Milne Weekly Problem Papers 3rd Edn 1891
Milne Weekly Problem Papers 3rd Edn 1891
AND
BY THE
konbon
MACMILLAN AND CO.
AND NEW YORK
1891
BINOMIAL THEOREM.
3. To find the greatest term in the expansion of (a + x)±m.
Note.—In following proof expressions on the left of the
vertical refer to the +ve index, those on the right to the
_ye index.
The (r + 1)th term is
n....(n-r-1- 1) n....(n r -1)
Tr . an
L L
The rth term is
n....(n-r-I- 2) T-1 alt—T+1,
n....(n + r -2) vr _ ia„_,+,.
ir - 1
The (• + 1)th term is obtained from the rth by the
multiplier
In-Fr -1x ,
a
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 3
1-:1 + 2.12
( + 3°J. n — `(11 ± 1).
7.
cry a5 an-1 2
a 2
4 WEEKLY PROBLE3I PAPERS.
For
n(n -1) . . . . (n - r +1) n(n -1) . . . . (n - r + 2)
- -
—1
ar n-r+1
• r. — r. -n-r+1.
ar —1 r
6-1 +25.+3a2+....=n+(n-1)+(n-2)+....+1
ao al a2
n(n + 1).
2
5. Also
(n +1)".
(ao-Fai) (al+ a2) • • • • (an _i -Fa,,)=•-trofri
n-r+1 +1 _24+1,
For Or -1- 1
ar-1
(2 + = + (1 + x)In
a1(1 x) a2(1 x)2 an(1 x)n
equating coefficients of like powers of x
2n a2 an = 2(an)
2n+1 - 1
9. Also ct,, + + + •-
n+1
For
(1 x)n +1 1 x2 n(n. - 1) x3
++n.
n+1 =n+1 2 r2 •3 +•
(1 + 42+1 - 1 _ cox + + tip
n 1
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 7
2"+1— 1
Put (r --= 1 .• ao =
n- 1
10. Again
(1+ x)n+2 1 x x2 0
+ + a -Fn•• `z . 3
(a ± 1) en ± 2) (n ± 1) (n ± 2) ?I i 1 z
+ n(n 1) a4 a.
2 •3 4'••••
2n+2— (n + 3) 1 1 4 1
(n + 1) (n ± 2) — 1 . 2 • a° 2 . 3al 3 . 4 a2+ • • * •
1
11. To find the sum of the first n coefficients in
(1 — ;es"'
1 _ + + P(7) + 1) x2
(1 — x)p
1
1— x 1 +z x2+ • • • '
(1
—
1+ (1+P)z + (1 P+P(P +1));v2
1
.•. required sum is coefficient of xn -1in
(1 — x)p +
and .• _ (P + 1) (P 2) • (p + n — 1).
8 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
(r)a,
13. To find the sum of the first a coefficients in (1 +
(1 - a;)2
Let - ao ai• aix2
= 1 + .T 2
(1 +
(1 -x)3 - ao (ao af)x (ao + + a2)d,2-F
(1 2.
) -1=A+a2n1-1•9;2n+l-Fa2JeTh+ • • • • + +1
(a + :On = a0 a2 a3 .
L.rn - 1
Now this is the number of combinations of n r - 1
things taken r together, and is . •. an integer. And since
this is the general expression for any coefficient we infer
that every coefficient is an integer.
= f(n — 1) + — (1 — 1)1,
= f(n —1) + 1
f(n — 1) = f(n — 2) ± n 1
79 17
.A3) = ./(2)
f(2) = f(1)
f(1) = f(o)
1 1
.• . By addition f(n) = f(0)
and f(0) = 0.
n .12,— 1 9/(7Z+1)••••(n+M — 7)
— = 0 if ill > 2n
Ian -6
•
and = 1 if in 2n.
12 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
1- X3
1 •'C x2 = - (1 - ay' (1 - x3).
1 -
(1 + x x2)n = (1 - (1 - x")".
Now
(1 x)-n + n(n + 1) .... (zz m - 1)e,
771
1),c6
(1 - x3)n = 1 - nx3
s •••• (n m - 1)
(1 -1- x x2)/z = in(n
1).... (n 771 — 4)
n .n(n
3
the given expression is the coefficient of xm in
(1 + x x2)4, and
= 0 if nz > 2n,
since highest power of x in (1 -Fx X5')n is x212
arid = 1 if m = 2n.
Lrin-r r - 1
. 77, — 1 In
r2.1. L-17_ - r -2
(1 + x)n =1+
LLn - r
=1+ + x2n
PLa
••• f(0) nf(1) n 1 f(2) + — -1
I± 71,122:_a
Multiply by 1 - 2n.v -
1 = 1 + + «re +
- 2nar _ie +
- ar- 2 xr + • • • •
ar - 2nar -i - Or-2 = 0.
ar -1 - 2nar-2 - ar-3 = 0,
ar- 2 - 2nar- 3 - ar-4 = 0,
ar - ar -2
car-
rt 2 -
ar - 2 - ar - 4
2n 2n
.•. ar - 2(1 + 2n2)ar-2 t ar-4 = 0.
n n — r
+an - r .
-
—2-
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 15
i(n— r)(gn + r)
ss = 13 + 23 + n2(n±1)2
4
There are two general formulae, which may readily be
obtained as follows.
n5— (n — 1)5= 5724— 107/3 4- 10n2 — 5n + 1
(n — 1)5— (ii— 2)5
= 5(n — 1)4— 10(n — 1)3+ 10(n — 1)2 — 5(n — 1) + I
nr+1 = (r 1) Sr (r
n
+ 1) 9. Sr-1+
n
(- ...(A)
Again,
(n + 1)5 - n5= 5n4 + 10n3+ 10, 2 + 5n + 1
n5 - (n - 1)5
= 5(n - 1)4 + 10(n - 1)3+ 10(n - 1)2 + 5(n - 1) + 1
+ (r + 1)r 2
Sn + n
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 17
0
Put for Snits value n, and transpose.
