Project Report - Vapor Absorption

Kirloskar Pneumatic Co. Ltd.
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SINGLE EFFECT
VAPOR ABSOPRTION CHILLER WITH PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT”
AT
“KIRLOSKAR PNEUMATIC CO. LTD.”
BY
SURAJ DILIP SHINDE
School of Mechanical Engineering,
MIT World Peace University, Pune.
PUNE
2018-19
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract I
List of Figures II
List of Nomenclature III
List of Tables IV
Table of Contents
Company Profile
Chapter 1: Introduction 4
1.1 Introduction to Vapour Absorption Chiller (VAC) 4
1.2 Background principal of absorption cooling 5
Chapter 2: Literature Review 8
Chapter 3: Problem statement 12
Chapter 4: Objective of the work 13

Chapter 5: Experimentation 14
5.1 Test Setup 14
5.2 Experimentation of test setup 16
5.3 Main Features 16
Chapter 6: Setup Design calculation 19
6.1 Heat balance calculation 19
6.2 Mathematical modelling 22
6.3 Thermodynamic Calculation 24
6.3.1 Introduction 24
6.3.2 Design of System 24
6.3.3 Design of Generator 24
6.3.4 Design of Condenser 28
6.3.5 Design of Evaporator 30
6.3.6 Design of Absorber 33
6.3.7 Design of Solution Heat Exchanger 34
6.3.8 Design of Drain Heat Exchanger 36
6.3.9 Conclusion 38
Chapter 7: Experimental Procedures 39
7.1 Introduction 39
7.2 Experimental procedures 39
7.3 Starting of chiller 41
2
7.4 Shut down of chiller 42

Chapter 8: Data Acquisition 43
Chapter 9:Data Reduction 44

Chapter 10:Results and Discussion 47
Chapter 11 : Conclusion 59
Chapter 12: Objective and satisfied 60
Chapter 13:Refrences 61
ABSTRACT
The greater part of the energies are used by the enterprises because of exhaustion of non-
renewable energy sources and expanding the fuel cost to misuse the most extreme displayed
vitality from the waste heat source. The business which uses steam turbine fumes conveys a
lot of thermal vitality. This vitality can be set into positive use as a thermal hotspot for vapour
absorption framework to fills in as cooling framework. The goal of this examination is to
3
show a technique to assess the attributes and execution of a single impact lithium bromide
(Libr) water absorption system. The target of this work is to the speculative structure of
lithium bromide water absorption Refrigeration framework utilizing steam is supplied from
the boiler house. The different pieces of the vapour absorption framework are a safeguard,
arrangement heat exchanger, evaporator, condenser and generator. Vitality utilization and
vitality investment funds as far as vitality and energies are determined. The Overall thermal
move coefficient, adequacy and COP of the thermal exchanger are estimated.
Data on structuring the heat exchangers of the Libr–water absorption unit is likewise
exhibited. The outcomes show that the framework may be improved by a better plan. The
effectiveness variety is contrasted with varieties of the coefficient of execution found in the
writing. A Libr-water absorption refrigeration framework for steam temperature applications
has been proposed and itemized plan perspectives have been considered. Manufacture and
testing of an arrangement of the absorption refrigeration framework have been portrayed.
Three passes, horizontal tube heat exchangers have been used for the absorber and four for
the evaporator. The solution heat exchanger was designed as a single pass annular heat
exchanger. The condenser and the generator were designed using horizontal tube heat
exchangers. The calculated theoretical values are compared to experimental results derived
for a capacity of 351kW. The coefficient of execution (COP) differs to a little degree (0.65-
0.75) with the warmth source and the cooling water temperatures.
List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Description Page No.
1 Vapour Absorption Cycle 4
Evaporator
2 5
4
3 Absorber 6
4 Generator 6
5 Condenser 7
6 Piping and Instrumentation Diagram 18
7 Schematic diagram of LiBr–H2O absorption chillers 19
8 Changing the steam inlet temperature versus hear transfer 48
9 Varying steam inlet temperature versus temperature 48
10 Effect of CHW temperature versus COP . 49

Effect of chilled water outlet temperature from evaporator
11 versus second law efficiency 49
Effect of cooling water outlet temperature in condenser

12 versus secoond law efficiency 49
Effect ambient temperature versus second law efficiency

13 49
Effect of cooling water temperature inlet of the system

14 versus second law efficiency 50
COP versus Effect of approach temperature in generator

15 50
Effect of approach temperature in condenser on coefficient

16 of performance 50
Steam inlet temperature versus COP

17 56
Variation of COP with Changing the condensing

18 temperature 57
Variation of COP with evaporator temperature

19 58
5
Variation of COP with condenser temperature

20 58
Generator heat load vs Load%

21 63
Load (%) vs COP
22 64
6
TABLE
Table No. Table Description Page No.
1 Input data 22
2 Array table 23
3 Solution table 24
NOMENCLATURE
ABBREVATIONS DESCRIPTION
Qa Heat of Absorption
To Temperature Of External Heat sink
Pg Generator pressure
Generator temperature
Tg
Qg Heat supply to Generator
Re Reynolds Number
Qc Heat rejected at condenser
Pe Evaporation pressure
Heat Supply at evaporator

Qe
TC Critical Temperature
Te Temperature of evaporator
COP Coefficient of performance
7
Company Profile
a.) Kirloskar Pneumatic Company Limited
A Brief Overview
The name Kirloskar is synonymous with quality and dependability in the engineering
industry. Pioneering industrial revolution in India, Kirloskar group has contributed
immensely in every field of its operation during its 120 year-long journey, and holds a place
of repute in the industry for its good business values and customer focus.
Kirloskar Pneumatic Company Ltd (KPCL), an ISO 9001:2000, ISO 14001:2004,

OHSAS 18001:2007 Company, is one of the core group companies. KPCL was incorporated
in 1958 under the chairmanship of Late Shri Shantanurao Kirloskar.
The company started its operations with the manufacture of Air Compressors and
Pneumatic Tools. New product lines were then added, included Air Conditioning and
Refrigeration systems, Marine HVACR, Process Gas systems and Hydraulic Power
Transmission machinery. The company has also earned an enviable reputation for its Systems
Engineering and Turnkey Project expertise.
Over the years, Kirloskar Pneumatic Company Ltd has developed various sophisticated
and high-tech products in the above categories to cater to the demands of various industrial
sectors. KPCL has also established a number of joint ventures and technology partnerships
with leading global companies. It has earned the distinction of developing a host of advanced
products to suit Indian conditions and has been continuously updating them to maintain the
highest standards of quality and reliability.
b.) KPCL Business Groups:
Air Compressor Division (ACD)
ACD offers a wide range of air compressors in 15 product categories. The division has
a complete range of air compressors covering reciprocating compressors to the high
tech centrifugal type as well as screw type compressors. These compressors cater to needs of
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diverse industrialsegments.
To bring focused attention and create centers of competence specific to technology,
these are sub divided in four categories - Reciprocating compressors, screw compressors,
centrifugal compressors & Ground support units (GSU).
ACD products are primarily sold and serviced through four regional offices and three
branch offices in India and supported by 29 authorized dealers. Dealers also support
customers in their requirement of spares. After-sales-service is provided through branch
offices. The authorized dealers have well trained personnel and infrastructure to provide
service to customers.
Air Conditioning – Refrigeration & Process Gas Division (AC-R & PG)
The ACR - PG division has the capability to manufacture Air Conditioning &
Refrigeration compressors (equipment group) and offer turnkey system solutions for
refrigeration projects and process gas applications.
ACR - PG has four Business Groups that function as independent business verticals.

 Equipment (Compressors for refrigeration system)
 Refrigeration Systems (Industrial refrigeration packages, Customized turnkey


projects, Screw compressor package, Containerized Ice & water chilling plants &
Marine HVACR)

 Process Gas Systems (CNG compression packages & Gas compression packages)

 Vapor Absorption Chillers (Gas / Oil, Steam, hot-water driven VAC’s).
The Projects sub division undertakes turnkey projects where the scope includes
planning, designing, manufacturing, installing and commissioning of Refrigeration Systems
and Process Gas Systems (PGS).
ACR & PG products, including compressors and spares, are marketed and serviced
through 27 authorized dealers from across the world. Their sales and service is monitored and
supported by 3 Regional Offices, 4 Branch Offices and 4 overseas offices.
9
After-sales support is provided through dealer service personnel supported by

company engineers. Customer feedback is monitored & reviewed centrally and supported by
way of material and technical expertise where necessary.
Transmission Division(TRM)
TRM specifically caters to the needs of the Rail, Defense and Non conventional
energy sectors. TRM has technological leadership in different types of gears and gear boxes
with capacities ranging from sub megawatt to higher megawatt range.
TRM products are sold directly through sales division in Pane. Spares are available
with sales and authorized dealers. The regional offices provide local support for sales and
service. After-sales support is provided through service personnel at HO and regional offices.
Select dealers who are strategically located have trained service personnel. Most of the
products are delivered directly to the customer.
Vapor Absorption Chillers(VAC)
Kirloskar Vapor Absorption Chillers is the state of the art, highly efficient machine.
Currently KPCL shall manufacture VAC fired by waste steam and basic fuels such as Natural
Gas and LPG. VAC shall provide Chilled water at 6 to 70C. The chilled water so
generated can be used effectively for air conditioning and other process applications.
KPCL is also marketing Vapor Absorption Chillers manufactured by Ebara

