appliances make the management easier and also provide
status information to the users remotely.
• Modern homes have a number of appliances such as
TVs,refrigerators,music systems,washers/dryers etc.
• Managing and controlling these appliances can be difficult because
each appliances having their own remote controls.
• For example,smart refrigerators can keep track of the items stored
and send updates to the users when an item is low on stock.
Smart appliance
Smart Appliance
• OpenRemote is an open source automation platform for homes and
buildings and works with standard hardware.
• OpenRemote comprises of three components:
• A Controller that manages scheduling and runtime integration between
devices.
• A Designer that allows you to create both configurations for the
controller and create user interface designs and
• Control Panels that allow you to interact with devices and control them.
• With OpenRemote,users can control various appliances.
• An IoT-based appliances control system for smart homes uses smart
central controller to set up a wireless sensor and actual network and
control modules for appliances.
Applications for IOT for home automation
Intrusion Detection
• Home intrusion detection systems use security cameras and sensors
to detect intrusions and raise alerts.
• Alerts is in the form of an SMS or an email sent to the user.
• Advanced systems can even send details alerts such as an image
grab or a short video clip sent as an email attachment.
• A cloud controlled intrusion detection system uses location-aware
services,where the geo-location of each node of a home automation
system is independently detected and stored in the cloud.
• Intrusion detection system based
• UPnP(Universal-Plug-and-Play) technology.
Smoke/Gas Detectors
• Smoke detectors are installed in homes and buildings to detect
smoke that is typically early sign of free.
• It use optical detection,ionization or air sample techniques to detect
smoke.
• Gas detectors can detect the presence of harmful gases such as
CO,LPG etc.
• Alerts raised by the smart smoke/gas detectors are in the form
human voice describing where the problem is,send or an SMS or
email to the user or the local fire safety department and provide
visual feedback on its status.
Cities: Smart Parking
• Smart parking make the search for parking space easier and
convenient for drivers.
• Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the number of
empty parking slots and send the information over the Internet to
smart parking application back-end.
• These application can be accessed by the drivers from smart-
phones ,tablets and in-car navigation systems.
• In smart-parking,sensors are used for each parking slot,to detect
whether the slot is empty or occupied.This information is aggregated
by a local controller and then sent over the internet to the database.
Smart Lighting
• Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamically controlled and also
adaptive to the ambient conditions.
• Smart lights connected to the internet can be controlled remotely to
configure lighting schedules and lighting intensity.
• Custom lighting configurations can be set for different situations such
as a foggy day,a festival,etc.
• Smart lights equipped with sensors can communicate with other
lights and exchange information on the sensed ambient conditions to
adapt the lighting.
Smart Roads
• Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on
driving conditions,travel time estimates and alerts in case of poor
driving conditions,traffic congestions and accidents.
• Such information can help in making the roads safer and help in
reducing traffic jams.
• Information sensed from the roads can be communicated via internet
to cloud-based applications and social media.
• The system can provide the drivers and passengers with a consistent
view of the road situation a few hundred meters ahead of them or a
few dozen miles away,so that they can react to potential dangers
early enough.
Structural Health Monitoring
• Structural health monitoring systems use a network of a sensors to
monitor the vibration levels in the structures such as bridges and
buildings.
• The data collected from these sensors is analysed to assess the
health of the structures.
• BY analysing the data it is possible to detect cracks and mechanical
breakdowns,locate the damages to the structure and also calculate
the remaining life of the structure.
• An environment effect removal based structural health monitoring
scheme in an IoT environment.
Surveillance
• Surveillance of infrastructure,public transport and events in cities is
required to ensure safety and security.
• City wide surveillance infrastructure comprising of large numbers of
distributed and internet connected video surveillance cameras can be
created.
• The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in
cloud-based scalable storage solutions.
• Cloud based video analytics applications can be developed to search
for patterns or specific events from video feeds.
Emergency Response
• IoT systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure in cities such
as buildings,gas and water pipelines,public tranansport and power stations.
• IoT systems for critical infrastructure monitoring enable aggregation sharing of
information collected from large number of sensors.
• using cloud-based infrastructures,multi model information such as a sensor
data, audio, video feeds can be analysed in near real-time to detect adverse
events.
● Response to alerts generated by such systems can be in the form sent to the
public,re-routing of traffic,evacuations of the affected areas,etc.critical
infrastructure response framework for smart cities.
● A Traffic management system for emergency services adapts dynamically
adjusting traffic lights, changing related driving polices etc.
Application for IoT for cities
Environment: Weather Monitoring