(n -F 1)r+1 + ir+1— 2n — 1
= 2{ r (r 1)r (r —
+ 1) s n
13
(1. ±1)2. s2J . .
i2
. . (C)
Rearranging the left-hand side of (C) in the form
{(n 1)r+1 nr+1} — (2n + 1), we see that it contains
the factor 2n + 1. The expression also vanishes when we
put n = 0, and n = — 1. .•. it contains n(n 1) as a
factor. it contains as a factor n(n + 1) (2n + 1). In
(C) putting r = 4, we see that 2(5S: ± 10S: ) contains
as a factor n(n + 1) (2n --I- 1). .. S: contains as a factor
n(n + 1) (2n + 1).
By putting r in succession = 6, 8 we see that
S: contains as a factor n(n + 1) (2n, -I- 1). Now this ex-
pression is a multiple of 6.
when r is even, S:tcontains as a factor the expression
n(n+ 1) (2n +1), 2..e.
6
II. Suppose r odd.
Adding (A) and (B) we have
(n 1)r+1 nr+1 — 1
+ 1) Sr. + (2. +1).(1 — 1)Lr-2
= 2{(r (r
(r 1)r (r 01
1) .
(D)
(.;
18 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
- - n+3 1
_n + 2 1
(n ,+ 1) (n + 2) 2n 9/(n + 1) 2n-i
and the 1st term
4 1 3 1
2.3 2 1 . 2 2"
the sum of the series to n terms is
n+3
•1 3
(n + 1) (n + 2) 2n 2
24 WEEKLY PROBLEM. PAPERS.
TRIGONOMETRY.
A-B
13
(1)
sin (A ±_- B) BE BE . JD BD . AC(BC-1- CD)AC
= .71B AB . AD — AB . AD — AB . AD
BC AC AC CD
AB AD — AB AD
= sin A cos B + cos A sin B,
AE AB' . AP AE(AC -T. CF)
cos (A ± B) = —
AB AB . /IF AB . AF
(2)
= AC AE 7_ BC . EF
• +
AB AF AB .
= cos A cos B T- sin A sin B,
(3) BC CD
+
BE BD BC + CD AC — AC
tan ± B)
_4E AF — AC -T- _ BC C
AC BC
tan A ± tan b'
1 ± tan A tan B
-
OL Oil = 2 ON,
OL OM 0ON OE
••• — -r = — —
OD OP' OE OD
J B — B
••• cos + cos B = 2 cos • cos
2 2
DL — 137= KD 2 EG,
I)L_FM_ SG ED
2
OD OF EE
sin A— sin B= 2 cos A2
± 13 A —
2 2B
.
OM — OL=LD1 = 2 MA'=2FG.
031OL _ ED
• • OF — OD EF
-1- —B
.•• cosB — cos A = 2sin A 2 B sin
— 2
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 27
ON=BM — BO B: 1 BP
cos 24 = — 2 .— 1
UP OB B BC
= 2 cos211 — 1.
OM 00 — MC MC PC
cos 211 = — _—_. —1— 2 •
OP OP PC' BC
= 1 — 2 sin 2,1.
20M = OM +00 — CM B — MC
cos 2.4 =
20P BC BC
BM BP MC 1'C
B.P • BC — PC • BC
= cos 2A — sin 211.
PM
2PM 2PM Bdf
2
tan 2A =
20M BM — 1 — .310 MP
MB
—
2 tan ,/
1 — tan23
BM PM
—1
20M BM — CM PM • 0,11
cot 2A= = —
2PM 2 PM PM
2
CI/
COt 2A - 1
— 2 cot A
28 W EEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
P.11
PM PM OP
tan A =
BM — BO + OM
1 + OM
OP
sin 2 A
1 + cos 2 .71 •
P.11
PM _ PM 0
cot A =
CM 00 — OM
1 — OM
OP
sin 2A
1 — cos 2A•
PM
2 PM 2PM 23
—m
singA = — =
2 0 I-' BM+ MC - MC MP
1- - —
MP • 111B
2 tan A
1 + tan 2A
1 CM PM
20M _BM — CM
_ PM • MB
cos2A —
BM + CM , CM rm-
r714- • MB
1 — tan 2A
1 ± tan 2A
(PM B M)2 1_,_ 9 rm- Bm
(sin A + cos A)2 =
P B2 — PB • _I' 13 -
=
+ 2PM P13 P
-
PB • BC + 201'
1 + sin 2A.
So (sin A — cos A )2= 1 — sin 2A.
WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS. 29
A= (— 1)710.
2
0Q2, and 093with 0Q4, and we then get only two values,
equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.
r, — 2 cos (a + n — 1 . 2f)}
+ + -
E. 41,, +(j3- .11_).
3 ,„:3+(j 6_ A11 A3+41)a,5+....
13
= + + 1.3 x5 1.3.5 x7 4.
2 3 2.4 . 5 2.4.6 • 7 ' ""
_,0( 1 + 3 0(1.3.5 _L 1
x 3 36 fol k4.6.7
4 x4 _4_ 16 X6 _L 32 x8
= a:2 4 3.5' ' 5.7' 8
f j_ 2 x4 _, 2.4 a6 2.4.6 x'LL.
(.. -F73.. P- 3.5' 6 + 3.5.7' 8
n 2
36 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
PAPER I.
1. The debts of a bankrupt amount to £2,134 10s. 6d.
and his assets consist of property worth £916 15s. 4c1. and
an undiscounted bill of £513 due 4 months hence, simple
interest being reckoned at 4 per cent. How much in the
pound can he pay his creditors ?
2. If s =-- a±b±c, prove that
(as bc) (bs ca) (es + ab) = ( 6 a)2(c1 +1)2.
3. Divide 2x3 - 5 by .x I ± 1.
4. Shew that
cost ((3 - y)+ cost (y - a) + cos2 (a - i3)
= 1 + 2 cos (0 - 7) cos (y - a) cos (a - (3).
