SUMMARY

MUSIC 4

KABUKI (JAPAN)

Kabuki is a Japanese traditional theatre art that is performed in a

stylized manner which combines acting, singing and dancing. This rich blend
of music, mime, dance, costume, and props and has been in existence for
almost four centuries. The term Kabuki in modern Japanese means: ka,
“song”; bu, “dance”; and ki, “skill.” It is a highly play that actors show their
wide range of skills in visual and vocal performance.

Kabuki was founded in 1603 by Okuni, a Shinto priestess. She and her
troupe of mostly women performed dances and comic sketches on a temporary
stage set up in the dry riverbed of the Komagawa River in Kyoto. Her troupe
gained national recognition and their plays evolved into kabuki that would later
become one of the three major classical theater of Japan.

PEKING OPERA (CHINA)

Peking opera also known as the Beijing opera still follows traditional
Chinese arts in stressing meaning, rather than precise actions. The opera
artists’ goal is to make every performance exceptionally beautiful in every
movement they will make. The performer’s vocal techniques as well as rhythms
and melodies vary depending on his or her thoughts and feelings adhering to
basic, strict conventions that are based on real life experiences presented in an
artistic and symbolic manner.

Performances are accompanied by music - usually played on three types of

instruments:

• wind instruments
• string instruments
• percussion instruments

The main instruments are Chinese in origin:

1. jinghu - a two-stringed instrument played with a bow
2. yueqin - a four-stringed instrument that is plucked
3. sanxian - a three-stringed instrument which isalso plucked
4. variety of gongs and cymbals – creates rhythmic and graceful melodies

The melodies played by the accompaniment fall mainly into three broad
categories.
 • The first is the aria. The arias of Beijing opera can be further divided into
those of the Erhuang and Xipi varieties. An example of an aria is
wawadiao, an aria in the Xipi style that is sung by a young Sheng to
indicate heightened emotion.
• The second type of melody heard in Beijing opera is the fixed-tune
melody, or qupai. These are instrumental tunes that serve a wider range
of purposes than arias. Examples include the "Water Dragon Tune"
(shui long yin), which generally denotes the arrival of an important
person, and "Triple Thrust"(ji san qiang), which may signal a feast
or banquet.

• The final type of musical accompaniment is the percussion pattern.

Such patterns provide context to the music in ways similar to the fixed-
tune melodies. For example, there are as many as 48 different
percussion patterns that accompany stage entrances. Each one
identifies the entering character by his or her individual rank and
personality.

WAYANG KULIT (INDONESIA)

In wayangkulit the dalang sings the mood songs (suluk) at regular

intervals during performance. Suluk are never accompanied by the full gamelan
ensemble. Often a single instrument accompanies the singer, never more than
three or four. The major dramatic function of gamelan music is to accompany
stage action. Entrances, exits, and fight scenes are executed in time to
gamelan music.

Gamelan ensemble is composed mainly of bronze percussion

instruments, augmented by other percussion instruments, strings, and flute.

GLOSSARY
• Aria - Self-contained expressive melody for one voice, usually with orchestral
accompaniment
• Bonang - Set of bronze bowls
• Bu - Dance
• Dalang - Puppeteer and narrator of wayangkulit
• Erhuang - Used to express the lyric mood, such as mild, placid and gentle
• Gamelan Music Ensemble - Background accompaniment in every performance
of wayangkulit
• Gender - Bronze xylophone with resonance chambers beneath
 • Gong and Kempul - Hanging gongs
• Ka – Song
• Kabuki - Combination of acting, dancing and music which includes the
manifestation of form, color and sound

• Kata - Japanese word describing detailed choreographed patterns of

movements practised either solo or in pairs
• Kendang - Horizontal drum beat with the fingers on both ends
• Kenong and Ketuk -Single inverted bronze bowl
• Ki – Skill
• Mie - Making a pose and standing still during acting, to express the rising of
feelings.
This has the effect of having a close-up on that person
• Peking Opera - Combination of music, vocal, mime, dance and acrobats
• Qupai - Fixed-tune melody
• Rebab - Two-stringed fiddle
• Saron - Xylophone of heavy bronze bars
• Sheng - A mouth-blown free reed instrument consisting of vertical pipes
• Suling – Flute
• Suluk - Mood songs
• Tjelempung - A zither of thirteen double strings
• Wayangkulit - A traditional theatre art of Indonesia

