Introduction to Power System Analysis

UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Need for system planning and operational studies – basic components of a power
system.-Introduction to restructuring - Single line diagram – per phase and per unit
analysis – Generator - transformer – transmission line and load representation for
different power system studies.- Primitive network - construction of Y-bus using inspection
and singular transformation methods – z-bus.

1. What are the main divisions of power system? (NOV

DEC 2014)
 Generating Station
 Transmission System
 Distribution System
 Utilization System
2. What is the need for per unit value? (NOV DEC
2014)
In an electric power systems, different voltage levels and power levels are connected
together through a step-up or step-down transformer or different power equipments. The
varying voltages and power levels are present in the power systems. These causes problems
in finding out the current at different points in the network. To avoid this problem, all the
system quantities are converted to a uniform normalized platform called as per unit
representation.
3. Draw the impedance diagram for the given single line representation of the power
system.(MAY JUN 2014)

4. What are the types of load modelling? (MAY

JUN 2014)
How are loads represented in impedance and reactance diagram? (NOV DEC 2011)
Impedance diagram:
Static Loads:

Rotational Load:

Reactance diagram:
Static Loads are neglected.
Rotational Load:

5. What are the functions of modern power system? (NOV

DEC 2013)
 To provide quality power
 To provide uninterrupted power supply
 To provide power at low cost
To produce power using renewable source of energy than nonrenewable source of
energy.
 To reduce the losses in the transmission line due to various factors.
 To increase the power transfer capacity of the transmission line.
 T increase the power generation.
6. Name the diagonal and off - diagonal elements of bus impedance matrix.
(NOV DEC 2013)
Z 11 Z 12 Z 13

[
Z BUS= Z 21 Z 22 Z 23
Z 31 Z 32 Z 33 ]
Z11 , Z 22 , Z 33=Diagonal Elements
Z12 , Z 13 , Z21 , Z 23 , Z31 , Z 32=Off −Diagonal Elements
The diagonal elements of bus impedance matrix are called driving point impedances of the
buses and off diagonal elements of bus impedance matrix are called transfer impedances of
the buses.
7. What is meant by percentage reactance? (MAY JUN
2013)
The reactances of generators, transformers and reactors are generally expressed in
percentage values to permit quick short circuit calculation.
Percentage reactance is defined as:
IX
% X= × 100
V
Where,
I = Full load current
V = Phase Voltage
X = Reactance in ohms per phase
Alternatively it can also be expressed in terms of KVA and KV
KVA
% X= X . 2
10 ( KV )
8. Draw the equivalent circuit of a 3 winding transformer. (NOV DEC 2012)
(MAY JUN 2013)

9. What are the components of power system? (MAY

JUN 2012)
The components of power system are Generators, Power transformers, Transmission lines,
Distribution lines, Loads and compensating devices like shunt, series, and static VAR
compensator.
10. If the reactance in ohms is 15 ohms, find the p.u value for a base of 15 KVA and
10 KV(MAY JUN 2012)
Solution:
Actual reactance=15Ώ
( KV b)2
Base impedance=
MVA b ,new
2
(10 )
Base impedance= =6666.7Ω
15 /1000
Per unit impedance = actual impedance/base impedance
Per unit impedance= j15/6666.7 = j0.00224p.u.
11. What is single line diagram? (NOV DEC
2011)
A single line diagram is diagrammatic representation of power system in which the
components are represented by their symbols and interconnection between them are
 shown by a straight line even though the system is three phase system. The ratings and
the impedances of the components are also marked on the single line diagram.
12. Draw a simple per-phase model for a cylindrical rotor synchronous machine.
(APR MAY 2011)

E=V + IZ
Z-steady state impedance
13. What are the advantages of per unit system? (APR
MAY 2011)
Per unit data representation yields valuable relative magnitude information.
 Circuit analysis of systems containing transformers of various transformation ratios is
greatly simplified.
 The p.u systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of complex
power system problems.
 Manufacturers usually specify the impedance values of equivalent in per unit of the
equipment’s rating. If the any data is not available, it is easier to assume it’s per unit
value than its numerical value.

SIXTEEN MARKS
1. Using the method of bus building algorithm find the bus impedance matrix for the network
shown in fig.
(APR MAY
2015)

2. Draw the structure of an electrical power system and describe the components of the system
with typical values.
(APR MAY 2011)(NOV DEC
2014)
3. Obtain the per unit impedance diagram of the power system of fig shown below :

Generator No 1:30 MVA, 10.5 Kv, X"= 1.6 ohms

Generator No. 2:15 MVA, 6.6 Kv, X"=1.2 ohms
Generator No 3:25 MVA, 6.6 Kv, X"= 0.56 ohms
Transformer T1(3 phase): 15 MVA,33/11 Kv, X = 15.2 ohms per phase on high tension side.
 Transformer T2(3 phase): 15 MVA, 33/6.2 Kv, X = 16 ohms per phase on high tension side.
Transmission line : 20.5 ohms/phase.
l,oad A: 15MW, 11 Kv, 0.9 lagging power factor.
Load B: 40MW, 6.6 Kv, 0.85lagging power factor. (NOV DEC
2014)
4. For a three bus network fig shown below, obtain Zbus by bus building algorithm. (NOV DEC
2014)

