Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department

Wind Energy System

Spring 2018 – 2019

Chillicothe, Missouri

Name ID

Course Instructor: Dr.Tareq Samir Salameh

Submission Date: 12/16/2018

Contents
Introduction: ................................................................................................................................ 3

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Part 1 – Wind speed analysis: .................................................................................................... 4
Speed at wanted height (40 m): ................................................................................................... 5
Average speed: ............................................................................................................................ 5
Velocity duration curve: .............................................................................................................. 5
Turbulence intensity: ................................................................................................................... 5
Standard deviation: ...................................................................................................................... 5
Histogram: ................................................................................................................................... 5
Power density: ............................................................................................................................. 6
Power duration curve: ................................................................................................................. 6
Rayleigh distribution: .................................................................................................................. 6
Probability density function: ....................................................................................................... 7
Weibull distribution: ................................................................................................................... 8
....................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Part 2 – Blade Design: ................................................................................................................. 9
Choosing the number of blades B and tip speed ratio λ: ............................................................. 9
Setting basic parameters: ............................................................................................................. 9
Defining the blade shape: ............................................................................................................ 9
Results: ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Calculating rotor performance and modifying blade design: .................................................... 12
Torque ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Transmission System: ............................................................................................................... 13
1- Number of stages .................................................................................................................. 13
2- diameter of shafts .................................................................................................................. 14
Analysis of Turbine Components Rotor: .................................................................................. 14
2- Generator: ............................................................................................................................. 14
3- Tower Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 14
Cost: .......................................................................................................................................... 15
1- Rotor: .................................................................................................................................... 15
2- Transmission: ........................................................................................................................ 16
3- Generator: ............................................................................................................................. 16
4- Tower: ................................................................................................................................... 16

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 Installation Cost: ....................................................................................................................... 16
Maintenance Cost: ..................................................................................................................... 16
Total cost: .................................................................................................................................. 16
Conclusion:................................................................................................................................ 16
References: ................................................................................................................................ 17

Introduction:
The world has changed towards looking for green energy, yet the best source of such as
from wind energy. The word has over the years been dependent on other sources of energy such
as the use of oil, gas, hydropower among others but all these have not given value to green and
cheap energy. For example, the use of such types of fuel has been a course of increase carbon
emission in the atmosphere leading to a series of pollution. In addition, serious health problems
have been an effect of the same. Therefore, coming to a decision of getting an option to cheap,
green and sustainable energy is the answer. Besides, renewable energy is the answer to the above
problem for instance, solar, wind, energy from tides among others.
Wind energy is defined as a source of kinetic energy that is obtained from movement of
air. This type of energy can be used in a number of ways such as milling, water pumping as well
as in generation of electricity. Wind turbines are used to change or convert the kinetic energy
that is obtained to a reliable and efficient source of electric energy used to rotate the turbine
blades. An increase in speed of the same is one of the ways to boost the source of energy
generated.

3
 This project will make use of available quantitative and qualitative data taken from wind
energy system and system to come up with wind energy system for Dubai, UAE. Hourly analysis
of the speed of wind for a duration of 1 year will be undertaken. Measures of central tendency
such as Standard Deviation, Mean and Turbulence intensity will be used. Representation of the
same will be done in graphs as well.
Part 1 – Wind speed analysis:
It is evident that using a data of wind speed in (mph) over a period of one year, the data was
changed to a speed measure of (m/s).
The reference height was used 𝑧𝑟 = 4 m
The below was obtained;
1 𝑚
𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑔@2𝑚 = 𝑁 ∑𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑈𝑖 = 3.124365223 𝑠

 Choosing the diameter of our application to be:

D = 56 m
 We can use tower height of:
Tower height = 80m

 The area will be determined using the below equation:

4
 𝜋𝐷 2
𝐴= => A = 917.35712 𝑚2
4

Speed at wanted height (80 m):

1
 To find 𝑈𝑍 using power method we assume ∝= 7
∝
𝑈𝑍 𝑍 𝑚
= (𝑍 ) , 𝑈𝑧 = 8.164045768
𝑈𝑍𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑠

𝑈𝑍 is the average speed at 𝑍𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 4 𝑚.

Average speed:
̅ = 2.87652187 𝑚/𝑠
𝑈
Velocity duration curve:

Turbulence intensity:
𝜎𝑢
𝑇𝐼 = => 𝑇𝐼 = 1.753412546
𝑈

Standard deviation:
𝑁𝑠 1
𝜎𝑢 = √𝑁 −1 ∑𝑖=1(𝑢𝑖 − 𝑈)2 , 𝜎𝑢 = 3.1657420956
𝑠

Histogram:

5
Power density:
1
̅ 3 , 𝑃𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 8012.8861 𝑊
Wind power: 𝑃𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 2 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑈
𝑃 1 𝑃 𝑊
̅ 3 , = 15.0644
= 2 𝜌𝑈
𝐴 𝐴 𝑚2

Power duration curve:

Rayleigh distribution:

6
Probability density function:

7
Weibull distribution:

8
Part 2 – Blade Design:
Choosing the number of blades B and tip speed ratio λ:
The suggested blade number B is 3, therefore the tip speed ratio can be λ=8.
Setting basic parameters:
We chose our application rotor radius to be 28 m.
Defining the blade shape:
The airfoil type that we chose is NACA 0012; we obtained these graphs using the data
of the airfoil in the website:

9
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 We observed from the above graph that the angle of attack is αdesign=7
 So, depending on the value of the angle of attack, we got:
alpha CL CD CL CL / CD
7 1.006 0.04558 1.2388 44.14216

 We can estimate the design of the 10 sections that we divided by using the
following equations:

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Results:
 After using these equations and applying them in Excel, we got these
Calculating rotor performance and modifying blade design:
 We can find the actual lift coefficient for the center of each element, by using these
equations:

The power coefficient we got is acceptable, but not the best.

Torque

16
P= 8012.8861 *27 = 58723.7 w

12
 𝜆𝑈 7∗3.1657420956
𝜔= = = 2.1065 rad /s = 24.404 rpm
𝑟 28
𝑝 58723.7 𝑊
𝑇=𝜔= = 25092.88 𝑚2
2.1065

Transmission System:
1- Number of stages

The overall gear ratio at 24.404 = 2400/24.404 = 103.6 :1 so three stage are requiring.

2𝜋∗80
𝜔= = 8.38 rad / s ( low speed shaft )
60

2𝜋∗2400
𝜔= = 256.4 rad / s ( high speed shaft )
60

 We assume that the efficiency of the gearbox is 0.913 and of the generator is 0.957.

𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 58123.8
Power at high speed shaft = = = 63662.61 w
𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚𝒐𝒇𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝟎.𝟗𝟏𝟑
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 63662.61
Power at low speed shaft = 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚𝒐𝒇𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒙 = 𝟎.𝟗𝟏𝟑
= 69728.84 w

 Finding the torque by using the power and the rotational speed of each shaft:
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 𝑝 63662.61
𝑇=𝜔= = 248.29 N. m/rad
256.4
𝑝 69728.84
𝑇=𝜔= = 8320.86 N. m/rad
8.38

2- diameter of shafts

3 2(8320.86 )
𝑫𝒍 = 2√ 𝝅(55𝒙106 ) = 0.08013m

3 2(248.29)
𝑫𝑯 = 2√𝝅(55𝒙106 ) = 0.02782 m

Analysis of Turbine Components Rotor:

 The mass of the rotor can be obtained from the following equation m= ρV.
However , the volume must first be calculated by:

Volume= solidity*thickness = (8.4698624)*(0.8) = 6.77 m3

The solidity is the sum of the solidity at each section, and the thickness is usually is
60% of the chord length, which was roughly 0.8 m.
Fiber carbon with density of ρ= 1550 kg/ m3 is the material that have been used for
the rotor. As mentioned above the mass can be calculated as follows:
m= ρV= (1550)*( 6.77) = 10493 kg [1]
1- Transmission and generator:
After searching about the weight of a standard gearbox, we found it to be approximately 40
kg. [2]
2- Generator:
After we searching we found that the mass of generator 250 kg
3- Tower Analysis
To avoid any undesired outcome such as breakage occurring in the tower we must
keep in mind that the stress on the tower is less than the strength of the tower when
determining the area of the tower required:
𝐹
𝜎= 𝐴