5. If p, q, r be the bisectors of the angles of a triangle,
prove that
A .73 0
cos - COS - cos
2+ 2 1 1 1
+ r - a + b -L
' -c-
13 4
6. Two circles touch at C, and a point D is taken with-
out them such that the radii AC, CB subtend equal angles
at 7). If D8, DIP be tangents, prove geometrically that
DL. DE = DC2.
7. At any point P of an ellipse the tangent PT and the
normal are drawn, S and H are the foci, and through the
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 37
centre Ca line is drawn parallel to SP cutting the normal
in J and the tangent in T. Shew that RT = HP.
PAPER II.
1. Find the G.C.M. of
nxn + 1 — (n 1).e + 1 and xn— n — 1.
2. Solve the equations
(1) eta; b b.r + (a + b) + 2),
b -1-c.c + a ea; ± a + b
(2) 2.v +2x bz = u2 b2,
PAPER III.
1
1. In the expansion of (1 — x) n prove that the sum of
the coefficients of the first r terms bears to the coefficient
of the rth term the ratio of 1 + n(r — 1) to 1.
2. From the formula
x2 0.3 x4
loge (
1 1 ) 71.
calculate log10 5 to 5 places of decimals, given log10 e
'43429.
3. Eliminate B between
m = cosec 0 — sin B and n = sex 0 — cos 0,
and shew that nra + n3 =
4. Shew that the sum of n terms of the series
cos a cos 2a j_ cos 3a
1+ cos a I 005 2a cos 3a + °
is equal to zero if na = 71".
5. ABCD is a quadrilateral figure inscribed in a circle.
AB, DC meet in E, BC, AD meet in F. Shew that the
circle on EF as diameter cuts the circle ABCD ortho-
gonally.
6. A, B, C are three points on the circumference of a
circle. Forces act along AB, BC, inversely proportional
to these straight lines. Sliew that their resultant acts
along the tangent at B.
7. OQ, OQ' are two tangents to a parabola. The diameter
through 0 meets the parabola in P, and the tangent at P
meets OQ, OQ' in R, B' respectively. Shew that QR', Q' R
are divided by the parabola in the ratio of 8 to 1.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 39
PAPER IV.
1. If x, y, z be unequal, and if
.r)' 7/)9,
2a — 3y = (z and 2a — 3z —
then will
2a — 3x — (2/—/12 and x + y + z = a.
,
PAPER V.
I. Find to two places of decimals the cube root of 1037.
be —
2. If a + b2 0
be not altered in value by inter-
changing a pair of the letters a, 1, c not equal to each
changing
other, it will not be altered by interchanging any other
pair ; and it will vanish if a b c = 1.
3. Form the equations whose roots are respectively the
squares and the square roots of the equation
a;•2 c = 0.
4. Solve the equation sec 48 — sec 28 = 2.
5. ABCD is the rectangular floor of a room whose length
AB is a feet. Find its height, which at C subtends at A an
angle a, and at B an angle (3. If a = 48 ft., a = 18',
13 = 30°, prove that the height is nearly 18 ft. 10 in.
6. Find the equation to the two parabolas having their
x2 92
focus at any given point P of the conic „2 ——b2= 1, and
passing through the foci of the conic. Also, shew that the
angle between the directrices is twice the eccentric angle
of P.
7. ACB is a diameter of a circle of which C is the centre,
and in AC a point D is taken, such that the rectangle
AC. AD is equal to the square on CD. If the circle de-
scribed with centre B and radius BD cuts the given circle
in E, prove that AB is one-fifth of the circumference.
WEEKLY TROBLE=I PAPERS. 41
PAPER VI.
1. If the equations
a.r Ly =
c .v2± cly2 = 1 f
have only one solution, prove that
-2-4-
a = 1 and x — L'e —
c
2. Given log3 9 = a, log3 5 = 1, find the logarithms to
the base 10 of the first 4 digits.
3. Shew that if B C be an odd multiple of 7r,
sin 2B + sin 2C = sin 2 A + 2 cos A sin B sin C.
4. D, A F are the feet of the perpendiculars from the
angular points on the sides of the triangle ABC. Shew
that the radius of the circle inscribed in the triangle DEP'
is 2R cos A cos B cos C, where R is the radius of the circle
circumscribing ABC.
5. A uniform heavy rod is placed across a smooth
horizontal rail, and rests with one end against a smooth
vertical wall, the distance of which from the rail is 1-13- of
the length of the rod. Find the angle which the rod
makes with the horizon when there is equilibrium.
6. A, B, 0, D are four points in space : the straight lines
AB and DC are divided in the same ratio in the .points B,
F. AD and BC are divided in another the same ratio in
G and H. Prove that the straight lines BF and GH lie in
one plane.
7. If two chords of a rectangular hyperbola be at right
angles, each of their four extremities is the orthocentre of
the triangle formed by the other three.
42 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
PAPER, VII.
1. If the equation
a
x+a +x+b = x+c x+d
have a pair of equal roots, then either one of the quantities
a orb is equal to one of the quantities c or d, or &se
1 1 1 1
=
Prove also that the roots are then
2ab
— a, — a, 0 ; — 6, — b, 0 ; or 0, 0, —
a+6
2. Emp!oy the Binomial Theorem to shew that
23 2 ,/:5- = 11 . 3 , 1 . 3 . 5
24 3 23'3 24.4
L 25L5 •• ••
3. Given that
=y cos B z cos Q
if = z cosP xcosB
and that P Q B is an odd multip!e of 7r, prove that
z = x cosQ-{-ycos P.
Hence also prove that cos P .y 2 + 2yz
Z2 -
5. A', B', C' are the middle points of the sides of the
triangle ABC, and through A, B, C are drawn three parallel
straight lines meeting C', C'A', A'B' in a, 6, c respec-
tively. Prove that the triangle abc is half the triangle
ABC, and that be passes through A, ca through B, and ab
through C.
▪ -2
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 43
6. Two points (E, (.v, y) are connected by the relation
az b
= where u ' V- 1,2 = yN— 1,
cz d
y, 7), a, b, c, d being all real). Shew that when (:c, y)
describes a circle, (6, I) describes another circle.