5. The single line diagram of a power system is shown in figure along with components data.
Determine the new per unit values and draw the reactance diagram. Assume 25 MVA, and
20KV as new base on generator G1 (MAY JUN 2014)

6. Describe the Zbus building algorithms in detail by using a three bus system. (MAY
JUN 2014)
7. A 90 MVA 11 KV 3 phase generator has a reactance of 25%. The generator supplies two
motors through transformer and transmission line as shown in figure. The transformer T1 is a
3 – phase transformer, 100 MVA, 10/132 KV, 6% reactance. The transformer T2 is composed
of 3 single phase units each rated, 300 MVA, 66110KV, with 5% reactance. The connection of
T1 & T2 are shown. The motors are rated at 50 MVA 10 KV and 20 % reactance. Taking the
generator rating as base, draw reactance diagram and indicate the reactance in per unit. The
reactance of line is 100 ohms.
(NOV DEC 2013)

8. Determine Ybus for the 3 - bus system shown in figure. Neglect the shunt capacitance of the
lines.(NOV DEC 2013)

9. For the system shown in figure, determine the generator voltage. Take a base of 100 MVA
and 210 KV in the transmission line.

(MAY JUN 2013)

10. Form the bus impedance matrix for the network shown in fig. by bus building algorithm.
(NOV DEC 2012) (MAY JUN
2013)

11. Draw the reactance diagram using a base of 100 MVA, 220 KV in 50 ohm line.

Generator: 40 MVA, 25 KV, X” = 20%

Transformer: 50 MVA, 11 KV, X” = 20%
Star – Star transformer: 40 MVA, 33 / 220 KV, X = 15%
Star – Delta transformer: 30 MVA, 11 / 220 KV, X = 15%
(APR MAY 2011)(NOV DEC 2012, 2007 reg)(MAY JUN
2012)
12. Determine YBUS for the four bus network shown in Fig. consider bus 4 as reference bus.
(MAY JUNE 2012)

13. The parameters of a 4 bus system are as follows

Bus Code Line Impedance (p.u) Charging Admittance (p.u)

1-2 0.2+j0.8 j0.02

2-3 0.3+j0.9 j0.03

2-4 0.25+j1 j0.04

3-4 0.2+j0.8 j0.02

1-3 0.1+j0.4 j0.01

Draw the network and find bus admittance matrix. (NOV DEC
2011)
14. Determine the Z bus for the system whose reactance diagram is shown in the Fig. where
the impedance is given in p.u
(NOV DEC 2011)
15. Explain the modeling of generator, load, transmission line and transformer for power flow,
short circuit and stability studies. (NOV DEC
2008) (NOV DEC 2012, 2007 reg)
 UNIT II POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
Importance of power flow analysis in planning and operation of power systems -
statement of power flow problem - classification of buses - development of power flow
model in complex variables form - iterative solution using Gauss-Seidel method - Q-limit
check for voltage controlled buses – power flow model in polar form - iterative solution
using Newton-Raphson method.

TWO MARKS
1. Compare Gauss Seidal and Newton Raphson methods. (MAY JUN 2012)
(APR MAY 2015)
S.N Factor Gauss Seidal Newton Raphson
o

1 Reliability Reliable More reliable

2 Convergence characteristics Linear convergence Quadratic convergence

3 Simplicity in programming Easy More complex

4 Memory requirement Less memory More memory

2. What is load flow and power flow study? (NOV DEC

2014)
Power flow analysis is also known as load flow analysis in power engineering. It is an
important tool involving numerical analysis which is applied to a power system.
The power flow analysis is applied to steady state performance of the power system. This
analysis involves for specified terminal or bus conditions calculation of power flows and
voltages of a transmission network.
3. Define voltage controlled bus. (NOV DEC
2014)
This bus is also called generator bus. Here the voltage magnitude corresponding to the
generator voltage and real power generation corresponding to its ratings are specified. Hence
it is required to determine the reactive power generation and the phase angle of the voltage.
4. What is the role of swing bus in power flow study? (MAY
JUN 2014)
A bus is called swing bus when the magnitude and phase of the bus voltage are specified for
it. The swing bus is the reference bus for load flow solution and it is required for accounting
line losses. Usually one of the generator bus is selected as swing bus.
5. At what condition generator bus is treated as load bus?
(MAY JUN 2014)
When will the generator bus be treated as load bus? (NOV
DEC 2013)
If the reactive power constraints of a generator bus violates the specified limits then the
generator bus is treated as load Bus.When the generator bus is treated as load bus, the
reactive power of the bus is equated to the limit it has violated, and the value of bus voltage
is reset to 1.0 p.u.
6. Why do Ybus used in load flow study instead of Zbus? (NOV
DEC 2013)
A modern power system is a complex structure which involves interconnection of various
components. All the transmission lines are connected to a bus. So there are several bus
involved in the structure. Load flow study is used to compute power and voltage at all the
buses. The computation is difficult and it takes more time for the load flow.
ZBUS matrix is not aSPARSE matrix whereas YBUS matrix is asparse matrix. Using a sparse
matrix for the load flow study reduces the difficulty and calculation time than using non-
sparse matrix.
7. What is the necessity for slack bus? (MAY JUN
2013)
What is the need for slack bus? (APR MAY
2011)
The slack bus is needed to account for transmission line losses. In a power system the total
power generated will be equal to sum of power consumed by loads and losses. In a power
 system only the generated power and load power are specified for buses. The slack bus is
assumed to generate the power required for losses. Since the losses are unknown the real
and reactive power are not specified for slack bus.
8. What is meant by acceleration factor? (MAY
JUN 2013)
What is meant by acceleration factor in load flow studies? (NOV
DEC 2012)
The acceleration factor is a numerical multiplier which is used to increase the rate of
convergence in the iterative process. It is applied to load buses only and its typical value is in
the range 1.4-1.6
9. What are the data required for a load flow study? (NOV
DEC 2012)
Each bus in a power system is associated with four quantities and they are real power,
reactive power, magnitude of voltage, and phase angle of voltage. Apart from these
quantities admittances or impedances of each line connecting bus is also required.
10. What are the information’s that are obtained from a power flow study?
(MAY JUN 2012)
The information obtained from a load flow study is magnitude and phase angle of
voltages, real and reactive power flowing in each line and the line losses. The load flow
solution also gives the initial conditions of the system when the transient behavior of the
system is to be studied.