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 F=m*g= (mrotor + mtransmission+ mgen)*(9.81) = (10493 + 40 + 200)*(9.81) =
120812.66 N
The yield strength of Steel is 520 MPa = 5.2 *108 N/m2
which indicates that the stress on the tower σ should be less than the yield strength of Steel
5.2 *108 N/m2. [3]
The wind exerts some force on the tower, in addition to the wind, the weight of the
components exerts forces on the tower too, and to avoid the risk, we can estimate the stress
to be less than 400 MPa.
𝐹 120812.66
𝐴= = = 3.027 × 10−4 𝑚2
𝜎 400 × 106

A= 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑨 3.027 × 10−4 𝑚2
r= √𝝅 = √ = 17.001 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 m
𝝅

To avoid any risks we approximated the radius to be equal to 1 m since we did not
consider many forces. Because radius we obtained from the above equation found to be
small Due to the huge strength of Steel.
Given:
𝜌= 7750 kg/𝑚3 [4] 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 200Gpa [5] Tower Height=80m
m(tower)= 𝜋 𝑅 2 𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 l = 𝜋 × 12 × 7750 × 80 =2921681.1 kg
𝜋𝑑4 𝜋×24
I= = = 0.785 𝑚4
64 64
8𝐸𝐼 8×200×109 ×0.785
𝑘= = = 490625
𝑙4 404

𝑘 490625
𝜔𝑛 =√𝑚(𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = √2921681. = 2.127 rad/s

2𝜋 2𝜋
𝛵𝑛 = 𝜔 =2.127 = 26.586 N.m
𝑛

𝜌𝑙𝜋𝐷 4 7750×80×𝜋×44
𝐽𝜊 = = = 15,582,299.562 [6]
32 32

Cost:

1- Rotor:
Carbon fiber chose to be the rotor’s material, carbon fiber has many good features but it is
expensive. The usual cost of lightweight carbon fiber is approximately euros ($200) per kg
for both the material itself and the manufacturing.
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The mass of our rotor is 10493 kg, therefore the total cost = 10493*200= $2098600.
2- Transmission:
The whole transmission system costs around $1400/kW, so the cost will approximately be
equal to $1400*30kW= $42000.
3- Generator:
The generator costs is “600000-1100000$” so we took the average which is $500,000. [7]

4- Tower:
The tower is made of stainless steel and the average cost of it is around $1.8 per kg.
The mass of our tower is approximately 2921681.1kgs, therefore the total cost =
2921681.1 *$1.8= $5259025.98
Installation Cost:
Capital investment costs of the wind turbine includes the turbine production,
transportation and installation, thus the cost is estimated to be 2000$. [8]
Maintenance Cost:
The maintenance cost is 20% of the capital cost so it is approximately $400/yr.
Total cost:
The total cost of all the components is approximately $3.8 million. Thus, the annual
cost = $15.8/kWh
Conclusion:

The goal of the project was able to be met in a better way. We were able to come up with
a design for wind energy for Dubai. The information ana data was first determined in a year’s
time. An excel analysis of the same was done to get the calculations and graphs of the same. The
aero foil used was NACA 0012. The designing angle was at 7 degrees while the output power
was 59kW.

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References:

[1] https://www.clearwatercomposites.com/resources/properties-of-carbon-fiber/
[2] https://passionford.com/forum/ford-escort-rs-turbo/368536-anyone-know-the-weight-of-
a-standard-gearbox.html
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength
[4] https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-density-of-steel-1
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s_modulus
[6] https://www.groschopp.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Gearmotor-Output-Power-
System-Efficiency.pdf
[7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0741983X87900087
[8] https://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/re_technologies_cost_analysis-
wind_power.pdf

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