7. From a point 0 in a parabola OQ is drawn,perpen-
dicular to the diameter at P. Prove that the straight line
drawn from Q perpendicular to the tangent at P will meet
the normal at 0 on the axis of the parabola.
PAPER VIII.
1. Given log, 9 = a, log35 --- b, log, 7 = c, find the
logarithms to the base 10 of the digits 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
2. Shew that -A {3 . - 25 (— 1)x} is a positive
integer when c is a positive integer.
3. A circle, centre 0 and radius r, is inscribed in a
triangle ABC, and touches the sides in D, E, F. Circles
are inscribed in the quadrilaterals ABOF, BFOD, CDO.B.
If r1, r2, r3be their radii, prove that
1'1 7.2 r3 r, r2 9'3
r - r1 r — r2 r — r3 ' - r r2 2' r3
4. ABCD is a quadrilateral. Four circles, centres 3f,
N, _P, Q, are described so as to touch respectively the
consecutive sides CD, DA, AB ; DA, AB, BC ; AB,
BC, CD ; BC, CD, DA. Shew that a circle can be de-
scribed about the figure AINPQ.
5. From the centre of an ellipse a perpendicular is
drawn to the tangent at any point P, meeting it in Y.
From Y another tangent is drawn meeting the ellipse in P'.
If P'Q be a diameter spew that PQ is normal at P.
44 WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS.
6. dBCD is a quadrilateral. Forces act along the sides
AB, BC, CD, DA, measured by a, 0, y, 8 times those sides
respectively. Shew that if there is equilibrium, ay = 0a.
Shew also that A././BD a y — /3
AABC 8• 0— a
7. Shew that the straight lines which bisect the angles
between the two lines
(h — a)y = — a); (h + a)y = k(x + a)
have for their equation
ihkx — 4)2 -(y — k)2} = (x — k) (y — k) (h2— k2— a2).
PAPER IX.
1. Prove that cx2— b will be a common divisor of
ax3 — c, and be — cx + a if it will divide either of
them.
2. Shew that the sum to n terms of the series
22 32
12(12+22) + (12+22)(12+22+32)
42
12 + 22 + 32) (12 + 22 + 32 + 42)
(
6
is 1 —
(25 + 1) (n, + 2) (2n + 3)
3. If
sin A =p sinB, cosA=pcosB, sinA+cosA=r(sinB+cosB)
prove that
(p — 9.)2 (1— 22) + (q — r)2 (1—
4. If p; q, r be the perpendiculars on the sides of a
triangle ABC from the centre of the circumscribed circle,
prove that
qr rp pp1
'6-0 4 7at—tb=
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 45
5. ABCD is a quadrilateral, The sides DA, CB; AB,
DC are produced to meet in ./P and B. if the two bisectors
of the angles at .1 are parallel to the two bisectors of the
angles at E, prove that a circle will go round ABCD.
Also, if the diagonals BD, AC intersect in 0, shew that
the two bisectors of the angles at 0 are parallel to the
bisectors of the angles at E.
6. If the chord of contact of two tangents to a parabola
be normal at one end, the tangent at the other is bisected
by the perpendicular through the focus to the line joining
the focus to the intersection of the tangents.
7. A series of circles is described touching two given
straight lines. Shew that the polars of any point with
respect to the circles will envelop a parabola.
PAPER X.
1. A number consisting of three digits is doubled by
reversing the digits. Prove that the same willhold for the
number formed by the first and last digits ; and also that
such a number can be found in only one scale of notation
out of three.
2. If m be a positive integer, shew that
3121(3m + 1)2 >4V(i 3m).
PAPER XI.
1. If 1000 lbs. can be carried 1000 miles for £1, and the
rate of conveyance is the same abroad, find to 2 places of
decimals how many kilograms can be carried 100 kilo-
metres for 20 francs.
Given Rd = 25.2 francs ; 1 kilom. = 0.6214 miles ;
1 kilog. = 2.2046 lbs.
2. If ay + y) (ct 6) + ab = 0 t
ay + + y) (c + d) + cd = f
prove that
x—y V(a— c) —d)(b — c) (6 — d)
2 a+b—c—d
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 47
3. Shew that
1 _F 1 . 3 1 1.3.5 1 , 1.3.5.7 1 ,
2 . 4 T ' 2 . 4 . 6 42m2 . 4 . 6 . 8 43
= 4- (2 — ,V3)V3-
3
4. Shew that
.7r
cosec cosec (A 2-8 cosec (A + 3) = 3 cosec 3A.
l
5. If
x2-I- —
= tan-I V I
;c2
shew that x2= sin 2y.
6. A glass rod is balanced partly in and partly out of a
cylindrical tumbler with the lower end resting against the
vertical side of the tumbler. If a and 0 be the greatest
and least angles which the rod can make with the vertical,
prove that the angle of friction is
sin 3a — sin 30 •
tan- I
sin 2a cos a + sin 20 cos 0
7. Prove that the locus of the intersection of tangents to
an ellipse which make equal angles with the major and
minor axes respectively, and are not at right angles, is a
rectangular hyperbola whose vertices are the foci of the
ellipse.
PAPER XII.
1. Solve the equations
(z f .v) (a" + y) = 142
(y z) = b2
el + z) (z .r) =
48 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
2. Shew that the coefficient ofxnin the expansion of
x is an _ bn,
(.0 — a) (x — 6) a — L • 6-01,67:
PAPIM
I. Shew that
a4 + b4 + 252,2 — 2c2a2 - 2a252
is divisible by a ± b ± c.
2. Solve the equations
(1) o(CL4_1)4(a:24_14,4_1,)3= (a8÷ 14a4-1,,1)' a:(x - 1)4,
(2) [x+!-Fz=a+b-+c
.s. y z ..,
a+
- '-
b +- 0 = '1
te:r + by + cz .--- be • ca + ab.
3. Shew that
cos (A-1-B-FC) cos (if+ B - C)cos(B+C- 21)cos(C-F A- B)
-1-sin(_4+B-1- C)sin(A+ B - C)sin (B-I- C- Main (C+.,4- B)
= cos 2,1 cos 2 B cos 2 C.
