DCAT REVIEW CLASS

General Mathematics
Statistics & Probability
Senior High School
De La Salle University Integrated School

1
 Guidelines
• This is a review class and not a lecture.
• Not all questions in the questionnaire provided
will be answered. Only chosen questions that
would cover most of the topics in the subject
will be discussed.
• Observe proper decorum. You can discuss with
groupmates but do it orderly without being
rowdy.
2
 Guidelines
• You will be divided into 18 groups.
• The teacher will give questions for you to
answer in 20 minutes.
• After the time allotted, the answers and
solutions will be discussed.
• Feel free to share with the class how you
answered a particular item.

3
 GENMATH
• Please answer the following items in 20 minutes.
4,5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15,16, 18, 19, 21,

22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34

4
GENMATH GROUP 2

5
 GENMATH GROUP 12

• The range of a function is the set of all values obtained

as an output of the function.

6
 GENMATH GROUP 12

• For quadratic functions,

𝟐
𝒚=𝒂 𝒙−𝒉 +𝒌 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

Domain All real numbers or −∞, ∞ or 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Range If 𝒂 > 0, ሾ𝑘, ∞ሻ 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2

If 𝒂 < 0, ሺ−∞, 𝑘ሿ 𝑘=
4𝑎
If 𝒂 > 0, ሾ𝑘, ∞ሻ
If 𝒂 < 0, ሺ−∞, 𝑘ሿ
7
 GENMATH GROUP 5

• For radical functions, 𝒏

𝒚=𝒂 𝒓 𝒙 +𝒌

Domain If n is odd, −∞, ∞ If n is even, 𝑥|𝒓 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎

*solve the inequality8

Range −∞, ∞ If 𝒂 > 0, ሾ𝑘, ∞ሻ

If 𝒂 < 0, ሺ−∞, 𝑘ሿ

8
 GENMATH GROUP 6

• For rational functions, 𝒚=

𝒏 𝒙
𝒅 𝒙
Domain Vertical asymptote – caused by x values that make the denominator
equal to zero. The graph can never cross a vertical asymptote, and
goes to positive or negative infinity as the asymptote is approached.

9
 GENMATH GROUP 1

• For rational functions, 𝒚=

𝒏 𝒙
𝒅 𝒙
Range Horizontal/Oblique Asymptote – exists when the range is restricted
For a rational function whose numerator has degree m and whose
denominator has degree n:
• m<n, horizontal asymptote is y = 0
𝒂
• m = n, horizontal asymptote is 𝒚 = 𝒃, where a is the leading coefficient
of numerator and b is the leading coefficient of denominator
• m > n, oblique or slanted asymptote 10
GENMATH GROUP 15

11
 GENMATH GROUP 14

• In operations of functions, 𝒇∘𝒉 𝒙 =𝒇 𝒉 𝒙

3x 1 9x 3 9x 3 2x 11x 3
f h x 3 1 1
2x 2x 2x 2x
12
 GENMATH GROUP 14

• In operations of functions, 𝒈∘𝒈 𝒙 =𝒈 𝒈 𝒙

g g x 2 2x 1 1

13
 GENMATH GROUP 7

𝒉 −𝟐
• In operations of functions, 𝒉 ÷ 𝒇 −𝟐 =
𝒇 −𝟐

3 2 1 5
2 2 4 1
h f 2
3 2 1 5 4 14
GENMATH GROUP 17

5 2 x 1 21
5 1 2 x 21 1
6 2 x 22
3 x 11

15
 GENMATH GROUP 3

2x 4
2
2x 1
2x 4
2 0
2x 1
2x 4 2 2x 1
0
2x 1 2x 1
1 2x 4 4x 2
0
3 2x 1
2
2x 6
0
2x 1
−2𝑥 + 6 − − +

