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– SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

CHAPTER 3:

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Chapter 3:

RESEARCH

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Research methodology discusses the steps and
procedures that you will use in conducting research.
This includes the type of research technique you will
adopt in the study how you will get the data for the
study, whom and where you will get the data from and
how you will analyze the data gathered.

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3.1 Research Design
3.2 Research Locale
3.3 The Respondents
3.4 Research Ethics
3.5 Research Instrument
3.6 Data Collection Procedure
3.7 Data Analysis Procedure

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3.1 Research Design.
• This section describes the specific research approach you
will use in this study. This can be ethnography, case study,
grounded theory, phenomenology or narrative. The
research design is dependent on the purpose of the study
and the set of specific research questions you have
formulated.

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• Ethnography
• Phenomenology
• Case Study
• Narrative
• Grounded Theory

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3.2 Research Locale.
• This section describes the setting or location of your study.
The specific description of the setting is very important in a
qualitative research since the setting or context may have an
effect or impact on the behavior of the respondents.

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3.3 The Respondents
This describes the respondents of the study and how the
respondents shall be qualified. The description may include the
demographic profile of the respondents such as age, education
background, occupation or other factors that may be relevant in the
understanding the (behavior of the) respondents.

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3.4 Research Ethics
The following is a general summary of some ethical
principles that researchers must observe:
• Honesty and integrity
• Objectivity
• Carefulness
• Openness
• Respect for intellectual property
• Confidentiality
• Responsible publication
• Legality
• Animal care
• Human subject protection

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3.5 Research Instruments
This section outlines the instruments you will use in the study
such as interview questions, interview protocols, observation
guide, survey form, focus group discussion question and others.

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3.6 Data Collection Procedure
This section describes the strategy and specific steps you will
undergo in order to collect the data for your study. In some
types of research, particularly ethnographic and case studies,
the specific date of doing the steps is important. The
instruments used to record (pen and paper, audio or video
recorder, etc.) may also be mentioned.

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After completing your research proposal, you are now ready to
collect data for your study. Your qualitative data collection
procedure may be any of the following as deemed applicable.
1. Observation
2. Interview
3. Focus Group Discussion

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1. Observation. Some research questions
can be best answered by seeing for
yourself what is happening or how things
look (e.g., students’ behavior in a
particular subject).
This technique has four (4) types:

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• Participant observation – the researcher participates
as much as possible in the daily life of the subjects
while also carefully observing everything he can about
it which gives the researcher an opportunity to learn
things directly from his own experience
• Nonparticipant observation - the researcher does not
participate in the activity but rather, he “sits on the
sidelines” and watches the subjects

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• Naturalistic observation – involves observing the
subject in their natural environments
• Simulation – allows the researcher to observe what is
happening in certain kinds of situation, including
those that occur infrequently by creating the desired
situation

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• Field notes are simple, detailed notes of the researcher while
conducting observation in the field. This is the written account
of what the researcher has seen, experienced, felt or thought
during the actual observation. This can be reflective or
descriptive.
• Field jottings refer to quick notes on to something the
researcher would like to recall later. This provides some
stimulus for the researcher to recall on details for the
interview or observation.
• Field diary refers to the personal statement of the
researcher’s thoughts, feelings, or opinions on others whom
he has close encounter with during the course of study.
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Risks in using Observation Technique
• Observer effect means that the act of observing will
influence the phenomenon being observed because people
may not behave or act naturally when they are aware of being
observed.

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Risks in using Observation Technique
• Observer bias refers to the possibility that certain
characteristics or ideas of the researcher may “affect what
they observe” – because we are all influenced to some degree
by our experiences in the past, which in turn affect how we
see the world and the people around us.

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2. Interview. This technique is a conversation between two or
more people where the interviewer asks questions to gather
specific information form the interviewee. There are four (4)
different types of interviews for qualitative research:

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• Structured interview – the researcher prepares a specific set
of questions (often shorter in nature) and reads the questions
exactly to individuals to establish an understanding of their
ideas on a topic
• Semi-structured interview – the researcher sets the outline
for the topics covered and prepares mostly open-ended
questions such that the responses of the interviewee
determine the direction of the interview

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• Informal interview – are less formal than structured or semi-
structured interviews. They resemble casual observations as
they do not involve any specific type of sequence of questions
or any particular form of questioning.
• Retrospective interview – can be structured, unstructured or
informal. Here, the researcher tries to get the respondent to
recall and then reconstruct from memory something that has
happened in the past.

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*Tips in conducting an Interview
Stay consistent with the introduction of the study, sequence
of questions and wording of the questions.
Do not let another person answer for the participant or offer
his opinion about the question.
Do not suggest an answer or agree or disagree with the
answer.
Do not interpret the meaning of a question.
Do not improvise such as adding answer categories or
making word changes.