4. With the usual notation, show that
parallelogram.
6. Prove that the angles subtended at the vertices of a
rectangular hyperbola by any chord parallel to the con-
jugate axis are supplementary.
7. A square table stands upon 4 equal legs which are
placed at the middle points of the sides. Shew that no
weight less than its own when placed upon it can upset it
50 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
PAPER XIV.
1. Shew that
-F ay 4. y2) (a2 ab 69)
=(a1.—by)2(a.r — by) (ay ± bz + by) + (ay + bi)2.
Hence chew that the product of any number of factors
of the form z.2 yg can be put into the form
2
+ + .1'2.
2. Tf
a— ny mz lz + c — smv
as' 11'
prove that
sn'e — n'b —1'e
. A' ± 1111 ± ma/ ±
so
l'b — m'a
z
Is' -I- 11111/' 150'
11
PAPER XV.
1. If the number of births and deaths each year be
respectively (hyth and ihth o f the population of a village at
the beginning of a year, in how many years will its popu-
lation be doubled ?
Given
log 2 = •3010300 ; log 180 = 2.255272 ; log 181 = 2.257679.
2. Eliminate a; and y between the equationi
the + bay + cy2 =0
d;r2 b' xy = 0.
PAPER XVI.
1. A and B, starting at the same moment, walk at
uniform rates, the former in u hours from Oxford to Cam-
bridge, the latter in v hours from Cambridge to Oxford.
They meet on the road a hours before A's arrival at Cam-
bridge, and 13 hours before B's arrival at Oxford. Prove
that
u2 :v2 : : a : (3.
PAPER XVII-.
1. Divide
1+x+x2 -1-a;3 +,7,4 ±,v6 +2•7 ±x8 +.2;9 +,v15by 1—x5+26.
2. If
+ Y + =1
a+a a+0 a-Fy
+ Y =1
b+a b-1-0 b-Fy
z
c-Fa ' c-FP -I- 0-1-y =1
prove that
(a + a) (b + a) (c ± a)
(a — 0) (a —
PAPER XVIII.
1. Shew that
(a+p)(a+q) (b+p)(b+q) (c+p)(c+q)
(a — b) (u — c)(a+r) 4 (b — c)(b — a)(b+ (c — a)(c— ii)(c - -
(x — P)(z -
(a+x)(b+x)(c+a)
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 55
2. If the letters all denote positive quantities, prove that
(c4 *7is never greater than " bY,
+ a±b
3. Find all the solutions of sin 30 — cos() = 0.
Which of them will satisfy the equation
1 sin 28 = 3 sin cos 0 ?
4. In any triangle prove that
(b — c) (b c — a)
tan )(4 C
c 2
(c — e)(c + a — b) tan(B2 + A)
c ce
— b) (a b—
. tan (— B).
a b
5. If from each of the angular points of a quadrilateral
perpendiculars be let fall upon the diagonals, the feet of
these perpendiculars are the angular points of a similar
quadrilateral.
6. AB is a diameter of a circle, and a parabola is de-
scribed passing through A and B, and having for its
directrix a tangent to a concentric circle. Sliew that the
locus of its focus is an ellipse.
7. If six forces acting on a body be completely repre-
sented, three by the sides of a triangle taken in order, and
three by the sides of the triangle formed by joining the
middle points of the sides of the original triangle, prove
that they will be in equilibrium if the parallel forces act in
the same direction, and if the scale on which the first three
forces are represented be 4 times as large as that on•which
the latter are represented.
56 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
PAPER XIX.
1. Prove that
(a + L)3(a' 1') + 5 a L (a + L)3 (a4 + L4)
+15a2b2(a+ 1') (a3+ L3) +35a3L3(a= + L3) + 70a4b4=(a+ B)8.
2. Solve the equations
(1) (c + a — 2L);v2+ (a + L — 2e)a; + (b — 2a) = 0,
„(2) ax = ay + za; = az + ay =
3. If a + L = 0, prove that
a5 + L5 + C5 a 3 +L3 + C3 a2+ L2+ 0
5 3 2
hence spew that if
sin a + sin 3 + sin y = 0 = cos a + cos + cos y
cos Ea + cos 53 + cos 5y
5
cos 3a +cos 33 + cos 3y cos2a + cos 2)3 + cos 2y
3 2
sin 3a + sin 313 + sin 3y sin 2a + sin 23 + sin 2y
3 2
4. If A + B C = 90°, prove that
cosecA cosec Beosee C— cotBtanC— cot CtanB — cotCtanA
— cot AtanC— cotA tanB cotBtanA = 2.
5. If the.diagonals AC, BD of the quadrilateral ABCD
inscribed in a circle, centre 0, intersect at right angles in
a fixed point P prove that the feet of the perpendiculars
,
PAPER XX.
1. Calculate the value of ✓5 to ten places of decimals
from the formula
3 — ki6 1 1 1 1.
+....
2 — 7- 3 . + 3.7.47 + 3.7.47.2.207
each of the factors in the denominators being equal to the
square of the preceding factor diminished by 2.
2. Prove that 32'1+2— 8n — 9 is a mult:ple of 64.
3. If
cos (a (3 e) cos (y + a +i3)
and 0, y are unequal,
sin (a + (3) cos 2y sin(y a) cos 2/3'
prove that each expression
cos 03 + +
= sin Oa y) cos 2a
4. If A -{-B+C+D= 2r, shew that
A D B C B C A D
cos — cos — sin — ,sin — cos —cos— sin — sin ,
2 2 2 -2 2 2 2
= sin
A B sin C+A
cos
A ± 7)
2 2 ' 2
5. ABCD is a quadrilateral figure, and two points P, Q
are taken in AD, BC, such that AP : PD CQ : QB.
From P and Q straight lines PP', QQ' are drawn equal to,
parallel to, and in the same directions as BC and DA
respectively. Shew that forces represented by AB, CD,
PP', QQ' are in equilibrium.