ARTS
A. Chinese Peking Opera:
 Peking Opera is a traditional theater art form of China.
 It is based on Chinese history, folklore and contemporary life.
 The two main melodies used are Xipi and Erhuang.
 The characters performing are Sheng –Male role,Dan-female role, Jing-
painted face male role, and Chou-male clown.
 The performers utilize four main skills such as,song,speech, dance-acting
and combat.
 The highest aim is to put beauty into every motion, that is why they
determined conventions of movement.
 Musicians are visible infront of the stage. Whip, fans, and ore are usually
used as props of the play.

B. Chinese Spring/New Year Festival:

 Spring festival is known also as Chinese New Year.

 It is the most important traditional Chinese holiday.
 Chinese families gather for the annual reunion dinner known as “Eve of
Passing Year” and end the night with firecrackers to drive away bad
lucks so that good fortunes, happiness, wealth and longevity enter
their homes.
 The colored dragon dancing on the streets accompanied by playing of the
drums are also been part of the celebration.

B. Japan’s Kabuki:

 Kabuki is a traditional Japanese drama with highly stylized song, mime,

and dance and performed only by male actors.
 It was performed in full-day time.

B. Japan’s Taiko Drum Festival:

 Kodo is a professional taiko drumming troupe
 Musical pieces are based on traditional rhythm of regional Japan
 Uchite ,Taiko drummer, can wear loose fitting happi (short coat), with an
obi
 Peasant events such as the rice harvests or dance festivals were
celebrated with drums

E. Indonesia’s Wayang Kulit:

 The art of Indonesia is permeated by a strong Hindu- Buddhist

tradition due to the migration of Indian Culture
 Wayang Kulit is an ancient Indonesian art of Shadow play
 Lacy shadow images are projected on linen screen with a coconut oil
lamp or electric light.
 The Dalang or shadow artist, manipulates carved leather figures
between the lamp and the screen to bring the shadows to life.
 Shadow theater in Thailand is sometimes called Nang Yai or Thalung.
 The performances are normally accompanied by a combination of
songs and chants.
 Each shadow play figure is made from raw cowhide that has been
dried and then cut into linen

F. Indonesia’s Bali Dance Festival:

 Balinese dances are a very ancient dance tradition that is a part of the
religious and artistic expression
 In Bali there are various categories of dance such as the omni present
Mahabharata and Ramayana.
  Balinese dance movement is accompanied by the gamelan, a
musical ensemble
 Multiple levels of articulations in the face, eyes, hands, arms, hips, and
feet are dominant in Bali dance.

G. Thailand’s Nang Puppet Show:

 Shadow puppet is one form of public entertainment in the south of

Thailand.
 The two types of the Nang are Nang Talung and Nang Yai.
 The characters, such as: gods and goddesses, kings and queens,
magical figures, and comedians.
 have a religious theme or be an episode from the Ramayana epic

H. Thailand’s Lantern Festival: (Yi Peng)

 Thailand is the only country in Asia that was not conquered by

western people. It was formerly called Siam.
 Thailand sky lanterns known as "Yi Peng or Khom Fai” is held on a
full moon of the 2nd month of the Lanna (Northern Thailand)
calendar.
 People usually make khom loi from a thin fabric, such as rice paper,
to which a candle or fuel cell is attached.
 It is considered good luck to release a sky lantern, and many Thais
believe they are symbolic of problems and worries floating away.

 Loi Krathong , Loi literally means “to float” while krathong refers to
the lotus-shaped receptacle which can float on water.

 The festivals is believed to originate in an ancient practice of

paying respect to the spirit of the waters.
Glossary:
Acrobatics - the performance of extraordinary feats of balance, agility, and
motor coordination
Aria - a melodic scheme (motif) or pattern for singing a poetic pattern with
accompaniment
Auspicious – of good omen, propitious, successful, prosperous, fortunate
Avant-garde - from French, "advance guard" or "vanguard" , a French term
used in English as a noun or adjective to refer to people or works that are
experimental or innovative
Bali - a province in the country of Indonesia. The island is located in the
westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, lying between Java to the west
and Lombok to the east
Bizzare – unusual
Buddhism- a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha
and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing
worldly desires
Convention - an agreement in international law
Couplet - a pair of lines of meter in poetry, usually consists of two lines that
rhyme and have the same meter
Cowhide - the natural, unbleached skin and hair of a cow.
Dalang/ Dhalang – a puppeteer of Wayang Kulit of Indenesia
Epic - poem in elevated language celebrating the adventures and
achievements of a legendary or traditional hero
Epitome – a typical example
Etymology - the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form
and meaning have changed over time
Gamelan - a traditional Indonesian orchestra
Hinduism - a major religion and religious tradition of South Asia, the oldest
worldwide religion, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a large
pantheon of gods and goddesses
Java - (Indonesian: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135
million (excluding the 3.6 million on the island of Madura which is administered
as part of the provinces of Java), Java is the world's most populous island
Karma – in Hindu and Buddhist philosophy that all actions have equal reactions
Krathong – refers to the lotus-shaped receptacle which can float on the water.

Loi – means to float

Metaphor - a literary figure of speech that describes a subject by asserting that
it is, on some point of comparison, the same as another otherwise unrelated
object
Midriff – the diaphragm
Mime (Pantomime) – the acting out a story through body motions without use
of speech
 Mudras – a symbolic position in which the hands are held in Hindu dancing and
ritual
Myth - a sacred narrative usually explaining how the world or humankind came
to be in its present form
Obi - a sash for traditional Japanese dress
Opera- an art form in which singers and musicians perform dramatic work
combining text and musical score

Peking- the capital of the People’s Republic of China

Percussion Instrument - a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck
or scraped by a beater , or struck, scraped or rubbed by hand, or struck against
another similar instrument
Ramayana and Mahabharata – Hindu epics

Rattan - the name for the roughly 600 species of palms in the tribe Calameae,
native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Australasia.
Repertoire (/ˈrɛpəˌtwɑr/ or /ˈrɛpəˌtwɑː/)- refers to a list or set of dramas,
operas, musical compositions or roles which a company or person is prepared
to perform
Soundscape - a sound or combination of sounds that forms or arises from an
immersive environment
Stylization- design in or cause to conform to a particular style, as of
representation or treatment in art
Tableau- performers pose and do not move or talk to display a certain
situation or scene
Taiko - means "drum" in Japanese ,etymologically "great" or "wide drum"
Trousers -an item of clothing worn from the waist to the ankles, covering both
legs separately (pants)
Vivacity- liveliness

PE
Philippine folk dances speak so much about the heartbeat of our
people for they tell about our customs, ideas, beliefs,
superstitions, and events of daily living in a certain
community.Just by looking at the costumes, props, and implements of
a certain group or tribe would tell you of the origin of the dance. The
kind of music being used readily also tell about the influences
brought about by trade and settlement of our

neighboring countries such as China, Malaysia, Indonesia,

Burma, Cambodia, Thailand and Japan to name a few. Truly
evident is the effect of acculturation in the country as manifested by the
kinds of costumes, props, music, and dance steps that are used and
integrated in to some of our regional and national folk dances. The use
of gongs, kulintangs and the incorporation of pentatonic scale to our
musical compositions are just concrete proofs of acculturation in the
country. These are the reasons why Philippine folk dances contribute
to the very rich culture of the country.

The following historical backgrounds and context of the dance

literatures of Binislakan, Sakuting, Sua-ku-Sua and Pangalay would
give you a clear picture of the nature and background of these regional
and national folk dances. This will help you understand its significance
and cultural value, including the beauty and complexity of the people’s
lives living in those places.