Refrigeration Equipment & Systems Co. Ltd. (ERS), Japan. KPCL is authorized distributor of
Ebara VAC for India region. Kirloskar Vapor Absorption Chillers are supplied in fully
assembled condition duly tested in the factory. Thus these can be commissioned in very short
time.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1) Introduction to Vapor Absorption Chiller (VAC)

(a) Introduction:
In the absorption chillers produces chilled water using evaporating refrigerant in shell
side of exchanger instead of electrical energy use in the vapour compression cycle.
The amount of heat is extracted from the chilled water using refrigerant. Cooling can be
achieved due to refrigerant gives the latent heat of vaporisation to the chilled water.
As the name implies, absorption refrigeration systems involve the absorption of a refrigerant
by a transport medium. The absorption cycle is a process by which refrigeration effect is
produced through the use of two fluids and some quantity of heat input.
Fig. 1 Vapor Absorption Cycle
In the vapor absorption system, the function of the compressor is accomplished in a three-
step process by the use of absorber, pump and generator as follows:
(i) Absorber :
At low vapor pressure in the absorber section absorb refrigerant by its strong
solution and exothermic reaction is carried out forming a dilute solution.
(ii) Pump :
Pumping the dilute solution from the absorber to the generator pressure.
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(iii) Generator :
The pool boiling is occur in the generator side using a high heat source (steam, hot
water) produces refrigerant vapor from the dilute solution.
(b) Basic Principle of Absorption Cooling
A lower shell side is maintain under vacuum of 6.5mm Hg. The lower shell side contains
strong aqueous solution such as Libr, and cooling water is passed through the tube.
The functions described operate in an absorption chillers as follows:
1. Refrigerant water evaporates in a deep vacuum“6 mmHg absolute” to a lower sealed shell
at atemperature of 3,7°C.The chilled water circuit tube bundle is thereby cooled. The left
hand side section in which the tube bundle is located is called the evaporator.
Fig.2. Evaporator
2. The right hand side location houses the absorber section. In this section an aqueous
concentrated is sprayed. The libr is hygroscopic, maintaining shell vacuum and the weak
lithium bromide is collected in the base. Exothermic reaction is occurred in the shell side
produces heat and the amount of generated heat is rejected by using cooling water in the tube.
12
Fig.3. Absorber
3. Properties of libr is depend upon two characteristics:

a) The strong bonding action between Libr and water is increases when solution temperature
is decrease.
b) Concentration: as reduces its hygroscopic effect decreases. The collected diluted solution
of lithium bromide has to be re-concentrated. It is pumped to dedicated vessel called
generator. Heat is applied through a tube bundle to vaporize the water from the diluted
solution.
Fig.4. Generator
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4. In the generator water vapor is produce by using external heat input source where they are
condensed in the condenser shell side by using the cooling water source. The amount of heat
rejected to the cooling water.
Fig.5. Condenser
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Pichel et al. [1] performed an experimental setup of 3517KW capacity of Libr absorption
system. This system is operate on hot water at 80-120oC.In the absorption system cooling
water is supplied to the absorber and then condenser. Pichel found that when the cooling
water is supplied to the system in parallel to both absorber and condenser improve the system
performance as compare to the cooling water in series both absorber and condenser section.
The COP was found between 0.68 and 0.72
Eisa et al. [2] performed a thermodynamic design data for absorption system found out that
the operating temperature in the system is limited because of the Gibbs phase rule and the
thermodynamic properties of the working fluid. They found experimentally that a possible
combination of operating temperature, the flow ratio, concentration flow of strong and dilute
solution in the absorption system. The performance of the system depends upon the flow ratio
its decrease with an increase in the coefficient of performance of the system.
Eisa and Holland et al. [3] experimentally performed operating parameter to satisfied for the
operating process condition in the absorption system. To investigate changing operating
conditions on the performance of the system. In the vapour absorption system is influenced
by the generator temperature. Coefficient of performance of the system decreases due to the
increasing heat transfer load in the generator. The performance of the system depends upon
the flow ratio its decrease with an increase in the coefficient of performance of the system.
Eisa and Diggory et al. [4] experimentally performed system to determine the effect of
temperature in the absorber and condenser. The cooling water is mainly influenced in the
inlet of absorber section as compare to the condenser. It was found that decrease COP value
due to increased in temperature difference between the absorber and condenser. The absorber
temperature Tabs was varied between 33.0 and 43.1°C and the condenser
temperature Tcon between 33.0 and 50.0°C.
A computer program has developed by Waleed et al. [5] for 7KW capacity of Libr absorption
system. To check the performance analysis of absorption system with different operating
condition.
15
The thermodynamic properties of Libr solution as per the operating temperature, pressure and
concentration will be available in many literatures. Mc Neely et al. [6] reviewed this data and
supplied by manufactures of absorption system. These data have been used in computer
model; is used to reduced these data in various equations for absorption system.
G J Van Wylen and R E Sonntag et al. [7] developed the relation between mass energy and
heat balance within limitation of Gibbs phase rule.
J.J. Lorenz and D Yung et al. [8] have developed relation of combined boiling and
evaporation of liquid on horizontal tubes.
Mark O. McLinden et al. [6] developed a steady state model of vapor absorption system these
results is compared to the experimental results. The model is based on mass and heat balance,
the heat balance relation is get from thermodynamic cycle and applied to system of
absorption heat pump and compare to the experimental outcome. Simulate the experimental
results of COP, system temperature, and pressure to model of the system.
Grossman. G. and Micheslon E. A. et al [29] developed simulation program for absorption

heat pumps and heat transformers with Libr-H 2O as the working fluid. The experimental
results simulate to the developed program values with changing the working condition of
temperature, pressure, mass flow rate, etc.
Joudi and Lafta et al. [8] developed simulation program for absorption heat pumps and heat
transformers with Libr-H2O as the working fluid. The experimental results simulate to the
developed program values with changing the working condition of temperature, pressure,
mass flow rate, etc.
A computer model is performed by Jodi and Lafta et al. [12] was applied in Mitsubishi-York.
This is the actually commercial refrigeration plant. This is the catalogue of vapour absorption
refrigeration chiller of MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD.
16
Heydari et al. [10] used entropy generation relations to develop a thermal sizing calculation
model for analysing the performance of absorption chillers. By using second-law of
thermodynamic they also presented a simulation model for vapour absorption systems.
In the vapour absorption system measuring the properties of concentration Libr by using
calorimetric. Feuerecker et al [11] developed a new method for measuring vapour liquid
equilibrium and properties of Libr solution. In this method they derived enthalpies for Libr
solution from 35-80% and temp upto 180oC.
Mostafavi and Agnew et al [12] studied the effect of ambient temperature on component
geometry and performance of absorption chillers.
Park et al. [13] found that the performance of system is mainly affected by cooling water
temperature rather than the cooling water flow rate. They performed part load operation
during experimental and calculate the value of system performance.
Kim and Ferreira et al. [14] introduced a model fit for portraying the conduct of cycles with
an advantageous number of trademark constants for a fast reenactment of assimilation
frameworks. In spite of the fact that this model has been connected to a few instances of
single-impact retention chillers utilizing different watery working liquids, it may not adjust
all around ok to repeat the exhibition of business or exploratory chillers.
Rozenfel'd and Shmuilov et al. [15] inspected the plan refinements of the key segments of
enormous limit to chillers. The accessible writing does not give mass exchange coefficients
under conditions winning in the safeguard and generator of the retention refrigeration
framework. Little data is given on the diffusivities of concentrated arrangements. A large
portion of the information is identified with extremely weaken arrangements at about climatic
weights.
In a generally cited paper, Chun and Seban announced falling film warmth move coefficients
for water on a vertical plain cylinder in both laminar and tempestuous stream routines. They
noted in the laminar routine, the inert warmth freed at the interface is moved by warmth
conduction over the falling fluid film.
17
Danilova, Burkin and Dyundin prepared an empirical correlation for film vaporization as a
function of the liquid film Reynolds number, the liquid film Prandtl number and the ratio of
tube pitch to the diameter.
The effect of pressure on liquid diffusivity has received little attention. If low pressure
diffusion coefficient data can be used in conjunction with a correction factor to estimate high
pressure coefficients, no method has been proposed to connect diffusion coefficients to
vacuum pressures. The conditions prevailing in the aqueous lithium bromide absorption
refrigeration system are such that the solution concentration is between 50% and 60%, the
operating pressures are relatively high vacuum pressures and the effect of latent heat is
important.
18
3: PROBLEM STATEMENT
1. To design and analysis of single effect vapour absorption refrigeration chiller with
cooling capacity is 100TR.
2. In the vapour absorption chiller crystallization problem is carried out due to improper
imbalance in which LiBr and water gets separated instead of remaining in solution.
Under these crystals can block solution heat exchanger and fluid distribution system,
thereby affecting the flow circulation and impacting its performance.
3. To design J-loop line between the generator and absorber for preventing of
crystallization.
4. In a conventional single effect refrigeration system, there is one evaporator and
absorber section, and both sections are contained in the lower shell side of chiller. As
the chilled water is flows inside of the tubes and refrigerant water evaporates shell
side, the water vapour is absorbed by the libr solution in the absorber. The
conventional design works with relatively higher salt concentration and has difficulty
working with lower concentrations. Consequently, the solution in the absorber is
much less effective in absorbing the refrigerant vapour.
5. The above limitation is overcome by splitting the evaporator into two portions. The
split design creates two different pressure levels within lower shells.
6. In the conventional dilute solution of LiBr after leaving through the solution heat
exchanger goes to the generator inlet but, in this case high generator load is required.
Heat recalimer incorporation between the generator and solution heat exchanger. The
dilute solution is enters to shell side of heat exchanger and condensate is flows inside
to the tubes in the heat reclaimer.
7. Improve the performance of the system using heat reclaimer.
19
4: OBJECTIVE
The objective of this research is to develop single effect vapour absorption

chiller. To present steady state simulation model and EES program for is used to predict the
performance of single effect vapor absorption chiller. The working condition of steam is
entering and exit to the generator. In the conventional absorption refrigeration system dilute
solution of Libr is directly goes to the generator at inlet of generator in this type high heat
source is required and increasing the area of the generator.
In this paper is to present incorporation of heat reclaimer in the solution heat

exchanger and the generator. The addition of one heat exchanger with increasing COP as well
as reduced heat source and heat transfer area in the generator. This program gives the
operating parameter at all state points, design value of all heat exchanger and design
performance of the system. The refrigeration capacity of the system is 100TR. To check the
performance of system by using changing flow rate of heat source, heat exchanger
effectiveness. The output of this program and simulation results use for the sizing of new
refrigeration system.
Performance of analysis in EES software compare to experimental reading.