6. In a given triangle inscribe a parallelogram equal to
half the triangle, so that one side is in the same straight
line with one side of the triangle, and has one extremity at
a given point of that side.
58 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. Given a focus, the length of the transverse axis, and
that the second focus lies on a fixed straight line, prove
that the conic will touch two parabolas having the given
focus for focus.
PAPER XXI.
1. Obtain the value of 7r correct to 6 places of decimals
from the series
14 2 / \ 2.4 / 1 \ 2 ‘3
5 {1 +-3 50 3 . 5 50 3 . 5 . 7 o0
± 948 f + 2( 9\+2. 4 ( 9 \2
3125 t 3 6250/ 3 . 5 62501
+ 2. 4 . 6 ( 9 \ 3
3 . . 7 lb2o0) J
PAPER XXII.
1. If z + y + z = .ryz, skew that
2:c 2y 2z _ 2y 2:
1—a;2 + 1y2+ 1 — z= 1 — a:21 — y= 1 — z2.
2. If
—
4(x) = ax
ax ax, shew that cp(a; + y) — C5(3') +4)(1/)
a x
1+ 45(z.)(15 CY)
-
PAPER X XIII.
1. If
a_ 31 (23 + V513 \I (23 - fr./513 \ i
) + k ) 1}
k 4 4
2 r (23 + frs/513)i (?.3 - fr./513)1
-1 4
6= E(\ 4 ,/ m 4
show that a- P.
a
ax - a x 2
2. If Ca)- and F(a;) =
,_
ax ax - ax a-x
shew that 1,-,(s y) F (Z) 1?(V).
± 0(1)4(.Y)
3. A uniform rod has its lower end fixed to a hinge, and
its other end attached to a string which is tied to a point
in the same horizontal plane as the hinge, the distance
between the point and hinge being equal to the length of
the rod. If the tension of the string be equal to the
weight of the rod, prove that the inclination of the rod to
the horizon is 2 cos-1(P.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 61
4. If A + B C = 180°, prove that
(1) sin 6A + sin 6B + sin 6C = 4 sin 3A sin 3B sin 3C
(1 — tan -0(1 — tan 71 )(1 — tangii) sin1+ sinB-,2 + sin—C
2— 1
(2) _
(1 +tan4) (1-1-tanil-)(11-tan —c ) cosA --hcosB -1-cos
4 4 4 2 2
5. With the usual notation for the sides and angles of a
triangle, prove that
b cos A — a cos B b2cos 2/1 — a2cos 2B
2c2
63cos 3A a3cos 3B b
. . = log -;
:-!c3
6. AB, Cl), IIF are given parallel chords of a circle.
EC, FD produced meet AB produced in G, H respectively.
If from any point P on the circumference PC, PF be
drawn meeting AR, or AB produced in Q, R respectively,
the rectangle contained by GQ and nye is constant.
7. If two straight lines represented by the equation
e 0,
a b c
be at right angles to each other, and co be the angle
between the axes, shew that
cos co = c(1
a b
PAPER XXIV.
PAPER XXV.
1. If X2 b and :r2 + 5' have a common
measure, then
(ab' — a' b) (a — a) + (5 — 14 2 = 0.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 63
2. If 1, x x3, and 1, y2, y3be each in H.P. and if x + y
be not equal to zero, and neither x nor y equal to unity,
shew that — r y, x, e will be in A.P. and that their sum
,
PAPER XXVI.
2. If .v +y fi z w = 0, prove that
wx(w + ;02 + ✓z(w — .v)2 wy(w ± y)2 zr(ie — y)2
wz(w + xy(w — z)2 4.v3zto = 0.
3. Shew that
1/ cosec cos cosec,?,' — cosec 2y cosec
tan tnnx
2 2 cosec 2.z cosecy + cosec 2ycosee
PAPER XXVII.
1. If a, b, c be the pth, qth, and rth terms respectively
both of an A.P. and a G.P. prove that
ab-c b` -a as-b = 1.
PAPER XXVIII.
1. An A.P. a G.P. and an H.P. have each a and b for
their first two terms. Shew that the (a -1- 2)th terms will
be in G.P. if
b2n-1-2 a2n-1-2 1
wom _ a2.)
66 WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS.
2. If a1, a2, a3, . . . . an be n real quantities, and if
(a!+ • • • • + a.!1,-1) (a! ± • • • + u.2))
= (a1a2 02a3 . . . . an-1an)2.
then al, a2, . . . . are in G.P.
3. If A, B, C be the angles of a triangle, chew that
cos A cos B cos C > 1, and 1>
4. If
:r sin 2.4 cos B — y sin 2./3 cos A -I- z(cos 2A — cos 2B) = 0
and
z sin 2Ccos A — x sin 2Acos C y(cos 2 C — cos 2A) = 0
where d, B, C are the angles of a triangle whose sides are
a, b, c, shew that
rrx =by=cz.
5. From D and E, points on the circumference of the
circle circumscribing the triangle ABC, perpendiculars are
drawn to the sides, and the straight lines which respec-
tively pass through the feet of the perpendiculars intersect
in P. Shew that the locUs of P is a circle when A moves
on the circumference of the circumscribing circle, and B,
C, D, E are fixed.
6. Prove that the locus of the intersection of tangents to
a parabola which are inclined at angles of 4 is a rect-
angular hyperbola having one focus and the corresponding
directrix coincident with the focus and directrix of the
parabola.
7. The equation to a curve referred to coordinate axes
which are inclined at an angle n is tr2 + y2 = c2. Prove
that the locus of the intersection of two tangents to the
curve which are at right angles is a circle, the equation to
which is
z2.-I- y2+ 2.xy cos a) = 2c2.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 67
PAPER XXIX.
1. If
= log x2 ; x4 = log 2 x3; . . . . x„ = log .a.„ -t ;
x1
xl = logxn_ l x„ ; x2 = logx,n ri ;
shew that xi . x2 zn— 1.