BINISLAKAN (Lingayen)
Dance Researcher : Francisca Reyes
Meaning : With the use of
sticks
Dance Culture : Christian Lowland
Place of Origin : Pangasinan
Country of Influence : China
Ethno-linguistic Group : Pangasinense
Classification : Social Dance
Background:

Lingayen in Pangasinan means having to look backward and

upward. It was derived from “Li-King-Tung”, a Chinese word given
to the name Lingayen, the capital of Pangasinan, by the Chinese
settlers of this place a long time ago. The barrio folks who lived at
Almazin, a small place between barrio Pangasinan (Pulong) and
Maniboc danced this to commemorate the stay of Limahong, a
Chinese pirate who built his kingdom here.

The dancers look backward or upward in some of the movements;

hence, the name Lingayen. They also use two sticks to produce
rhythms imitating the chopsticks used by the Chinese in eating, so the
dance is also called Binislakan, which in Pangasinan means, with
the use of sticks.

Dance Properties:
Costume
Female : Siesgo and kimono with loose and long
sleeves and soft panuelo
Male : Camisa de Chino and red pants

Music : 2/4 composed of two parts: A and B

Count : One, two, one and two, and one and two and

Formation : Partners stand about six feet apart. One or more pairs in
a set can take part in the dance, in any formation
desired.

SUA-KU-SUA

Dance Researcher : Ramon A. Obusan

Meaning : My Pomelo Tree
Dance Culture : Lowland Muslim (Coastal)
Place of Origin : Jolo, Sulu
Country of Influence : China, Malaysia and Indonesia
Ethno-linguistic Group : Tausug
Classification : Courtship Dance

Background/Context:

The Tausug of Sulu, Southern Philippines, though known as

fearsome warriors are also better known as sturdy seafarers and
hardy farmers. Extensive orchards are planted with coconuts and
pomelos and fields with staples like rice and root crops.
At harvest time, pomelo fruits are gathered in big baskets before they
are sent away. The Tausugs depend strongly on the income the
pomelo bring them and this relationship is romanticized by
comparing the sua’s gentle leaves, slender branches, attractive fruits
and fragrant flowers to the virtues of a lady. Put to music, it is this song
that is sang by couples while flapping two white fans each
resembling leaves rustling in the wind in the Sua-Ku-Sua Dance.
Sua-ku-sua performers, some men but especially women come to
the festivities with face thickly covered with finely ground rice
powder and their eyebrows and sideburns enhanced with soot- all for
beauty’s sake.

Movements/Steps Particular to
Dance:

Creative imagery: Fans transform into tiny sails, face mirrors,

butterflies, shields and leaves. Tausug traditional steps with Chinese
influence.

Dance Properties:

Costume:
Female:
Top (Barawasi) :
Traditional loose blouse,
long sleeves wit deep,
plunging key-hole neckline.
Extra panels attached to
the right and left chest
decorated with many tiny
brass buttons.
Material : Cheap printed or plain
Chinese silk or cotton.
Pants (Sawal or Kantiu) : Loose Chinese pants with
a 10-inch soft white band
(coco curdo) attached to a
wide waist. To tuck the
pants in, the white band is
overlapped in front, one
side on top of the other
and rolled out to form a
tight belt.
Material : Cheap Chinese silk or any
silky material preferably in
navy blue, sunshine yellow,
 grass green, red or orange
colors
Shoulder band (Siyag) : A separate wrap-around
malong of rich material
strung over the right
shoulder crossing the
chest and hanging on the
left side.
Headpiece:
There are three choices:
1. Gold or brass filigree called tusuk;
2. Paper bills pasted on slender sticks; and
3. Pasteboard cut-out, the front tip 8 to 10 inches high, similar to
Chinese crowns covered with gold foil.

Accessories : Gold or imitation gold earrings,

necklace,
bracelets and brooches.

Suggested Footwear : Dancers are in barefoot.

Male:
Top (Bajo) : Short-waist collarless shirt. Open at the
front with the right panel overlapping
the left, studded with many tiny brass
buttons and is not intended to close the
front but used as an additional shirt
decoration. It is allowed to drop on the
right side.