Design calculation for each heat exchanger in the system with using various paper and HTRI
software. Draw P&I diagram for the vapour absorption chiller.
5. EXPERIMENTATION
20
5.2 Experimentation of Vapor Absorption Machine (VAM)
MAIN FEATURES
In the single effect vapour absorption chillers there is two type of pressure evaporator and
condenser pressure. The evaporator and absorber are located at the lower shell.
In this design evaporator is located above the absorber section and evaporator is the split type
shell side. Condenser and the generator are located above the upper shell side in chillers.
In case of shell side in the evaporator eliminator is attached between the evaporator shell side
and absorber shell side for eliminating water droplet.
• Completely factory assembled and wired. For transport facility bigger models may be
shipped in two pieces. Always for transport facility control panel may be shipped loose.
 Every part is leak proof tested.
• This system is work on the PLC control.
•Corrosion inhibitor and octyl alcohol is used.
• Lifting lugs provided on each side of the machine.
5.3 MECHANICAL FEATURES

LOWER SHELL
• “Split” type evaporator: the evaporator is divided into two different tube bundles, placed
on both sides of the absorber, that remains in the middle of the two evaporators. This solution
grants a better efficiency at part load, optimizing the mass transfer inside the solution.
• Finned and thin wall DLP (Deoxidized Low Phosphorous) copper tubes in the evaporator.
High ppm is occurring in the tubes of the absorption machines can result in “Stress Corrosion
Cracking”. Stress cracking is take place on outer surface of the tube.
• Mini-finned and thin wall DLP (Deoxidized Low Phosphorous) copper tubes in the
absorber. In DLP copper the oxygen is removed and the phosphorous content is less than
0,005 ppm. High ppm is occurring in the tubes of the absorption machines can result in
“Stress Corrosion Cracking”. Stress cracking is take place on outer surface of the tube.
• All the tube is fitted in the tube sheet perfectly using expander for the correct fit.
UPPER SHELL
21
The generator and condenser is located in the upper section of absorption chillers. These are
the falling film shell and tube heat exchanger.
The eliminator plates is placed between condenser and the generator to allow only water
vapour refrigerant in the condenser.
Using plain tube in the generator and condenser with DLP is less than 0.005 ppm.The
presence of phosphorous greater than 0,005ppm in the tubes of the absorption machines
can result in “Stress Corrosion Cracking”.
A stress cracking is occurred when the phosphorous content is greater than the 0.005ppm
• Stainless steel SS 430 Ti tubes in generator.

• Straight type tubes in generator: expansion coefficients of the material of tube sheet and
tubes are very similar, avoiding the rise of dangerous mechanical stress due to thermal
expansion, without the use of “U” type tubes or mobile supports.
• All the tubes fitted in their respective tube sheetsare duly expanded for the correct fit. All
thetubes are individually accessible and replaceablefrom either end of the chillers.
• Carbon steel tube sheets.
• Condenser headers with side nozzles, to grant an easy maintenance and reduce the machine
break down time.
• Hinged type condenser headers, for an easy access to the tube bundle without need of lifting
systems to support the header.
• Counter flanges provided as a standard feature with the unit.
• Plugged vents and drain connections provided for the water boxes.
• Sight glass on the generator shell. This glass is used is for check the solution level in the
generator.
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Fig.9. Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
23
6. SETUP DESIGN CALCUALTION
6.1 MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

Block diagram of vapor absorption chiller as shown in fig. The objective of these program is
calculate and analysis of heat load values in heat exchanger.
Desorber
13 12
18 19
8
Condenser
4 14 15
3
9 5
Refrigerant Expansion Solution Heat DHE

Valve Exchanger
2
6
W Pump
10
Solution Expansion
Valve
1
7
Evaporator
Absorber
11
21 20 16 17
Fig.10. Schematic diagram of LiBr–H2O absorption chillers
a.) Specification:
Refrigeration Capacity: 100 TR (351 kW)
Chilled water in/out : 12/7 oC
Cooling water in/out: 32/37.5oC
Steam Pressure : 1.5 kg/cm2
Theoretical Calculations for COP and Heat Balance:

a.) Heat Load Calculations:
1. Evaporator
24
Mass Flow Rate (m) = 990 plum = 16.79 kg/s

Specific heat (Cp) = 4.18 KJ/kg-K
CHW (Tin) = 12
CHW (Tout) = 7
Temperature Difference (Δ T) = (Tin-Tout) = (12-7) = 5
Heat Load (We) = m*Cp*ΔT = 16.79 * 4.18 * 5 = 350.91 kW
We = 350.91 kW = 100 TR
2. Generator
Mass Flow Rate (m) = 830kg/h = 0.2296 kg/s

Steam Inlet Pressure = 1.5 kg/cm2
Enthalpy of Steam at Inlet = hg = 2247.6 KJ/kg
Condensate Outlet Pressure = 1 kg/cm2
Enthalpy of Condensate at Outlet = he = 450.4 KJ/kg
Heat Load(Go) =m[11]*(h[11]-h[12])=0.2296*(2698.8-450.4)=520 kW
Go = 520kW
3. Drain Heat Exchanger
Mass Flow Rate (m) = 0.2296 kg/s

Specific Heat (Cp) = 4.18 KJ/kg-K
Condensate (Tin) = 115
Condensate (Tout) = 90
Temperature Difference (ΔT) = (Tin-Tout) = (165-90) = 75
Heat Load (Ode) = m*Cp*ΔT = 0.2296 x 4.18 x 75 = 23.99 kW
4. Absorber + Condenser
Cooling water flow (m) = 28 kg/s
25
COW (Tin) = 32

COW (Tout) = 37.5
ΔT = (Tout-Tin) = (37.5-32) = 5.5
Heat Load(Sac) = m*Cp*ΔT = 38* 4.18 * 5.5 = 873.62 kW
b.) Heat Balance:
Basic Consideration:
Heat coming into chiller = Heat going out of chiller

Qin = Quota
a.) Qin
Heat is coming into the chiller through the generator and evaporator i.e. from the steam and
chilled water respectively.
Hence,
Qin = We + Go + Ode = 351+520+23.99 = 894.99 kW
b.)Quota
Heat going out from the chiller is through absorber and condenser i.e. through the cooling water.
Hence,
Quota = Sac = 872 kW
Qout 872
Heat Balance = = = 0.974
Q¿ 894.99
Hence, an error of 2 % is observed.
c.) COP of chiller:
26
Hence,
Qe 351
COP = = = 0.68
Qg+Qde 520+23.99
6.2 THEORETICAL STUDY
6.2.1 Introduction:
The present study involves developing an EES program to check the performance of single
stage absorption chillers. This program uses simple polynomial expression to find out the
experimental heat load and COP of the system.
6.2.2 Mathematical modelling:

The input data for the program are:
 Steam Temp (T11 and T12)
 COW Temp (T13 and T16)
 CHW Temp (T17 and T18)
 the effectiveness of solution heat exchanger (Q/Qmax)
 Cooling capacity (Qeva);
Tsteam,i 112[°C]
Tsteam,o 98[°C]
Tcow,i 32[°C]
Tcow,o 37.5[°C]
Qevap 352 KW
∆ T 9−T 19 2.9[°C]
∆ T 21−T 11 1.2[°C]
∆ T 13−T 5 1.8[°C]
∆ T 1−T 17 3[°C]
Table 1 Input data
Table 2 Array Table
27
Sr. No. H (j/g) M (kg/sec) P (Kpa) Q (Fraction) T (°C) X (% Libra)

1. 100.8 2.5000000 0.918 0.000 38.995 57.4
2. 100.8 2.5000000 7.567 38.997 57.4
3. 150.4 2.5000000 7.567 63.718 57.4
4. 199.9 2.5000000 7.567 88.410 57.4
5 209.6 2.3446065 7.567 0.000 86.660 62.2
6. 157.0 2.3446065 7.567 59.015 62.2
7. 157.0 2.3446065 0.918 0.008 47.064 62.2
8. 2647.0 0.1553935 7.567 78.793 0.0
9. 169.5 0.1553935 7.567 0.000 40.466 0.0
10. 169.5 0.1553935 0.918 0.060 5.724 0.0
11. 2511.0 0.1553935 0.918 1.000 5.724 0.0
12. 2693.4 0.2250000 111.40

