Arabic 1/6

ARABIC
Arabic script*

DIN 31635 ISO 233 ISO/R 233 UN ALA-LC EI

1982 (1.0) 1984 (2.0) 1961 (3.0) 1972(4.0) 1997(5.0) 1960(6.0)
iso ini med fin
Consonants
‫ا‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ā ʾ —(3.1)(3.2) — (4.1) — —
‫ء‬ ٔ◌, ٕ◌ a ʾ ˈ, ˌ (2.1)
—, ’ (3.3)
ʼ, — (4.2)
—, ’ (5.1)
ʾ
‫ب‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ b b b b b b
‫ت‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ t t t t t t
‫ث‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ ṯ ṯ ṯ th th th
‫ج‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ ǧ ǧ ǧ j j dj
‫ح‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ḥ ḥ ḥ ḩ ḥ ḥ
‫خ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺦ‬ ḫ ẖ ẖ kh kh kh
‫د‬ ‫ﺪ‬ d d d d d d
‫ذ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ḏ ḏ ḏ dh dh dh
‫ر‬ ‫ﺮ‬ r r r r r r
‫ز‬ ‫ﺰ‬ z z z z z z
‫س‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ s s s s s s
‫ش‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺶ‬ š š š sh sh sh
‫ص‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ ṣ ṣ ṣ ş ṣ ṣ
‫ض‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ ḍ ḍ ḍ  ḍ ḍ
‫ط‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ ṭ ṭ ṭ ţ ṭ ṭ
‫ظ‬ ‫ﻇ‬ ‫ﻈ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ ẓ ẓ ẓ  ẓ ẓ
‫ع‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ʿ ʿ ʿ ʻ ʻ ʿ
‫غ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻎ‬ ġ ġ ḡ gh gh gh
‫ف‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ f f f f f f
‫ق‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ q q q q q ḳ
‫ك‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ k k k k k k
‫ل‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ l l l l l l
‫م‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ m m m m m m
‫ن‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ n n n n n n
‫ه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ h h h h h h
h, t ẗ , h, t h, t a, at (6.1)
h t (3.4)
‫ة‬ ‫ ﺔ‬b (1.1) (4.3) (5.2)

‫و‬ ‫ﻮ‬ w w w w w w
‫ي‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ y y y y y y
‫ى‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ā ỳ y y ā

‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ lā laʾ lā lā lā lā

‫ال‬ c al- (1.2) ʾˈal (2.2) al-(3.5) al- (4.4) al- (5.3) al-, ʼl- (6.2)

Thomas T. Pedersen, http://ee.www.ee/transliteration Rev. 1.3, 2004-06-10

Arabic 2/6

DIN 31635 ISO 233 ISO/R 233 UN ALA-LC EI

1982(1.0) 1984(2.0) 1961(3.0) 1972(4.0) 1997(5.0) 1960(6.0)
iso ini med fin
Vowels and diphthongs
‫آ‬ ‫ﺂ‬ d ʾā ʾâ ā, ʼā(3.6) ā ā, ʼā(5.4) ā
َ◌ a a a a a a
◌ُ u u u u u u
ِ◌ i i i i i i
‫◌َ ا‬ ‫◌َ ﺎ‬ ā aʾ ā ā ā ā
◌ٰ ā ā — ā ā ā
‫◌َ ى‬ ā aỳ à á á ā
‫◌ﱝ‬ ā āỳ à — — —
‫◌ ُو‬ ‫◌ ُﻮ‬ ū uw ū ū ū ū
‫◌ِ ي‬ ‫◌ِ ﻴ‬ ī iy ī ī ī ī
an áʾ, á a an —
an n
‫◌ ﴽ‬, ً◌ e (5.5)

‫◌ً ى‬ e an áỳ — — — —
un ú u un —
un n
◌ٌ e (5.5)

in í i in —
in n
ٍ◌ e (5.5)

ْ‫◌َ و‬ ْ‫◌َ ﻮ‬ aw aw° aw aw aw aw

ْ‫◌َ ي‬ ْ ‫◌َ ﻴ‬ ay ay° ay ay ay ay
‫◌ ُو‬ uww uw̄ uww, ū (3.7)
uww ūw (5.6)
uww, ū (6.3)
ّ‫◌ِ ي‬ iyy iȳ iyy, ī (3.8) iyy īy, ī (5.7) iyy, ī (6.4)

Other signs

ْ◌ e (1.3)
◌° — (3.9) (4.5)
— —
◌ّ f (1.4)
◌̄ (3.10) (4.6) (5.8) (5.5)

‫ٱ‬ g ◌ʼ ◌ʾ‐ (3.11)

— (5.9)
◌ʼ

Additional characters h
‫پ‬ ‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﭙ‬ ‫ﭗ‬ p — p — p p
‫چ‬ ‫ﭼ‬ ‫ﭽ‬ ‫ﭻ‬ č — č — ch, zh č
‫ژ‬ ‫ﮋ‬ ž — ž — zh zh
‫ڤ‬ ‫ﭬ‬ ‫ﭭ‬ ‫ﭫ‬ v — v — v —
‫ڥ‬    v — v — v —
‫ف‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ q q q — f —
‫ڢ‬    f f f — q —
‫گ‬ ‫ﮐ‬ ‫ﮑ‬ ‫ﮏ‬ g — g — g g
‫ڭ‬ ‫ﯕ‬ ‫ﯖ‬ ‫ﯔ‬ g — g — g g
‫ۋ‬ ‫ﯟ‬ v — v — v —

Punctuation
، ,
‫؛‬ ;
‫؟‬ ?
Thomas T. Pedersen, http://ee.www.ee/transliteration Rev. 1.3, 2004-06-10
Arabic 3/6

Numbers
٠ 0
١ 1
٢ 2
٣ 3
٤ 4
٥ 5
٦ 6
٧ 7
٨ 8
٩ 9

Notes
* Character forms: iso isolated form, ini initial form, med medial form, fin final form.
a ham°zaẗ (hamzah).
b taʾˌ mar°buwṭaẗ (tā’ marbūṭah).
c The definite article. Se individual notes.
d mad̄aẗ (maddah).
e sukuwn (sukūn).
f šad̄aẗ (šaddah).
g ham°zaẗ ‐ʾal°waṣ°l (hamzat al-waṣl).
h The characters are used in various Arabic-speaking countries to represent sound not found in
standard Arabic.

1.0 DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung) 31635: Umschrift des arabischen Alphabets as referenced in
Klaus Lagally: ArabTeX – a System for Typesetting Arabic.
General notes:
i. Hyphen is used to separate grammatically differing elements within single units of Arabic script,
notably the noun from the article and/or from the particles wa-, fa-, ta-, bi-, li-, ka-, la-, sa- and a-.
1.1 As t in the construct state.
1.2 The definite article is assimilated with the following “sun” letter (‫ت‬, ‫ث‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, ‫س‬, ‫ش‬, ‫ص‬, ‫ض‬, ‫ط‬, ‫ظ‬, ‫ل‬,
‫)ن‬.
1.3 Sukūn is not transliterated.
1.4 The consonant is written twice.

2.0 International Standards Organisation. (http://www.iso.ch).

General notes:
i. If the Arabic text supplies vowels, it will be entirely transliterated; if the Arabic text does not
supply vowels, only those characters appearing in the text are transliterated.
2.1 With bearer (‫)ئ ؤ أ‬: ˈ, without bearer: ˌ. E.g. ٌ‫ رُؤُس‬ruwˈusú (ruwˈus); َ‫ ﺳَﺎءَل‬saʾˌala.
̄
2.2 The definite article is always joined to the next word without a hyphen, e.g. ‫ ﺃﻟﹶﺸﱠﻤﹾﺲﹸ‬ʾˈalšam°su.

Thomas T. Pedersen, http://ee.www.ee/transliteration Rev. 1.3, 2004-06-10

Arabic 4/6

3.0 International Standards Organization. This standard was withdrawn and replaced by ISO 233:1984.
Nevertheless this version of ISO 233 can still be found in various publications.
General notes:
i. The standard distinguishes between transliteration with and without i‘rāb (case endings):
With i‘rāb Without i‘rāb
bayt bayt
u
‫ﺑﹶﻴﺖﹸ‬
bayt bayt
un
‫ﺑﹶﻴﺖﹲ‬
maʿnà maʿnà
n
‫ﻣﹶﻌﻨﻰﹰ‬
miṣriyyīn miṣriyyīn
a
‫ﻣﹺﺼﺮﻳﻦﹶ‬
ii. Hyphen is used in transliteration to separate grammatically differing elements, notably the noun
from the article and/or from the particles wa-, fa-, ta-, bi-, li-, ka-, la-, sa- and a-.
iii. ‫ ﺍﺑﻦ‬and ‫ ﺑﻦ‬in transliteration without i‘rāb: always transliterated ibn.
3.1 See entry under “Vowels and diphthongs” section and note 3.2.
3.2 Special condition for ‫أ‬, ‫ ئ‬and ‫ ؤ‬: The base letter is not transliterated, e.g. ‫ ﺭﹶﺃﻯ‬ra’à, ‫ ﻟ ﹺﺌﹶﻢ‬li’am, ‫ ﺳﹸﺅﹶﺍﻝ‬su’āl.
3.3 Hamza is not transliterated initially, elsewhere rendered by ’.
h

3.4 With i‘rāb: t, e.g. ‫ ﺍﳌﹶﺪﹺﻳﻨﹶﺔﹸ‬al-madīnatu; without i‘rāb in the absolute state: h, e.g. ‫ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬al-madīnah;
without i‘rāb in the construct state: t, e.g. ‫ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ‬madīnat an-nabī.
3.5 The l in the definite article is assimilated with “sun” letters: ‫ت‬, ‫ث‬, ‫د‬, ‫ذ‬, ‫ر‬, ‫ز‬, ‫س‬, ‫ش‬, ‫ص‬, ‫ض‬, ‫ط‬, ‫ظ‬, ‫ل‬, and ‫ن‬.
‫ ﺍﻟﺸﱠ ﹾﻤ ﹸ‬aš-šams .
u
E.g. ‫ﺲ‬
3.6 ā is used initially, ʼā elsewhere.
3.7 ū used in final position.
3.8 ī used in final position.
3.9 Sukūn is ignored in transliteration.
h
3.10 Šadda is rendered by doubling the consonant.
t h
3.11 Hamza al-was.l (alif was.la ): With i‘rāb transliterated by its original vowel with a breve, indicating
that the vowel is not pronounced, e.g. ‫ ﺑﹺﭑﻫﺘﹺﻤﺎ ﹺﻡ‬bi-ĭhtimāmi, ‫ ﺑﹶﻴﹾﺖﹸ ﭐﳌﹶﻠﹺﻚﹺ‬baytu ăl-maliki; without i‘rāb after
a vowel as with i‘rāb, e.g. ‫ ﺑﭑﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬bi-ĭhtimām; without i‘rāb after a consonant without the breve, e.g.
‫ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ‬bayt al-malik.

4.0 United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN). (http://www.eki.ee/wgrs).

4.1 Not romanized, but see romanizations accompanying alif in the table for vowels.
4.2 Not romanized word-initially. Examples: ‫ ﺃ ﹶﺧﹶﺬﹶ‬akhadha, ‫ ﺑﺌ ﹾﺮ‬bi’r, ‫ ﺳﹸﺆﹶﺍﻝ‬su’āl, ‫ ﹶﺭﺋﹺﻴﺲ‬ra’īs, ‫ ﺳﹸﺌﹺﻞﹶ‬su’ila,
‫ ﺑﹺﻨ ﹶﺎءﹶﺍﺕ‬binā’āt, ‫ ﻗﹶﺮﹶﺃ ﹶ‬qara’a, ‫ ﻗﹸﺮﹺﺉﹶ‬quri’a.
4.3 Tā’ marbūţah is romanized h, except in the construct form of feminine nouns, where it is romanized
t instead.
4.4 When the definite article al precedes a word beginning with one of the “sun letters” (t, th, d, dh, r,
z, s, sh, s, d, t, z, l, n) the l of the article is assimilated with the first consonant of the word: ‫اﻟﺸﺎرﻗﺔ‬
ash-Shāriqah.
4.5 Marks absence of the vowel.
4.6 Marks doubling of the consonant.