Material : cheap printed or plain

Chinese silk or cotton.
Pants (Sawal or Kantiu) : Similar to the female pants
but in darker colors and
bolder designs.
Accessories : Money-belt, Sarok hat, pis siyabit
(rectangular hand-woven scarf tied
on the head or hung loosely over one
shoulder); Kris (wavy knife) or Barong
(leafknife).
 Suggested Footwear : dancers are in barefoot

Music : 2/4 and 4/4; composed of three parts: A, B and

C. Gabbang- bamboo xylophone shaped
like a small boat. Bamboo slats thinned and
cut to graduated sizes to produce three
octaves of pentatonic scale
Count : 1, 2 to a measure in 2/4 time signature 1,
2, 3, 4 to a measure in 4/4/ time
signature

PANGALAY

Dance Researcher : Francisca Reyes-Aquino

Meaning : Finger nail
Dance Culture : Lowland Muslim (Coastal)
Place of Origin : Sulu
Country of Influence : Thailand, Malaysia, Burma, Cambodia and
Indonesia
Ethno-linguistic Group : Tausug
Classification : Social Dance
Background/Context:

Pangalay (also known as Daling-Daling or Mengalai in Sabah

is the traditional “fingernail” dance of the Tausūg people of the Sulu
Archipelago and Sabah.[1] This dance is the most distinctively of all
Asian Southern Philippine dances because dancers must have
dexterity and flexibility of the shoulders, elbows,
and wrists[2] – movements that strongly resemble those of “kontaw
silat,” a martial art common in the Malay Archipelago. The
Pangalay is performed mainly during weddings or other festive
events [1]. The male equivalent of the Pangalay is the Pangasik and
features more martial movements, while a pangalay that features
both a male and female dancer is called Pangiluk.

The original concept of the Pangalay is based on the pre

Islamic Buddhist concept of male and female celestial angels
(sanskrit: Vidhyadarari, Bahasa Sūg: Biddadari) common as
characters in other Southeast Asian dances.

Dance Properties:

Costume : Dancer wears a typical Joloana costume

Accessories : Expert and professional dancers use
janggay, extended metal finger nails
in each finger. The rich people have
janggay made of solid gold or silver.
Suggested Footwear : dancers are in barefoot.
Music : Played as many times as necessary.
Count one, two or one, and, two and to a measure.

Movements/Steps Particular to
Dance:

There are no definite directions, sequence of figures, number

and kinds of steps, hand movements and positions used when
performed by the natives. For teaching purposes the figures of this
dance may be created and dancers may form their own combinations.

TIKLOS
Dance Researcher : Francisca Reyes- Aquino
Meaning : Refers to a group of peasants
Place of Origin : Panay and Leyte
Country of Influence : China, Burma and Cambodia
Classification : Recreational Dance

Background/Context:

For centuries, Tiklos has been a very important factor in the

social life of the peasants of Leyte. Tiklos refers to a group of
peasants who agree to work for each other one day each week to
clear the forest, prepare the soil for planting, or do any odd job in
the farm, including the building of a house. At noontime, the
people gather to eat their lunch together and to rest. During this
 period, Tiklos music is played with a flute accompanied by a guitar
and the guimbal or the tambora (kind of drum).

The music of Tiklos is also played to gather the peasants before

they start to work.

Dance Properties:

Costume : Dancers are dressed in working costumes.

Music : Divided into two parts. A and B.
Count : one, two or one, ah, two, ah or one, and, two to a
measure. Formation : Partners stand opposite each other about six
feet apart.
When facing audience, the girl stands at partner’s
right side. One to any number of pairs may take
part in this dance.

SAKUTING

Dance Researcher : Francisca Reyes Aquino

Meaning : Refers to rhythmic sticks producing
the accompaniment for the dance.
Place of Origin : Abra and Ilocos Norte

Country of Influence : China

Classification : Recreatinal and Social Dance

Background/Context:

These dancing groups later reached as far as the coastal towns of Ilocos
region as years went by. The rhythmic sounds produced by the stick attracted
other children and also adults and they also learned the dance.
 “Sakuting“ is an ethnic term which refer to the rhythmic sticks
producing the accompaniment for the dance.