11. What are the different types of buses in a power system? What are the quantities
specified in each bus?
(NOV DEC 2011)
Types of bus Known Unknown
quantities quantities

Slack or Swing or Reference bus V, δ P,Q

Generator or Voltage control or PV bus P, V Q, δ

Load or PQ bus P, Q V, δ

12. How are the disadvantages of Newton Raphson method overcome?

(NOV DEC 2011)
The drawbacks of Newton Raphson method are overcome by simplifying the Jacobian matrix
and converting into simple succeptance matrix in fast decoupled load flow studies.
13. What is Jacobian matrix? (APR MAY
2011)
The matrix formed from the first derivatives of load flow equation is called Jacobian matrix
and it is denoted by J.The elements of Jacobian matrix will change in every iteration .the
elements of the Jacobian matrix are obtain matrix are obtained by partially differentiating
the load flow equation with respect to a unknown variable and then evaluating the first
derivatives using the solution of previous iteration.
14. What is the need for load flow study? (MAY
JUNE 2006)
The load flow study of a power system is essential to decide the best operation of existing
system and for planning the future expansion of the system. It is also essential for designing
a new power system.
15. What is bus admittance matrix? (MAY JUNE
2006)
The matrix consisting of the self and mutual admittance of the power system network is
called bus admittance matrix. It is given by the admittance matrix Y in the node basis matrix
equation of a power system and it is denoted as Ybus. Bus admittance matrix is a
symmetrical matrix.
16. What is PQ bus(load bus)? (APRMAY
 2005)
A bus is called PQ bus or load bus when real and reactive components of power are specified
for the bus. In a load bus, the voltage is allowed to vary within permissible limits.
17. What are the works involved in a load flow study? (NOV
DEC 2004)
The following has to be performed for a load flow study.
 Representation of the system by single line diagram.
 Formation of impedance diagram using the information in single line diagram.
 Formulation of network equations
 Solution of network equations.
18. Discuss the effect of acceleration factor in the load flow solution algorithm.
(APR MAY 2004)
In load flow solution by iterative methods, the number of iterations can be reduced if the
correction voltage at each bus is multiplied by some constant. The multiplication of the
constant will increase the amount of correction to bring the voltage closer to the value it is
approaching. The multipliers that accomplish this improved converged are called
acceleration factors. An acceleration factor of 1.6 is normally used in load flow problems.

SIXTEEN MARKS
1. Fig shows the one line diagram of a simple three bus power system with generation at
buses 1 and 2. The voltage at bus 1 is V=1+j0.0 V per unit. Voltage magnitude at bus 2 is
fixed at 1.05 p.u with a real power generation of 400 MW. A load consisting of 500 MW and
400 MVAR is taken from bus 3. Line admittances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA
base. For the hand calculation, line resistances and line charging succeptance are
neglected.
Using Newton-Raphson method, start with the initial estimates of
V 2 =1.05+ j0.0∧V 3 =1.05+ j 0.0 , and keeping|V 2|=1.05 pu, determine the phasor values V2
(0 ) (0 )

and V3. Perform two iterations. (APR MAY 2015)

2. In a power network shown in fig, bus 1 is a slack bus with V1=1.0+j0.0 per unit and bus 2
is a load bus with S2=280 MW+j60 MVAr. The line impedance on a base of 100 MVA is
Z=0.02+0.04j per unit. Using Gauss Seidal method, determine V 2. Use an initial estimate of
V 02=1.0+ j 0.0 and perform four iterations. Also find S1 and real, reactive power loss in the
line, assuming the bus voltages have converged. (APR MAY 2015)
3. Fig shown below a three bus power system
Bus 1: Slack bus, V = 1.05 ∠ 0
Bus 2: PV bus, V = 1.0 p.u, PG = 3 p.u
 Bus 3: PQ bus, PL = 4 p.u, QL = 2 p.u.
Carry out one iteration of load flow solution by Gauss-Seidel method. Neglect limits on
reactive power generation?
(NOV DEC 2014)

4. With a neat flow chart, explain the computational procedure for load flow solution using
Newton Raphson iterative method when the system contains all types of buses.

