1 SOUND DEVICES

Practice: Color it Right! Using your crayons, match each feature of the poem on the first
column to its meaning and example by using the same color used.

Feature of Poem Meaning Example

All at once, everybody shouted,

The cow said “mooh, mooh, mooh”
repeated vowel sounds in a The snake said “hiss, hiss, hiss”
ALLITERATION
line or lines of poetry The frog said “kokak, kokak, kokak”
And they were very happy.
exaggeration or His mind is as clear as mud
ASSONANCE
overstatement not intended to Her heart is so soft as concrete
be taken literally
Bashful Mimosa
--- Its tiny-green leaves move as I
touch them gently
repetition of consonant Seemingly shy to a newly-met
CONSONANCE sounds at the beginning of stranger
the words in lines of poetry Fold themselves quickly and
thereafter, sleep
(excerpt from “The Actuality of Life”
by Denn Marc P. Alayon)

use of expression which “My beard grows down to my toes,

means the exact opposite; the I never wears no clothes,
ONOMATOPEIA words used suggest the I wraps my hair
opposite of their literal Around my bare,
And down the road I goes.”
meaning (“My Beard by Shel Silverstein)

EXERCISE: Analyze and identify the sound device used in the sentences.
___________________1. Alice’s aunt ate apples and acorns around August.
___________________2. She ate seven sandwiches on a sunny Sunday last year.
___________________3. Becky’s beagle barked and bayed, becoming bothersome for Billy.
___________________4. We light fire on the mountain.
___________________5. I feel depressed and restle.
___________________6. My teeth were chattering as we waited in the freezing cold for the bus
to arrive.
___________________7. Carries cat clawed her couch, creating chaos.
___________________8. I couldn’t sleep. All I could hear was the drip, drip, drip of the faulty
faucet.
___________________9. The black sack is in the back
___________________10. Johnny went here and there and everywhere
___________________11. Dan’s dog dove deep in the dam, drinking dirty water as he dove.
___________________12. The loud boom of the fireworks scared the dog.
___________________13. Norm, the worm, took the garden by a storm this morn.
___________________14. Eric’s eagle eats eggs, enjoying each episode of eating.
___________________15. The engineer held the steering to steer the vehicle.

Challenge: Read, Analyze,

Pick Out! Read the
Onomatopoeia
following short poem
titled “Running
Water” by Lee Emmett. Pick
out words from the poem
that exemplify Alliteration onomatopoeia,
water plops into pond splish-splash downhill
alliteration, assonance,
warbling magpies in tree trilling, melodic thrill
and whoosh, passing breeze flags flutter and flap consonance.
Write your frog croaks, bird whistles babbling bubbles from answers inside
the boxes. tap
Assonance

Consonance
Assignment: Analyze and identify the sound device used in the sentences.
1. Oh, the bells, the bells, bells, bells.
2. What a tale of terror tells of despair.
3. As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my door.

2 IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

Study the table:

MEANING
We’re all in the same boat. We all have the same problem.
Give me a hand with this Help me with this assignment.
assignment.
She let the cat out of the bag. She told the secret.
The traffic was heavy. There was a lot of traffic.

The underlined phrases above are examples of Idiomatic Expressions. An

idiom is a phrase or expression whose meaning can’t be understood from the literal
meanings of the words in it.

Practice: Encircle the idiom in each sentence.

1. Sharon had butterflies in her stomach before the championship game.

2. My dad blew his stack when he saw my poor grades on my report card.

3. Jennifer was a bundle of nerves before getting her driving test results.

4. Last night, it was raining cats and dogs.

5. My parents rolled out the red carpet for our visiting relatives.

6. When I tried to get into the good school, the process involved a lot of red tape.

7. The athlete is as fit as a fiddle.

Exercise: Match the following idioms and expressions to their definitions:

1) as blind as a bat a) completely free to do what

you want and without any
2) as clean as a whistle worries
b) cleaned perfectly, almost
3) as cool as a cucumber shining
c) very easy to see or
4) as flat as a pancake understand

