CASE 0: Control Section

Base, b = 300 mm
b
b d'
d'
Height, h = 450 mm

Clear cover = 40 mm

h d Stirrups = 10 mm
h d

Effective depth,d’ = 62.5 mm

Effective depth,d = 387.5 mm

fc’ = 35 MPa

fy = 420 MPa

Compression Bars = 2-25 mm

Tension bars = 3-25 mm

β factor, For fc' <= 28 Mpa use β = 0.85

For fc' > 28 Mpa, β=0.85-0.05/7(fc’-28)

Therefore, β = 0.8

STAGE 1: BEFORE CRACKING STAGE

 Assume value of Ec (ranges from 4700√ fc ' to 5000√ fc '

Ec = 5000√ fc ' = 29580.399 Mpa
 Solve for ratio of the moduli of elasticity (n) ; Es = 200000 MPa
n = Es/Ec = 6.76
 Locate distance of neutral axis fromm extreme concrete fiber
 Ag = 135000 mm2 Yg = 225 mm

(n-1)As1 = 8484.117 mm2 Y1 = 387.5 mm

(n-1)As2= 5656.078 mm2 Y2 = 62.5 mm

c= ӯ=
∑ ( A i)( y i ) = 228.081mm
∑ Ai
 Calculate Transformed Uncracked Moment of Inertia
I un, tr =∑ {I i + Ai (di )2 }
b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2( )
+ A g − ӯ =2.279 x 109 mm 4

I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=2.156 x 108 mm4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =1.551 x 10 8 mm 4
I un, tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=2.65 x 10 9 mm4

 Solve for Modulus of Rupture, fr

f r=0.7 √ f ' c ∙ MPa=4.141 MPa

 Determine Cracking Moment

f r ( I un ,tr )
M cr = =49.454 KN . m
h− ȳ
 Calculate Curvature
M cr rad
ϕ cr = =6.309 x 10−7
E c ( I un ,tr ) mm

STAGE 2: RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

  Locate distance of neutral axis from extreme concrete fiber
π
{ }
A1=n ( d b )2 ( nbars ) =9956.739 mm2
4

A2= ( n−1 ) { π4 ( d ) (n )}=5656.078 mm

b
2
bars
2

b( ӯ ) ( 2ȳ )+ A ( ӯ−d )=A (d− ȳ )

2
'
1

Ӯ =123.419mm

 Solve for transformed crack moment of inertia

I cr , tr =∑ {I i + Ai ( di )2 }

b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2 (
+ A g − ӯ =187993644 mm 4 )
I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=694372222.3mm 4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =20990221.52mm 4

I cr , tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=9.034 x 108 mm4❑

 Solve for Curvature

M cr rad
ϕ cr , tr = =1.851 x 10−6
Ec ( I cr ,tr ) mm

STAGE 3: STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEARLY

 ࢿࢉ
ࢿࢉ
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ Ccr,tr = 123.419 mm
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ Itr,cr = 9.034 x 10 8 mm4
c ‫׎‬
c ‫( ׎‬c−d') fc’ = 35 Mpa
(c−d')
N.A. fy = 420 Mpa
N.A.
Ec = 29580.4 MPa
‫׎‬ (d−c)
‫׎‬ (d−c)
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙ A. Steel yields first

3.1.1 Solve for steel strain at yield point

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

3.1.2 Calculate for Curvature

εs −6 rad
ϕ y= =5.419 x 10
d− ӯ mm

3.1.3 Calculate for moment at yield point

M y =ϕ y ( E s ) ( I cr , tr )=979.121 KN . m

B. Concrete behaves non-linearly

3.2.1 Solve for strain of concrete ; f c =0.7( f ' c )

fc
ε c= =0.000828
Ec

εc −6 rad
ϕ 0.7 fc ' = =6.711 x 10
ӯ mm

M 0.7 fc ' =ϕ0.7 fc ' ( E c )( I cr ,tr ) =179.326 KN . m(govern)

STAGE 4: ULTIMATE CONDITION

 b 0.003
b 0.003
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
A2 ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
A2 c
c
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂ ᇱ ͲǤ
௦ െ ݂ܿͺ ͷ݂ܿԢ
(c−d')
(c−d')
d N.A.
d N.A.
h (d − a/2)
h (d−d')
(d − a/2)
‫׎‬ (d−c) (d−d')
‫׎‬ (d−c)
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂
ࢿ࢙ ௦

ࢿ࢙

4.1 Assume all bar reinforcement yields

Assume Tension and Compression Steel Yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y ) : ( f s '=f y ; ε s ' > ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

0.85 f 'c ( a )( b )+ A s ' { f y −0.85(f c ') }= A s f y

a=26.372 mm

Solve for β Factor: β=0.8

a
c= =32.966 mm
β

Check assumptions by solving the strain of tensile and compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.03226
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =−0.002688
c

ε s ' < ε y ∴ Not Ok ! Solve for the actual f 's

Since c <d ' ; Compression bars will behave as tension bars

4.2
 Assume 1st layer Compression steel yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

Assume 2nd layer Compression steel doesn’t yield

C c =T s 1+T s 2

600 (d ' −c )
0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )= A s f y + As ' { c }
c=73.840 mm

a=βc=59.072 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01274
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

0.003 ( d ' −c )
ε 's= =−0.0004607
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Since c >d ' ; 2nd layer tension bars will behave as compression bars

4.3

Assume Compression steel does not yields¿)

Assume Tension steel yields( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

600( c−d ' )

0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )+ A s ' { c }
−0.85 (f c ' ) =A s f y

c=75.797 mm

a=βc=60.638 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

 fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01234
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption isCorrect !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =0.0005263
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Solve for Nominal Flexural Capacity ( M n)

a
( )
'

M n=Cc d− + C s ' (d −d )=217.396 KN . m

2

0.003 rad
ϕ u= =3.958 x 10−5
c mm

CASE 1:

