KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY \ FACULTY OF ENGINE FRING \ “CTRONIC ENGINEERING \ ENT OF ELECTRICAL AND EL : . OEE CHEL IN TELECOMMUNIC ATIONS ENGINEER BACHELOR OF ENGINEERI NG YEAR I SEMESTER IT EXAMINATIONS 2012/2013 '§ OF INSTRUMENT ATION EE 122: PRINCIPL \ AND MEASUREMENT DATE 17/05/2013 TIME 8.00 AM. ~ 10.00AM INSTRUCTIONS: © This examination contains Seven(7) questions # Attempt any five(5) questions. ©The first five questions shali be marked if more than five questions are attempted © All questions carry equal marks of 20% «Begin each question on a fresh page «A Table of Dimensions of Electrical Quantities shail be provided 1. (@)__ What is meant by the dimensions of a quantity? (4 marks) (6) Define the dimensions of (i) Charge (2 marks) (ii) Voltage (2 marks) Gii) Resistance (2 marks) (iv) Current density (2 marks) (v) Magnetic field strength (2 marks) (©) Describe a method to show that the product (e””#,4,”) has the dimensions of velocity and the velocity is equal to that of light. (6 marks) 2 (a) _Ttis suspected that an error has been made in the derivation of the expression 7 f(r, +R) +L) for the current through the pressure coil of the wattmeter, in terms of the voltage V, angular velocity , self-inductance Lp and resistances rp and R. Point out the term or terms missing and write the correct expression. Use any system of units to check the correctness of the expression. (10 marks)(a) : () ©) (b) ©) State two(2) reasons why the dynamic performance of instruments or measuring systems is important (2 marks) Derive the ratio ® / vj in terms of the D operator of the frst order differential equation where @ is the output and 6, is the input of the system (6 marks) Determine the time constant t and the static sensitivity of the systems whose dynamic performances are described by the following differential equations: a) 304 +30, = 15x10°8, dt For a thermocouple in a protect /e sheath, where J, ~ output voltage and @,~ the input temperature in °C Gi) 142% 4420, = 9.60, dt Fora resistor/ bellowssystem below, where @,— bellows displacement in mm. 6, the input pressure in bars. Describe with illustrations the following test signals in the time domain analysis: (i) Step input (2 marks) (ii) Ramp input (2 marks) (ii) Impulse input (2 marks) (i) Derive the wansfer function of the second order system, (4 marks) (ii) Give the four(4) cases depending on the damping ratio for the second order system and their significance. (4 marks) The dynamic equation of a galvanometer is given by 8. 6, 9.720«10° 52 + O47 +0430%10" 8, = 0.09710 0, Calculate.- (i) the static sensitivity, (2 marks) (ii) the damping ratio. (2 marks) (iii) the undamped natural frequency of oscillation. (2 marks) Page 3 of 6KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING YEAR I SEMESTER I EXAMINATIONS 2014/2015 EE122:; PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT DATE: 24/04/2015 TIME: 8.00 A.M. ~ 11.00 A.M. INSTRUCTIONS: * This examination contains Seven(7) questions Attempt any five(5) questions ‘The first five questions shall be marked if more than five questions are attempted * All questions carry equal marks of 20% * Begin each question on a fresh page Question One (@) (i) One of the application areas of measurement systems is in automatic feedback control systems. Explain this application using a block diagram of a simple closed-loop control system? (4 marks) (i) Explain the difference between null and deflection instruments giving clear descriptions with examples, areas of application, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of each? (7 marks) (b) A load cell is calibrated in an environment at a temperature of 21°C and has the following deflection/load characteristic: Lond (ta) 0 50) 13000 Deflection (mm) 099 10 20 30 40 ‘When used in an environment at 35°C, its characteristic changes to the following: Load (1) o 30 100130200 Deflection (mm) 02 13 24 35 46 Page bos(i Determine the sensitivity at 21°C and 35°C. @ marks) (ii) Calculate the total zero drift and sensitivity drift at 35°C. G marks) (iil) Hence determine the zero drift and sensitivity drift coefficients (in units of umv'C and (um per kgy(C)). (G marks) Question Two (@) @ Explain the principle of operation of a thermocouple as a temperature transducer and explain the reasons why glass thermometers are not used much nowadays in industries (4 marks) (if) Assuming that you are appointed a projects engineer in a certain industry, explain the factors you would consider when selecting the type of transducer for a given application? (5 marks) (iii) A platinum resistance thermometer has a resistance of 1002 at 0°c and the value of a is 0.00385. In operation the resistance is 105. Calculate the temperature? (3 marks) (b) () A tungsten/5% rhenium-tungsten/26% rhenium thermocouple has an output em.f. as shown in the following table when it’s hot (measuring) junction is at the temperatures shown. Determine the sensitivity of measurement for the thermocouple in mV/°C, mV 4.37 8.74 13.11 | 17.48 c 250 500 750 1000 (4 marks) ’) Describe the basic construction of a resistance type temperature sensor and state the reason why it is unaffected by the temperature of the gauge head? (4 marks) Question Three (a) @) Explain what calibration means and also explain the significance of carrying out calibration in engineering practice? Sauital (6) Explain the block diagram of a transducer and explain the difference between primary and secondary transducers? (4 marks) ( ( Explain how optical pickups and magnetic pickups work asa speed transducers? (5 marks) Page 2 ofS(ii) A thermocouple produces an emf. in mV according to the temperature difference between the sensor tip 6, and the gauge head @, such thate =a(4 -0,)+ 4(67-8,"). Given @=3.5x 10" and B = 8.2 x 10°. Determine the mV output when the tip is at 220°C and the gauge head at 20°C? (2 marks) (@) Determine the resolution of an 8 bit register converted into a voltage in the range 