2. If
a2,2 b2y2 c2z2 = 0 ; a2x3 b2y3 e2z3 = 0 ;
1 1 e2 ;
— — = — — b2= 1
prove that
(1) a y + b4s3 e4z3 = 0 ;
(2) ,6,3 bsy3 ,623 = a4x2 + by + ,422.
3. In any triangle shew that
a2cos 2(B — C) = b2cos 2B + 2bc cos (B — C) + e2cos 2C.
4. Prove that
22x sin 23x —
log sec = sin 2.r — sin •.
2 3
5. If the three plane angles at the vertex of a tetra-
hedron be bisected, and the points in which the bisecting
lines meet the sides of the base be joined with its opposite
angles, the three lines so drawn will meet in a point.
6. Apply a property of the parabola to prove that if
four intersecting straight lines be taken three together so
as to form four triangles, the orthocentres of these three
triangles will be collinear.
7. From a point in the circumference of an ellipse, the
semi-axes of which are a and b, two tangents are drawn to
a concentric circle. A straight line through the points of
F 2
68 WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS.
contact intersects the axes of the ellipse at paints the dis-
tances of which from the centre are a, 0. If c be the
radius of the circle, prove that
1 1 1
(6,05 (0)2 el
PAPER XXX.
PAPER XXXI.
1. If
a =
1 {(23 + Ps/513'1+
—3 (23 —N/513 \I
4 / + 4 1 —
6 _ 2 j (23 + A/513 \..1 /23 — V513)1
81(\ 4 /+ 4 i
skew that a2 + b2 = a — b = P.
a
See Paper XXIII., 1.
2. Given
a2 = 1 ; log 2 = '3010300 ; log (1 + a) = '1928998 ;
log (1 + b) '2622226 ;
thew that
log (1 + a 4 b) = '3780762.
3. Prove the following formulae for a plane triangle
(1) a sin (B — C) b sin (C — A) + c sin (A — 1)= 0.
a2 — /2 1,2 _ C2 e2 a2
(2) -F — 0.
cos A ± cos B cosB cos C cos 0+ cosi/
4. From a point within a regular polygon perpendiculars
are let fall on all the sides. Find the sum of the squares
on all these perpendiculars.
70 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
5. Through a fixed point 0 any straight line OPQ
drawn cutting a fixed circle in P and Q. On OP and OQ
as chords are described circles touching the fixed circle at
P and Q. Prove that the two circles so described will
intersect on another fixed circle.
6. If the tangent and ordinate at any point P of an
ellipse meet the axis major in T and A", and any circle be
drawn through N and T, skew that it is cut orthogonally
by the auxiliary circle of the ellipse.
7. Investigate the conditions in order that two conic
sections, represented by the equations
ay + — by = (ax +
(3y y) 2
(z — ar)2 (y — = (a'1' 13'.? ± '7)2
may be identical in magnitude and form.
PAPER XXXII.
1. If .v y + r = 0, skew that
{ 9 — z +z—x + x—ylf , y + =9.
ly—z zx a.— y
2. If 2'2 = pz q, shew that
— n-1 —
xn qa
a — a— 3
where a ± = p, a$ = — q.
3. If a + 3 = prove that
(1 — tan (1 — tan-15,2:\
sin a --j- sin g -
!
PAPER XXXIII.
1. A selection of c things is to be made, part from a
group of a things, and the remainder from a group of
things. Prove that the number of ways in which such a
selection may be made will never be greater than when
the number of things taken from the group of a things is
the integer neat less than
(a + 1) (c + 1)
a+b+2
72 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
2. Prove that
a - 1= 1 -I- 2(1 - a) + 3(1 - a) (1 - 2a) ....
.... n(1 - a) (1 - 2a) . {1 - (n - 1)a)
+ a -1(1 - (1 - 2a) . . . . (1 - no).
3. Shew that
2 sin 0 + 3 sin 20 . . . . n sin (n - 1)0
- (n +1)sin (n - 1)0 +sin - n sin n0
2(1 - cos 0)
PAPER XXXIV.
3. Shew that
7r 37r 57r 77r 3
cos4 + cos4— + cos4 -I- COO = •
.8- 8 8 -Ei
PAPER XXXV.
1. A ladies' school consists of 15 pupils who walk out in
5 rows of 3 abreast. They are arranged so that no two
pupils should walk twice abreast. Shew that they can
only walk out 7 times subject to this condition ; and write
down the orders on the different days.
2. Solve the equations
(1) x2 — (2a — c)x + 02 + + e2— be — ea— ab= 0,
(2) .2;2 lay — y2 = ax + by t
x2— 2.ty — y2 = — ay I
3. Prove that one of the values of
sin-1(cos 0 ± 1 sin d)
is cos-1Nisin B + ✓ — 1 log (/sin B + %/1 sill 0)
when 0 is between 0 and 5 .
2
4. Through a given point straight lines are drawn
parallel to the sides of a regular polygon ; and from
another given point perpendiculars are drawn to these
straight lines. Find the sum of the squares of the per-
pendiculars.
5. Given a fixed ellipse, shew that the locus of the
vertices of all right cones out of which this ellipse can he
cut is an hyperbola passing through the foci of the
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 75
6. From the ends A, B, of a diameter of a circle, the
centre of which is C, are drawn any two chords AH, BK,
such that the radii CH, CK include a constant angle 2a.
Prove that, a being the length of the radius of the circle,
the locus of the intersection of the two chords is also a
circle, the radius of which is equal to a sec a ; and that the
distance between the centres of the two circles is a tan a.
7. A frustum of a cone is such that its height is half
that of the complete cone. If the frustum be placed with
its curved surface on a horizontal plane, shew that it will
not topple over if the vertical angle of the cone is less that.
2 sin-1 V17.
45
PAPER XXXVI.
1. The number 142857 when multiplied by the digits
1, 2, 3 .... 6 gives the same figures in the same cyclical
order; but when multiplied by 7 it gives a series of 9'.
Explain fully the reason of this.
2. Shew that the sum of all the terms of the series
1.2+2.3±3.4 . .
which on division by 7 leave an odd remainder, and of
which n(n — 1) is the greatest, is
(n + 3) (n2+ 6n — 4).