0
13. 883.4
98
14. 918.5 0.2250000
98
15. 328.7
70
16. 134.0 27.770000
0 32.000
17. 151.5
34.75
18. 146.6
27.770000 35.000
19. 159.6
0
38.115
20. 50.4
12.000
21. 30.0
16.770000
7.132
28
Evaporator Absorber Condenser Generator SHX

Heat Duty(KW) 352 512 385 410 126
LMTD (°C) 3.462 9.32 3.93 10.45 12.02
UA (kW/K) 105 55 98 39 6
Table 3 Solution table
6.3. THERMODYNAMIC DESIGN
6.1 Introduction
Following the results of the cycle optimization of chapter 4 a thermodynamic LiBr –water
absorption refrigeration system has been designed and is discussed in this chapter.
Figures 5.5 to 5.8 show the coils of designed generator, condenser, evaporator and absorber.
The cross sectional arrangement of the solution heat exchanger is illustrated in figure 5.9.
6.2 Design of System

The lowest generator temperature below which the cycle will not operate is determined; then
generator temperature is designed for operation at a value sufficiently above the lowest
generator temperature for better performance. Rates of heat added to or subtracted from the
system are found from equations of mass and energy balances; system COP is calculated.
Heat transfer areas are determined from appropriate correlations of Nusselt number and
prandtl number. From considerations given in chapter 4, it is possible to fix a practical
thermodynamic cycle of operation.
We design refrigeration capacity of 100TR.
6.3 Design of Generator
29
The kettle type reboiler is use in the vapor absorption chiller for generator where steam is
flows through the tubes. These tubes are flooded in the Libr of strong solution.
It has been shown that higher efficiencies of Libr -water absorption cooling cycles can be
obtained with lower generator temperatures and closer temperature approaches between
steam and solution in the generator.
The drain heat exchanger is incorporation between SHX and the generator and results show
that it reduces the generator area considerably.
With improvement in cycle COP has been obtained at full capacity but with a regenerator in
the cycle, the solution is superheated which improves its distribution over the generator tubes.
If new calculations are carried out for the designed thermodynamic cycle with a regenerator
then, the following applies
The design data are

1. Qgen=392 kW, tg=90°C
2. mss=2.5 kg/sec, tss =90°C, X55=63.3%
3. mws=2.34 kg/sec, tws=80°C, Xws = 57.8%
4. Tsteami/L =111.4°C, Tsteam o/L =100°C, Tsteam avg=105.7°C
The Reynolds number is

msteam∗Di
ℜ=
A∗μ steam
Where,
A is the cross sectional area of the tubes
Di the inside diameter of tubes.
15 mm nominal diameter tubes are used with following dimensions

di =19 mm , do =17.64 mm
Thus Re 56032.25
Since the flow is turbulent, the Nusselt number for fluids flowing inside tubes is
Nu =0.023 Re0.8*Prn
Where n=0.4 for heating and n=0.3 for cooling.
Nu=165.35
Nu∗k
And hi=
Di
Shell side heat transfer coeff. ho is calculated from developed a correlation of falling solution
films on tubes.
30
The average heat transfer coefficient over the tube circumferential length is
Ld Ld
ho= hb+hd +h c (1− )
L L
Where,
hb is the nucleate boiling heat transfer,
hd the average heat transfer coefficient in the thermal developing region where the fluid is
being superheated,
hc the convective heat transfer coefficient due to evaporation of liquid films at the vapor-
liquid interface,
Ld the thermal developing length.
hd is given by
3 r
hd = c
8 * p* Ld
Where,
m
r=
2∗Ltube
4
r 3 3∗μ 1
Ld= *( 2
) /2
4∗3.141∗ρ∗α ρ ∗g
α is the thermal diffusivity.
hcis found from
ϑ2 0.33 4∗r −0.22

hc=0.821*( 3 ¿ ∗( ) for laminar flow
k ∗g μ
v is the kinematic viscosity.

Therefore, equation (5.1) is rewritten as
d∗Ld Ld
ho=h + h c(1− )
L L
mss
r= =1.25E-03
2∗Ltube
kss
αss=
ρss∗Cp , ss
31
Ld= 7.72188E-07m
And
hd= 1192836.463w/m^2-sec
The point of transition from equation (5.4) to (5.5) in calculating h, is [56]
In this design,
4∗r 4∗1.25 E−03

( ¿=
μ 2.451
So the correlation for the laminar case in equation (5.4) may be used to give
hc= 4815.549659 W/m2° C.
The outside heat transfer coefficient (5.6).

ho = 4846.334063 W/ m2° C
The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area of the tubes is
Do Do 1 Do Do
Uo= ( + ∗fsteam+ + ln )^-1
Di∗hi Di h o 2∗Kt Di
Where
rho is fouling resistance ,
kt the thermal conductivity of copper tubes.
Substituting numerical values into equation (5.7), Uo= becomes
Uo = 2746.633 W/ m2° C
LMTD = 10.4℃
Dilute is flowing from absorber outlet shell side goes to the inlet generator, the temperature
difference is higher and there is a small error in using the solution saturation temperature T g
in the LMTD expression. However, the convection coefficient in the subcooling section is
normally lower than the evaporating heat transfer coefficient.
The two errors compensate for each other and the application of equation is common
practice.
Therefore, the required wetted area can be calculated.
Qg
A=
F∗Uo∗LMTD
With the correction factor F=1.0 for a phase change.
The total length of tubes is
32
A
Ltotal = = 2.101 m.
π∗Do
The number of tubes is
A 15
N= = = 127
At 0.126
Where,
A=Required area of transfer
Atube=Area of one tube
The steam velocity in the tubes is
Volumetricflow
Vsteam = = 12.27 m/sec
Areaoftubeperpass
In summary, the generator specifications are
(I) Type: Reboiler heat exchanger with spray type shell and tube.
(ii) Specifications of tubes

Material: Cu-Ni 90:10
Outside diameter: 19 mm
Inside diameter: 17.64 mm
Thickness: 0.68 mm
Length of tubes: 2.101 m
Number of tubes: 127
Arrangement: Horizontal tube
6.4 Condenser Calculation

Generated water vapor is flowing over the tube side in the condenser and cooling water is
flows in the tube side
The input data:

1. Qc= 372.122KW, tc=40.643℃, mwater = 0.15 kg/sec
2. Tcw = 35.02℃, Tcwo/l = 38.2℃, tcw = 36.61℃,
3. The tubes are copper tubes of 15.9 mm nominal diameter.
Velocity of COW :
33
mw
Vcow = ρ∗π
∗Di 2
4
27.77
=
999.43∗0.009935
=2.3m/sec
Then the Reynolds number is

ρw∗Vcw∗Di
Re =
μw
999.43∗2.3∗0.01474
=
0.697
= 29705
For turbulent flow, Nusselt number is
Nu = 0.0230*Re0.8*Pr0.4
= 0.0230*297050.8*4.670.4
= 161.27
Tube side heat transfer coefficient
Nu∗k
hi =
Di
= (161.27*0.6239)/0.01474
= 6826.17 w/ m2° C
Shell side heat transfer coefficient:
(ρl∗( ρl− ρv )∗g) 1

ho = 0.95*kl ( ¿ /3∗Nr (−0.333)
μl∗t h ermal
Where,
Ld= Tube length,
Nr = Number of tubes in a vertical row
Assuming values of outside wall temperature tWall. A trial and error procedure is carried out.
ho (tsatueated–twall )= Uo(tsaturatedvapour-tmean water )
Assuming a wall temperature of 36.66°C and 9 tubes in a vertical row,
34
∆ t=tsatvapor −tw all=1 ℃

And
ho = 11768.06163 W/ m2° C
From equation (5.8) with a fouling factor of 176x10-6,
Uo= 5862.385266 W/ m2° C
Calculation of LMTD in the generator, the refrigerant saturation temperature has been used in
the above expression. The vapor coming from the generator is usually superheated so that the
temperature difference is higher. But the convection coefficient, in the section where the
vapor is cooled to saturation temperature, is lower than the condensing coefficient.
Qc
Area =
F∗Uo∗LMTD
372248.84
=
3.8∗5862.3
= 16 m2
Length of tube
16
L=
π∗0.0159∗146
= 2.105 m
Where,
N = no. Of tube
The specifications of the condenser are

(I) Type: Refrigerant is flowing over the tube bundle and cooling is water is flow through the
tube. Arrangement of tube is horizontal.
(ii) Specifications of condenser tubes:
Material: copper BS2871
ID: 15.9mm
OD: 14.74 mm
Thickness: 0.68 mm
Length: 2.101 m
No. of tubes: 146
6.5 Design of Evaporator
35
A shell and tube evaporator of the falling-film type is used where water is chilled inside tubes
and water liquid refrigerant evaporated outside tubes.
Input data:
1. We = 351 KW ,te = 5.5℃ , mwater = 0.15 kg / sec
2. Tchwi= 12 ℃ , Tchwo = 7℃
3. Results of studies on transient modelling of absorption chillers have shown that the
thicker the film in the evaporator, the more time it took to approach steady state.
The thickness of falling films is
δ =¿)^0.333
Where
φis the angle with the horizontal
ρr ,l the density of liquid refrigerant
ρr , v the density of vapour refrigerant
mrefti
r=
Ltube∗no . oftube
0.15
=
312∗2.101
= 0.000230369
And
δ =4.72249 E−05 meter
For this low liquid film thickness the time to reach steady state operation will normally be
very short of the order of few minutes after dripping starts in the evaporator.
Chilled water velocity in the tube

m
V=
ρ∗v
= 1.25 m/sec
Nu = 0.0230*Re0.8*Pr0.3
= 0.023*186080.8*9.630.3
=118.7
36
The tube side heat transfer coefficient is

Nu∗k
hi =
Di
118.7∗0.5766
=
0.01474
= 4622.70 W/ m2° C
To find out the outside heat transfer coefficient using thermal developing region:
Thermal diffusivity of refrigerant is
kr
αss=
ρr∗Cp ,r
= 1.35302E-07 m2/s
and by equation (5.3)
Ld= 1.77643E-07 m
The point of transition from laminar to turbulent correlation of hois
4∗r 4∗0.00023
( ¿=
μ 0.001497
= 0.616496719
Application of laminar correlation given by equation (5.4) produces

hc = 7762.12 W/m2 -° C
Average heat transfer coefficient
3 r
hd = *cp*
8 Ld
3∗4.2043∗0.00023
=
8∗1.77643 E−07
= 2044568.269
Ld Ld
ho= hb+hd +h c (1− )
L L
= 7762.250506 + 0.172953949
= 7762.42346W/ m2° C
Substituting numerical values into equation (5.8) gives
Uo = 1790.419499 W/ m2° C
37
LMTD = 3.4℃
Therefore, the required area is

Qc
A=
F∗Uo∗LMTD
351000
=
3.4∗1790.41
= 32 m2
Length of tube
32
L=
π∗0.0159∗312
= 2.105 m
The evaporator specifications are
(I) Type : Falling film type of shell and tube heat exchanger is used for evaporator.
(ii) Specifications of coil tubes
OD: 15.9 mm
ID: 14.74 mm
Thickness: 0.68 mm
Length: 2.101 m
6.6 Design of Absorber

Input data:
1. Qabs=471 kW, tg=38 °C

2. mss= 2.34 kg/sec, tss =46.64 °C, Xss=63.3%
3. mws= 2.5 kg/sec, tws=38.8 °C, Xws = 57.8%
4. Tcw,i =32 °C, Tcw,o =35.02 °C, Tcw,avg= 33.51 °C
Velocity of cooling water in tubes:

mw
Vcow = ρ∗π
∗Di 2
4
27.77
=
994.49∗0.00017
38
=2.3m/sec

ρw∗Vcw∗Di
Re =
μw
994.49∗2.3∗0.01474
=
0.741
= 45624
For turbulent flow,
Nu = 0.0230*Re0.8*Pr0.4
= 0.0230*456240.8*4.990.4
= 233.52
Inside heat transfer coefficient is

Nu∗k
hi =
Di
233.52∗0.6195
=
0.01474
= 9814.49 W/m² °C
The outside heat transfer coefficient is evaluated from the following conditions
ho = qo” / ( To– Tf)
= 10484.75 / 5
= 2096.951 W/m² °C
Where.
The overall heat transfer may now be calculated from equation with a fouling factor of
176x10-6,
Uo = 1727.80 W/m2 —° C
To check the assumed wall temperature:
ho (tmean sol–twall )= Uo(tmean sol-tmean water )
or twall 38.2°C .
The computed value of twall is sufficiently close to the assumed value of 36°C for estimation
of μ
If the flow arrangement in the absorber is crossflow where cooling water enters,
39
LMTD = 9 ℃
Therefore, the required area is
Qabs
A=
F∗Uo∗LMTD
471814
=
9∗1727.80
= 30.35 m2
Length of tube
30.35
L=
π∗0.0159∗286
= 2.12 m
The absorber specifications are
(I) Type : Falling film type of heat exchanger is use in the absorber.
Outside diameter: 15.9 mm
Inside diameter: 14.74 mm
Thickness: 0.68 mm
Length: 2.12 m
6.7 Design of Solution Heat Exchanger

This is the shell and tube heat exchanger dilute solution is flows through the tube and strong
solution is flows through the shell side.
1. Qshx=130.56 kW
2. mss = 2.34 kg/sec, tss =88.71 °C, Xss=60.08%
3. mws =2.5 kg/sec, tws=39.62 °C, Xws = 57.8%
4. Find out the overall heat transfer coefficient:
Vweak = 0.284 m/sec
ρw∗Vcw∗Di
Re =
μw
40
1650∗0.284∗0.007
=
0.00278
= 1181.63
For turbulent flow,
f
∗ℜ∗Pr
2
Nu = 0.5 2
f
1.07+12.7 ()
2
∗( P r 3 −1)
119
=
6.08
= 19.589

Nu∗k
hi =
Di
19.589∗0.4542
=
0.007
= 1271.07 W/m² °C
Number of tube
4∗2.5
N=
ρ∗μ∗π∗Di2
4∗2.5
=
1650∗0.284∗3.141∗0.0072
= 39
Thermal analysis of shell-side
The shell inside diameter Ds:
0.5
Ao∗P R 2∗do 0.5
CL
Ds= ( L ) ( ) ∗0.637
∗
CTP
= 0.637*0.967204*0.23587
= 0.145325 m
Shell side Reynold number:
ms
Res=
( As )
∗De
μs
41
2.344∗0.006506
=
0.00211∗0.003361
= 2148.45
Nusselt Number for shell side
Nu = 0.36*Res0.55*Prs0.333
= 0.36*2148.450.55*14.560.333
= 59.80
Nu∗k
ho =
De
59.80∗0.4372
=
0.0065
= 4018.2 W/m^2 ℃
Overall heat transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger

ro
ro∗ln ⁡( )
1 1 do ri
= + +
Uo h o h i∗di k
Uo = 777.92 W/m^2 ℃
The solution heat exchanger specifications are
(I) Type: Shell and tube.
Material: Cu-Ni
OD: 9 mm
ID: 7 mm
Thickness: 1 mm
Length: 2.1 m
Arrangement: horizontal row
6.8 Design of Drain Heat Exchanger
This is the shell and tube heat exchanger condensate is flows through the tube and dilute
solution is flows through the shell side.
1. Qshx =21.27 kW
2. mws=2.5 kg/sec, tws =68 °C, Xws=57.8%
42
3. mws=0.23 kg/sec, tcs,i/l=98°C,

4. Find out the overall heat transfer coefficient:
Vweak = 0.1099 m/sec

ρw∗Vcw∗Di
Re =
μw
972.36∗0.1099∗0.0083
=
0.03
= 2687.6
For turbulent flow,
f
∗ℜ∗Pr
2
Nu = 0.5 2
f
1.07+12.7
2() 3
∗( P r −1)
= 1.86*33.63
= 62.57

Nu∗k
hi =
Di
62.57∗0.6732
=
0.0083
= 5053.26W/m² °C
Number of tube
4∗0.23
N= 2
ρ∗μ∗π∗Di
4∗2.5
=
972.36∗0.1099∗3.141∗0.00832
= 39
Thermal analysis of shell-side
The shell inside diameter Ds:
0.5
Ao∗P R 2∗do 0.5
CL
Ds= ( L ) ( ) ∗0.637
∗
CTP
= 0.637*0.98319*0.13974
43
= 0.08752 m
Shell side reynold number:
ms
Res=
( As )
∗De
μs
2.5∗0.00723
=
0.00077∗0.00219
= 10789
Nusselt Number for shell side
Nu = 0.36*Res0.55*Prs0.333
= 0.36*107890.55*9.640.333
= 126.62
Nu∗k
ho =
De
126.62∗0.4569
=
0.00723
= 8003.11 W/m2℃
Overall heat transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger
ro
ro∗ln ⁡( )
1 1 do ri
= + +
Uo h o h i∗di k
Uo = 2603 W/m2℃
6.9 Conclusion:
In this chapter, the design of a heat transfer calculation of Libr-H 2O absorption refrigeration
system has been formulated. The addition of a preheat reclaimer to the basic cycle was
studied.
Generator, evaporator and absorber heat exchangers of the falling film type were designed.
The tubes, in which the cycle external fluids flow, are arranged in horizontal tube of one row
each.
The condenser heat exchanger is of the spray shell and tube heat exchanger type with tubes
arranged in a tubes of two rows.
A counter flow solution heat exchanger was designed. The strong solution flows in the shell
while the weak solution flows in the tubes.
44
A counter flow drain heat exchanger was designed. The weak solution flows in the shell
while the condensate steam flows in the tubes.
7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
7.1 INTRODUCTION
In this section the operating conditions of the absorption refrigeration prototype
designed are investigated experimentally. Methods of leak detection used to test
equipment prior to system operation are also described. The practical operation of the
45
absorption cooling cycle emphasizes the need of maintaining correctly a vacuum if