0 to 10 V. What is the digital value that represents a value of 4 volts? (4 marks) Question Four (a) ( A 3 volt d.c. power source required for a circuit is obtained by connecting together two 1,5V batteries in series. If the error in the voltage output of each battery is specified as + 1%, calculate the likely maximum possible error in the 3 volt power source that they make up. (S marks) (ii) Position sensors are essential elements in the control of actuators. There are three principle types of position sensors; Resistive, optical and inductive. Optical types can either linear or rotary. With illustrations, explain how linear and rotary optical types work? (7 marks) (b) @ Write down the general differential equation describing the dynamic response of a second order measuring instrument and state the expressions relating the static sensitivity, undamped natural frequency and damping ratio to the parameters in this differential equation. Sketch the instrument response for the cases of heavy damping, critical damping and light damping, and state which of these is the usual target when a second order instrument is being designed. (5 marks) (ii Briefly explain how measurement techniques have evolved with time since the start of human civilization? (3 marks) Question Five (2) ( Explain the difference between indicating and non-indicating instruments giving clear descriptions with examples, areas of application, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of each? (7 marks) Gi) Explain the difference between reliability and availability of measuring instruments and aiso give an explanation of the quantification of reliability stating the different parameters used to quantify reliability. - (6 marks)(b) The following measurement sets A, B, and C were obtained in an industry as shown below; 398 420,394 416 404 408 400 420 396 413 430 (Measurement sct A) 409 406 402 407 405 404 407 404 407 407 408 (Measurement set B) 409 406 402 407 405 404 407 404 407 407 408 406 410 406 405 408 406 409 406 405 409 406 407 (Measurement set C) Calculate o and V for measurement sets A, B and C above. (7 marks) Question Six (a) (® The pattern of failure in an instrument may increase, life. Using graphs for the typical variation of reliability with component age. Expl failure pattems for instruments with electronic components, mechanical components and (6 marks) stay the same or decrease over its the complex systems? i) Typical applications of measurement involve monitoring of a process to indicate its state (4 marks) or condition, Explain the different examples that come under this category? () The output voltage from a translational motion potentiometer of stroke length 0.1metre is to bbe measured by an instrument whose resistance is 20 kO. The maximum measurement error, which occurs when the slider is positioned two-thirds of the way along the element (ie. when AC = 2AB/3), must not exceed 1% of the full-scale reading. The highest possible ‘measurement sensitivity is also required. A family of potentiometers having a power rating of 1 watt per 0.01 metre and resistances ranging. from 100 to 10 kQ in 1000 steps is available, Choose the most suitable potentiometer from this range and calculate the sensitivity of ‘measurement that it gives. (10 matks) Question Seven (a) Compute voltage the gain of an attenuator with an input voltage of 12 V and output voltage of 2V. Why is the gain of an attenuator negative? (3 marks) (®) Explain the following as applied in processing of transduced signals: @ Amplifiers (2 marks) (ii) Attenuators (2 marks) (2 marks) al converters (i) Si Page 4005(©) Explain the following signal receivers as applied in the processing of transduced signals: @ Chart recorders (2 marks) (i) Plotters and printers (2 marks) (d) (i) Using a diagram, explain the measurement of displacement using a resistive potentiometer and also discuss the operational problems encountered? (5 marks) (ii) Calculate the power gain (in decibels) of an amplifier which has an input of 10mW and an output of 12 Watts. (2 marks) ENDKYAMBOGO _ UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING - Electrical & Electronics Department BEng.TE I - Day Class EE122; PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT CAT #1 DATE: 23% March 2015 TIME: 11:00 - 12:30P.M INSTRUCTIONS: [1] Answer ALL questions for full marks. [2|_ The weight of each question is indicated 1 (a) (i) Describe the basic construction of a resistance type temperature sensor and state the reason why it is unaffected by the temperature of the gauge head? (5 marks} (ii) A platinum resistance thermometer has a resistance of 1009 at 0°c and the value of @ is 0.00385. In operation the resistance is 1059. Calculate the temperature? (2 marks) (b) (i) Explain the factors you would consider when selecting the type of transducer for a given application? (5 marks) (ii) A thermocouple produces an e.m.f in mV according to the temperature difference between the sensor tip @, and the gauge head @, such thate =a(6, -0,)+f(G? -0,?); @= 3.5 x 102 and f = 8.2 x 10%. The gauge head is at 20°C. The mV output is 10 mV. Calculate the temperature at the sensor? (4 marks) 2 (a) Explain the block diagram of a transducer and explain the difference between primary and secondary transducers? (4 marks) {b) Explain the following speed transducers used for measuring the output speed of a rotating object: (i) Optical pickups (3 marks) (ii) Magnetic pickups (3 marks) (ii) Tachometers (3 marks) 3 {a) (i) Explain how transducers are classified basing on the type of output? (4 marks) (ii) Distinguish between pneumatic and hydraulic forms of energy used in active instruments stating the advantages and disadvantages of each? (4 maria) {b} The pattern of failure in an instrument may increase, stay the same or decrease over its life. Using graphs for the typical variation of reliability with component age. Explain the failure aatterns for instruments with electronic components. es (marks)