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3. Focus Group Discussion is a free-flowing discussion with
a small group of six to ten people in order to generate ideas and
opinions on certain issues moderated by a skilled facilitator.
Note that an FGD is not a debate or a session that resolves
conflict or a problem; instead, it is an opportunity to gain
insights from participants on certain topics.

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In selecting the participants for the focus group, the
following are some of the criteria to be considered:
Age
Gender
Power

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The number of questions must be short but direct to the point,
focused, open-ended and non-threatening. There are thee (3)
types of FGD questions:
• Engagement questions introduce the participants to the
topic and set the tone for the discussion
• Exploration questions get the insights of the participants on
the topic. These questions also probe some of the issues
given by the participants that usually begin asking why and
how.
• Exit questions are given to make sure everything is covered
up and nothing is missed in the discussion

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Engagement Questions:
• What are your top favorite computer games?
• How often do you play?
Exploration Questions:
• Who influenced you to play computer games?
• What do you think are advantages and
disadvantages of playing computer games?
Exit Questions:
• Is there anything you would like to say about
playing computer games?

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3.7 Data Analysis Procedure
This section describes how
you will analyze the data that
you will gather.
Interpreting
Qualitative Data:
• Patterns
• Key Events
• Visual Presentations
• Statistics

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A. Patterns.
This is actually the utmost concern of a qualitative research – to
look for patterns, themes or constructs. You can generate
concepts or constructs by comparing and contrasting the data
collected and sorting out until you can be able to find patterns
and dividing them into themes. To loom for patterns, code
common responses in the observation you have made.
• Example: A research is conducted to investigate the migration
of medical doctors in public hospitals to private hospitals.
Based on 15 doctors as respondents, many of them cited the
following reasons: better pay, good working conditions, career
growth and flexible time.

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A. Patterns.
This is actually the utmost concern of a qualitative research – to
look for patterns, themes or constructs. You can generate
concepts or constructs by comparing and contrasting the data
collected and sorting out until you can be able to find patterns
and dividing them into themes. To loom for patterns, code
common responses in the observation you have made.
• Example: A research is conducted to investigate the migration
of medical doctors in public hospitals to private hospitals.
Based on 15 doctors as respondents, many of them cited the
following reasons: better pay, good working conditions, career
growth and flexible time.
*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
B. Key events. These are specific and prominent events or
phenomena that occurred in a certain group. If your study is
aiming to describe and analyze a culture group, key events
that occur in a group you are studying can provide necessary
information. This can also provide an understanding of the
group and can help you to relate the culture of the group to
others.

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Example: Most doctors in public hospitals now are migrating to
private hospitals due to career planning reason that international
employment opportunity requires. A recent overseas employment
qualification disclosed that medical companies abroad prefer
doctors to have trainings at private hospitals which are
internationally accredited by facility standards.

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C. Visual Representations.
This s a very useful tool in presenting and understanding the
results in a qualitative research. This better presents any
system, patterns, interaction or relationship that could
generate from the data. Visual representations can be done in
the form of maps, graphic organizers, matrices and flowcharts.

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 Overseas Migration of doctors
Career Planning
Employment from public to private
of Practitioners hospitals
Qualitfication

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D. Statistics. The use of numbers in qualitative research
is not the primary data that you can get. However, there are
some responses or data in which statistics is needed such as
percentage and frequency.

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Cause of Migration from Number of interviewees Percentage of interviewees
public to private hospitals who cited the reasons who cited the reason

Better pay 15 100

God working condition 12 80

Career growth 14 93

Flexible time 13 87

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1. Choose your research design.
2. Select your locale.
3. Decide for your population and the most suitable sampling technique to
be used.
4. Identify what ethical issues and concerns that your research may
encounter and discuss the possible course of actions to be done in order to
diminish those.
5. Choose the most applicable research instrument to be used for your
research that could elicit the best answers for your research question.
Categorize the questions if necessary.
6. Draft your questionnaire. Base your questions to the problem statement
and hypothesis.
7. Consult your draft to your teacher for content and face validation.
8. Plan how you will collect the data.
9. Plan how you will analyze the data.
10. Proofread the statements (should be in future tense)
11. Prepare for the Pre-defense!

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*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
1. Choose your research design.
2. Select your locale.
3. Decide for your population and the most suitable sampling technique to be used.
4. Identify what ethical issues and concerns that your research may encounter and
discuss the possible course of actions to be done in order to diminish those.
5. Choose the most applicable research instrument to be used for your research that
could elicit the best answers for your research question. Categorize the questions
if necessary.
6. Draft your questionnaire. Base your questions to the problem statement and
hypothesis.
7. Consult your draft to your teacher for content and face validation.
8. Plan how you will collect the data.
9. Plan how you will analyze the data.
10. Proofread the statements (should be in future tense)
11. Prepare for the Pre-defense!

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL