Volcanoes PDF

summit
slope
base
Crater Caldera
Information of new mountains
and islands
Eruptions create hazardous
conditions
Make soils fertile for vegetation
- Disrupt livelihood and normal
way of living
-Loss of lives
Provide minerals used for
industrialization
HOW DO VOLCANOES FORM?
Volcanoes are formed as a result of SUBDUCTION
- Process wherein two tectonic plates converge on one another, with

one descending below the other, causing magma to rise above the
surface
WHERE ARE VOLCANOES LOCATED?
• The most destructive

volcanoes are found
in the Pacific Ring of
Fire.
• Majority of the
world’s earthquakes
and around 75% of
volcanoes occur
within this area
Indonesia,
Philippines, Japan,
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE North America
etc…
Classification according to PHILVOCS
ACTIVE VOLCANO
- have a record of eruption within the last 600 years
or those that erupted 10,000 years ago based on
analyses of their materials
Example: Mt. Mayon, Mt. Taal & Mt. Pinatubo
Mt Iraya erupted in 1454 and still considered as an

active volcano
24 listed
active
volcanoes in
the
Philippines
POTENTIALLY ACTIVE VOLCANO
- morphologically young looking but with no
historical or analytical records of eruption.
INACTIVE VOLCANO
- have not erupted for the last 10,000 years and their
physical form is being changed by physical
weathering
Example: Mt. Cabaluyan, Mt. Cocoro

VISCOSITY OF MAGMA/LAVA
Viscosity is resistance to flow
Viscosity determined by
 Temperature
HOT= thin, flows easily
COOL= thick
 Composition
Silica(SiO2)=mineral in magma
LOW SILICA (basalt) = thin
HIGH SILICA (granite) = thick
low gas = flows easily
Viscosity of the molten rock can

determine shape of a volcano and
the type of eruption.
SHAPE
1. Shield Volcano (Gentle slopes)
-formed by non-viscous lava

that continuously flows
-found over hot spots
-causes non-violent /quiet
eruptions
Ex. Hawaiian Islands Mauna Loa in Hawaii

OLYMPUS MONS
•
SHAPE
2. Cinder Cones (Steep slopes)
-steep slope and wide crater

-built from lava fountains that
became cinders
-causes violent eruptions
Ex. Smith Volcano (Babuyan

Islands
Most cinder
volcanoes have
only one crater
and rarely rise
more than a
thousand feet.
SHAPE
3. Composite (nearly perfect cone shape) -Stratovolcano
-formed from alternate
solidification of both
lava and pyroclastic
deposits
-steep sided and are
usually symmetrical
-from viscous lava
-causes violent
eruptions
Ex. Mt Fuji, Mt. Mayon

TYPES OF ERUPTIONS
A. Violent Eruption
Violent (explosive) eruptions destroy the volcano
Viscous lava traps the gases until large pressures build up &
the system explodes
Pyroclastic flow (ash, rock fragments) flow out of vent
B. Non-Violent Eruption (calm or quiet)
Non-Violent (calm or quiet) eruptions build up the
volcano
Fluid lava flows easily
• thin ; flows far;
• allows gas to escape;
1.
9.
10.
Fluid lava
Flows great
distances
Viscous lava
• thick (granitic – high silica
content)
• traps gas
• violent eruptions
• destroys mountains
Predict Eruptions by
Studying volcanoes and comparison of
past eruptions
Volcano observatories are found stationed near active

volcanoes.
Several changes in the behavior of volcanoes can signify eruption.
CHANGES IN GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• increase in temperature and

volume of gas emitted
• Increase in frequency of
volcanic earthquakes
Crater glows
due to magma
near the crater
• Steam emission
changes from
white to gray
due to ash
GROUND DEFORMATION DUE TO MAGMA GOING UP
• Occurrence of
fractures on the side of
the volcano
• Increase frequency of
landslide and rock falls
• Vegetation dries up at
the upper slopes
CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE OF WATER SOURCES NEAR THE VOLCANO
AS WELL AS VARIATION IN THEIR CHEMICAL CONTENT
Phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose
potential threat to persons or property within a given period
of time.
DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH ERUPTION
1. Lava flows
-the intense
heat of lava
can melt and
burn anything
on its path
For a long time, people tried to use barricades and water
bombs to re-direct lava flow. However, no effort was deemed
very successful.
2. Ashfall or Tephra Fall
Showers of airborne fine to coarse grained

volcanic particles that fall out from a
volcanic eruption
-distribution is dependent on wind direction
Ash can cause

poor visibility and
slippery roads
Health hazards
Burial of property
and clogging
Causes widespread infrastructural
damages when thick
Causes potential engine failure to

engines
3. Pyroclastic Flow and surges –
Deadliest of all volcanic hazards.
Turbulent mass of ejected ash and rocks (200 deg to 900

deg that flow at >60kph)
Destroy
everything
on its path
It can burn
sites with
hot rocks
and debris
EVACUATE IMMEDIATELY!
•
4. Lateral Blasts
Lahar - flooding of volcanic sediments mixed
with rain (mudflows)
Ground
deformation
Debris avalanche or volcanic landslide
Volcanic tsunami
• VEI: VOLCANIC EXPLOSIVITY INDEX
Measures explosivity of a volcano thru the amount
of materials emitted
Supervolcano – have a VEI of 7 or 9 (Toba & Yellowstone
eruption
VOLCANO ALERT LEVELS
•
•
Permanent Danger Zone:

4-6km radius from the volcano summit
PHIVOLCS prohibits permanent settling in the PDZ to avoid
loss of life
•
•
•
•
•
Area Coordinat Nearest Nearest Potential Alert Level

es active fault Active volcanic Near the
volcano hazards in Area
the area
1. Basco
2. El Nido
3. Los
Banos
4. Mataas
na Kahoy

Volcanoes PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Volcanoes PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Volcanoes PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

summit

- Process wherein two tectonic plates converge on one another, with

• The most destructive

Example: Mt. Mayon, Mt. Taal & Mt. Pinatubo

Mt Iraya erupted in 1454 and still considered as an

Example: Mt. Cabaluyan, Mt. Cocoro

Viscosity of the molten rock can

-formed by non-viscous lava

Ex. Hawaiian Islands Mauna Loa in Hawaii

-steep slope and wide crater

Ex. Smith Volcano (Babuyan

Ex. Mt Fuji, Mt. Mayon

Volcano observatories are found stationed near active

CHANGES IN GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• increase in temperature and

DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED WITH ERUPTION

Showers of airborne fine to coarse grained

-distribution is dependent on wind direction

Ash can cause

Causes potential engine failure to

Turbulent mass of ejected ash and rocks (200 deg to 900

Permanent Danger Zone:

Area Coordinat Nearest Nearest Potential Alert Level

You might also like