Production Aluminium Sulphate [(Al2(SO4)3] from Kaolin

Jaboi Sabang by Crystallization Step Using a Dry Process

Saisa1*, Dewi Mulyati2, & Irhamni2
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Aceh, ,Indonesia
2
Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Aceh, Indonesia
*Email : [email protected]

Abstract
One of the main chemicals used in water treatment process are aluminum
sulphate used as coagulant thus forming clean water. Aluminum sulfate
[Al2(SO4)3] or alum is one of the chemicals that are required both in
industry and water treatment companies. This research objective was to
study the operating conditions of the process of making solid aluminum
sulfate of kaolin and sulfuric acid to see the effect of temperature, time, ratio
of sulfuric acid and kaolin, sulfuric acid concentration, the rotation speed of
the stirrer and the particle size of solid aluminum sulfate to be generated in
order to obtain optimum operating variables process and optimal conversion
value. In this research, the process of mixing the sulfuric acid and kaolin,
aluminum sulfate paste subsequently extracted with distilled water that has
been heated to obtain aluminum sulfate. Fixed variables in this study was
the weight and particle size kaolin each 25 grams and 250μm, the condition
of the extraction process at a temperature of 100 ° C, the ratio of sediment
and hot water 3:1, while stirring time is 1 hour by the number of washing as
much as three times as well as conditions bone-dry drying. While controlled
variable are the operating time for 20, 50, 90 and 110 minutes, the ratio of
sulfuric acid and kaolin 1: 2; 2: 2; 3: 1 and a sulfuric acid concentration of
30%; 50%; and 70%. X-ray diffraction test showhighest composition of
SiO2 as much as 96.9%, whereas only 1.26% is alumina. Optimum yield is
84.63% obtained at concentration of 70% sulfuric acid and reaction time 90
minutes

Keywords: Water treatment, aluminum sulfate, kaolin Jaboi, dry processes,

extraction

1. Introduction
Aceh has five locations of active volcanoes, one of which is a volcano located
in the village of Jaboi Sabang. The results of thealteration process of volcano known
as clay minerals. According Saliban (2001) in his article explains that hydrothermal
clay minerals are minerals alumina silicate-hydrate (hydrated alumino-silicate)
formed through a process of alteration of ferromagnesium minerals. In general, this
mineral can be grouped into six types, kaolin, pyrophyllite, mica, illite, smectite and
chlorite. Identification of clay minerals by XRD method is the most effective and
accurate method to date. However, compared with the petrographic method they are
relatively expensive, so the combination of the two methods can be very useful and
efficient.
Kaolin is a rock mass composed of clay material with a low iron content.
Classified as non-metallic mineral, kaolin andprimer clay soil types that has a coarse-
grained soils, fragile, is plastic when moist, harden when dry and heated. In general,
the color is grayish white, but sometime can be found as yellow, orange and reddish
gray color. Kaolin chemically formulated Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O as minerals, usually
mixed with other oxides such as calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sodium oxide, iron
oxide and sometimes also mixed with titanium oxide (Othmer 1993).
Its presence is quite abundant in Indonesia, especially in Aceh province. It is
mainly containing silica (45%) and alumina (38.5%). Other content is ferry oxide
(0.98%), calcium oxide (0.49%), sodium oxide (0.48%), as well as other materials
that are discharged by burning (13.78%). It is referred by the public as white clay
which is residual sludge or brittle rocks that occur as a result of hydrothermal
processes.
Based on research conducted by Wicaksono (2013), in the production of
aluminum sulphate using bauxite as raw materials that containing Al2O3(alumina)
57.5%, stage of the process was done by modifying the Bayer and Gaulini process.
The first stage is digestion process that operates at a temperature of 160oC, pressure 1
atm with the addition of 55% of NaOH solution. The second stage is the precipitation
process which operates at a temperature of 70oC, 1 atm to produce Al(OH)3.
Furthermore, the addition of 66% sulfuric acid solution into the reactor at a
temperature of 17oC and 5 atm pressure to produce liquid aluminum sulfate. The third
stage is the crystallization of molten aluminum sulfate in crystalizer belt to obtain
crystals of aluminum sulphate.
Utilization of kaolin as raw material for production alum was also studied by
Ismayanda (2011) with the best conversion of dissolved aluminum in the reaction
between kaolin and sulfuric acid was obtained by 82%, namely under reaction
conditions with a temperature of 180oC, 90 minutes, and 350 rpm stirrer rotation. The
degree of acidity (pH) of aluminum sulfate products produced in this study was 3.15
to 3.2.The high use of alum in the water treatment industry, this study sought to
obtain optimal results using a variety of research and explore the potential of natural
resources in Indonesia, especially in province of Aceh.
2. Materials And Method
Kaolin used in this study was from Sabang.It is yellowish white and mashed until
passing 250 micron. Kaolin which is still in the form of chunks was dried until its
water content decreases, then crushedusing ball mill until the its particle size passing
250 micron sieve. Kaolin and sulfuric acid was poured into beaker glasss with ratio of
1:2 ; 2:2 and 3:1 while simultaneously stirred to reach perfect mixing and the solution
temperature was kept constant. Stirring speed and temperature variation used were
150 ; 200; 250 rpm and 130; 160; 190; 200and 210 oC, respectively. While sulfuric
acid concentration used was 30% ; 50% ; 70%. The result from the reaction was a
pasta and the length of reaction time that varied is 20; 50; 70 ; 90 and 110 minutes.
Pasta extracted with hot water to dissolve aluminum sulfate. Dissolve aluminium
further analyzed with complexiometric titration method. At last the performance of
the alum product against sedimentation velocity of impurities was observed.