5) as free as a bird d) practically finished

e) something or someone with

6) as good as done
very bad eyesight
7) as hard as nails f) relaxed and calm, not
worried.
8) as plain as day
g) very ill, sick and vomiting.
9) as sick as a dog
h) without form or shape, for
example a tyre without air.
10) as right as rain
i) stern and unyielding

Challenge:
Assignment: Now choose an appropriate expression for the following scenarios:
1) Normally I’m very nervous before a job interview but today I’m feeling
____________________________.
2) Jonathan accidentally rode his bike over some broken glass and now his front tire is
___________________________.
3) Without my glasses, I’m _________________________.
4) The manager was ________________________ and refused to give the staff the pay rise
despite all the long negotiations.
5) We’ve been so busy but the course is nearly finished. After the exams we’ll be

_____________________________.

3 FIGURES OF SPEECH
 Practice: Identify the following as simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or personification.
1. James ran like a cheetah.
2. Good luck getting that out because blueberry stains are stubborn.
3. So I sit spinning still, round this decaying form, the fine threads of rare and subtle
thought.
4. Well, that went over like a lead balloon.
5. I am so busy. I have a million things to do.
6. I so loved reading I was willing to walk 15 miles to the library in the snow, uphill.
7. He did not realize his last chance was walking out the door.
8. My old laptop throws a fit every time I try to use it.
9. My love for you is a s deep as the ocean.
10. I was lost in a sea of nameless faces.

Exercise 1: Decide whether each sentence contains a simile or a metaphor. If it is a

simile, underline the simile in one color and write “simile” after it. If it is a metaphor,
underline the metaphor in another color, and write “metaphor” after it. Finally, under
each sentence, write what the simile or metaphor means.

1. The giant’s steps were thunder as he ran toward Jack.

2. The pillow was a cloud when I put my head upon it.

3. The bar of soap was a slippery eel during the dog’s bath.

4. I felt like a cheetah when I ran the race.

5. Those boys are like two peas in a pod.

Exercise 2: For each sentence, circle the object being personified and write the meaning
under it.

1. The wind sang her mournful song through the falling leaves.

2. The microwave timer told me it was time to eat my TV dinner.

3. The china danced on the shelves during the earthquake.

4. The rain kissed my cheeks as it fell.

5. The daffodils nodded their yellow heads at the walkers.

6. The snow whispered as it fell to the ground during the early morning hours.
Challenge: Fill in the spaces below with the word of your choice (no peeking!).
1. type of car 2. small animal 3. big animal 4. unit of distance

5. distance away (close, far) 6. one of the 5 senses 7.

unit of time

8. famous building 9. type of flowing water 10. impossible feat

O n c e u p o n a tim e th e r e w a s a d o g n a m e d M ilo . M ilo w a s a s fa s t a s a
a n d a s s tro n g a s a . One day
1 2

M ilo w a s s o h u n g r y h e c o u ld e a t a , s o h e w e n t to
3

fi n d h im s e lf s o m e th in g to e a t. M ilo h a d a n a m a z in g s e n s e o f s m e ll

a n d c o u ld s m e ll f o o d fr o m a a w a y ! A s h e w a lk e d
4

th ro u g h th e p a rk , h e c a u g h t th e s c e n t o f a d e lic io u s b o n e s o m e w h e re

n e a r h im . It w a s s o h e c o u ld a lm o s t
5 6
it ! H e s e a r c h e d fo r b u t c o u ld n ’t fi n d it.
7
S u d d e n ly , a m a n a s ta ll a s t h e w a lk e d p a s s e d h im
8
e a tin g a c h ic k e n le g . M ilo d r o o le d s o m u c h it w a s lik e a
9
fl o w in g fro m h is m o u t h ! T h e m a n la u g h e d , p e t M ilo o n t h e h e a d , a n d
h a n d e d h im th e b o n e . M ilo w a s s o h a p p y h e c o u ld
1 0
Now place those words in! ! !the spaces where they belong within
the story.

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Assignment: Personify the following sentences. Change the words in parentheses to
words that would describe a human’s actions.

1. The puppy (barked) when I left for school.

2. The leaf (fell) from the tree.
3. The CD player (made a noise).
4. The arrow (moves) across the screen.
5. The net (moves) when the basketball goes through.

