Crop Production and Management - Class 8 :

Notes
Crop Production and Management
(i) All the living organisms require food for their life processes like digestion, respiration, and excretion etc. Plants can make
their own food by the process of photosynthesis and animals included humans cannot make their food so they are depended on
the plants.
(ii) In order to provide food for a large population— regular production, proper management and distribution of food is
necessary.

Agricultural Practices:
(i) When the same kinds of plants are grown at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop. Different type crops like cereals,
vegetables and fruits etc, can be classified on the basis of the season in which they grow.
(ii) India is a vast country. Here climatic conditions like temperature, humidity and rainfall vary from one region to another.
There is a rich variety of crops grown in different parts of the India. Despite this diversity, two broad cropping patterns can be
identified. These are:

(a) Kharif Crops:- The crops which are sown in the rainy season are called kharif crops. The rainy season in India is generally
from June month to September month. Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut, cotton, etc., are the examples of kharif crops.
Examples of Kharif Crops:

2. Rabi Crops:-The crops which are grown in the winter season are called rabi crops. Their time period is generally from
October month to March month. Wheat, gram, pea, mustard and linseed are the examples of rabi crops.
Besides these, pulses and vegetables are grown during summer at many places.
Examples of Rabi Crops:

Basic Practices of Crop Production:

The several activities undertaken by the farmers for the cultivation of crops over a period of time are referred to as agricultural
practices. These activities are: 
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1. Preparation of Soil: One of the most important tasks in agriculture is to turn the soil and loosen it. The loose soil allows
the roots to penetrate and breathe easily even when they go deep into the soil. The loosened soil helps in the growth of
earthworms and microbes present in the soil.
The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing. This is done by using a plough which is made of
wood or iron.
If the soil is very dry, it may need watering before ploughing. The ploughed field may have big pieces of soil called crumbs. It
is necessary to break these crumbs with a plank. The field is levelled by leveller for sowing as well as for irrigation purposes.

2. Sowing: Sowing is the most important part of crop production. Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected. These are
clean and healthy seeds of a good variety. Farmers prefer to use seeds which give a high yield.
Before sowing, one of the important tasks is to know about the tools used for sowing seeds.

(i) Traditional Tool: It is the tool shaped liked funnel used traditionally for sowing seeds. The seeds are filled into the funnel,
passed down through two or three pipes having sharp ends. These ends pierce into the soil and place seeds there.
(ii) Seed Drill: Now days the seed drill is used for sowing with the help of tractors. With help of this tool sows the seeds
uniformly at proper distances and depths. It ensures that seeds get covered by the soil after sowing and prevents damage
caused by birds. It saves time and labour.

Seed drill

3. Adding Manure and Fertilisers

(i) For the healthy growth of plants substances which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients are called manure and
fertilisers.
(ii) Nutrients are essential for the growth of plants. Soil supplies mineral nutrients to the crop. In certain areas, farmers grow
crop after crop in the same field. The field is never left uncultivated or fallow.
(iii) Continuous growing of crops makes the soil poorer in certain nutrients. Therefore, farmers have to add manure to the
fields to replenish the soil with nutrients. This process is called manuring.
(iv) Manure is an organic substance obtained from the decomposition of plant wastes or animal excreta. Farmers dump plant
and animal waste in pits at open places and allow it to decompose. The decomposition is caused by some microorganisms. The
decomposed matter is used as organic manure.
(v) Fertilisers are chemicals manufactured in factories. They are chemicals highly rich in nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium.

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Difference between Fertilisers and Manure:

S.no. Manure Fertiliser

1. Easily made using animal and plant waste Made in factories in well defined way

2. No harmful effect as fully natural Side effects as it is a chemicals

3. Provides mainly organic matter Provides mainly nutrients

4. Good for long term soil fertility Not good for long term soil fertility, If uses in excessive amount

5. Not effect as fertilisers Very effective in obtaining fast result.

6. It is very cheap It is very costly

Advantage of Manure:
(i) It provides lots of organic matter which makes soil porous.
(ii) It increases soil fertility in general.
(iii) It provide some nutrients in small amounts
(iv) As it made from waste products, so environment is cleaned.
(v) It increases the water holding capacity.

4. Irrigation:
(i) Water is important for proper growth and development of plants.
(ii) Water is essential because germination of seeds does not take place under dry conditions. Nutrients dissolved in water get
transported to each part of the plant.
(iii) Water also protects the crop from both frost and hot air currents. The supply of water to crops at different intervals is
called irrigation.
(iv) It’s not a good to depend on rain for water as it is not fully reliable. A proper irrigation system will ensure timely and
adequate water to crops. This will lead to more yield.

Sources of Irrigation: Wells, Tube wells, Ponds, Lakes, Rivers, Dams and Canals are the sources of Irrigation.
1. Traditional Methods of Irrigation:
The water available in wells, lakes and canals is lifted up by different methods in different regions, for taking it to the fields.
Here various traditional methods are:

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2. Modern Methods of Irrigation:
(i) Sprinkler System:
In this system, perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the main pipeline at regular intervals. When
water is allowed to flow through the main pipe under pressure with the help of a pump, it sprinkles from the rotating nozzles.
It gets sprinkled on the crop as if it is raining.

Sprinkler System                                       
              

(ii) Drip system:

In this system, the water falls drop by drop just at the position of the roots. So it is called drip system.

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 Drip system

5. Protection from Weeds:

(i) Weeds are the undesirable plants which may grow naturally along with the crop in the field.
(ii) The removal of weeds is called weeding. Weeding is necessary because they affect the growth of the crop by compete with
the crop plants for water, nutrients, space and light.

Weed Control:
Farmers use many ways to remove weeds and control their growth. Tilling before sowing of crops helps in uprooting and
killing of weeds, which may then dry up and get mixed with the soil. The best time for the removal of weeds is before they
produce flowers and seeds. The manual removal includes physical removal of weeds by uprooting or cutting them close to the
ground, from time to time with the help of a khurpi. Weeds are also controlled by spraying certain chemicals called
weedicides, in the fields to kill the weeds. They do not damage the crops.

6. Harvesting:
(i) The cutting of crop after it is mature is called harvesting. In harvesting, crops are pulled out or cut close to the ground.
Harvesting is also done manually by sickle or by a machine.
(ii) In the harvested crop, the grain seeds need to be separated from the chaff with the help of machine called ‘combined’. It is
in fact a combined harvester and thresher. This process is called threshing.


Combine                      

7. Storage:
If the crop grains are to be kept for longer time, they should be safe from moisture, insects, rats and microorganisms. The fresh
crop has more moisture. If freshly harvested grains (seeds) are stored without drying, they may get spoilt or attacked by
organisms, losing their germination capacity.

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