2𝑥 − 1 + − −
16
GENMATH GROUP 9

17
 GENMATH GROUP 9

via horizontal line test

18
 GENMATH GROUP 11

• One way to check if functions are inverses is by

𝒇 ∘ 𝒇−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒙

2
f f 1 x x 1 1

x 1 1
x
19
 GENMATH GROUP 10
• You can check if a
point is a solution
by checking if the
equations in the
2x 2
2y 2
25 4 x 2 16 x 32 25 0 system are true
y x 4 4 x 2 16 x 7 0 at the point.
2x 7 2x 1 0
• Or by solving the
y2 x 4 2 7 1
x ;x system
2 2
7 1 algebraically.
x y
2x 2 2x 42 25 2 2
2x 2 2 x2 8 x 16 25 1 7
x y 20
2 2
 GENMATH GROUP 13

• For logarithms,
If m and n are positive numbers,
then
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑚 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑚𝑛
4 ln 2 ln x 3 ln y ln z
2 𝑚
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑚 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏
1 𝑛
ln 2 4 ln x ln y 3 ln z2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑚
1
4
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 1
ln 2 x ln y3z 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0
16 x 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑚
ln 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛 𝑚 = 21
3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑛
 GENMATH GROUP 4

• In simple interest, the interest earned is computed by

For computing For computing
𝑰 = 𝑷𝒓𝒕
ordinary interest exact interest
exact time/360
exact time/365
11 31 30 (Banker’s Rule)
I 1000 0.09
360 approximate approximate
18 time/360 time/365

22
 GENMATH GROUP 18

• Solving for r…
24
35 r
1
• In compound interest, the amount that 2 4
the principal grows into is given by 35 24 24
24
𝒓 𝒕𝒎 2
𝑨=𝑷 𝟏+ 35 r
𝒎 24 1
2 4
• The problem gives us the expression
6 4 35
r 4 24 4 r
700000 40000 1 2
4
35
r 4 24 4
2
23
 GENMATH GROUP 8

• A tautology is a proposition that is always true.

P -P P P P∨-P P∨T P∧-P

T F T T T F
T F T T T F
F T T T T F
F T T T T F
24
 GENMATH GROUP 16

P Q P Q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

25
 STATPRO
• Please answer the following items in 20 minutes.
2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21,

22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36,

38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50

26
 STATPRO GROUP 11

2 9 8

• Fundamental Counting Principle

N = n1n2 … nk = the number of ways that k events can
happen in sequence.

27
 STATPRO GROUP 8

5 C1 6 C 3

7 6 5 4 3
7 P5

• Permutations and Combinations

1. In combinations ordering is irrelevant. Different
orderings result in the same combination.
2. In permutations order is relevant. Different
orderings result in the different permutations.
28
 STATPRO GROUP 1

𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻
= =
2×2×2

♠ 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑛, 𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑘

♦𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑒𝑛, 𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑘
=
52

29
 STATPRO GROUP 1

mutually exclusive
Two mutually exclusive events are independent only when

P A 0 and P B 0. (also P A B 0

30
STATPRO GROUP 16

31
STATPRO GROUP 4

32
 STATPRO GROUP 10

Suppose that the sample Pa Pb Pc Pd 1

space S = {o1, o2, o3, … oN} 2P b 2P c P d P d 1
has a finite number, N, of
2 2P d 2P d P d P d 1
outcomes.
8P d 1
P[S] = 1 Pd
1
8
33
 STATPRO GROUP 5

4 − 6, 5 − 5,5 − 6,6 − 4,6 − 5,6 − 6 6

𝑃 𝑋>9 = =
6×6 36

34
 STATPRO GROUP 12

= 0.15

The mean, or expected value, of a

discrete random variable X is
𝑘 𝐸 𝑌 = −1 0.2 + 1 0.35 +
2 0.3 + 3 0.15 = 1.2
𝜇𝑋 = 𝐸 𝑋 = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 ∙ 𝑃𝑋 𝑥𝑖
𝑖=1

35
 STATPRO GROUP 12

The variance of a discrete random

variable X is 𝐸 𝑌2 − 𝐸 𝑌 2 =
𝑘 −1 2 0.2 +
𝜎𝑋2 = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 ∙ 𝑃𝑋 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇𝑋2 1 2 0.35 +
𝑖=1 2 2 0.3 +
2
𝜎𝑋2 = 𝐸 𝑋 2 − 𝐸 𝑋 3 2 0.15 −
The standard deviation of a DRV X is 𝜎. 1.2 2 = 1.7
36
STATPRO GROUP 2