acceptable performance is to be achieved.
Therefore ways of improving sealing of vacuum vessels are discussed.
From the given preliminary data it is also found that improper flow rates to the
components and low steam supply temperatures may seriously degrade the
operation of the system. Measures to resolve practical problems of experimental setup
and to improve system operation are reported in this chapter.
7.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The experimental system was assembled and the vacuum system evacuated.
Circulation of solution, steam and cooling water was carried out during a preliminary
operation to check for system and equipment installation.
Solution is prepared charge into the system. The flow cooling water is 100 m 3/hr and chilled
water flow is 60 m3/hr.
The experimentation temperature measured by using RTD sensor. These sensor is fitted at
inlet and outlet port of pipe. Following are the list of temperature measuring points in VAC
machine
1. CHW IN Temperature Sensor
2. CHW OUT Temperature Sensor
3. CW IN Temperature Sensor
4. CW OUT Temperature Sensor
5. Libr in Temperature to GH Sensor
6. Libr OUT Temperature from GH Sensor
7. Refrigerant Condensation Temperature Sensor
8. Steam Condensate Drain Temperature Sensor
9. Libr Absorber Temperature Sensor
A Libr-H2O solution was prepared, mixed and well shaken to ensure complete solution of all
salt. The required volume of 1.5 litre was then charged into the absorber.
For operation of the machine, first steam at the desired flow rate is supplied from the boiler to
the generator. Cooling water at the required flow rate is circulated from the mains to the
condenser and absorber.
46
Chilled water to be refrigerated is delivered to the evaporator directly from the mains. The
circulation pump is then operated to pump the weak solution to the generator with
simultaneous adjustment of the flow rate of weak solution by controlling the Libr-water flow
meter.
Leaks into the system caused some problems. Stable conditions were difficult to obtain as the
pressure rises in the system. To keep the pressure low the high vacuum pump was operated
continuously. As a result, more stable conditions were reached after 10-15 minutes of
operation but it seemed the flow was adversely affected by the continuous operation of the
vacuum pump.
If steam pressure is higher than 1.5 kg/cm2 (g), use pressure reducing valve. If steam
temperature is higher than 112oC, Use desuperheating station. If both are high, use pressure
reducing and desuperheating station.
The vapour pressure of a solution is a function of its temperature and concentration.
Concentration of solutions at constant temperature would result in vapour being produced at
higher pressures. During the system initial operation the generator pressure was around 70
mm Hg and the average exit temperature of solution in generator was 60°C.At these levels of
pressure and temperature, the solution will boil only if it’s Libr, concentration is below 44%.
Therefore a solution of 40% concentration was prepared. Hence, water was delivered at
higher temperatures to the evaporator via heat exchanger while water from the mains at 8°C
was used to cool the condenser. Even with lower flow rates, the drop in inlet temperature of
steam reduced considerably the time period over which the chiller was tested.
7.3 Starting of chiller:
47
Press Run Button in chiller control panel
Contact of chilled water flow

opens Flow rate alarm starts
after 10 min.
Chilled water temp. Is above 2.5 deg celsius

Chilled water temp.
2.5 deg.C
Alarm after 10 min.
Chilled water pump starts signal goes to chilled water

pump operation circuit from control circuit of Chiller.
Chilled water pump starts
Chilled water pump interlock signal goes to

control circuit of chiller
Chiller water pump
pump interlock signal alarm goes after 10 min
goes to control circuit
Cooling water pump starts signal goes to cooling water pump

operation circuit from control circuit of Chiller
Cooling water pump starts Cooling tower fan circuit

works
Cooling water pump interlock signal goes to control

Cooling water alarm goes
After 10 min.
Chiller starts: ABS pump starts.
Normal cooling operation
48
7.4 Shutting down of chiller:
Press stop key on control panel
Steam control valve travels to close
Steam shut-off valve closes after 1 min.
Refrigerant pump stops Cooling water pump stops

Cooling tower
according to HT according to HT generator
fan stops
generator temperature temperature
Chilled water pump stops
After 1 minute
Absorbent pump stops
within 15 minutes
Chiller stops
49
8. DATA ACQUISITION
Whatever the values is getting from the experimentally perform chillers its data acquisition.
The figure indicates that temperature measuring points are indicated by numbers
corresponding to:
1. Exit of weak solution in absorber. (Tabs,o/l)

2. Inlet of dilute SHX.(Tshe,i/l)
3. Inlet of shell side generator.(Tahe,i/l)
4. Outlet of strong solution in generator.(Tgen,o/l)
5. Outlet of strong solution in heat exchanger.(Tshe,o/l)
6. Inlet of strong solution in absorber.(Tshe,i/l)
7. Refrigerant water vapour in generator-condenser vessel.(Tgen,o/l)
8. Condensing Temp.(Tcon,o/l)
10. Refrigerant water vapour in evaporator-absorber vessel.(Tevp,o/l)
11. Inlet of steam in generator.(Tsteam,i/l)
12. Exit of condensate in generator.(Tsteam,o/l)
13. Inlet of condensate in drain heat exchanger.(Tateam,o/l)
14. Outlet of condensate in drain heat excahnger.(Tabs,o/l)
15. Inlet of COW in the absorber.(Tcow,i/l)
16. Outlet of COW in the absorber.(Tcow,o/l)
17. Inlet of COW in the condenser.(Tcow,o/l)
18. Exit of COW in the condenser.(Tcow,o/l)
20.Ambient.(To)
21.mass flow rate of COW (Tcow)
22.mass flow rate of CHW(Tchw)
23.Inlet pressure of steam Tsteam
50
9. DATA REDUCTION
The aim of the data reduction is to calculate I|L and O\L of the each state point temperature
and the thermodynamic properties:
(a) Temperatures of steam at 1.5 bar
(b) COW inlet and outlet temp in the absorber and condenser (T16 & T19 ) ;
(c) CHW inlet and outlet temp in the evaporator (T20 and T21);
(d) The chillers refrigeration power (Qeva);
(e) The ambient temperature (T0).
Calculate the values of each steady point in the thermodynamic cycle.
A calculation may start from point 11,
T=T21 -∆11-10
Let us consider saturated vapour exit from the evaporator and inlet to the absorber.
P11= P7=Psat (T11) (1)

h11= hvapour (T11) (2)
CHW flowing through the tube is calculated from equation:
m20=Qevap*cp*(T20-T21) (3)
The liquid refrigerant goes to evaporator at point 10 from the orifice plate and this dry
saturated vapour refrigerant at exit of the evaporator at point 11. At a pressure Pevap.
T11= T10 (4)
The isenthalpic process is carried out in orifice plate enthalpy is constant.
h10= h9 (5)
To find out the values of h10 firstly we calculate the values of condenser side at point 9
T9=∆T9-19 + T19 (6)
In the generator water vapour is separated out from the Libr solution goes to condenser inlet
shell side at point 8. We know the temperature at point 8 calculate the value of pressure using
steam table
P8 = P9= P3 = P7= P2 =P5 =Psat (T9) (7)

h9= hf (T9) (10)
The pressure is reduce in the orifice plate and calculate the values of point 10.
Q10= h10-hf(10) (11)
51
= hg (P10)- hf (P10) (12)

Refrigerant flow is evaluated from the equation
m9= m10 = m8 = m9=Qevap (13)
h10 = h9 (14)
To find the values of absorber and generator section the temperature at point 1 can be
calculated from below equation,
T1 =T16 + ∆T1-16 (15)
Calculate the cooling water outlet at the absorber tube side. Using trial and error method is to
calculate
T17 = T16+ T19 (16)
At point 1 pressure is known from equation 1
h1 = hsat (T1,x1) (18)
Calculate the value of strong solution leaving from generator using relation of approach temp.
T5 = T13-∆T13-5 (19)
Then calculate the value of strong solution concentration from the Duhring diagram we outlet
temp and generator pressure, respectively
x5= xsat (P5,T5) (20)
h5 = hsat (x5,T5) (21)
x4 = x1
A heat balance on the solution heat exchanger gives the enthalpy at point 3
Qshx= m *cp * (T5 –T6) = m* cp * (T4-T3)
h3 = h2 +m4/m2* (h5-h2) (22)
To calculate the value of m4/m2 is expressed as circulation ratio
f = m3/m7 (23)
T3 is then calculated from
T3 = h3/cp (24)
To calculate the value of strong solution in the absorber by using arithmetic mean temp.
T7 =T3 + T4/2 (25)
To calculate the quality of strong solution leaving from the heat exchanger at point 6,
m5 x5 = mf x6 (26)
The quality at point 6 is
q6 = mg (27)
52
To calculate value at point 7

h6= h7 (28)
The quality at point 6 is
Q7= h7-hf/ hg –hf
T7=Tsat (P7,x7)
To calculate the mass flow rate of cooling water in condenser and absorber
m16=Qabs+ Qcon /cp (T19- T16)
53
10. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. These represent the experimental outcomes and results influence this from

the experimentation of the system. Earlier discussed this system is
typically 100TR and firstly we need to review the processing system. After studying the
single effect absorption system, we calculate theoretical modelling for performance
analysis using one computer software (EES). These results are validated to experimental
values.Following results are obtained from program calculated and experimentally.
a) Varying the steam temperature at the inlet of the generator tube side has a huge
impact on the system load.
b) In this system cooling water is supplied to the absorber and condenser. The cooling
water at the outlet of condenser tube side changing its effect equally on the
performance of the absorber and DHX.
c) Changing the temperature of chilled water at the exit of the evaporator is also an
effect on the evaporator load.
d) Areas of absorber and SHX is also effective due to the changing the outlet
temperature of dilute solution.
e) Varying the effectiveness of both heat exchanger also effect on the areas of the
exchanger.
f) When the dry saturated refrigerant at the outlet of the evaporator varies changing the
evaporator load.
g) When the dilute solution of Libr is the varied effect on the areas of absorber, SHX and
DHX.
h) When the condensate temperature is the varied effect on the areas of generator and
DHX.
2. The following graphs show the changing the steam inlet temperature at the tube side
vs heat load. As the temperature is increasing from 100oC to 125oC changing the heat
transfer capacity in each of the heat exchangers. The heat transfer capacity is an
increase of linearly initially from low to high low. The inlet condition of steam
temperature is the single effect vapor absorption chiller JIS standard. This increased
heat capacity in each heat exchanger is due to the irreversibility.
54
Fig.11. Changing the steam inlet temperature versus hear transfer
3. The performance of such a device typically depends upon the steam inlet temperature.
The steam supplying in steam vapor absorption system is higher pressure as compared
to the hot water system. The internal cycle mainly depends upon three temperature
cycle such as absorber, generator and evaporator. It is observed that the cycle follows
a linear path, generator & absorber temperature increases with steam temperature. In
these three temperature cycle, the overall COP is not affected due to changes in both
temperatures. But, COP increases with a low level of heat input supplied. So, heat
transfer irreversibility is increased due to the high level of heat occurred in the
system.
Fig.12. Varying steam inlet temperature versus temperature

