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NU DB and NOISE CALCULATION PDF

The document provides information about decibels and noise analysis in communication systems. It defines decibels as a unit used to measure power ratios and discusses decibel operations such as addition and subtraction. It also categorizes different types of noise including correlated noise like distortion and uncorrelated noise from external and internal sources. Equations for calculating noise power, voltage, signal-to-noise ratio, noise factor, and equivalent noise temperature are presented.

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Christelle Cha Lota
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187 views49 pages

NU DB and NOISE CALCULATION PDF

The document provides information about decibels and noise analysis in communication systems. It defines decibels as a unit used to measure power ratios and discusses decibel operations such as addition and subtraction. It also categorizes different types of noise including correlated noise like distortion and uncorrelated noise from external and internal sources. Equations for calculating noise power, voltage, signal-to-noise ratio, noise factor, and equivalent noise temperature are presented.

Uploaded by

Christelle Cha Lota
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PARTMHAR

ENGR. KRISTIAN 1 DE PADUA


Sample problem no. 5:
GT = ?

P1 = 10dB 10dB 12dB PO1 = ?

PT = ?

P2 = 20dB 16dB PO2 = ?


DECIBEL notation

Decibel is a measure of signal level and its


change. It is obtained from a ratio of two similar
variables. The decibel unit is abbreviated as dB.
DECIBEL notation

The unit dB is named after Alexander Graham Bell, who


originated the unit as a measure of power attenuation in
telephone lines. By Bell’s definition, a unit of Bell Gain is:
Bell: 𝑃𝑜 𝑉𝑜
2
𝐼𝑜
2
𝐺𝐵 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑃𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖
Decibel: 𝑃𝑜 𝑉𝑜
2
𝐼𝑜
2
𝐺𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑃𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖
Gains in decibel

Logarithmic unit that can be used to measure ratios of


virtually anything.
𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑃𝑜
𝐺𝑑𝐵 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐺𝑑𝐵 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐺𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖 𝑃𝑖

𝐴𝑣2 𝐴𝑖2 𝐴𝑝2


𝑑𝐵 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑑𝐵 = 20 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝐴𝑣1 𝐴𝑖1 𝐴𝑝1
Gains in Decibel

Gains can also be expressed in dBi and dBd.


𝐺 𝐺
𝐺𝑑𝐵𝑖 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐺𝑑𝐵𝑑 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝐺𝑖 𝐺𝑑

G = UNITLESS Gain
Gi = Gain of an Isotropic antenna = 1
Gd = Gain of a half-wave dipole = 1.64
Gains in Decibel

NOTE:
✓ A POSITIVE gain in dB means that the output
signal was amplified.
✓ A NEGATIVE gain in dB is actually a LOSS in the
system.
Gains in Decibel

NOTE:
✓ A POSITIVE gain that is UNITLESS means that the
output signal is IN-PHASE with the input.
✓ A NEGATIVE gain that is UNITLESS means that the
output signal is OUT-OF-PHASE with the input.
In both cases, it is a gain if it is GREATER than 1,
else it is a loss.
powers in Decibel

Power are also commonly expressed in dB or dBm.


𝑃𝑤
𝑃𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑃𝑤 𝑃𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓
PW = Power in Watts
Pref = reference power = 1 mW
𝑃𝑤
𝑃𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1 𝑚𝑊
powers in Decibel

Other dB notations for power depends on the


reference power.
𝑃𝑤 𝑃𝑤
𝑃𝑑𝐵𝑊 = 10 log 𝑃𝑑𝐵𝜇 = 10 log
1𝑊 1 𝜇𝑊

𝑃𝑤 𝑃𝑤
𝑃𝑑𝐵𝑛 = 10 log 𝑃𝑑𝐵𝑝 = 10 log
1 𝑛𝑊 1 𝑝𝑊
powers in Decibel

NOTE:
✓ A POSITIVE power in dB means that it is GREATER
than 1 W.
✓ A NEGATIVE power in dB means that it is LESS
than 1 W.
Decibel operations

The operation of dB is valid only for specific cases. We


must first know the interpretation of the operations in dB.
Parameters in dB can only be ADDED or SUBTRACTED,
therefore we can NEVER multiply/divide two quantities in
dB.
Decibel operations

DECIBEL ADDITION comes from the concept that the non-


dB parameters are being multiplied, for example for
computing the total gain.

𝐺𝑇 = 𝐺1 ∙ 𝐺2

𝐺𝑇𝑑𝐵 = 𝐺1𝑑𝐵 + 𝐺2𝑑𝐵


Decibel operations

DECIBEL SUBTRACTION comes from the concept that we


are getting the ratio of two non-dB parameters, for
example for computing power gain.

𝐺𝑝 = 𝑃𝑜 /𝑃𝑖

𝐺𝑃𝑑𝐵 = 𝑃𝑜𝑑𝐵 − 𝑃𝑖𝑑𝐵


Decibel operations
Sample problem no. 1:

What is the increased in decibel (dB) if:


(a) the input power is doubled?
(b) the input voltage is doubled?
Sample problem no. 2:

An amplifier has an output of 40 W. What is the


output power in dBm? If the power gain is –13.05,
what is the input power in dB and dBm of the
amplifier?
Sample problem no. 3:

A cascaded voltage amplifier is consist of 3 stages


with individual gains of 10, 12 and –15, what is the
total gain in ratio and in dB?
Sample problem no. 4:

A cascaded power amplifier is consist of 3 stages


with individual gains of 3 dB, 6 dB and –5 dB, what
is the total gain in ratio and in dB? If the input
power if 10 dBm, what is the output power?
Sample problem no. 5:
GT = ?

P1 = 10dB 10dB 12dB PO1 = ?

PT = ?

P2 = 20dB 16dB PO2 = ?


Sample problem no. 6:

If the power gain is 80, what is the unitless voltage


gain?
If the power gain is 30 dB, what is the voltage gain
dB?
PARTMHAR
ENGR. KRISTIAN 2 DE PADUA
UNWANTED SIGNALS

✓ NOISE – any undesirable electrical energy that falls


within the passband of the signal.
✓ INTERFERENCE – It is when information signals from
one source produce frequencies that fall outside their
allocated bandwidth and interfere with information
signals from another source.
✓ DISTORTION – the alteration of the original shape
or the other characteristic of the information signal.
Noise analysis

GENERAL CATEGORIES:
✓ CORRELATED – these are noise that only occurs when
an information signal is present in the system.
✓ UNCORRELATED – these are noise that can occurs even
an information signal is not present in the system.
Correlated noise

HARMONIC DISTORTION
Results when unwanted harmonics of a signal are
produced through non-linear amplification.

INTERMODULATION DISTORTION
Results when unwanted sum and difference
frequencies are generated when two or more signals are
amplified in a non-linear device.
unCorrelated noise

EXTERNAL NOISE
Noise that are generated outside the system. These
are commonly due to the surroundings and location of the
system.
INTERNAL NOISE
It represents all types of noise that arise inside the
system components. Noise is generated in all electronic
equipment coming from passive and active devices.
external noise

I. ATMOSPHERIC NOISE
A naturally occurring electrical disturbance that
originate within the Earth’s atmosphere.

II. EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL NOISE


Noise that consists of electrical signals that originate
from outside Earth’s atmosphere. These are Solar noise,
noise from sun’s activity, and Cosmic noise, from nearby
stars and galaxies.
external noise

III. MAN-MADE NOISE


Noise generated by human activity.

IV. IMPULSE NOISE


Consist of sudden burst of irregularly shaped pulses
that generally last between a few microseconds and a
fraction of millisecond.
INternal noise

I. SHOT NOISE
It is a random fluctuation that accompanies any
direct current crossing a potential barrier caused by
random arrival of carrier at the output element of
electronic devices.
II. PARTITION NOISE
Occurs due to random fluctuation wherever current
has to divide between two or more electrodes.
INternal noise
III. FLICKER NOISE
A low frequency noise associated with crystal surface
defects in semiconductor and vacuum tubes. It is inversely
proportional to frequency and also called Pink Noise.

IV. BURST NOISE


Another low frequency noise that seems to be
associated with heavy-metal ion contamination. It produce
popping sound if amplified hence called Popcorn Noise.
INternal noise
V. TRANSIT-TIME NOISE
It occurs when the time taken by charge carrier to
cross a junction is comparable to the period of the signal.

VI. THERMAL NOISE


It is associated with the rapid and random movement
of electrons within a conductor due to thermal agitation.
Also called Brownian noise, Johnson noise, White noise and
Gaussian noise.
Noise calculations

1. AVERAGE THERMAL NOISE POWER (PN):


𝑃𝑁𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑘𝑇𝐵
k – Boltzman constant
T – equivalent temperature in Kelvin
B – bandwidth in Hz
𝑃𝑁𝑇 = 𝑃𝑁1 + 𝑃𝑁2 + 𝑃𝑁3 + ⋯ 𝑃𝑁𝑛
Noise calculations

2. RMS NOISE VOLTAGE (VN):

𝑉𝑁𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 4𝑘𝑇𝐵𝑅

R – system resistance in Ohms.