Base, b = 300 mm
b
b d'
d'
Height, h = 450 mm

Clear cover = 40 mm

h d Stirrups = 10 mm
h d

Effective depth,d’ = 62.5 mm

Effective depth,d = 387.5 mm

fc’ = 35 MPa

fy = 420 MPa

Compression Bars = 2-25 mm

Tension bars = 3-25 mm

β factor, For fc' <= 28 Mpa use β = 0.85

For fc' > 28 Mpa, β=0.85-0.05/7(fc’-28)

Therefore, β = 0.8

STAGE 1: BEFORE CRACKING STAGE

 Assume value of Ec (ranges from 4700√ fc ' to 5000√ fc '

Ec = 5000√ fc ' = 29580.399 Mpa
 Solve for ratio of the moduli of elasticity (n) ; Es = 200000 MPa
n = Es/Ec = 6.76
 Locate distance of neutral axis fromm extreme concrete fiber

Ag = 135000 mm2 Yg = 225 mm

(n-1)As1 = 8484.117 mm2 Y1 = 387.5 mm

(n-1)As2= 5656.078 mm2 Y2 = 62.5 mm

c= ӯ=
∑ ( A i)( y i ) = 228.081mm
∑ Ai
 Calculate Transformed Uncracked Moment of Inertia
I un, tr =∑ {I i + Ai (di )2 }
b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2( )
+ A g − ӯ =2.279 x 109 mm 4
 I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=2.156 x 108 mm4
I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =1.551 x 10 8 mm 4
I un, tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=2.65 x 10 9 mm4

 Solve for Modulus of Rupture, fr

f r=0.7 √ f ' c ∙ MPa=4.141 MPa

 Determine Cracking Moment

f r ( I un ,tr )
M cr = =49.454 KN . m
h− ȳ
 Calculate Curvature
M cr rad
ϕ cr = =6.309 x 10−7
E c ( I un ,tr ) mm

STAGE 2: RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

 Locate distance of neutral axis from extreme concrete fiber

π
{ 2
}
A1=n ( d b ) ( nbars ) =9956.739 mm
4
2

A2= ( n−1 ) { π4 ( d ) (n )}=5656.078 mm

b
2
bars
2

b( ӯ ) ( 2ȳ )+ A ( ӯ−d )=A (d− ȳ )

2
'
1

Ӯ =123.419mm

 Solve for transformed crack moment of inertia

I cr , tr =∑ {I i + Ai ( di )2 }
 b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2 ( )
+ A g − ӯ =187993644 mm 4

I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=694372222.3mm 4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =20990221.52mm 4

I cr , tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=9.034 x 108 mm4❑

 Solve for Curvature

M cr rad
ϕ cr , tr = =1.851 x 10−6
Ec ( I cr ,tr ) mm

STAGE 3: STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEARLY

ࢿࢉ
ࢿࢉ
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ Ccr,tr = 123.419 mm
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ
c
Itr,cr = 9.034 x 10 8 mm4
c ‫׎‬
‫( ׎‬c−d')
(c−d') fc’ = 35 Mpa
N.A. fy = 420 Mpa
N.A.
Ec = 29580.4 MPa
‫׎‬ (d−c)
‫׎‬ (d−c)
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙ C. Steel yields first

3.1.1 Solve for steel strain at yield point

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

3.1.2 Calculate for Curvature

εs −6 rad
ϕ y= =5.419 x 10
d− ӯ mm

3.1.3 Calculate for moment at yield point

M y =ϕ y ( E s ) ( I cr , tr )=979.121 KN . m
 D. Concrete behaves non-linearly

3.2.1 Solve for strain of concrete ; f c =0.7( f ' c )

fc
ε c= =0.000828
Ec

εc −6 rad
ϕ 0.7 fc ' = =6.711 x 10
ӯ mm

M 0.7 fc ' =ϕ0.7 fc ' ( E c )( I cr ,tr ) =179.326 KN . m(govern)

STAGE 4: ULTIMATE CONDITION

b 0.003
b 0.003
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
A2 ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
A2 c
c
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
(c−d')
(c−d')
d N.A.
d N.A.
h (d − a/2)
h (d−d')
(d − a/2)
‫׎‬ (d−c) (d−d')
‫׎‬ (d−c)
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙

4.1 Assume all bar reinforcement yields

Assume Tension and Compression Steel Yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y ) : ( f s '=f y ; ε s ' > ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

0.85 f 'c ( a )( b )+ A s ' { f y −0.85(f c ') }= A s f y

a=26.372 mm

Solve for β Factor: β=0.8

 a
c= =32.966 mm
β

Check assumptions by solving the strain of tensile and compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.03226
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

' 0.003 ( c−d' )

ε=
s =−0.002688
c

ε s ' < ε y ∴ Not Ok ! Solve for the actual f 's

Since c <d ' ; Compression bars will behave as tension bars

4.2

Assume 1st layer Compression steel yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

Assume 2nd layer Compression steel doesn’t yield

C c =T s 1+T s 2

600 (d ' −c )
0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )= A s f y + As ' { c }
c=73.840 mm

a=βc=59.072 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01274
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

 ' 0.003 ( d ' −c )
ε=
s =−0.0004607
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Since c >d ' ; 2nd layer tension bars will behave as compression bars

4.3

Assume Compression steel does not yields¿)

Assume Tension steel yields( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

600( c−d ' )

0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )+ A s ' { c }
−0.85 (f c ' ) =A s f y

c=75.797 mm

a=βc=60.638 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01234
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption isCorrect !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =0.0005263
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Solve for Nominal Flexural Capacity ( M n)

a
( )
'

M n=Cc d− + C s ' (d −d )=217.396 KN . m

2
 0.003 rad
ϕ u= =3.958 x 10−5
c mm

CASE 2:

Base, b = 300 mm
b
b d'
d'
Height, h = 450 mm

Clear cover = 40 mm

h d Stirrups = 10 mm
h d

Effective depth,d’ = 62.5 mm

Effective depth,d = 387.5 mm

fc’ = 35 MPa

fy = 420 MPa

Compression Bars = 2-25 mm

Tension bars = 3-25 mm

β factor, For fc' <= 28 Mpa use β = 0.85

For fc' > 28 Mpa, β=0.85-0.05/7(fc’-28)

Therefore, β = 0.8

STAGE 1: BEFORE CRACKING STAGE

 Assume value of Ec (ranges from 4700√ fc ' to 5000√ fc '
Ec = 5000√ fc ' = 29580.399 Mpa
 Solve for ratio of the moduli of elasticity (n) ; Es = 200000 MPa
n = Es/Ec = 6.76
 Locate distance of neutral axis from extreme concrete fiber

Ag = 135000 mm2 Yg = 225 mm

(n-1)As1 = 8484.117 mm2 Y1 = 387.5 mm

(n-1)As2= 5656.078 mm2 Y2 = 62.5 mm

c= ӯ=
∑ ( A i)( y i ) = 228.081mm
∑ Ai
 Calculate Transformed Uncracked Moment of Inertia
I un, tr =∑ {I i + Ai (di )2 }
b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2( )
+ A g − ӯ =2.279 x 109 mm 4

I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=2.156 x 108 mm4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =1.551 x 10 8 mm 4
I un, tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=2.65 x 10 9 mm4

 Solve for Modulus of Rupture, fr

f r=0.7 √ f ' c ∙ MPa=4.141 MPa

 Determine Cracking Moment

f r ( I un ,tr )
M cr = =49.454 KN . m
h− ȳ
 Calculate Curvature
M cr rad
ϕ cr = =6.309 x 10−7
E c ( I un ,tr ) mm
STAGE 2: RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

 Locate distance of neutral axis from extreme concrete fiber

π
{ }
A1=n ( d b )2 ( nbars ) =9956.739 mm2
4

A2= ( n−1 ) { π4 ( d ) (n )}=5656.078 mm

b
2
bars
2

b( ӯ ) ( 2ȳ )+ A ( ӯ−d )=A (d− ȳ )

2
'
1

Ӯ =123.419mm

 Solve for transformed crack moment of inertia

I cr , tr =∑ {I i + Ai ( di )2 }

b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2 (
+ A g − ӯ =187993644 mm 4 )
I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=694372222.3mm 4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =20990221.52mm 4

I cr , tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=9.034 x 108 mm4❑

 Solve for Curvature

M cr rad
ϕ cr , tr = =1.851 x 10−6
Ec ( I cr ,tr ) mm
STAGE 3: STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEARLY

ࢿࢉ
ࢿࢉ
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ Ccr,tr = 123.419 mm
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ
c
Itr,cr = 9.034 x 10 8 mm4
c ‫׎‬
‫( ׎‬c−d')
(c−d') fc’ = 35 Mpa
N.A. fy = 420 Mpa
N.A.
Ec = 29580.4 MPa
‫׎‬ (d−c)
‫׎‬ (d−c)
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙ E. Steel yields first

3.1.1 Solve for steel strain at yield point

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

3.1.2 Calculate for Curvature

εs −6 rad
ϕ y= =5.419 x 10
d− ӯ mm

3.1.3 Calculate for moment at yield point

M y =ϕ y ( E s ) ( I cr , tr )=979.121 KN . m

F. Concrete behaves non-linearly

3.2.1 Solve for strain of concrete ; f c =0.7( f ' c )

fc
ε c= =0.000828
Ec

εc −6 rad
ϕ 0.7 fc ' = =6.711 x 10
ӯ mm

M 0.7 fc ' =ϕ0.7 fc ' ( E c )( I cr ,tr ) =179.326 KN . m(govern)

STAGE 4: ULTIMATE CONDITION

b 0.003
b 0.003
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
A2 ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
A2 c
c
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
(c−d')
(c−d')
d N.A.
d N.A.
h (d − a/2)
h (d−d')
(d − a/2)
‫׎‬ (d−c) (d−d')
‫׎‬ (d−c)
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙

4.1 Assume all bar reinforcement yields

Assume Tension and Compression Steel Yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y ) : ( f s '=f y ; ε s ' > ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

0.85 f 'c ( a )( b )+ A s ' { f y −0.85(f c ') }= A s f y

a=26.372 mm

Solve for β Factor: β=0.8

a
c= =32.966 mm
β

Check assumptions by solving the strain of tensile and compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.03226
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =−0.002688
c

ε s ' < ε y ∴ Not Ok ! Solve for the actual f 's

 Since c <d ' ; Compression bars will behave as tension bars

4.2

Assume 1st layer Compression steel yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

Assume 2nd layer Compression steel doesn’t yield

C c =T s 1+T s 2

600 (d ' −c )
'
0.85 f ( βc )( b )= A s f y + As '
c
c { }
c=73.840 mm

a=βc=59.072 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01274
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

' 0.003 ( d ' −c )

ε=
s =−0.0004607
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Since c >d ' ; 2nd layer tension bars will behave as compression bars

4.3

Assume Compression steel does not yields¿)

Assume Tension steel yields( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

600( c−d ' )

0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )+ A s ' { c }
−0.85 (f c ' ) =A s f y

c=75.797 mm
 a=βc=60.638 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01234
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption isCorrect !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =0.0005263
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Solve for Nominal Flexural Capacity ( M n)

a
( )
'

M n=Cc d− + C s ' (d −d )=217.396 KN . m

2

0.003 rad
ϕ u= =3.958 x 10−5
c mm

CASE 3:

Base, b = 300 mm
b
b d'
d'
Height, h = 450 mm

Clear cover = 40 mm

h d Stirrups = 10 mm
h d

Effective depth,d’ = 62.5 mm

Effective depth,d = 387.5 mm

fc’ = 35 MPa

fy = 420 MPa

Compression Bars = 2-25 mm

Tension bars = 3-25 mm

β factor, For fc' <= 28 Mpa use β = 0.85

For fc' > 28 Mpa, β=0.85-0.05/7(fc’-28)

Therefore, β = 0.8

STAGE 1: BEFORE CRACKING STAGE

 Assume value of Ec (ranges from 4700√ fc ' to 5000√ fc '

Ec = 5000√ fc ' = 29580.399 Mpa
 Solve for ratio of the moduli of elasticity (n) ; Es = 200000 MPa
n = Es/Ec = 6.76
 Locate distance of neutral axis fromm extreme concrete fiber

Ag = 135000 mm2 Yg = 225 mm

(n-1)As1 = 8484.117 mm2 Y1 = 387.5 mm

(n-1)As2= 5656.078 mm2 Y2 = 62.5 mm

c= ӯ=
∑ ( A i)( y i ) = 228.081mm
∑ Ai
 Calculate Transformed Uncracked Moment of Inertia
 I un, tr =∑ {I i + Ai (di )2 }
b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2 (
+ A g − ӯ =2.279 x 109 mm 4)
I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=2.156 x 108 mm4
I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =1.551 x 10 8 mm 4
I un, tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=2.65 x 10 9 mm4

 Solve for Modulus of Rupture, fr

f r=0.7 √ f ' c ∙ MPa=4.141 MPa

 Determine Cracking Moment

f r ( I un ,tr )
M cr = =49.454 KN . m
h− ȳ
 Calculate Curvature
M cr rad
ϕ cr = =6.309 x 10−7
E c ( I un ,tr ) mm

STAGE 2: RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

 Locate distance of neutral axis from extreme concrete fiber

π
{ }
A1=n ( d b )2 ( nbars ) =9956.739 mm2
4

A2= ( n−1 ) { π4 ( d ) (n )}=5656.078 mm

b
2
bars
2

b( ӯ ) ( 2ȳ )+ A ( ӯ−d )=A (d− ȳ )

2
'
1

Ӯ =123.419mm

 Solve for transformed crack moment of inertia

 I cr , tr =∑ {I i + Ai ( di )2 }

b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2 ( )
+ A g − ӯ =187993644 mm 4

I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=694372222.3mm 4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =20990221.52mm 4

I cr , tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=9.034 x 108 mm4❑

 Solve for Curvature

M cr rad
ϕ cr , tr = =1.851 x 10−6
Ec ( I cr ,tr ) mm

STAGE 3: STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEARLY

ࢿࢉ
ࢿࢉ
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ Ccr,tr = 123.419 mm
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ
c
Itr,cr = 9.034 x 10 8 mm4
c ‫׎‬
‫( ׎‬c−d')
(c−d') fc’ = 35 Mpa
N.A. fy = 420 Mpa
N.A.
Ec = 29580.4 MPa
‫׎‬ (d−c)
‫׎‬ (d−c)
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙ G. Steel yields first

3.1.1 Solve for steel strain at yield point

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

3.1.2 Calculate for Curvature

εs −6 rad
ϕ y= =5.419 x 10
d− ӯ mm

3.1.3 Calculate for moment at yield point

 M y =ϕ y ( E s ) ( I cr , tr )=979.121 KN . m

H. Concrete behaves non-linearly

3.2.1 Solve for strain of concrete ; f c =0.7( f ' c )

fc
ε c= =0.000828
Ec

εc −6 rad
ϕ 0.7 fc ' = =6.711 x 10
ӯ mm

M 0.7 fc ' =ϕ0.7 fc ' ( E c )( I cr ,tr ) =179.326 KN . m(govern)

STAGE 4: ULTIMATE CONDITION

b 0.003
b 0.003
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
A2 ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
A2 c
c
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
(c−d')
(c−d')
d N.A.
d N.A.
h (d − a/2)
h (d−d')
(d − a/2)
‫׎‬ (d−c) (d−d')
‫׎‬ (d−c)
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙

4.1 Assume all bar reinforcement yields

Assume Tension and Compression Steel Yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y ) : ( f s '=f y ; ε s ' > ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

0.85 f 'c ( a )( b )+ A s ' { f y −0.85(f c ') }= A s f y

a=26.372 mm

Solve for β Factor: β=0.8

 a
c= =32.966 mm
β

Check assumptions by solving the strain of tensile and compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.03226
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

' 0.003 ( c−d' )

ε=
s =−0.002688
c

ε s ' < ε y ∴ Not Ok ! Solve for the actual f 's

Since c <d ' ; Compression bars will behave as tension bars

4.2

Assume 1st layer Compression steel yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

Assume 2nd layer Compression steel doesn’t yield

C c =T s 1+T s 2

600 (d ' −c )
0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )= A s f y + As ' { c }
c=73.840 mm

a=βc=59.072 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01274
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

 ' 0.003 ( d ' −c )
ε=
s =−0.0004607
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Since c >d ' ; 2nd layer tension bars will behave as compression bars

4.3

Assume Compression steel does not yields¿)

Assume Tension steel yields( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

600( c−d ' )

0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )+ A s ' { c }
−0.85 (f c ' ) =A s f y

c=75.797 mm

a=βc=60.638 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01234
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption isCorrect !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =0.0005263
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Solve for Nominal Flexural Capacity ( M n)

a
( )
'

M n=Cc d− + C s ' (d −d )=217.396 KN . m

2
 0.003 rad
ϕ u= =3.958 x 10−5
c mm

CASE 4:

Base, b = 300 mm
b
b d'
d'
Height, h = 450 mm

Clear cover = 40 mm

h d Stirrups = 10 mm
h d

Effective depth,d’ = 62.5 mm

Effective depth,d = 387.5 mm

fc’ = 35 MPa

fy = 420 MPa

Compression Bars = 2-25 mm

Tension bars = 3-25 mm

β factor, For fc' <= 28 Mpa use β = 0.85

For fc' > 28 Mpa, β=0.85-0.05/7(fc’-28)