3. Results and Discussion

In the water treatment industry, alum can be used as a water purifier such as in
sedimentation process because alum is dissolved in water, thus able to bind impurities
and precipitate impurities in the water in result making the water becomes clear. In
this research alum was made from kaolin. Kaolin is referred as white clay, a residual
sludge or brittle rocks that occur as a result of hydrothermal processes. Kaolin is
mainly containing silica (45%) and alumina (38.5%). Other content is ferry oxide
(0.98%), calcium oxide (0.49%), sodium oxide (0.48%), as well as other materials
that are discharged by burning (13.78%). Based on analysis of the composition of
kaolin originated from Sabang precisely in the village Jaboi presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Analysis results of kaolin Jaboi

Composition Percent (%)

SiO2 96,9
Al2O3 1,26
Fe2O3 0,15
CaO 0,83
MgO 0,22
SO3 0,13
K2O 0,1
Na2O 0,08
TiO2 1,124
 The results showed the highest composition is SiO2 as much as 96.9%
whereas only 1.26% alumina. This is consistent with an overview of the initial theory
that the main constituent of kaolin is silica. Geologically, kaolin are form as a result
of alteration trough weathering and hydrothermal process in igneous rocks felspatik.
Aluminum potash minerals, silica and feldspar transformed into kaolin. Kaolinisation
process takes place in certain conditions, so elements other than silica, aluminum,
oxygen, and hydrogen will experience exchange as seen in the equation as follows:

2KAlSi3O8 + 2H2O → Al2(OH)4(SiO5) + K2O + 4SiO2(Kaolinit Felspar).

85

80
Yield of Aluminium Sulphate (%)

75

70 20 minutes
50 minutes
70 minutes
65
90 minutes
110 minutes
60
25 35 45 55 65 75
Concentration of Sulfuric acid (%)

Figure 1. Effect relationship of sulfuric acid concentration vs time at stirring speed of

200 rpm, T:200 °C (sulfuric acid and kaolin ratio of 3: 1)
Based on Figure 1 can be seen in 30% sulfuric acid concentration at variation
in time 20, 50, 70, 90 and 110 minutes respectively obtained yield 64.53%; 66.72%;
67.27%; 70.24%; and 70.46%. It showproduct increased significantly over the time,
the same results were also obtained in sulfuric acid concentration of 50% to yield
70.35 % respectively; 73.48 %; 73.85%; 78.37 and 78.12%. At maximum points,
concentration of sulfuric acid 70% and the operating time of 90 minutes, obtained a
yield of 84.63% and start to decline in yield to 81.37% at 110 minutes stirring time,
The length of contact time causes saturate reaction between sulfuric acid and alumina
which induced optimal results. Conversion of aluminum sulphate increases with the
increasing of sulfuric acid concentration and duration of reaction where can lead to
increased conversion of aluminum sulfate. However, when the concentration of
sulfuric acid increased by 70% and reaction time of 110 minutes, results is decline.
According Ismayanda (2011) it is influenced by the low volume of fluid that is not
capable to dissolve the entire surface of the kaolin powder so that the mixing is
disrupted. This due to cavities in kaolin arecovered bylarge quantities of sulfuric acid,
while on the rest don’t reach kaolin surface.
4. Conclusion
Producing good quality alum from kaolin tookimportant variables,such as
sulfuric acid concentration and ratio of kaolin and sulfuric acid. Furthermore, the
expected results of alum is able to work very well as a coagulant in water treatment
processes. The optimum condition to produce Aluminium Sulphate is at sulfuric acid
concentration of 70% and reaction time of 90 minutes with a yield of 84.63%.

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