(NOV DEC 2010) (MAY JUN 2012) (APR MAY 2004) (APR MAY 2005) (NOV DEC
2004) (MAY JUNE 2013) (MAY JUN 2014) (NOV DEC 2014)
5. Describe the step by step procedure for load flow solution from GaussSeidal method, if PV
and PQ buses are present along with slack bus
(MAY JUNE 2014)
6. A three bus power system is shown in figure. The relevant per unit line admittance on
100MVA base are indicated on the diagram and bus data are given in table. Form Ybus and
determine the voltages at bus 2 and bus 3 after first iteration using Gauss Seidal method.
Take theacceleration factor a = 1.6 (NOV DEC 2013)

Bus Type Generation Load Bus Voltage

Number
PG QG PL QL V ᵟ

1 Slack 0 0 1.02 0

2 PQ 25 15 50 25

3 PV 0 0 60 30

7. Consider the power system with the following data:

− j 12 j8 j4
(
Y BUS = j8
j4
− j 12 j 4
j 4 − j8 )
Bus Type Generation Load Bus Voltage
Number
PG QG PL QL V ᵟ

1 Slack 0 0 1.02 0

2 PQ 25 15 50 25

3 PV 0 0 60 30

Assume that the bus 2 can supply any amount of reactive power. With aflat start, perform
the first iteration of power flow analysis using Newton-Raphson method.
(MAY JUNE 2013)
8. Derive load flow algorithm using Gauss – Seidal method with flow chart and discuss the
disadvantages of the method (NOV DEC 2009) (APR MAY 2011)
(MAY JUNE 2006) (MAY JUNE 2013)
9. The one line diagram of three bus power system is shown in given figure.
Bus 1: Slack bus, Especified = 1.05 ∠0
Bus 2: PV bus, Especified = 1.2 p.u, PG = 3 p.u
 Bus 3: PQ bus, PL = 4 p.u, QL = 2 p.u.

Carry out one iteration of load flow solution by Gauss-Seidel method. Take Q limits of
generator 2 as 0 ≤ Q ≤ 4.
(NOV DEC 2012)(NOV DEC
2011)
10. With a neat flow chart explain the computational procedure for load flow solution
using fast decoupled method when the system contains all types of buses.

(NOV DEC 2010) (APR MAY 2011) (NOV DEC 2011) (MAY JUN 2011)
(NOV DEC 2011)
 III FAULT ANALYSIS – BALANCED FAULTS

Importance of short circuit analysis - assumptions in fault analysis - analysis using

Thevenin’s theorem - Z-bus building algorithm - fault analysis using Z-bus – computations
of short circuit capacity, post fault voltage and currents.

TWO MARKS
1. What for short circuit capacity (SCC) should be known at any bus. Write down the
expression for SCC.
(APR MAY 2015)
What is meant by fault level? (MAY
JUN 2013)
Define short circuit capacity. (MAY
JUN 2009)

Short circuit capacity or short circuit MVA or fault level at a bus is defined as the product of
the magnitude of the prefault bus voltage and the post fault current.
SCC=|V TH||I F|
2. What is the need for short circuit studies or fault analysis?
(NOV DEC 2011) (NOV DEC 2012) (NOV
DEC 2014)
Short circuit studies are essential in order to design or develop the protective schemes for
various parts of the system.To estimate the magnitude of fault current for the proper choice
of circuit breaker and protective relays.
3. What is symmetrical fault? (NOV DEC
2014)
State and explain symmetrical fault or balanced three phase fault.
This type of fault is defined as the simultaneous short circuit across all the three phases. It
occurs infrequently, but it is the most severe type of fault encountered. Because the
network is balanced, it is solved by per phase basis using Thevenin’s theorem or bus
impedance matrix or KVL, KCL laws.
4. Give the frequency of various faults occurrence in ascending order.
(MAY JUN 2014)
What is the order of severity and occurrence of different types of fault?
(NOV DEC 2013)
Types of fault Relative frequency of occurrence of
fault

Three phase fault 5%

Double line to ground fault 10%

Line to line fault 15%

Line to ground fault 70%

5. Define bolted fault or solid fault. (MAY JUN

2014)
A Fault represents a structural network change equivalent with that caused by the addition
of impedance at the place of a fault. If the fault impedance is zero, the fault is referred as
bolted fault or solid fault.
6. What are the characteristics of shunt and series faults? (NOV
DEC 2013)
Characteristics of shunt faults:
 One of the most important characteristics of shunt faults is the increment the current and
fall in voltage and frequency. In other words, very large fault current and usually a voltage
level equals to zero at the site where the fault takes place.
Characteristics of series faults:
The parallel connection of the sequence networks in the One Open Conductor case shown
in figure 2 demonstrates that there is power transfer through the line between points p and
p’ even if the zero sequence network has an infinite impedance. However, in the Two Open
Conductor case, the transfer of power only occurs when the zero sequence circuit provides
a path with finite impedance.