Therefore, β = 0.8

STAGE 1: BEFORE CRACKING STAGE

 Assume value of Ec (ranges from 4700√ fc ' to 5000√ fc '
Ec = 5000√ fc ' = 29580.399 Mpa
 Solve for ratio of the moduli of elasticity (n) ; Es = 200000 MPa
n = Es/Ec = 6.76
 Locate distance of neutral axis fromm extreme concrete fiber

Ag = 135000 mm2 Yg = 225 mm

(n-1)As1 = 8484.117 mm2 Y1 = 387.5 mm

(n-1)As2= 5656.078 mm2 Y2 = 62.5 mm

c= ӯ=
∑ ( A i)( y i ) = 228.081mm
∑ Ai
 Calculate Transformed Uncracked Moment of Inertia
I un, tr =∑ {I i + Ai (di )2 }
b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2( )
+ A g − ӯ =2.279 x 109 mm 4

I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=2.156 x 108 mm4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =1.551 x 10 8 mm 4
I un, tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=2.65 x 10 9 mm4

 Solve for Modulus of Rupture, fr

f r=0.7 √ f ' c ∙ MPa=4.141 MPa

 Determine Cracking Moment

f r ( I un ,tr )
M cr = =49.454 KN . m
h− ȳ
 Calculate Curvature
M cr rad
ϕ cr = =6.309 x 10−7
E c ( I un ,tr ) mm
STAGE 2: RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

 Locate distance of neutral axis from extreme concrete fiber

π
{ }
A1=n ( d b )2 ( nbars ) =9956.739 mm2
4

A2= ( n−1 ) { π4 ( d ) (n )}=5656.078 mm

b
2
bars
2

b( ӯ ) ( 2ȳ )+ A ( ӯ−d )=A (d− ȳ )

2
'
1

Ӯ =123.419mm

 Solve for transformed crack moment of inertia

I cr , tr =∑ {I i + Ai ( di )2 }

b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2 (
+ A g − ӯ =187993644 mm 4 )
I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=694372222.3mm 4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =20990221.52mm 4

I cr , tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=9.034 x 108 mm4❑

 Solve for Curvature

M cr rad
ϕ cr , tr = =1.851 x 10−6
Ec ( I cr ,tr ) mm
STAGE 3: STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEARLY

ࢿࢉ
ࢿࢉ
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ Ccr,tr = 123.419 mm
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ
c
Itr,cr = 9.034 x 10 8 mm4
c ‫׎‬
‫( ׎‬c−d')
(c−d') fc’ = 35 Mpa
N.A. fy = 420 Mpa
N.A.
Ec = 29580.4 MPa
‫׎‬ (d−c)
‫׎‬ (d−c)
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙ I. Steel yields first

3.1.1 Solve for steel strain at yield point

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

3.1.2 Calculate for Curvature

εs −6 rad
ϕ y= =5.419 x 10
d− ӯ mm

3.1.3 Calculate for moment at yield point

M y =ϕ y ( E s ) ( I cr , tr )=979.121 KN . m

J. Concrete behaves non-linearly

3.2.1 Solve for strain of concrete ; f c =0.7( f ' c )

fc
ε c= =0.000828
Ec

εc −6 rad
ϕ 0.7 fc ' = =6.711 x 10
ӯ mm

M 0.7 fc ' =ϕ0.7 fc ' ( E c )( I cr ,tr ) =179.326 KN . m(govern)

STAGE 4: ULTIMATE CONDITION

b 0.003
b 0.003
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
A2 ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
A2 c
c
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
(c−d')
(c−d')
d N.A.
d N.A.
h (d − a/2)
h (d−d')
(d − a/2)
‫׎‬ (d−c) (d−d')
‫׎‬ (d−c)
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙

4.1 Assume all bar reinforcement yields

Assume Tension and Compression Steel Yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y ) : ( f s '=f y ; ε s ' > ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

0.85 f 'c ( a )( b )+ A s ' { f y −0.85(f c ') }= A s f y

a=26.372 mm

Solve for β Factor: β=0.8

a
c= =32.966 mm
β

Check assumptions by solving the strain of tensile and compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.03226
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =−0.002688
c

ε s ' < ε y ∴ Not Ok ! Solve for the actual f 's

 Since c <d ' ; Compression bars will behave as tension bars

4.2

Assume 1st layer Compression steel yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

Assume 2nd layer Compression steel doesn’t yield

C c =T s 1+T s 2

600 (d ' −c )
'
0.85 f ( βc )( b )= A s f y + As '
c
c { }
c=73.840 mm

a=βc=59.072 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01274
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

' 0.003 ( d ' −c )

ε=
s =−0.0004607
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Since c >d ' ; 2nd layer tension bars will behave as compression bars

4.3

Assume Compression steel does not yields¿)

Assume Tension steel yields( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

600( c−d ' )

0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )+ A s ' { c }
−0.85 (f c ' ) =A s f y

c=75.797 mm
 a=βc=60.638 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01234
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption isCorrect !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =0.0005263
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Solve for Nominal Flexural Capacity ( M n)

a
( )
'

M n=Cc d− + C s ' (d −d )=217.396 KN . m

2

0.003 rad
ϕ u= =3.958 x 10−5
c mm

CASE5 :

Base, b = 300 mm
b
b d'
d'
Height, h = 450 mm

Clear cover = 40 mm

h d Stirrups = 10 mm
h d

Effective depth,d’ = 62.5 mm

Effective depth,d = 387.5 mm

fc’ = 35 MPa

fy = 420 MPa

Compression Bars = 2-25 mm

Tension bars = 3-25 mm

β factor, For fc' <= 28 Mpa use β = 0.85

For fc' > 28 Mpa, β=0.85-0.05/7(fc’-28)