4 Pluralization of Regular and Irregular Nouns

RULES:
 For most nouns, add –s to the singular noun.
Examples: desk/desks toy/toys car/cars book/books

 For nouns ending in –s, –z, –sh, or –ch, add –es to the singular noun.
Examples: class/classes quiz/quizzes wish/wishes watch/watches

 For nouns ending in –f, change –f to –v and add –es.

Examples: wife/wives leaf/leaves scarf/scarves knife/knives
(Note: There are several exceptions to this rule: beliefs, roofs, cliffs, cuffs,
chiefs)

 For nouns ending in a consonant + y, change the –y to –i and add –es.

Examples: story/stories fry/fries bully/bullies pony/ponies spy/spies
  For nouns ending in a vowel + y, just add –s.
Examples: delay/delays day/days toy/toys survey/surveys

 For nouns ending in –o form their plural by adding –es. Others just add –s.
Examples: tomato/tomatoes hero/heroes potato/potatoes zoo/zoos

Several nouns have irregular plural forms:

 child – children goose – geese
 man – men woman – women
 tooth – teeth foot – feet
 mouse – mice person – people 
Several nouns do not change in the plural.
deer/deer fish/fish offspring/offspring sheep/sheep
species/species

A. Write the plural of the following nouns.

1. __________________ 2. dictionary __________________

colony

3. fairy __________________ 4. Mondays __________________

5. berry __________________ 6. donkey __________________

7. artery __________________ 8. similarity __________________

9. essay __________________ 10. holiday __________________

B. Form the plural of the following nouns.
1. one volcano, two 2. one zoo, two
3. one city, two 4. one baby, two

5. one half, two 6. one stitch, two

7. one wolf, two 8. one thief, two

9. one smile, two 10. one box, two

Challenge: Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Write the

correct sentences in the blanks.
1. I saw three bigs oxes near the cliffes.

2. Womans usually live longer than mens.

3. Farmer Johnson has three sheeps and four deers in pens.

4. Roberto is more than 6 feets tall, but he is afraid of mouses.

5. The little calfs lost their baby tooths.

6. There are three zooes in the four citys close to my house.

7. We need more knifes and forks as well as potatos and tomatos.

8. Those peoples are walking like gooses.

Assignment: Fill in the blanks. Use the plural form of the nouns in the list. Use
each word only once.

calf deer baby child radio

man fish diagnosis sheep
knife

1. Baby cows are called ____________.

2. It is dangerous to play with very sharp ____________.

3. Mrs. Ng has three boys and three girls, all in all six ____________.

4. Mr. Winchester is a collector of old ____________. He loves to listen to

them.

5. I saw three ____________. trying to cross the highway. They should be in

the woods.

6. ____________ are animals that produce wool. They also give milk.

7. The doctor made two ____________ after analyzing the patient for two
hours.

8. Rob says that he needs three strong ____________to help him carry the
refrigerator upstairs.

9. Rosa is a very talented outdoors person. Yesterday, she caught six

____________ in the river.

10. Fourteen ____________ were born yesterday at Pascack Hospital.

5 Tenses of Verbs
Study the table:
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
 An action that  An action that is  An action that is
already took happening right going to happen.
place. now.
 Usually, you add  Add -will before
-ed to the end of  We use the base the base of the
the verb. form of the verb verb.
Example: Brandon and add -s for Example: Brandon will
played basketball singular nouns. play basketball.
yesterday. Example: Brandon
plays basketball.

A. Rewrite each sentence below, using the correct verb in parentheses.

1. Eva (open, opens) her notebook and (begin, begins) to write.

______________________________________________________________
2. Her teacher (tell, tells) her to write what she (know, knows).

______________________________________________________________
3. Eva (sit, sits) on her stoop and (look, looks) out over 90th Street.

______________________________________________________________
4. I (think, thinks) Eva may be bored.

______________________________________________________________
5. You (know, knows) she has to stay busy.

______________________________________________________________

B. Write the verb in parentheses in the past tense.

1. Eva (want) something exciting to happen on her street.

______________________________________________________________
2. A whole week (pass) with nothing for her to do.

______________________________________________________________
3. Eva’s friend (whisper) to her that someone was coming to visit.
 ______________________________________________________________
4. Eva (dress) up in her best outfit.

