Microprocessor,

Microcontroller and its application in Drives

Ravindra Kharche, Santosh Metkari

[email protected] , [email protected]
Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere – 402103, Tal. Mangoan,
Dist. Raigad, Maharashtra

Abstract
In Today's World, Microprocessors & Microcontrollers, has very significant use in every field,
i.e. In computers , in Microwave ovens ,in Disc Players ,in Robotics ,in RC appliances ,in Watches ,in
Aerodynamics , etc. Drives are the electrically driven motors. These drives are also having very
significant use in various fields, i.e. in Engineering, in Medial Surgeries, in Field of pure sciences.
There are various types of Microprocessors, Microcontrollers and drives .Each of them is explained in
detail in this paper. This paper explains every different aspect of Microprocessors, Microcontrollers
and its application in drives. This paper will clear many doubts about microprocessors,
microcontrollers and various types of drives which are there in mind of audience. Efforts have been
made to simplify the concepts about microprocessors, microcontrollers and various types of drives.

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Microcontroller ,
3. Microprocessor
4. Servomotor
5. Stepper Motor
6. Hard Disc Drives (HDD)
7. Compact Disc drives (CD drive)
8. Floppy Disc Drive (FDD)
9. Further Uses of Microprocessors, Microcontrollers and Drives
10. Conclusion
References

1
1 Introduction long lasting battery applications.

Microprocessors have very large use in

every field, i.e. in field of Computers,
Mechanical devices, Mechanical machines, but
microprocessors can’t work standalone but they
work along with microcontroller to regulate the
motion controlled by drive. Microcontrollers
are the devices used to perform some dedicated
task repetitively. They are highly used in [A typical microcontroller]
mechanical, electrical machines and electronic
devices. The majority of computer systems in
use today are embedded in other machinery,
such as telephones, clocks, appliances, and Microcontrollers are frequently used in
vehicles. An embedded system may have automatically controlled products and devices,
minimal requirements for memory and program such as automobile engine control systems,
length. All types of motion can be achieved remote controls, office machines, appliances,
using circular motion, and that circular motion power tools, and toys. By reducing the size,
is provided by the electric motors either AC or cost, and power consumption compared to a
DC. Motor is a electromechanical device in design using a separate microprocessor,
which electrical energy is converted into memory, and input/output devices,
mechanical energy by using magnetic effect of microcontrollers make it economical to
the electric current. electronically control many more processes.
A microcontroller is a single integrated
2 Microcontroller circuit, commonly with the following features:
A microcontroller (µC) is a computer- • central processing unit - ranging from
on-a-chip. It is a type of microprocessor small and simple 4-bit processors to
emphasizing high integration, low power complex 32- or 64-bit processors
consumption, self-sufficiency and cost- • discrete input and output bits, allowing
effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose control or detection of the logic state of
microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). In an individual package pin
addition to the usual arithmetic and logic
• peripherals such as timers, event
elements of a general purpose microprocessor,
counters, PWM generators, and
the microcontroller typically integrates
watchdog
additional elements such as read-write memory
for data storage, read-only memory, such as • volatile memory (RAM) for data storage
flash for code storage, EEPROM for permanent • ROM, EPROM, [EEPROM] or Flash
data storage, peripheral devices, and memory for program and operating
input/output interfaces. At clock speeds of as parameter storage
little as a few MHz or even lower, • clock generator - often an oscillator for
microcontrollers often operate at very low a quartz timing crystal, resonator or RC
speed compared to modern day circuit
microprocessors, but this is adequate for typical • many include analog-to-digital
applications. They consume relatively little converters
power (mill watts), and will generally have the • in-circuit programming and debugging
ability to sleep while waiting for an interesting support
peripheral event such as a button press to wake
them up again to do something. Power There are different types of microcontroller
consumption while sleeping may be just nano mainly as follows
watts, making them ideal for low power and
2
 1. Microcontrollers with EPROM microprocessor to perform the complex task
2. Microcontroller with EEPROM assigned to the machine which is dedicated to
3. Microcontroller with UV EPROM perform it.
4. Microcontroller with External
Memory 4 Servomotor
3 Microprocessor A servomotor (servo) is an
electromechanical device in which an electrical
A microprocessor -- also known as a
input determines the position of the armature of
CPU or central processing unit -- is a complete
a motor with the help of error feedback
computation engine that is fabricated on a
mechanism. Servos are used extensively in
single chip. The first microprocessor was the
robotics and radio-controlled cars, airplanes,
Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. The 4004 was
and boats. Servomotor mainly contains three
not very powerful -- all it could do was add and
wires, red for Vcc, and black for GND and
subtract, and it could only do that 4 bits at a
remaining brown one for the digital pulse
time. But it was amazing that everything was
signals coming from either microprocessor or
on one chip. Prior to the 4004, engineers built
microcontroller. The position of the armature is
computers either from collections of chips or
determined using the duty cycle , time interval
from discrete components (transistors wired
provided in the digital pulse signal .
one at a time). The 4004 powered one of the
first portable electronic calculators. If you have
ever wondered what the microprocessor in your
computer is doing, or if you have ever
wondered about the differences between types
of microprocessors, then read on. In this article,
you will learn how fairly simple digital logic
techniques allow a computer to do its job,
whether it’s playing a game or spell checking a
document! Latest available processors are Intel
Pentium 4 ,Pentium DHT ,Dual Core. All these
processor are with 64-bit process. [Servomotor containing armature]