Therefore, β = 0.8

STAGE 1: BEFORE CRACKING STAGE

 Assume value of Ec (ranges from 4700√ fc ' to 5000√ fc '

Ec = 5000√ fc ' = 29580.399 Mpa
 Solve for ratio of the moduli of elasticity (n) ; Es = 200000 MPa
n = Es/Ec = 6.76
 Locate distance of neutral axis fromm extreme concrete fiber

Ag = 135000 mm2 Yg = 225 mm

(n-1)As1 = 8484.117 mm2 Y1 = 387.5 mm

(n-1)As2= 5656.078 mm2 Y2 = 62.5 mm

c= ӯ=
∑ ( A i)( y i ) = 228.081mm
∑ Ai
  Calculate Transformed Uncracked Moment of Inertia
I un, tr =∑ {I i + Ai (di )2 }
b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2 ( )
+ A g − ӯ =2.279 x 109 mm 4

I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=2.156 x 108 mm4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =1.551 x 10 8 mm 4
I un, tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=2.65 x 10 9 mm4

 Solve for Modulus of Rupture, fr

f r=0.7 √ f ' c ∙ MPa=4.141 MPa

 Determine Cracking Moment

f r ( I un ,tr )
M cr = =49.454 KN . m
h− ȳ
 Calculate Curvature
M cr rad
ϕ cr = =6.309 x 10−7
E c ( I un ,tr ) mm

STAGE 2: RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

 Locate distance of neutral axis from extreme concrete fiber

π
{ }
A1=n ( d b )2 ( nbars ) =9956.739 mm2
4

A2= ( n−1 ) { π4 ( d ) (n )}=5656.078 mm

b
2
bars
2

b( ӯ ) ( 2ȳ )+ A ( ӯ−d )=A (d− ȳ )

2
'
1

Ӯ =123.419mm
  Solve for transformed crack moment of inertia

I cr , tr =∑ {I i + Ai ( di )2 }

b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2 ( )
+ A g − ӯ =187993644 mm 4

I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=694372222.3mm 4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =20990221.52mm 4

I cr , tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=9.034 x 108 mm4❑

 Solve for Curvature

M cr rad
ϕ cr , tr = =1.851 x 10−6
Ec ( I cr ,tr ) mm

STAGE 3: STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEARLY

ࢿࢉ
ࢿࢉ
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ Ccr,tr = 123.419 mm
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ
c
Itr,cr = 9.034 x 10 8 mm4
c ‫׎‬
‫( ׎‬c−d')
(c−d') fc’ = 35 Mpa
N.A. fy = 420 Mpa
N.A.
Ec = 29580.4 MPa
‫׎‬ (d−c)
‫׎‬ (d−c)
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙ K. Steel yields first

3.1.1 Solve for steel strain at yield point

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

3.1.2 Calculate for Curvature

εs −6 rad
ϕ y= =5.419 x 10
d− ӯ mm
3.1.3 Calculate for moment at yield point

M y =ϕ y ( E s ) ( I cr , tr )=979.121 KN . m

L. Concrete behaves non-linearly

3.2.1 Solve for strain of concrete ; f c =0.7( f ' c )

fc
ε c= =0.000828
Ec

εc −6 rad
ϕ 0.7 fc ' = =6.711 x 10
ӯ mm

M 0.7 fc ' =ϕ0.7 fc ' ( E c )( I cr ,tr ) =179.326 KN . m(govern)

STAGE 4: ULTIMATE CONDITION

b 0.003
b 0.003
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
A2 ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
A2 c
c
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
(c−d')
(c−d')
d N.A.
d N.A.
h (d − a/2)
h (d−d')
(d − a/2)
‫׎‬ (d−c) (d−d')
‫׎‬ (d−c)
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙

4.1 Assume all bar reinforcement yields

Assume Tension and Compression Steel Yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y ) : ( f s '=f y ; ε s ' > ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

0.85 f 'c ( a )( b )+ A s ' { f y −0.85(f c ') }= A s f y

a=26.372 mm
 Solve for β Factor: β=0.8

a
c= =32.966 mm
β

Check assumptions by solving the strain of tensile and compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.03226
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =−0.002688
c

ε s ' < ε y ∴ Not Ok ! Solve for the actual f 's

Since c <d ' ; Compression bars will behave as tension bars

4.2

Assume 1st layer Compression steel yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

Assume 2nd layer Compression steel doesn’t yield

C c =T s 1+T s 2

600 (d ' −c )
0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )= A s f y + As ' { c }
c=73.840 mm

a=βc=59.072 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01274
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

 ' 0.003 ( d ' −c )
ε=
s =−0.0004607
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Since c >d ' ; 2nd layer tension bars will behave as compression bars

4.3

Assume Compression steel does not yields¿)

Assume Tension steel yields( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

600( c−d ' )

0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )+ A s ' { c }
−0.85 (f c ' ) =A s f y

c=75.797 mm

a=βc=60.638 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01234
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption isCorrect !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =0.0005263
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Solve for Nominal Flexural Capacity ( M n)

a
( )
'

M n=Cc d− + C s ' (d −d )=217.396 KN . m

2
 0.003 rad
ϕ u= =3.958 x 10−5
c mm

CASE 6:

Base, b = 300 mm
b
b d'
d'
Height, h = 450 mm

Clear cover = 40 mm

h d Stirrups = 10 mm
h d

Effective depth,d’ = 62.5 mm

Effective depth,d = 387.5 mm

fc’ = 35 MPa

fy = 420 MPa

Compression Bars = 2-25 mm

Tension bars = 3-25 mm

β factor, For fc' <= 28 Mpa use β = 0.85

For fc' > 28 Mpa, β=0.85-0.05/7(fc’-28)