7. Distinguish symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. (NOV DEC 2012)

(MAY JUN 2013)
S.No Symmetrical Fault Unsymmetrical Fault

1 Balanced currents in all the three Unbalanced currents in all the three
phases phases

2 Three phase fault is a symmetrical Single line to ground fault, Line to

fault line fault, Double line to ground fault
are the unsymmetrical faults

3 It can be solved using Thevenin’s It can be solved using impedance

method, KVL, KCL laws and matrix
impedance matrix

4 It is the most severe fault and less It is highly prone to fault with less
occurrence fault severity

8. What is meant by a fault? (MAY JUN

2012)
A fault in a circuit is any failure which interface with the normal flow of current. The faults
are associated with abnormal change in current, voltage and frequency of the power
system. The fault may cause damage to the equipment if it is allowed to persist for a long
time. Hence every part of the system has been protected by means of relays and circuit
fault.
9. List the symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults that occur in a power system.
(MAY JUNE 2006) (MAY JUN
2012)
Symmetrical fault:
 Three phase fault
Unsymmetrical fault:
 Single line to ground fault ,Line to line fault, Double line to ground fault
10. List the various types of series and shunt fault? (NOV
DEC 2011)
Shunt faults:
 Line to ground fault , Line to line fault, Double line to ground fault, Three phase fault.
Series faults:
 One open conductor fault Two open conductor fault
 11. Mention the objectives of short circuit analysis. (APR
MAY 2011)
 To determine the current interrupting capacity of the circuit breakers so that the faulted
equipment can be isolated.
 To establish the relay requirements and setting to detect the fault and cause the circuit
breakers to operate when the current flowing through it exceeds the maximum value.
12. Write the unbalanced and balanced fault in power system?
(APR MAY 2011)
Balanced fault:
 Three phase fault
Unbalanced fault:
 Single line to ground fault
 Line to line fault
 Double line to ground fault.
13. Define short circuit MVA (APR MAY
2008)
It is the volt ampere flowing through it at the moment of operating of circuit breaker
contacts due to fault.
S .C MVA= √3|V Pf||I F|
14. What are the assumptions in short circuit studies?
(APRMAY 2005)
 Representing each machine by its constant voltage source behind proper reactances
which may be X,X’,X’’
 Prefault load currents are neglected.
 Transformer taps are assumed to be nominal
 Shunt capacitance of transmission line is ignored.
SIXTEEN MARKS
1. For the radial Network shown below, a three phase fault occurs at F. Determine the fault
current and the line voltage at 11KV bus under fault conditions. (16)
(NOV DEC 2014)

2. Explain the step by step procedure for systematic fault analysis using bus impedance
matrix.
(NOV DEC 2009) (NOV DEC 2010) (APR MAY 2011) (NOV DEC 2011) (NOV DEC
2012) (MAY JUNE 2013)(MAY JUNE 2014)
3. A 11KV, 100 MVA alternator having a sub-transient reactance of 0.25 p.u is supplying a 50
MVA motor having a sub-transient reactance of 0.2 p.u through a transmission line. The line
reactance is 0.05 p.u on a base of 100 MVA. The motor is drawing 40 MW at 0.8 pf leading
with a terminal voltage of 10.95 KV when a three phase fault occurs at the generator
terminal. Calculate the total current in generator and motor under fault condition.
(APR MAY 2011) (NOV DEC
2013)
4. Figure shows a generating station feeding a 132 KV system. Determine the total fault
current, fault level and fault current supplied by each alternator for a 3 - phase fault at the
receiving end bus. The line is 200 km long. Take a base of 100MVA, 11KV for LV side and
132 KV for HT side. (NOV DEC 2011) (NOV DEC 2013)
5. A synchronous generator and motor are rated 30 MVA, 13.2KV and both have subtransient
reactance of 20%. The line connecting them has reactance of 10% on the base of machine
ratings. The motor is drawing 20,000 kW at 0.8 pf leading and terminal voltage of 12.8 KV
when a symmetrical 3-¢ fault occurs at the motor terminals. Find the sub-transient current
in the generator, motor and fault by using interval voltages of the machines.(MAY JUNE
2013)
6. For the radial Network shown below, a three phase fault occurs at F. Determine the fault
current and the line voltage at 11KV bus under fault conditions.
(NOV DEC 2012)

7. A 3 phase 5 MVA 6.6 KV alternator with a reactance of 8 % is connected to a feeder of

series impedance (0.12+j0.48) ohm/phase/km through a step up transformer. The
transformer is rated at 3 MVA 6.6 KV/33KV and has a reactance of 5 %. Determine the fault
current supplied by the generator operating under no load with a voltage of 6.9 KV, when a
3 phase symmetrical fault occurs at a point 15 km along the feeder. (MAY JUN 2012)
8. The bus impedance matrix of a 4 bus system with values in p.u is given by,
0.15 0.08 0.04 0.07