Thomas T. Pedersen, http://ee.www.ee/transliteration Rev. 1.3, 2004-06-10

Arabic 5/6

5.0 American Library Association/Library of Congress

General notes:
i. Hyphen is used to: connect the definite article al with the word to which it is attached;
between an inseparable prefix and the following word; between bin and the following word in
personal names when they are written in Arabic as a single word.
ii. Prime (ʹ) is used to: Separate two letters representing two distinct consonantal sounds, when the
combination might otherwise be read as a digraph, e.g. ‫ ادﻫﻢ‬Adʹham, ‫ ﺍﻛﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ‬akramatʹhā; mark the
use of a letter in its final form when it occurs in the middle of a word, e.g. ‫ ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ﺟﻰ‬Qalʻahʹjī, ‫ﺷﻴﺦ ﺯﺩﻩ‬
Shaykhʹzādah.
iii. ‫ ﺑﻦ‬and ‫ ﺍﺑﻦ‬are both romanized ibn, except in modern names, typically North African, in which ‫ﺑﻦ‬
is romanized bin.
5.1 Hamzah in initial position not represented in romanization; when medial or final ’, e.g. ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬
mas’alah, ‫ ﺧﻄﺊ‬khaṭi’a.
5.2 Tā’ marbūt.ah: In a word in the construct state: t, e.g. ‫ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬Wizārat al-Tarbīyah; in an indefinite
noun or adjective or proceeded by the definite article: h, e.g. ‫ ﺻﻼﺓ‬ṣalāh, ‫ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻬﻴﺔ‬al-Risālah al-
bahīyah.
5.3 The definite article is always romanized al-, whether is it followed by a “sun letter” or not. An
exception is the preposition ‫ ل‬followed by the article: lil-, e.g. ‫ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺑﻴﻨﻰ‬lil-Shirbīnī.
5.4 Initial ‫ آ‬is romanized ā; medial ‫ آ‬, when it represents the phonetic combination ʼā, is so romanized,
e.g. ‫ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ‬ta’ālīf; ‫ آ‬is otherwise not represented in romanization, e.g. ‫ ﺧﻠﻔﺂء‬khulafā’.
5.5 Tanwīn is normally disregarded in romanization. For exceptions see ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
5.6 ‫◌ُ ّو‬, representing the combination of long vowel plus consonant, is romanized ūw.
5.7 Medial ّ‫◌ِ ي‬, representing the combination of long vowel plus consonant, is romanized īy; final ّ‫ ◌ِ ي‬is
romanized ī, e.g. ‫ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﹺﻯﹼ‬al-Miṣrī, ‫ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﹺﻳ ﹼﺔ‬al-Miṣrīyah.
5.8 Shaddah or tashdīd is romanized by doubling the letter.
5.9 ‫( ٱ‬was.lah), is not represented in romanization. When the alif which supports was.lah belongs to the
article ‫ ال‬, the initial vowel of the article is romanized a. In other words, beginning with hamzat al-
was.l, the initial vowel is romanized i. ‫ ﺑﭑﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻋﺒﺪ ٱﻟﻤﺠﻴﺪ‬bi-ihtimām ʻAbd al-Majīd.

6.0 The Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition.

6.1 at used in construct state.
6.2 Always al- and ’l-.
6.3 Final position ū.
6.4 Final position ī.
6.5 Doubles the consonant.

Sources
• ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts. Randal K. Berry (ed.). Library of Congress,
1997.
• Anleitung zur Transkription des Arabischen. Fachschaft Asiatisch-Orientalische Kulturwissenschaften, Universität Bonn,
no date. (http://www.orientasia.uni-bonn.de/downloads/arab_trans.pdf).
• Araabia / ‫‘ ﻋﺮﺑﻰ‬Arabīy. Eesti Keele Instituut / Institute of the Estonian Language. KNAB: Kohanimeandmebaas / Place
Names Database, 2003-02-08. (http://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblar1.pdf).
• Bauer, Thomas: “Arabic Writing”, in Peter T. Daniels & William Bright, eds. The World’s Writing Systems. New York/
Oxford, 1996.
• The Encyclopedia of Islam. New Edition. Leiden, 1960-.

Thomas T. Pedersen, http://ee.www.ee/transliteration Rev. 1.3, 2004-06-10

Arabic 6/6
• ISO 233:1984. Documentation – Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters. International Organization for
Standardization, 1984-12-15.
• ISO Rules for Transliteration. In “Manual for the Preparation of Records in Development-Information Systems” by
Gisele Morin-Labatut & Maureen Sly. Information Sciences Division, International Development Research Centre, 1982.
(http://199.75.20.92/useful/pdf-files/transliteration.pdf).
• Lagally, Klaus: ArabTeX – a System for Typesetting Arabic. User Manual Version 3.09. Institut für Informatik. Universität
Stuttgart, 1999. (http://129.69.218.213/arabtex/doc/arabdoc.pdf).
• United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names. Report on Their Current Status. Compiled by the UNGEGN
Working Group on Romanization Systems. Version 2.1. June 2002.
• The World’s Major Languages. Bernard Comrie (ed.). London, 1991.

Thomas T. Pedersen, http://ee.www.ee/transliteration Rev. 1.3, 2004-06-10