Therefore, β = 0.8

STAGE 1: BEFORE CRACKING STAGE

 Assume value of Ec (ranges from 4700√ fc ' to 5000√ fc '
Ec = 5000√ fc ' = 29580.399 Mpa
 Solve for ratio of the moduli of elasticity (n) ; Es = 200000 MPa
n = Es/Ec = 6.76
 Locate distance of neutral axis fromm extreme concrete fiber

Ag = 135000 mm2 Yg = 225 mm

(n-1)As1 = 8484.117 mm2 Y1 = 387.5 mm

(n-1)As2= 5656.078 mm2 Y2 = 62.5 mm

c= ӯ=
∑ ( A i)( y i ) = 228.081mm
∑ Ai
 Calculate Transformed Uncracked Moment of Inertia
I un, tr =∑ {I i + Ai (di )2 }
b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2( )
+ A g − ӯ =2.279 x 109 mm 4

I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=2.156 x 108 mm4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =1.551 x 10 8 mm 4
I un, tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=2.65 x 10 9 mm4

 Solve for Modulus of Rupture, fr

f r=0.7 √ f ' c ∙ MPa=4.141 MPa

 Determine Cracking Moment

f r ( I un ,tr )
M cr = =49.454 KN . m
h− ȳ
 Calculate Curvature
M cr rad
ϕ cr = =6.309 x 10−7
E c ( I un ,tr ) mm
STAGE 2: RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

 Locate distance of neutral axis from extreme concrete fiber

π
{ }
A1=n ( d b )2 ( nbars ) =9956.739 mm2
4

A2= ( n−1 ) { π4 ( d ) (n )}=5656.078 mm

b
2
bars
2

b( ӯ ) ( 2ȳ )+ A ( ӯ−d )=A (d− ȳ )

2
'
1

Ӯ =123.419mm

 Solve for transformed crack moment of inertia

I cr , tr =∑ {I i + Ai ( di )2 }

b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2 (
+ A g − ӯ =187993644 mm 4 )
I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=694372222.3mm 4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =20990221.52mm 4

I cr , tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=9.034 x 108 mm4❑

 Solve for Curvature

M cr rad
ϕ cr , tr = =1.851 x 10−6
Ec ( I cr ,tr ) mm
STAGE 3: STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEARLY

ࢿࢉ
ࢿࢉ
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ Ccr,tr = 123.419 mm
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ
c
Itr,cr = 9.034 x 10 8 mm4
c ‫׎‬
‫( ׎‬c−d')
(c−d') fc’ = 35 Mpa
N.A. fy = 420 Mpa
N.A.
Ec = 29580.4 MPa
‫׎‬ (d−c)
‫׎‬ (d−c)
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙ M. Steel yields first

3.1.1 Solve for steel strain at yield point

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

3.1.2 Calculate for Curvature

εs −6 rad
ϕ y= =5.419 x 10
d− ӯ mm

3.1.3 Calculate for moment at yield point

M y =ϕ y ( E s ) ( I cr , tr )=979.121 KN . m

N. Concrete behaves non-linearly

3.2.1 Solve for strain of concrete ; f c =0.7( f ' c )

fc
ε c= =0.000828
Ec

εc −6 rad
ϕ 0.7 fc ' = =6.711 x 10
ӯ mm

M 0.7 fc ' =ϕ0.7 fc ' ( E c )( I cr ,tr ) =179.326 KN . m(govern)

STAGE 4: ULTIMATE CONDITION

b 0.003
b 0.003
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
A2 ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
A2 c
c
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
(c−d')
(c−d')
d N.A.
d N.A.
h (d − a/2)
h (d−d')
(d − a/2)
‫׎‬ (d−c) (d−d')
‫׎‬ (d−c)
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙

4.1 Assume all bar reinforcement yields

Assume Tension and Compression Steel Yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y ) : ( f s '=f y ; ε s ' > ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

0.85 f 'c ( a )( b )+ A s ' { f y −0.85(f c ') }= A s f y

a=26.372 mm

Solve for β Factor: β=0.8

a
c= =32.966 mm
β

Check assumptions by solving the strain of tensile and compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.03226
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =−0.002688
c

ε s ' < ε y ∴ Not Ok ! Solve for the actual f 's

 Since c <d ' ; Compression bars will behave as tension bars

4.2

Assume 1st layer Compression steel yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

Assume 2nd layer Compression steel doesn’t yield

C c =T s 1+T s 2

600 (d ' −c )
'
0.85 f ( βc )( b )= A s f y + As '
c
c { }
c=73.840 mm

a=βc=59.072 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01274
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

' 0.003 ( d ' −c )

ε=
s =−0.0004607
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Since c >d ' ; 2nd layer tension bars will behave as compression bars

4.3

Assume Compression steel does not yields¿)

Assume Tension steel yields( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

600( c−d ' )

0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )+ A s ' { c }
−0.85 (f c ' ) =A s f y

c=75.797 mm
 a=βc=60.638 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01234
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption isCorrect !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =0.0005263
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Solve for Nominal Flexural Capacity ( M n)

a
( )
'

M n=Cc d− + C s ' (d −d )=217.396 KN . m

2

0.003 rad
ϕ u= =3.958 x 10−5
c mm

CASE 7:

Base, b = 300 mm
b
b d'
d'
Height, h = 450 mm

Clear cover = 40 mm

h d Stirrups = 10 mm
h d

Effective depth,d’ = 62.5 mm

Effective depth,d = 387.5 mm

fc’ = 35 MPa

fy = 420 MPa

Compression Bars = 2-25 mm

Tension bars = 3-25 mm

β factor, For fc' <= 28 Mpa use β = 0.85

For fc' > 28 Mpa, β=0.85-0.05/7(fc’-28)

Therefore, β = 0.8

STAGE 1: BEFORE CRACKING STAGE

 Assume value of Ec (ranges from 4700√ fc ' to 5000√ fc '