• IoT based weather monitoring systems can collect data from a

number of sensor attached (such as temperature, humidity, pressure,
etc.) and send the data to cloud-based applications and storage
back-ends.
• The data collected in the cloud can then be analyzed and visualized
applications.
• Airpi is a weather and air quality monitoring kit capable of recording
and uploading information about temperature, humidity, air, pressure,
etc. to the internet.
Air Pollution Monitoring

• IoT based air pollution monitoring system can monitor emission of

harmful gases(CO2, CO, NO, NO2, etc.) by factories and automobiles
using gaseous and meteorological sensors.
• The collected data can be analyzed to make informed decisions on
pollutions control approaches.
• A real-time air quality monitoring system is comprised of several
disturbed monitoring stations that communicate via wireless with a
back-end server using machine-to-machine communication.
Noise Pollution Monitoring
• Due to growing urban development,noise levels in cities have increased.
• Noise pollution can cause health hazards for humans due to sleep
disruption and stress.
• Noise Pollution monitoring can help in generating noise maps for cities.
• Urban noise maps can help the policy makers in urban planning and
making policies to control noise levels near residential areas,schools and
parks.
• IoT based noise pollution monitoring systems use a number of noise
monitoring stations that are deployed at different places in a city.
• The data on noise levels from the stations is collected on servers or in the
cloud.The collected data is then aggregated to generate noise maps.
Forest Fire Detection
• Forest fires can cause damage to natural resources, property and
human life.
• There can be different causes of forest fires including lightening, human
negligence, volcanic eruptions and sparks from rock falls.
• Early detection of forest fires can help in minimizing the damage.
• IoT based forest fire detection systems use a number of monitoring
nodes deployed at different locations in a forest.
• Each monitoring node collects measurements on ambient conditions
including temperature, humidity, light levels, etc.
• The system uses multi-criteria detection which is implemented by the
artificial neural network (ANN).
River Floods Detection

• River floods can cause extensive damage to the natural and human
resources and human life.
• River floods occur due to continuous rainfall which cause the river
levels to rise and flow rates to increase rapidly.
• Early warnings of floods can be given by monitoring the water level
and flow rate. IOT based river flood monitoring system use a number
of sensor nodes that monitor the water level and flow rate.
• Data from a number of such sensor nodes is aggregated in a server
or in the cloud.Monitoring application raise alerts when rapid increase
in water level and flow rate is detected.
Retail: Inventory Management
• IoT systems using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags can help
in inventory management and maintaining the right inventory levels.
• While over-stocking of products can result in additional storage
expenses and risk, under-stocking can lead to loss of revenue.
• RFID tags attached to the products allow them to be tracked in real-time
so that the inventory levels can be determined accurately and products
which are low on stock can be replenished.
• Tracking can be done using RFID readers attached to the retail store
shelves or in the warehouse.
• IoT systems enable remote monitoring of inventory using the data
collected by the RFID readers.
Smart Payments
• Smart payment solutions such as contact-less payments powered by
technologies such as Near Field Communication (NFC) and Bluetooth.
• NFC is a set of standards for smartphone and other devices to
communicate with each other by bringing them into proximity or by
touching them.
• Customers can store the credit card information in their NFC-enabled
smartphones and make payments by bringing the smartphones near the
point of sale terminals.
• NFC may be used in combination with Bluetooth, where NFC initiates
initial pairing of devices to establish a Bluetooth connection while the
actual data transfer takes place over Bluetooth.
Smart Vending Machines
• Smart vending machines connected to the Internet allow remote monitoring
of inventory levels, elastic pricing of products, promotions, and contact-less
payments using NFC.
• Smartphone applications that communicate with smart vending machines
allow user preferences to be remembered and learned with time.
• When a user moves from one vending machine to the other and pairs the
smartphone with the vending machine, a user specific interface is
presented.
• Sensors in a smart vending machine monitors its operations and send the
data to the cloud which can be used for predictive maintenance.
• New products can be recommended to the customers based on the
purchase history and preferences.
Agriculture: Smart irrigation

• Smart irrigation systems can improve crop yields while saving water.
• Smart irrigation systems use IoT devices with soil moisture sensors
to determine the amount of moisture in the soil and release the flow
of water through the irrigation pipes only when the moisture level go
below a predefined threshold.
• Smart irrigation systems also collect moisture level measurements on
a server or in the cloud where the collected data can be analyzed to
plan watering schedules.
• Cultivar’s RainCloud is a device for smart irrigation that uses water
valves, soil sensors and a WiFI enabled programmable computer.
Green House Control
• Green Houses are structures with glass or plastic roofs that provide
conducive environment for growth of plants.
• The temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light and carbon dioxide
levels are monitored using sensors and the climatological conditions
are controlled automatically using actuation devices.
• IoT systems play an important role in green house control and help in
improving productivity.
• The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralized
servers or in the cloud where analysis is performed to optimize the
control strategies and also correlate the productivity with different
control strategies.
 Industry: Machine Diagnosis & Prognosis
• Machine prognosis refers to predicting the performance of a machine by analyzing
the data on the current operating conditions and how much deviations exist from
the normal operating conditions.
• Machine diagnosis refers to determining the cause of a machine fault.
• Sensors in machines can monitor the operating conditions such as temperature and
vibration levels. The sensor data measurements are done on timescales of few
milliseconds to few seconds, which leads to generation of massive amount of data.
• Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a commonly used method that finds solutions to
new problems based on past experience.
• CBR is an effective technique for problem solving in the fields in which it is hard to
establish a quantitative mathematical model, such as machine diagnosis and
prognosis.
Indoor Air Quality Monitoring

• Monitoring indoor air quality in factories is important for health and

safety of the workers.Harmful and toxic gases such as carbon
monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2 ),
etc., can cause serious health problems.
• IoT based gas monitoring systems can help in monitoring the indoor
air quality using various gas sensors.
• The indoor air quality can vary for different locations.
• Wireless sensor networks based IoT devices can identify the
hazardous zones, so that corrective measures can be taken to
ensure proper ventilation.
Health & Lifestyle: Health & Fitness Monitoring

• Wearable IoT devices that allow to continuous monitoring of

physiological parameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, body
temperature etc can help in continuous health and fitness monitoring.
• These wearables can be in various forms such as belts and wrist-
bands.
• The measurements from a number of wearable devices are
continuously sent to a master node which then sends the data to a
server or a cloud-based back-end for analysis and archiving.
• Health-care providers can analyze the collected health-care data to
determine any health conditions or anomalies.
Wearable Electronics
• Wearable electronics such as wearable gadgets (smart watches, smart
glasses, wristbands etc ) and fashion electronics provide various functions
and features to assist us in our daily activities and making us lead healthy
lifestyles.
• With smart watches, the users can search the Internet, play audio/video files,
make calls, play games and use various kinds of mobile applications.
• Smart glasses allows users to take photos and record videos, get map
directions, check flight status, and search the internet by using voice
commands.
• Smart shoes monitor the walking or running speeds and jumps with the help
of embedded sensors and be paired with smart-phones to visualize the data.
• Smart wristbands can track the daily exercise and calories burnt.