2 2 2 2
𝑉𝑁𝑇 = 𝑉𝑁1 + 𝑉𝑁2 + 𝑉𝑁3 + ⋯ 𝑉𝑁4
Noise calculations

3. SIGNAL-TO-NOISE POWER RATIO (S/N):

𝑆 𝑃𝑆 𝑆 𝑆
= = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑁 𝑃𝑁 𝑁 𝑑𝐵
𝑁

Since is the ratio of the signal power over the noise


power, a large number of S/N ratio is desired in
communication systems.
Noise calculations

4. NOISE FACTOR (F), NOISE FIGURE (NF):

𝑆/𝑁 𝑖
𝐹= 𝑁𝐹 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝐹)
𝑆/𝑁 𝑂

These are figures of merit used to indicate how much


the signal-noise ratio deteriorates as a signal passes
through a circuit or series of circuit.
Noise calculations

The total noise factor of cascaded systems can be


computed using Friis’s formula:
𝐹2 − 1 𝐹3 − 1 𝐹𝑁 − 1
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹1 + + + …+
𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝐴2 … 𝐴𝑁−1

AN = POWER GAIN of each stage


FN = Individual NOISE FACTOR
Noise calculations

5. EQUIVALENT NOISE TEMPERATURE:

𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇 𝐹 − 1 + 𝑇𝑠𝑘𝑦

T – room temperature in K (290 K in IEEE standard)


F – noise factor/in antennas: feedline loss (Unitless)
𝑇𝑒2 𝑇𝑒3 𝑇𝑒𝑁
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑞 = 𝑇𝑒1 + + + …+
𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝐴2 … 𝐴𝑁−1
Noise calculations

6. EQUIVALENT NOISE RESISTANCE:


𝑅𝑒 = 𝑅 𝐹 − 1

R – antenna resistance
F – noise factor/in antennas: feedline loss (Unitless)
𝑅𝑒2 𝑅𝑒3 𝑅𝑒𝑁
𝑅𝑇𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅𝑒1 + + + …+
𝐴1 𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1 𝐴2 … 𝐴𝑁−1
Noise calculations

7. SHOT NOISE (IN):

𝐼𝑁 = 2𝑞𝑒 𝐼𝐵

qe = electron charge =1.6x10-19 C


I = dc current of any device in Ampere
B = bandwidth in Hz
Noise calculations

A. HARMONICS: 𝑡ℎ
𝑁 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 = 𝑛 × 𝑓𝑠

B. OVERTONE: 𝑁 𝑡ℎ 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒 = (𝑛 + 1) × 𝑓𝑠

C. DECADE: 𝑁 𝑡ℎ 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑒 = 10𝑛 × 𝑓𝑠

D. OCTAVE: 𝑁 𝑡ℎ 𝑂𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 2𝑛 × 𝑓𝑠
Sample problem no. 7:

Calculate the shot noise component of the current


present on the direct current of 1 mA flowing across
a semiconductor junction, given that the effective
noise bandwidth is 1 MHz.
Sample problem no. 8:

A receiver connected to an antenna whose resistance


is 50 ohms has an equivalent noise resistance of 30
ohms. What is the receiver’s noise temperature?
Sample problem no. 9:

A 20 kΩ resistor is at room temperature of 290 K.


Calculate the threshold noise voltage for a bandwidth
of 100 kHz.
Sample problem no. 10:

Calculate the equivalent noise temperature of a


receiver with a noise figure of 1.5 dB.
Sample problem no. 11:

Calculate the bias current of the diode if it produces


150 nA noise current over a 300 kHz bandwidth.
Sample problem no. 12:

What is the output S/N ratio if the noise factor is 20


and the input S/N ratio is 25 dB?
Sample problem no. 13:

Two resistors in series R1 = 50Ω with T1 = 350 K


and R2 = 100Ω with T2 = 450 K. Determine the
total noise voltage over a bandwidth of 120 kHz.
Sample problem no. 14:

Three amplifier that may be connected in any order


in a cascade are defined as follows. The sequence
of connection that will give the lowest overall
effective input noise temperature for the cascade is:
A. ABC
B. BAC
C. CAB
D. CBA

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