Microprocessor Applications

Microprocessors are used to handle a set

of tasks that control one or more external events
or systems. Microprocessors are typically used
in either reactive or embedded systems.
Reactive systems are those that have an
ongoing interaction with their environment
Embedded systems are those used to control
specialized hardware in which the computer [Examples of Duty Cycle Calculation]
system is installed. In embedded systems the
software system is completely encapsulated by If you see actually inside a servomotor
the hardware that it controls. Often the then you will find that there is one another
processor is required to manage various microcontroller that is actually controls the
different tasks that have to be scheduled motion of the dc motor which is connected to
somehow and must also deal with outside the armature using the gears, and we are
interrupt sources such as an alarm when providing pulse to that microcontroller inside
something goes wrong. Actually in practice the the servomotor and that internal microcontroller
microcontrollers are connected with
3
of servomotor provides current to dc motor as
per required so that the required motion of the
armature is achieved .Servomotor are the
electromechanical devices largely used in every
field .Even the day to day appliances are also
having the practical use of servomotors such as
the mp3 disc player in your home , hard disc [Operation of Stepper Motor]
drive in your computer etc.
Stepper motors are not directly connected to
If you consider the CD player then the microcontroller/microprocessor but these are
disc is rotated at high rpm speed by main motor connected to microcontroller/microprocessor
and the position of the laser head reading the with the help of the relays. Computer-
optical disc is controlled by the servomotor. controlled stepper motors are one of the most
Then the microcontroller in the laser head reads versatile forms of positioning systems
the bits on the disc and sends it to the .Industrial applications are in high speed pick
microprocessor for the further processing on the and place equipment and multi-axis machine
data Also there is a vast use of servomotor in CNC machines. Commercially stepper motors
robotics because each and every motion of the are used in floppy disk drives, flatbed scanners,
bot is controlled only by the servomotor printers, plotters and many more devices
5 Stepper Motors 6 Hard Disc Drive (HDD)
A stepper motor is a brushless, synchronous
electric motor that can divide a full rotation into A hard disk drive (HDD), is a non-volatile
a large number of steps. The motor's position storage device which stores digitally encoded
can be controlled precisely, without any data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic
feedback mechanism. Stepper motor contains surfaces .Strictly speaking, "drive" refers to a
four coils placed at 90° from each other which device distinct from its medium, such as a tape
in fact controls the motion of the rotor without drive and its tape, or a floppy disk drive and its
any feedback mechanism floppy disc.
HDDs record data by magnetizing
Stepper motors operate much differently ferromagnetic material directionally, to
from normal DC motors, which rotate when represent either a 0 or a 1 binary digit. They
voltage is applied to their terminals. Stepper read the data back by detecting the
motors, on the other hand, effectively have magnetization of the material. A typical HDD
multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged design consists of a spindle which holds one or
around a central gear-shaped piece of iron. The more flat circular disks called platters, onto
electromagnets are energized by an external which the data is recorded. The platters are
control circuit, such as a microcontroller. To made from a non-magnetic material, usually
make the motor shaft turn, first one aluminum alloy or glass, and are coated with a
electromagnet is given power, which makes the thin layer of magnetic material. Older disks
gear's teeth magnetically attracted to the used iron(III) oxide as the magnetic material,
electromagnet's teeth. When the gear's teeth are but current disks use a cobalt-based alloy.
thus aligned to the first electromagnet, they are
slightly offset from the next electromagnet. So
when the next electromagnet is turned on and
the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to
align with the next one, and from there the
process is repeated. Each of those slight
rotations is called a "step." In that way, the
motor can be turned a precise angle
[Figure showing Hard Disc Drive]