(
Z BUS= j 0.08
0.04
0.07
0.15
0.06
0.09
0.06
0.13
0.05
0.09
0.05
0.12
)
In this system generators are connected to buses 1 and 2 and their sub transient
reactances were included when finding Zbus. If the prefault current is neglected, find the
subtransient current in p.u in the fault for a 3 phase fault at bus 4. Assume pre fault voltage
as 1 p.u if the sub transient reactance of generator in bus 2 is 0.2 p.u, find the sub transient
fault current supplied by the generator. (MAY JUN 2012)
9. Two synchronous motors are connected to the bus of large system through a short
transmission line shown in fig. the rating of the various components are:
Motor (each) : 1MVA,440 V, 0.1 p.u transient reactance
Line : 0.05Ω (reactance)
Large System : short circuit MVA at its bus at 440V is 8
When the motors are operating at 440V, calculate the short circuit current (symmetrical)
fed into a three phase fault at motor bus.
(APR MAY 2010)
 UNIT IV FAULT ANALYSIS – UNBALANCED FAULTS
Introduction to symmetrical components – sequence impedances – sequence circuits of
synchronous machine, transformer and transmission lines - sequence networks analysis of
single line to ground, line to line and double line to ground faults using Thevenin’s
theorem and Z-bus matrix.
TWO MARKS
1. What are symmetrical components? (NOV DEC
2014)
What are the symmetrical components of a 3 phase system?
(NOV DEC 2012)
In a 3 phase system, the unbalanced vectors (either currents or voltage) can be resolved into
three balanced system of vectors. They are Positive sequence components Negative
sequence components and Zero sequence components. Unsymmetrical fault analysis can be
done by using symmetrical components.
2. What is sequence networks? (NOV DEC
2014)
The single phase equivalent circuit of a power system consists of impedances to current of
any one sequences is called sequence network
3. What are the features of zero sequence current? (MAY
JUN 2014)
Zero sequence currents can flow in star winding if there is a neutral connection, and
corresponding zero-sequence currents flow within the delta winding. However, no zero
sequence current enters or leaves the delta winding.
Zero-sequence currents cannot enter or leave either delta winding, al-though they can
circulate within the delta windings.
4. Write the symmetrical component currents of phase 'a' in terms of three phase
currents. (MAY JUN 2014)
Ia1 positive sequence current
Ia2 Negative sequence current
Ia0 Zero sequence current
5. What are the observations made from the analysis of various faults?
(NOV DEC 2013)
Single line to ground fault
All the three symmetrical components of current I a are equal
Ia
I a 0=I a 1=I a 2=
3
All the three sequence impedances are present in the system.
Line to line fault
Zero sequence current is zero.
I a 0=0
Therefore zero sequence impedance is absent in the system.
Double line to ground fault
Positive sequence voltage and negative sequence voltage is equal.
V a 1=V a 2
All the three sequence impedances are present in the system.
6. Write the boundary conditions for single line to ground fault. (APR MAY
2005) (NOV DEC 2013)
I b=0 ; I c =0 ; I a=I f
V a =Z f I a
7. Define negative sequence impedance. (NOV DEC 2011)
(MAY JUN 2013)
The Impedance offered by the network to the flow of negative sequence current is said to be
negative sequence impedance. It is denoted by Z 0
8. Draw the sequence networks for a delta delta connected transformer.(NOV DEC
2005) (NOV DEC 2012)
9. Name the fault in which all the three sequence components currents are equal and
in which positive and negative sequence currents together is equal to zero
sequence current. (MAY JUN 2012)
Single line to ground fault is the fault in which all the three sequence components
currents are equal
Double line to groundfault is the fault in which positive and negative sequence currents
together is equal to zero sequence current
10. Write the matrix notation of the operator ‘a’ which relates the phasors V a, Vb and
Vc with Va0, Va1, Va2
(MAY JUN 2012)

11. Name the fault which do not have zero sequence current flowing.
(NOV DEC 2011)
Line to line fault
12. What is sequence network? (APR MAY
2011)
The single phase equivalent circuit of power system consisting of impedances to current of
any one sequence only is called sequence network.
13. Write the symmetrical components of three phase system.
(APR MAY 2011)
 positive sequence components
 Negative sequence components.
 Zero sequence components.
14. What is the significance of operator ‘a’ (NOV DEC
2007)
‘a’ is the operator that causes a counter clockwise rotation of 120 degree.
a=-0.5+0.866j= 1<120
a2=-0.5-0.866j= 1<240
a3=1=1<360
15. Draw the equivalent sequence network for a line to line bolted fault in a power
system. (MAY JUN 2007)

SIXTEEN MARKS
1. Explain about the concept of symmetrical components. (NOV DEC
2014)
2. A 25 MVA, 13.2 KV alternator with solidly grounded neutral has a subtransient reactance of
0.25 .p.u. The negative and zero sequence reactances are 0.35 and 0.01 p.u respectively. If
a double line-to-ground fault occurs at the terminals of the alternator, determine the fault
current and line-to-line voltages at the fault. (MAY JUN 2014)
3. Obtain the expression for fault current for a line to line fault taken place through an
impedance Zb in a power system.
(MAY JUN 2014)
4. Derive the expression for fault current in line to line fault on unloaded generator. Draw an
equivalent network showing the inter connection of networks to simulate line to line fault
(NOV DEC 2010) (APR MAY 2011) (NOV DEC 2011) (APR MAY 2010)
 (NOV DEC 2013)
5. Figure shows a power system network. Draw zero sequence network for this system. The
system data is as under.
Generator G1 50 MVA 11 KV X0 = 0.08 pu
Transformer T1 50 MVA 11/220 KV X0 = 0.1 pu
Generator G2 30 MVA 11 KV X0 = 0.07 pu
Transformer T2 30 MVA 11/220 KV X0 = 0.09 pu
Zero sequence reactance of line is 555.6 ohms. Choose base MVA 50 andbase voltage
11KV for LT side and 220 KV for HT side.
(NOV DEC 2013)