4. The following graph shows the chilled water temperature increases
versus coefficient of performance. As the load of the system is increased due to
55
altering the inlet temperature of chilled water. In this case, the slightly changing value
of COP. But a 20-30% increase in cooling capacity. As the inlet temperature
is increasing with increasing pressure in the evaporator
side. This effect of increasing pressure effects on the absorber section. Increasing the
chilled water temperature overall performance of the system is increasing.
Fig.15.Effect of cooling water

outlet temperature in condenser
versus secoond law efficiency
Fig.13. Effect of CHW

temperature versus COP
Fig.14. Effect of chilled water outlet

temperature from evaporator versus
second law efficiency
56
Fig.19. Effect of approach

Fig.16. Effect ambient temperature temperature in condenser on
versus second law efficiency coefficient of performance
Fig.17. Effect of cooling water

temperature inlet of the system
versus second law efficiency
57
Fig.20. Steam inlet temperature

versus COP
Fig.18. COP versus Effect of

approach temperature in generator
5. As the cooling water temperature is increasing the considerable amount of heat

generation is increased tremendously. The second law
efficiency firstly increasing rapidly then decreases slowly due to the addition of more
heat generation in the system. Changing the evaporator areas due to varying the
approach temperature. In the program, we analysis changing the chilled water inlet
temperature as this temperature is an increase the pressure in the evaporator also
increase. Increasing this pressure in the evaporator amount of mass vapour generation
in the absorber is reduced.
58
Fig.21. Variation of COP with Changing the condensing temperature
EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE/o C
Fig.22. Variation of COP with evaporator temperature
6. Figure shows the variation of COP with the evaporator temperature. From figure
shows that COP increases due to an increase in the evaporator temperature. As the
temperature is increased in the evaporator the addition of heat input is required in the
generator. Once the enthalpy difference is greater than the required value then
variation in the COP of the system.
59
0.74
0.72
0.7
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.62
0.6
0.58
0.56
.8
.2
.5
.9
.4
.7
.2
.6
.9
.4
.9
.3
.7
.3
.8
28
29
29
29
30
30
31
31
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
7. The vapor absorption system largely depends upon
operating temperature heat source. The generator temperature increases with an
increasing heat source temperature but, the heat losses through the system is carried
out. In this system, up to a certain amount of heat addition is typically needed because
the further increase in temperature adverse effect in the system carried out.
VAPOUR ABSORPTION CHILLER DIVISION

Table No. 4. Performance Test Parameters For Vapour Absorption Chiller
Chiller Model / Serial No. Date of Testing
Sr. Abbr
Description UOM I II III IV V
No .
Chilled Water (CHW)
1 CHW Inlet Temp b1 °C 11.4 13.3 12.4 12.1 11.9
60
2 CHW Outlet Temp b2 °C 9.4 7.8 7.2 7.2 7.6

3 CHW ∆T b1-b2 °C 2 5.5 5.2 4.8 4.3
4 CHW Flow Rate m1 kg/hr 61470 60084 60084 60985 60485
Cooling Water (CW)
1 CW Temp in c1 °C 33.5 30.6 32.3 31.6 31.6
2 CW Temp Out c2 °C 36.1 36.7 34.6 37.1 37.1
3 CW ∆T c2-c1 °C 2.6 6.1 5.3 5.5 5.5
4 CW Flow Rate m2 kg/hr 99972
Steam
1 Steam Pressure before SCV kg/cm²,g 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
2 Steam Pressure after SCV kg/cm²,g 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
7 Collected condensate kg 14.2 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8
Condensate measuring flask
8 Kg 1 1 1 1 1
empty wt
9 Net weight of condensate kg 13.2 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8
10 Time for condensate collection sec 60 60 60 60 60
steam consumption = Net weight
11 of condensate / time taken for kg/hr 792 648 648 648 648
condensate measurement in hr
12 Condensate Drain Temp dO °C 70 70 72 71 71
Temperature Measurement
1 Absorber Out °C 38 37.4 37.5 38 38.5
2 Solution GH In °C 73 72 74 73 74
3 Solution GH Out °C 89 88 90 88 89
5 Ref Condensate °C 39 39.2 40 39.5 39.5
6 ∆T Condensation °C 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4
7 Ref Evap °C 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.8 4.9
8 ∆T Evaporation °C 3 3.6 2.5 2.2 2.1
Weak solution temperature Measurement
1 DHE Inlet °C 65 64 66 65 66
2 GH Inlet °C 73 72 74 73 74
3 LTHE Inlet °C 38 37.4 37.5 38 38.5
Strong solution temperature Measurement
1 LTHE Outlet °C 50 51 48 49 48
Condensate temperature Measurement
1 DHE inlet °C 98 97 98 97 97
2 DHE Outlet °C 70 72 72 70.5 71
Vacuum Measurements
mm of
1 Manometer reading at absorber 6.3 6 6 6.2 6
Hg

1 Enthalpy of steam pressure kg/cm2, 1.45 1.4 1.35 1.3 1.25
g
61
Enthalpy kcal/kg 643 642 642 641 641

Performance Results
Chiller Capacity TR
1 TR 42 105 106 96 86
(m1X1000X(b1-b2)/3024)
Specific Steam consumption
2 kg/hr/TR 16.09 5.90 6 6.75 7.5
(Steam consumption/TR)
3 Heat Balance
Heat Output
Heat rejected by cooling water =
54891
mass flow rate X Cp X Delta T of kcal/hr 349202 598854 528791 548911
1
cooling water
Heat Input
Refrigeration capacity = TR X 29030
kcal/hr 123984 329616 320544 260064
3024 4
Steam input = steam consumption
37065
X (enthalpy of steam - enthalpy kcal/hr 453024 369360 369360 37008
6
of condensate)
% error= ((Heat output - Heat
% 29.0 40 30 32 33
input)/Heat output )X100

Readings taken By Reviewed By
10.2 Sample Calculation
1. Evaporator
CHW flow = 16.77 kg/s
Specific heat (Cp) = 4.18 KJ/kg-K
CHW (Tin) = 12.5
CHW (Tout) = 7.5
Temperature Difference (Δ T) = (Tin-Tout) = (12.5-7.5) = 5
Heat Load (Qe) = m*Cp* Δ T = 16.77 * 4.18 * 3.6 = 348.8 kW
Qe = 348.8 kW = 99TR
2. Generator
62
Steam flow rate = 660 kg/h = 0.1833 kg/s

Steam Inlet Pressure = 1.5 kg/cm2
Enthalpy of Steam at Inlet = hg = 2639 KJ/kg
Heat Load (Qg) = m*(hfg) = 0.183 * 2639 = 475 kW
Qg = 475 kW
3. Drain Heat Exchanger
Mass Flow Rate (m) = 660 kg/h = 0.1833 kg/s

Condensate Inlet (Tin) = 98
Condensate Outlet (Tout) = 74
Temperature Difference (ΔT) = (Tin-Tout) = (98-74) = 24
Heat Load (Qde) = m*Cp*z*ΔT = 0.1833 * 4.18 * 24 = 19 kW
Qde = 19 kW
4. Absorber + Condenser
COW (m) = 1667.53 lpm = 27.77 kg/s

COW I/L (Tin) = 31.8
COW O/L (Tout) = 37
Temperature Difference (ΔT) = (Tout-Tin) = (37-31.8) = 5.2
Heat Load (Qac) = m*Cp*ΔT = 27.77 * 4.18 * 5.2 = 603.60 kW
Qac = 603.60 kW
COP of chiller:
63
Hence,
Qe 352
COP = = =0.725
Q g+Q de 475+19
COP = 0.725
10.3 Analysis of Vapor Absorption Chiller

The above reading sheet includes the experimental readings and calculated heat load duties of
the evaporator, generator, condenser, and absorber. The heat balance and COP are also
calculated. The following graph patterns are observed:
64
Generator Heat Load v/s Load

450
Generator Heat Load(kW)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Load (%)
Fig.24.Generator heat load vs Load%
The above graph has generator heat load on y-axis and load on x-axis. The graph shows
variation of generator heat load with load of chiller obtained experimentally. It can be seen that
in GH load increases with the load.
65
120
100
80
Load (%)
60
40
20
0
0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.7 0.71 0.72 0.73
COP
Fig.25. Load (%) vs COP