Dance Properties:

Costume : Girl – Native Ilocano kimono style with sleeves of

elbow length; skirt of bright-colored plaids
shirred at the waist of ankle-length.
Boy – Camisa de chino and red trousers, and a
native hat.

Music : 2/4 and ¾ rhythms and composed of 9 parts : A, B, C,

D, E, F, G, H and
I.

Formation : Audience
One set of dancers

X O
O X
X O
O X

Basic Steps in Folk Dancing

The following dance terms and dance steps are basically used in
Binislakan, Sakuting, Sua-Ku-Sua, Pangalay and Tiklos.

Padyak - to stamp or tap with one foot and the weight of

the body is on the other foot
Saludo - it means to bow
Arms in Lateral Position - both arms are in one side at shoulder
level, either right or left
Set - a dance formation of two or more couples
Bend - to move the body or part of the body around wide axis
Leap - to spring one foot and land on the other foot
GY OF TERMS GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Accent - emphasis on a beat, usually but not always,first beat of the measure

Acculturation - a process in which members of one cultural group adopt

the beliefs and behaviors of another group

Culture - the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts,

beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work
and thought

Dynamics - an interactive system or process, especially one involving

competing or conflicting forces

Folk dance - a form of dance developed by a group of people that

reflects the traditional life of the people of a certain country or region

Folk dancing – a great exercise and a fun recreational activity

for people of all ages

Implements - a device used in the performance of a task

Improvisation - created extemporaneously, without planning.

Intensity - in music, the loudness and softness of an

accompaniment; in fitness, the degree of vigor or the amount of effort
expended during an activity
Lifelong Fitness – the condition of being fit and healthy throughout life.

Tempo - the rate of speed from fast to slow

Traditions - a mode of thought or behavior followed by a group people

continuously from generation to generation; a custom or usage

Wellness - a way of life purposely designed to enjoy the highest level of

health and well-being possible, including nutrition, weight
control, avoiding substance abuse, being physically fit
and leading an active life, controlling stress, developing good
relationships with others, living with high values and ethics,
and attending to spirituality

HEALTH

GENERALIZATION

Alcohol drinking is one of the most common past-times of human beings.

For some alcohol replaces water as their basic drink during meals. But little do
these people know that too much alcohol consumption could lead to damage to
the body systems.

Technically, not all types of alcohol can be consumed. Only ethanol, which is also
called beverage alcohol, can enter the body. If other types of alcohol, like methanol
and isopropyl go into the bloodstream, extreme damage and even death may
occur. Alcohol intake can be measured through the blood alcohol concentration
(BAC). It is counted in percentages of ethanol present in a person‟s bloodstream at a
certain period. A higher BAC means having a higher risk of experiencing
impairments in the body functioning. For example, drinking various alcoholic
drinks at shorter intervals greatly affect a person‟s BAC.
 There are also a lot of myths and misconceptions about alcohol drinking. It is not true
that alcohol gives you extra strength. Alcohol has very low nutritional content and it
has empty calories. Drinking alcohol will not give you a boost of self-esteem either. It is
actually a depressant. It slows down the function of the central nervous system
(CNS), making a person vulnerable to doing undesirable things. These
undesirable things are often mistaken as results of having a higher self-esteem. It is
also not true that one can be sober after drinking alcohol through consuming coffee.
Coffee is a stimulant. You can only have a drunk-awake person. Bathing does not also
count to the ways on how to sober up after heavy drinking. It just produces the same
effect as that of taking coffee. Alcohol is also not yet proven to be a cure to snake bites
and other related injuries.

There are two immediate effects of consuming alcohol: intoxication and

hangover. Intoxication happens when the alcohol goes into the bloodstream,
producing physical and mental changes in the body. These may include changes
in sight, smell and other senses. Hangover on the other hand is the occurrence
of an uncomfortable feeling after getting intoxicated. These effects are only for
occasional drinking. But when a person consumes alcohol consistently and
heavily, extreme changes in the body may occur. A person may suffer from liver
diseases like cirrhosis. Cirrhosis happens when an alcoholic‟s liver is already
being stored with fats. These fats block the flow of blood inside the liver, making
it damaged and malfunctioning.

Alcoholism in the Philippines is evident. It is said that alcohol drinking is one of the
most addictive habit of Filipinos (Richard Zarco). Alcoholism affects a person‟s
everyday life. It alters the normal activities of a person.
With this, the person‟s family will be affected too. Reported cases of family violence are
resulted from alcohol addiction. If these cases get worse, effects will be shown on a
larger scale. The communities and even the whole country will be affected.

Only a person can help himself. Prevention is still better than cure.
That is why a person must have a strong foundation of resistance skills. These skills
involve getting the courage to refuse the temptation of alcohol consumption. These
skills also involve advocacy on the prevention of alcohol addiction. After all, it is always
our choice. Alcohol is just a colorless, bittertasting liquid that we can avoid
drinking

Glossary Of Terms

A
addiction being dependent on a drug or combination of drugs addictive drugs drugs
that can cause addiction physically and psychologically advocacy materials –materials
like posters, flyers, or brochures whichshow active support of ideas or causes; plead
or argue for something alcohol –colorless, bitter-tasting liquid that is consumed and/or
used either as beverage or medicine
alcoholism – condition when a person heavily consumes alcohol consistently alcohol
poisoning occurs when the body is damaged physically due to too much alcohol
consumption.
B
Blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) –measured in percentages, amount of alcohol
that has entered a person‟s bloodstream at certain duration
Blood-alcohol level (BAL) – another term for blood-alcohol concentration brain stroke
–a non-communicable disease which affects the arteries which
carries blood to the brain resulting to brain damage. Also called brain
attack or plainly stroke.
C
cancer - any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell
division which may spread to other parts of the body through lymphatic system or the
blood stream
carcinogen –any substance that causes cancer central nervous system (CNS) - the
part of the nervous system that receives and coordinates all body activities; consists of
the major nerves, brain and spinal cord
cigarette ely grounded and processed tobacco wrapped in a special paper for smoking
cirrhosis – condition when the liver is “scarred‟ due to heavy alcohol consumption
COPD – stands for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, adisease of smokers
which worsens over time. It is characterized by severe coughing, shortness of
breathe, wheezing, and tightening of the chest
D
dependence – condition when a person needs a drug like alcohol and cigarette in
order for the body to function normally
depressant – a drug that suppresses the central nervous system, slows down body
function
drug – any substance not considered as food which alters body structure of functions
E
emphysema – lung disease which worsens in time. One of the smokers‟ disease
which destroys the alveoli (air sacs) and nearby tissues. It is characterized by
shortness ofbreath, rapid breathing, and expanded chest cavity.
ethanol also called beverage alcohol which comes from fruits and grains, type
of alcohol that can be consumed by humans

F
fatty liver condition when the liver is being stored with fat from alcohol
fermentation –the process of extracting alcohol from plant or fruitsource
G
gateway drug – drug which can open doors for the user to experiment and try more
dangerous drugs. Drugs like nicotine and alcohol
H
hangover – physical effects that give discomfort to humansm who consumed alcohol
heart attack – is the immediate death of heart muscles due to blockage of the coronary
arteries (heart arteries) by a blood clot. It is also called myocardial infarction

illegal drug – a drug mandated by law as not to be used by anyone either in small or
large amount

intoxication – physical and mental changes that the body is experiencing upon
consuming alcohol
M

mainstream smoke - the filtered smoke directly inhaled by the smoker

marijuana - a strong-smelling plant from whose dried leaves are prepared as a

euphoriant and hallucinogenic drug; the most commonly used illegal drug either
smoked or chewed

methanol – type of alcohol that is poisonous and lethal if consumed by man

multiplier effect – condition when alcohol is consumed simultaneously with any drug
or medicine, causing impairments in the physical and mental functioning of the body
N

nicotine - an alkaloid poison found in tobacco and used in medicine and as an

insecticide; the main ingredient in cigarettes
S
sidestream smoke the smoke that comes out of the lighted end of cigarette or pipe.
Also called “second-hand smoke (SHS) or “environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).
smoking the act of smoking cigarette, tobacco, or other substances

stimulant drug – a drug which temporarily quickens the central nervous system