6. Discuss in detail about the sequence impedances and networks of synchronous machines,
transmission lines transformers and loads.
(MAY JUN 2013)
7. A single line diagram of a power network is shown in Fig.
The system data is given in the table as below
Element Positive Negative Sequence Zero Sequence
Sequence Reactance Reactance
Reactance

Generator G 0.1 0.12 0.05

Motor M1 0.05 0.06 0.025

Motor M2 0.05 0.06 0.025

Transformer 0.07 0.07 0.07

T1

Transformer 0.08 0.08 0.08

T2

Line 0.1 0.1 0.1

Generator grounding reactance is 0.5 p.u. Draw sequence networks and calculate the fault
current for a line-to-line fault on phases b and c at point q. Assume 1.0 p.u prefault voltage
throughout. (MAY JUNE 2013)

8. Derive the expression for fault current in double line to ground fault on unloaded
generator. Draw an equivalent network showing the inter connection of networks to
simulate double line to ground fault
(APR MAY 2004) (NOV DEC 2009) (NOV DEC 2012) (MAY
JUNE 2006)
9. Derive the expression for fault current in single line to ground fault on unloaded generator.
Draw an equivalent network showing the inter connection of networks to simulate single
line to ground fault
(MAY JUN 2012) (APR MAY 2010) (APR MAY
2012)
10. A 30MVA, 11KVgenerator.has Z1 = Z2 = jO.2p.u. Z0 = j 0.05p.u. A line to ground fault
occurs on the generator terminals. Find the fault current and line to line voltages during
 fault conditions. Assume that the generator neutral is solidly grounded and that the
generator is operating at no-load and at rated voltage at the occurrence of fault.
(NOV DEC 2011) (MAY JUN
2012)
11. A 50 MVA, 11KV three phase alternator was subjected to different types of faults. The
magnitude of the fault currents were.
Three phase fault :1870A
Line to Line fault : 2590A
Single Line to Ground fault : 4130A
The alternator neutral is solidly grounded. Find the p.u value of three sequence reactance
of the alternator. Neglected the resistance.
(MAY JUN 2012)
12. A 30 MVA, 11KV 3 phase synchronous generator has direct axis sub-transient reactance of
0.25 per unit. The negative and zero sequences reactance are, respectively, 0.35 and 0.1
per unit. The neutral of the generator is solidly grounded. Determine the sub transient
current in the generator and line-to-line for sub transient conditions when a single line-to-
ground fault occurs at the terminals of generator, assume that the generator is unloaded at
rated terminal when the fault occurs. (APR MAY 2005) (MAY
JUN 2012)
13. An alternator of negligible resistance, with solidly earthed neutral, having rated voltage at
no load condition is subjected to different types of fault at its terminals. The per unit values
of
Magnitudes of the fault currents are:
Three phase fault : 4.0 p.u
L-G fault : 4.2857 p.u
L-L fault : 2.8868 p.u
Calculate three sequence reactance (NOV DEC
2008)
14. A single line to ground fault occurs at bus 4 of the system shown in fig.
Draw sequence networks and compute fault currents
Gen 1 and 2 : 100MVA, 20KV, X’=X”=20%; X0=4%; Xn=5%

Transformer 1 and 2: 100MVA, 20/345 KV; Xleakage = 8% on 100MVA

Transmission line : X’=X”=15%; X0=50% on a base of 100 MVA, 20KV (NOV DEC
2008)
15. The unbalanced phase currents are Ia=100|_0, Ib= 141.4|_225, Ic=100|_90. Find the
symmetrical components of the given line currents and draw phasor diagram of the
positive and negative sequence line to phase currents.
(NOV DEC 2007)

UNIT V STABILITY ANALYSIS

Importance of stability analysis in power system planning and operation - classification of
power system stability - angle and voltage stability – Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB)
system: Development of swing equation - equal area criterion - determination of critical
clearing angle and time – solution of swing equation by modified Euler method and
Runge-Kutta fourth order method.
TWO MARKS
1. Define critical clearing time and critical clearing angle. (NOV DEC
2014)(MAY JUN 2012)
The critical clearing angle is the maximum allowable change in the power angle δ before
clearing the fault, without loss of synchronism.
The time corresponding to this angle is called critical clearing time; .It can be defined as the
maximum time delay that can be allowed to clear a fault without loss of synchronism. The
corresponding critical time for removing the fault is called critical clearing time
2. What is steady state stability limit? (NOV DEC
2014)
The steady state stability limit is the maximum power that can be transferred by a machine
to a receiving system without loss of synchronism.
3. Define dynamic stability with an example. (MAY
JUN 2014)
It is the ability of a power system to remain in synchronism after the initial swing (transient
stability period) until the system has settled down to the new steady state equilibrium
condition
4. Find the frequency of oscillation for a synchronizing co-efficient of 0.6, inertia
constant H = 4 and system frequency of 50 Hz.
(MAY JUN 2014)
π f Ps
Natural frequency of oscillation ωn=
√ H
rad / s
π × 50× 0.6 rad
Natural frequency of oscillation ωn=
√ 4
Natural frequency of oscillation ωn=4.8541 ad /s
s

ω n 4.8541
frequency of oscillation f n= = =0.7726 Hz
2π 2π
5. Differentiate between voltage stability and rotor angle stability.
(NOV DEC 2013)
Voltage stability
Rotor angle stability is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines of a power
system to remain in synchronism.
Rotor angle stability
It is the ability of a power system to maintain steady acceptable voltages at all buses in
the system under normal operating conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance.
6. Define swing curve? What is the use of this curve? (NOV
DEC 2013)
The swing curve is the plot or graph between the power angle δ, and time, t.

Use:
It is usually plotted for a transient state to study the nature of variation in δ for a sudden large
disturbance. From the nature of variations of δ, the stability of a system for any disturbance
can be determined.
7. Define infinite bus in a power system. (NOV DEC 2012)
(MAY JUN 2013)
If the external power system is very large as compared to the system of any installation,
disturbances within the installation do not affect the voltage and frequency of the external
system. In such a situation, the external power source is known as an Infinite Bus.

8. What is meant by power angle curve? (MAY

 JUN 2013)
Plotting Variation of Electrical power with the variation of power angle.

9. Define critical clearing angle. (APR MAY 2011) (NOV

DEC 2012)
The critical clearing angle is the maximumallowable change in the power angle before
clearing the fault, without loss of synchronism.
10. What is transient stability and transient stability limit? (MAY
JUN 2012)
Transient stability is defined as the ability of the power system to bring it to a stable
condition or remain in synchronism after a large disturbance.
The transient stability limit is the maximum power that can be transferred by a machine to a
fault or a receiving system during a transient state without loss of synchronism. Transient
stability limit is always less than steady state stability limit
11. Write swing equation. (APR MAY
2011)
Give an expression for swing equation. Explain each term along with their units
(APR MAY 2005)(NOV DEC
2011)
H d2 δ
=P m−Pe
πf d t 2
Where H = Inertia constant in MJ/MVA. f = Frequency in Hz.
M = Inertia constant in p.u.
Pm= Mechanical power input to the system (neglecting mechanical losses) in p.u.
Pe = Electrical power output of the system (neglecting electrical losses) in p.u.
12. State Equal Area Criterion (NOV DEC 2004) (NOV
DEC 2011)
The equal area criterion for stability states that the system is stable if the area under P – δ
curve reduces to zero at some value of δ.
This is possible if the positive (accelerating) area under P – δ curve is equal to the negative
(decelerating) area under P – δ curve for a finite change in δ. hence stability criterion is called
equal area criterion.

13. What are coherent machines? (APR

MAY 2004)
Machines which swing together are called coherent machines. When both ωs and δare
expressed in electrical degrees or radians, the swing equations for coherent machinescan be
combined together even though the rated speeds are different. This is used instability
studies involving many machines.
SIXTEEN MARKS
1. Explain the equal area criteria for the following applications:
(i) Sustained fault
(ii) Fault with subsequent clearing. (NOV DEC
2014)
2. Derive swing equation used for stability studies in power system. Why it is non-linear
(APR MAY 2004) (NOV DEC 2004) (APR MAY 2005) (NOV DEC 2010) (NOV DEC
2011)(MAY JUN 2013) (NOV DEC 2013) (MAY JUN 2014) (NOV DEC 2014)
3. What are the factors affecting transient stability? Discuss the methods of improving the
transient stability.
(NOV DEC 2011) (NOV DEC 2013)
4. Describe the equal area criterion for transient stability analysis of a system.
(APR/MAY 2004) (APR/MAY 2006) (APR MAY 2011) (MAY JUN 2012) (NOV DEC
2012) (MAY JUN 2013)
5. Explain the modified Euler method of analyzing multimachine power system for stability
with neat flowchart
(NOV DEC 2012)(MAY JUN
2013)
6. Derive the power angle equation of a single machine infinite bus system. (MAY
JUN 2012)
7. A three phase generator delivers 1.0 PU power to an infinite bus through a transmission
network when a fault occurs. The maximum power which can be transferred for pre-fault,
during fault and post-fault conditions are 1.75pu, 0.4pu and 1.25pu. Find the critical
clearing angle. (MAY JUN 2012)
8. Describe the RK method of solution of swing equation for multi machine systems.
(APR MAY 2011) (NOV DEC
2011)
9. A generator operating at 50 Hz delivers 1 p.u power to an infinite bus through a
transmission circuit in which the resistances are ignored. A fault takes place reducing
maximum power to 0.5 p.u, whereas before the fault it is 2.0 p.u and after fault clearance it
is 1.5 p.u. By the use of equal area criterion, determine critical clearing angle.
(NOV DEC 2011)