The theoretical COP is calculated at 100 percent load which is equal to 0.72. The variation in
COP is within the range of 0.67 to 0.72. This is a very short range and shows that the variation
of COP of vapour absorption chiller with part load is very less.
66
11. CONCLUSION
The basic absorption cycle with LiBr-H2O absorbent-refrigerant combination has
been studied in detail. The single-effect Duhring diagrams have been discussed in detail. The
prototype chiller of Kirloskar Pneumatic Company Ltd. works on a single effect steam driven
system. The cooling cycle is studied and the process is plotted on the Duhring Diagram
accordingly.
Applying first law and second law of thermodynamic used to calculate heat balance,
exergy analysis and steady state equation at each point of component in the absorption
system. A program is performed in the EES software is used to analyze the system
performance with experimental results. To find out heat transfer calculation for each heat
exchanger in the absorption system. Thermal calculation of solution heat exchanger and heat
reclaimer in HTRI software. The performance testing is carried out at the Saswad facility of
Kirloskar Pneumatic Company Limited.
Entering the steam temperature in the generator does not have any effect on the
absorber, evaporator. Decreasing the generator conductance due to increase in the inlet
temperature of generator. As the cooling water exit to the condenser has does not effect on
the evaporator area but, strongly influence on the generator, heat recalimer, SHX
conductance. So, COP is decrease due to increase in the approach temperature.
The practical operation of absorption chillers and their trouble shooting has been
studied and understood thoroughly. Using the data gathered during the testing, the individual
heat load duties of major components and the COP of the system has been calculated. It has
been compared with the theoretical data calculated earlier and graphs have been plotted. The
test results obtained are in accordance with the theoretical calculations.
Lastly, after all the detailed study of the absorption chiller and with all the data
available some improvements have been done using heat reclaimer. The improvements are
particularly thought of due to the inferior COP of the absorption cycle compared to the
compression cycle and the large foot prints of the absorption chillers.
67
12. OBJECTIVES AND SATISFIED
OJECTIVES SATISFIED
Reduce crystallization problem By using J-line pipe arrangement in at the outlet

of generator and inlet of the absorber
Recovery of Condensate steam Heat reclaimer is incorporation between

generator and solution heat exchanger.
Increases heat transfer rate Using copper fins tubes.
68
13. REFERENCES
1.Pichel, W. Development of large capacity lithium bromide absorption refrigeration machine

in USSR. ASHRAE J., 1996, 85(8).
2. Elisa, M. A. R., Devote, S., and Holland, F. A. Thermodynamic design data for absorption
heat pump systems operating on water lithium bromide: Part I: cooling. Applied Energy,
1986, 24, 287–301.
3. Elisa, M. A. R. and Holland, F. A. A study of the operating parameters in a water lithium
bromide absorption cooler. Energy Res., 1986, 10(2), 137–144.
4. Elisa, M. A. R., Diggory, P. J., and Holland, F. A. Experimental studies to determine the
effect of differences in absorber and condenser temperatures on the performance
of water lithium bromide absorption cooler. Energy Convers. Mgmt, 1987, 27(2), 253–259.
5. Walled, A. F. Study of the effect of design parameters on a two ton lithium bromide
absorption unit. MSc Thesis, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, 1983.
6. McClendon, M. O. and Klein S. A. Steady-state modelling of absorption heat pumps with a
comparison to experiments. ASHRAE Trans. Part 2B, 1985, 91, 793–806.
7. Grossman. G. and Micheslon E. A. A modular computer simulation of absorption systems.
ASHRAE Trans. Part 2B, 1985, 91, 1808–826.
8.Joudi, K. A. and Left, A. H. Simulation of a simpleabsorption refrigeration system. Energy
Convers.Mgmt, 2001, 42, 1575–1605.
9. Catalogue for Libra Absorption Chiller Model ES-2A4.MW, 60 TR Capacity (Mitsubishi
Heavy IndustriesLtd, Energy and Environment Research Center,Baghdad).
10.Heydari, A., Babadi, F., Jani, S., and Bafkar R. Second law based thermodynamic analysis
of a lithium bromideabsorption chillers. In 20th International Congressof Refrigeration
IIR/IIF, Sydney, 1999.
11.Feuerecker, J., Scharfe, J., Greiter, I., Frank, C., andAlefeld, G. Measurement of
thermophysical properties of aqueous Libra solutions at high temperatures and
concentrations. In International Absorption HeatPump Conference, 1993 (ASME, New
York).
12. Mustafa, M. and Agnew B. The effect of ambienttemperature on the surface area of
components of anair-cooled lithium bromide/water absorption unit.Appl. Therm. Engng,
1996, 16, 515–522.
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13.Mostafavi, M. and Agnew B. The impact of ambient temperature on lithium

bromide/water absorptionmachine performance. Appl. Therm. Engng, 1996, 16,313–319.
14. Grossman, G. and Perez-Blanco, H. Conceptual designand performance analysis of
absorption heat pumps forwaste heat utilization. ASHRAE Trans., 1993, 2691,451–460.
15. Sonntag, R. E., Borgnakke, C., and Van Wylen, G. J.Fundamentals of Thermodynamics,
1988 (Wiley,Chichester).
16. Selim A. M, Elsayed M.M (1999), Performance of a packed bed absorber for aqua
ammonia absorption refrigeration system, International journal of refrigeration, 22, 283-292.
17.Xhaoliang Wang, DaweiTang Numerical simulation of falling filmand droplet absorption
absorber, Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academic ofScience .2006
18. ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals. Atlanta, 1997.
19. Rogers GFC, Mayhew YR. Thermodynamic and transport properties of fluids: SI units.
4th ed. UK: BlackwellPublishers; 1992.
20. Lee RJ, DiGuilio RM, Jeter SM, Teja AS. Properties of lithium bromide–water solutions
at high temperatures andconcentration. II. Density and viscocity. ASHRAE Trans 1990;96(Pt.
1):709–28.
21. Herold EK, Radermacher R, Klein SA. Absorption chillers and heat pumps. CRS Press;
1996.
22.Ozisik M. Heat transfer––a basic approach. McGraw-Hill Book Company; 1985.
23. Howell RH, Sauer JH, Coad JW. Principles of HVAC. ASHRAE, Refrigeration
Equipment, Section 18.21, 1998.
24.Kreith F, Bohn MS. Principles of heat transfer. 5th ed. PWS Publishing Company; 1997.
25. Nusselt in Ozisik M. Heat transfer––a basic approach. McGraw-Hill Book Company;
1985.
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solutions atsubatmospheric pressures. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 1994;21(4):539–48.
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solution of Libra falling alonga vertical pipe. JSME Int J, Ser B 1993;36(2):351–6.
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Int J Heat Mass Transf1983;26(3):357–71.
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71

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Kirloskar Pneumatic Co. Ltd.

“DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SINGLE EFFECT

VAPOR ABSOPRTION CHILLER WITH PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT”

“KIRLOSKAR PNEUMATIC CO. LTD.”

SURAJ DILIP SHINDE

School of Mechanical Engineering,

MIT World Peace University, Pune.

Chapter 4: Objective of the work 13

7.4 Shut down of chiller 42

Chapter 9:Data Reduction 44

Figure No. Figure Description Page No.

1 Vapour Absorption Cycle 4

6 Piping and Instrumentation Diagram 18

7 Schematic diagram of LiBr–H2O absorption chillers 19

8 Changing the steam inlet temperature versus hear transfer 48

9 Varying steam inlet temperature versus temperature 48

10 Effect of CHW temperature versus COP . 49

Effect of cooling water outlet temperature in condenser

Effect ambient temperature versus second law efficiency

Effect of cooling water temperature inlet of the system

COP versus Effect of approach temperature in generator

Effect of approach temperature in condenser on coefficient

Steam inlet temperature versus COP

Variation of COP with Changing the condensing

Variation of COP with evaporator temperature

Variation of COP with condenser temperature

Generator heat load vs Load%

Table No. Table Description Page No.

To Temperature Of External Heat sink

Qg Heat supply to Generator

Qc Heat rejected at condenser

Heat Supply at evaporator

COP Coefficient of performance

a.) Kirloskar Pneumatic Company Limited

Kirloskar Pneumatic Company Ltd (KPCL), an ISO 9001:2000, ISO 14001:2004,

b.) KPCL Business Groups:

Air Compressor Division (ACD)

 Refrigeration Systems (Industrial refrigeration packages, Customized turnkey

After-sales support is provided through dealer service personnel supported by

Vapor Absorption Chillers(VAC)

KPCL is also marketing Vapor Absorption Chillers manufactured by Ebara

1.1) Introduction to Vapor Absorption Chiller (VAC)

Fig. 1 Vapor Absorption Cycle

(b) Basic Principle of Absorption Cooling

The functions described operate in an absorption chillers as follows:

3. Properties of libr is depend upon two characteristics:

Grossman. G. and Micheslon E. A. et al [29] developed simulation program for absorption

The objective of this research is to develop single effect vapour absorption

In this paper is to present incorporation of heat reclaimer in the solution heat

Performance of analysis in EES software compare to experimental reading.

5.2 Experimentation of Vapor Absorption Machine (VAM)

5.3 MECHANICAL FEATURES

• Stainless steel SS 430 Ti tubes in generator.

Fig.9. Piping and Instrumentation Diagram

6. SETUP DESIGN CALCUALTION

6.1 MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

Refrigerant Expansion Solution Heat DHE

Fig.10. Schematic diagram of LiBr–H2O absorption chillers

Refrigeration Capacity: 100 TR (351 kW)