Ec = 5000√ fc ' = 29580.399 Mpa
 Solve for ratio of the moduli of elasticity (n) ; Es = 200000 MPa
n = Es/Ec = 6.76
 Locate distance of neutral axis fromm extreme concrete fiber

Ag = 135000 mm2 Yg = 225 mm

(n-1)As1 = 8484.117 mm2 Y1 = 387.5 mm

(n-1)As2= 5656.078 mm2 Y2 = 62.5 mm

c= ӯ=
∑ ( A i)( y i ) = 228.081mm
∑ Ai
  Calculate Transformed Uncracked Moment of Inertia
I un, tr =∑ {I i + Ai (di )2 }
b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2 ( )
+ A g − ӯ =2.279 x 109 mm 4

I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=2.156 x 108 mm4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =1.551 x 10 8 mm 4
I un, tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=2.65 x 10 9 mm4

 Solve for Modulus of Rupture, fr

f r=0.7 √ f ' c ∙ MPa=4.141 MPa

 Determine Cracking Moment

f r ( I un ,tr )
M cr = =49.454 KN . m
h− ȳ
 Calculate Curvature
M cr rad
ϕ cr = =6.309 x 10−7
E c ( I un ,tr ) mm

STAGE 2: RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

 Locate distance of neutral axis from extreme concrete fiber

π
{ }
A1=n ( d b )2 ( nbars ) =9956.739 mm2
4

A2= ( n−1 ) { π4 ( d ) (n )}=5656.078 mm

b
2
bars
2

b( ӯ ) ( 2ȳ )+ A ( ӯ−d )=A (d− ȳ )

2
'
1

Ӯ =123.419mm
  Solve for transformed crack moment of inertia

I cr , tr =∑ {I i + Ai ( di )2 }

b h3 2
h
I g=
12 2 ( )
+ A g − ӯ =187993644 mm 4

I 1=A 1 ( d− ӯ )2=694372222.3mm 4

I 2= A2 ( ӯ−d ' )2 =20990221.52mm 4

I cr , tr =I g + I 1+ I 2=9.034 x 108 mm4❑

 Solve for Curvature

M cr rad
ϕ cr , tr = =1.851 x 10−6
Ec ( I cr ,tr ) mm

STAGE 3: STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE BEHAVES NON-LINEARLY

ࢿࢉ
ࢿࢉ
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ Ccr,tr = 123.419 mm
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ
c
Itr,cr = 9.034 x 10 8 mm4
c ‫׎‬
‫( ׎‬c−d')
(c−d') fc’ = 35 Mpa
N.A. fy = 420 Mpa
N.A.
Ec = 29580.4 MPa
‫׎‬ (d−c)
‫׎‬ (d−c)
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙ O. Steel yields first

3.1.1 Solve for steel strain at yield point

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

3.1.2 Calculate for Curvature

εs −6 rad
ϕ y= =5.419 x 10
d− ӯ mm
3.1.3 Calculate for moment at yield point

M y =ϕ y ( E s ) ( I cr , tr )=979.121 KN . m

P. Concrete behaves non-linearly

3.2.1 Solve for strain of concrete ; f c =0.7( f ' c )

fc
ε c= =0.000828
Ec

εc −6 rad
ϕ 0.7 fc ' = =6.711 x 10
ӯ mm

M 0.7 fc ' =ϕ0.7 fc ' ( E c )( I cr ,tr ) =179.326 KN . m(govern)

STAGE 4: ULTIMATE CONDITION

b 0.003
b 0.003
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
d' a ‫ܥ‬௖ ൌ ͺ ͷ݂ܿᇱܾܽ
ͲǤͷ
A2 ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
A2 c
c
ࢿ࢙ Ԣ ܶଶ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ݂௦ᇱെ ͲǤ݂ܿ
ͺ ͷԢ
(c−d')
(c−d')
d N.A.
d N.A.
h (d − a/2)
h (d−d')
(d − a/2)
‫׎‬ (d−c) (d−d')
‫׎‬ (d−c)
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
A1 ܶଵ ൌ ‫ܣ‬ଵ݂௦
ࢿ࢙
ࢿ࢙

4.1 Assume all bar reinforcement yields

Assume Tension and Compression Steel Yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y ) : ( f s '=f y ; ε s ' > ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

0.85 f 'c ( a )( b )+ A s ' { f y −0.85(f c ') }= A s f y

a=26.372 mm
 Solve for β Factor: β=0.8

a
c= =32.966 mm
β

Check assumptions by solving the strain of tensile and compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.03226
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =−0.002688
c

ε s ' < ε y ∴ Not Ok ! Solve for the actual f 's

Since c <d ' ; Compression bars will behave as tension bars

4.2

Assume 1st layer Compression steel yields ( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

Assume 2nd layer Compression steel doesn’t yield

C c =T s 1+T s 2

600 (d ' −c )
0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )= A s f y + As ' { c }
c=73.840 mm

a=βc=59.072 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01274
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

 ' 0.003 ( d ' −c )
ε=
s =−0.0004607
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Since c >d ' ; 2nd layer tension bars will behave as compression bars

4.3

Assume Compression steel does not yields¿)

Assume Tension steel yields( f s=f y ; ε s> ε y )

C c +C s =T s1

600( c−d ' )

0.85 f 'c ( βc )( b )+ A s ' { c }
−0.85 (f c ' ) =A s f y

c=75.797 mm

a=βc=60.638 mm

Check assumptions by solving the strain of compression reinforcements:

fy
ε y= =0.0021
Es

0.003 ( d−c )
ε s= =0.01234
c

ε s >ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption isCorrect !

0.003 ( c−d' )
ε 's= =0.0005263
c

ε s < ε y ∴Ok ! Assumption is correct !

'

Solve for Nominal Flexural Capacity ( M n)

a
( )
'

M n=Cc d− + C s ' (d −d )=217.396 KN . m

2
 0.003 rad
ϕ u= =3.958 x 10−5
c mm