______________________________________________________________
5. Her friend (warn) Eva not to get too excited.

______________________________________________________________

C. Change the following verbs into the future tense.

1. like
______________________________________________________________
2. enjoy ______________________________________________________________
3. pick ______________________________________________________________
4. make ______________________________________________________________
5. remove ______________________________________________________________

Challenge: Underline the verbs in eac h sentenc e below. Write

whether it is present or past tense. O n the lines provided, re-write
the sentenc e in future tense.

Exa mple A- J ohn went to the store.

Answer- went- Past Tense- J ohn will go to the store.

1. David runs home a fter sc hool.

-

2. The team left the bus.

-

3. The sun rises the morning.

-

4. There are seven days in the week.

-

5. After sc hool, Ka rla walked home.

-

6. J ohn hit the ba seball.

-
Assignment: Circle the verb or verbs in each sentence below. Then, write
7. Twhether
he team plays
the indoors.
sentence is written in present, past or future tense on the line
provided. -
Example: Sam walked to the store yesterday.
Answer: Past Tense

1. I lost my wallet when I sat on a chair at the shopping center.

2. Michael will run the marathon in the month of March.

3. The girl is studying for her final examination.

4. The team will wash cars to gain money for uniforms.

5. We went shopping at the mall over the weekend.

6. Suzy and Sharon will bring food to the potluck.

6 Aspects of Verbs
Study the table:
 Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future
I read nearly every day. Last night, I read an I will read  as much as I
entire novel. can this year.
Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous
I am I was reading Edgar I will be
reading Shakespeare at Allan Poe last night. reading Nathaniel
the moment. Hawthorne soon.
Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
I have read so many I had read at least I will have read at least
books I can’t keep 100 books by the time 500 books by the end of
count. I was twelve. the year.
Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
Continuous Continuous Continuous
I have been I had been reading for I will have been
reading since I was four at least a year before reading for at least two
years old. my sister learned to hours before dinner
read. tonight.

Exercise: Name the tense of each of the following verbs.

1. am sitting
________________________________________________________
2. have seen ________________________________________________________
3. ride
________________________________________________________
4. will be sleeping
________________________________________________________
5. had studied ________________________________________________________
6. am helping ________________________________________________________

Challenge: Mixed Tense Revision

1. If I _______________ (find) a good job, I’ll move to Madrid.
2. He met his wife when he _______________ (work) in Brussels.
3. You can turn off the radio. I _______________ (not listen) to it.
4. Where _______________ (you / have) dinner yesterday?
5. This exercise is difficult. I _______________ (help) you to do it.
6. What _______________ (you / cook) tonight?
7. _______________ (you / finish) your homework yet?
8. My father _______________ (go) to the bank. He’ll be back soon.
9. What _______________ (they / do) at 9.00 last night?
10. It _______________ (snow) when we _______________ (leave) the library.
11. I usually _______________ (listen) to the news in the car.
12. My cousin is a writer. He _______________ (write) three novels.
13. Be careful! The baby _______________ (put) those keys in his mouth!
14. When _______________ (Barack Obama / become) president of the USA?
15. My students _______________ (not listen) when I gave the instructions.
16. Gonzalo is thirsty! I _______________(get) him a glass of water!
17. If it _______________(not rain) we’d lie on the beach.
18. It’s my birthday next week- Don’t worry! I _______________ (not forget) it.
19. I think it _______________ (rain) this afternoon.
20. John _______________ (speak) to Susan a minute ago.

Assignment: Write the form shown in parentheses for the verb in each
sentence.
1. I work. (present progressive)
 ______________________________________________________________
2. We worked here before. (past perfect)
______________________________________________________________
3. We will work here for a while. (future progressive)
______________________________________________________________
4. I will work for Anthony’s cousin this summer. (past progressive)
______________________________________________________________
5. I am working hard. (present perfect)
______________________________________________________________
6. I wait. (future progressive)
______________________________________________________________