4
 be connected to the computer

The platters are spun at very high speeds

Information is written to a platter as it rotates
past devices called read-and-write heads that
operate very close (tens of nanometers in new
drives) over the magnetic surface. The read-
and-write head is used to detect and modify the
magnetization of the material immediately
under it. There is one head for each magnetic
platter surface on the spindle, mounted on a
common arm. An actuator arm (or access arm) [A typical Compact Disc]
moves the heads on an arc (roughly radially)
across the platters as they spin, allowing each Actually in the compact disc drive compact
head to access almost the entire surface of the disc/CD-RW is rotated at high rpm with the
platter as it spins. The arm is moved using a help of DC motor while the motion of the
voice coil actuator or (in older designs) a read/write laser head is controlled by the
stepper motor. Stepper motors were outside the servomotor which is connected to
head-disk chamber, and preceded voice-coil microcontroller which retrieves data and sends
drives. it to the microprocessor for the further
processing on it. It could probably be a DSP
Actually in the hard disc drive platters are (digital signal processor) in case of music
rotated at high rpm with the help of DC motor player or main microprocessor of the computer.
while the motion of the read/write head is
controlled by the servomotor which is 8. Floppy Disc Drive (FDD)
connected to microcontroller which retrieves
data and sends it to the microprocessor for the A floppy disk is a data storage medium
further processing on it. that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible
("floppy") magnetic storage medium encased in
a square or rectangular plastic shell. Floppy
7 Compact Disc Drive/CD-RW disks are read and written by a floppy disk
drive or FDD
CD-ROM (an abbreviation of "Compact Disc
read-only memory") is a Compact Disc that
contains data accessible by a computer. While
the Compact Disc format was originally
designed for music storage and playback, the
format was later adapted to hold any form of
binary data. CD-ROMs are popularly used to
distribute computer software, including games
and multimedia applications, though any data
can be stored (up to the capacity limit of a
disc). Some CDs hold both computer data and [A typical floppy disc drive along with floppy]
audio with the latter capable of being played on
a CD player, whilst data (such as software or
digital video) is only usable on a computer In the floppy disc drive mainly there is a
(such as PC CD-ROMs). These are called stepper motor used to rotate the magnetic disc
Enhanced CDs. inside the floppy while the read/write head is
CD-ROM discs are read using CD- moved with the help of the servomotor,
ROM drives, which are now almost universal Read/write head is connected to the
on personal computers. A CD-ROM drive may microcontroller which in fact is used to read or

5
write data stream on the floppy and is adoption of the robots .The robots will be used
connected to microprocessor with some sort of for every day to day application which all will
hardware interfacing by the data bus. be controlled by microcontrollers or
microprocessors and various drives .
9 Further uses of microcontroller,
microprocessor and its application in 10 Conclusions
drives
In this paper we have dealt with the
Microcontroller, microprocessors are different applications of drives which are
main parts used in the case of Robotics, Where controlled by microcontroller or microprocessor
every decision, accuracy of motion is .We have described the structure of the
important. Robots are the very complex devices different drives along with their proper
which are in fact used to achieve the artificial application .These include servomotors ,
intelligence. Robots are favoring the motions stepper motor, their application in the various
which are not achievable by humans at all, it drives such as hard disc drive , CD drive ,
can reach the places where man can never reach Floppy disc drive. This paper also discusses the
as like in volcano, Robots are helping us in future use of the microcontrollers,
various space missions also as like in mars microprocessors and their different uses in the
rover .If you are in space then your very small drives.
movement also affects your position hence at
that time human control is out of order while in
that case the artificial intelligence achieved Reference:
using microcontrollers, microprocessors is very
useful and handy. Microprocessor is not just the
intelligent chip used in the computer but it is
that vital device which is used everywhere [1] PODOS— The design and implementation
where there is control system is required for of a performance oriented Linux cluster by
controlling motion, amount or any other thing. Sudharshan Vazhkudai,Jeelani Syed,Tobin
Maginnis

[2] http://www.Wikipedia.com

[3]http://www.mikroe.com/en/books/8051book/
ch1/
[Figure showing basic robotic arm]

[4] http://www.societyofrobots.com
The above figure shows the robotic arm which
can move in two planes and can pick up the
small bricks. in this application the appropriate
position is achieved using the servomotor while
the servomotor signals are controlled using the
microcontroller/microprocessor. In the Future
the most of the world will be moving towards