37
 STATPRO GROUP 17

𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 2 = 𝑃 𝑋 = 0 + 𝑃 𝑋 = 1 + 𝑃 𝑋 = 2 = 0.17 + 0.2 + 0.15

𝑃 1 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 4 = 1 − 𝑃 𝑋 = 0 − 𝑃 𝑋 = 5 = 0.69

38
 STATPRO GROUP 14

A Binomial RV X, denoted by 𝑋~𝐵𝑖 𝑛, 𝑝 has the pmf

𝑛 𝑘
𝑝 1 − 𝑝 𝑛−𝑘 ; 𝑘 = 0,1, … , 𝑛
𝑃 𝑥 =ቐ 𝑘
0; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
It determines the probability that there will be k successes out of n trials.
It has 𝜇𝑋 = 𝑛𝑝 and 𝜎𝑋 = 𝑛𝑝 1 − 𝑝 . 39
 STATPRO GROUP 3

A Binomial RV X, denoted by 𝑋~𝐵𝑖 𝑛, 𝑝 has the pmf

𝑛 𝑘
𝑝 1 − 𝑝 𝑛−𝑘 ; 𝑘 = 0,1, … , 𝑛
𝑃 𝑥 =ቐ 𝑘
0; 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
It determines the probability that there will be k successes out of n trials.
It has 𝜇𝑋 = 𝑛𝑝 and 𝜎𝑋 = 𝑛𝑝 1 − 𝑝 . 40
 STATPRO GROUP 7

A Hypergeometric RV X, denoted by 𝑋~𝐻 𝑁, 𝑛, 𝑆 has the pmf

𝐶𝑥𝑆 ∙ 𝐶𝑛−𝑥
𝑁−𝑆
𝑃 𝑥 =
𝐶𝑛𝑁
It determines the probability that there will be x successes in n trials,
from a population of N with S successes.
𝒏𝑺 𝒏𝑺 𝑵−𝑺 𝑵−𝒏
It has 𝝁𝑿 = and 𝝈𝑿 = .
𝑵 𝑵𝟐 𝑵−𝟏
41
 STATPRO GROUP 13

A Poisson RV X, denoted by 𝑋~𝑃 𝜇 has the pmf

−𝜇
𝑒 ∙ 𝜇𝑥
𝑃 𝑥 =
𝑥!
where 𝜇 is the average number of occurrences in the region.
It has mean 𝜇 and standard deviation 𝜇.
42
STATPRO GROUP 6

43
STATPRO GROUP 6

44
 STATPRO GROUP 9

▪ In a Standard Normal
Distribution:
The mean (μ ) = 0 and
Standard deviation (σ) =1
X
Z

45
 STATPRO GROUP 18

X 86 65
Z Z 2.1
10

P X 86 PZ 2.1

1 2.5% 97.5%

97.5% 50 48.75 49

46
 STATPRO GROUP 15

2
12 2
X n 40

Central Limit Theorem

If a random variable of size n is drawn from a population with
mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 and n is large enough, then the sampling
distribution of the sample mean 𝑥ҧ is approximately normally
𝜎2
distributed with mean 𝐸 𝑥ҧ = 𝜇 and variance 𝜎𝑥2ҧ = .
𝑛

47
 STATPRO GROUP 15

Central Limit Theorem

If a random variable of size n is drawn from a population with
mean 𝜇 and variance 𝜎 2 and n is large enough, then the sampling
distribution of the sample mean 𝑥ҧ is approximately normally
𝜎2
distributed with mean 𝐸 𝑥ҧ = 𝜇 and variance 𝜎𝑥2ҧ = .
𝑛

48
 End of Review
• Remember to study systematically in preparation
for the exam.
• Avoid cramming and rushing to study a few days
(hours is worse) before the exam.

Best of blessings to all of

you!!! 49
 DCAT REVIEW CLASS
General Mathematics
Statistics & Probability
Senior High School
De La Salle University Integrated School

50