3. If tan is = tan 31/3, and tan 0 = 2 tan chew that
a + =
4. If x, y, z be the distances of the centre of the nine
point circle from the angular points of a triangle, and p
its distance from the orthocentre, and R the radius of the
circumscribing circle, prove that
.v2 p2 = 3112.
76 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
PAPER XXX VI I.
(2) r y 4„42 y2 =
y t ,C. 2 — y2 = 20 f
PAPER XXXIX.
PAPER XL.
1. Give a rule for determining by inspection the cube
root of every perfect cube less than a million.
80 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
2. A farmer sold 10 sheep at a certain price, and 5 others
at 10s. less per head. The sum he received for each lot
was expressed in L's by the same two digits. Find the
price of each sheep.
3. In any triangle Shew that
A B
1 ± sin — sin—sin
C
—
tan + tan — + tan — = 4 . 2 2 2
2 2 2 sin A± sin .8 + sin C
4. If S denote the area, et, b, c the sides of a triangle
ABC inscribed in a circle, shew that the perimeter of the
triangle formed by drawing tangents to the circle at A,
B, C will be equal to
abc tan A tan B tan C
•
2S
5. ABC is a triangle, and D the middle point of BC.
Any straight line through C meets AD in E, and AB in F.
Shew that AE . PB = 2AF . ED.
6. A variable ellipse always touches a fixed ellipse, and
has a common focus with it. Find the locus of the second
focus
(1) When the major axis is constant,
(2) When the minor axis is constant.
7. The locus of a point P such that the sum of the
squares of the three normals drawn from P to the parabola
y2 = 2px may equal a given quantity k2is the ellipse
x2 + 31/2 ± 4p, 2p2 = k2.
PAPER XLI.
PAPER XLII.
1. Prove that
,(1 — , v2)72, = (1 + x)272, — 2nx(1 xrn -
2n(2n — 2) , . (1 ± 2.)212, - 2
1 2
.
2. Shew that
PAPER
1. If
a(by — ax) = b(cz ax — by) = c(ax + 171 — cz),
and if a ± b = 0, then will x y z = 0.
2. Shew that
1 23
— 33 43
— -1- — 15e.
LI
3. Prove that
sin 50 — cos 50 — tan (0 7)1— 2sin 20 — 4 sin 220
sin 50 -1- cos 50 4/J1 + 2 sin 20 — 4 sin 220
4. ACBP is a quadrilateral figure such that the angle
.APB (2$) is bisected by the diagonal CP. If CA = a.
CB = b, and the angle ACB = a, prove that
ab sin(a -1- 20)
CP
sin • t1a2 62 2ab cos (a + 2 0)
5. ABC is an isosceles triangle having each of the
angles at the base double the third angle. Shew that the
nine point circle of this triangle will intercept portions of
the equal sides such that a regular pentagon can be in-
scribed in the circle having these portions as two of its
sides.
Also, in Euclid IV. 10, find what portion of the circum-
ference of the small circle is intercepted by the large
circle.
G 2
84 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
6. If through a fixed point A a straight line be drawn
meeting two fixed lines OD, OE in B and C respectively,
and on it a point P be taken such that AC. AP = Ab2,
prove that the locus of P is a parabola which passes
through A and 0, and has its axis parallel to OD, and the
tangent at A parallel to OE.
7. If cb be the excentric angle of any point P of the
ellipse
x2 , 2
7/
Th
Cti-1- b
and if a parabola be described passing through the foci of
the ellipse, and having P for its focus, shew that the latus
rectum of this parabola is 2(a 71- b) sin 20, and that the
equation of its directrix is x cos cb ± y sin g5 = a. Also
write down the equation of the parabola.
PAPER XLIV.
1. Find the condition that the roots of the equation
axe 2bx + c = 0 may be formed from those of
a'x2 2L'x a' = 0 by adding the same quantity to each
root.
2. If a, b, c arc positive and x real, prove that the
quantity ax b c never lie in value between the
quantities b ±
Bx C
Hence prove that the fraction Axe + has its
A'x2 B'x C'
limiting values when x is a root of the equation
(AB' — A' B)x2— 2(CA' — C A)x ± BC' — B' C = 0.
3. If sin A be the Arithmetic and sin B the Geometric
Mean between sin C and cos C, prove that
cos 2A = cos 2B = cos2(4 C).
PAPER XLV.
1. Find the sum of a terms of the series
1 + 2x + 3.v2 . . (n 1).rn-2
2. Shew that the least value of
aekx be-kx is 2 ✓a
3. Find the sum to infinity of the series
(1) cos 0 sin 0 + cos 20 sin 20 + cos 30 sin 3B
1±22 1 + 23
(2) (1 + 2) log,2 (loge2)2 (loge2)3
Lt. [3_
4. Prove that
(n 21)7
cosz sin (x n cos (x -7-21-)sin j x }+•.•.
n(n-1)....(n- r )
cos(x 2/ .T )sin (n-r) '
2 2 J
.... to (n 1) terms = 2n-1 sin (2:c + 7)•
86 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
5. Prove that the area of any triangle is a mean pro-
portional between the areas of two triangles formed, the
one by joining the points of contact of any one of the four
circles touching the sides of the triangle, and the other by
joining the centres of the other three.
6. ABC is a triangle, and any straight line CF is drawn
meeting AB in F. The angles RFC, AFC are bisected by
FD, FE meeting the opposite sides in D, E. Prove that
AD, BE, OF are concurrent.
7. If two straight lines, inclined to each other at a given
angle a, be drawn from the focus of an ellipse, and tangents
to the ellipse be drawn at their extremities, prove that the
locus of the point of intersection of these tangents is an
ellipse, a parabola, or an hyperbola, according as the
eccentricity of the ellipse is respectively less than, equal
a
to, or greater than cos
PAPER XLVI.
1. Shew that three of the roots of the equation
x6-1— (a + b c)ol(a.4+ 1) + (ab + be + ca).vz(z2—1)
+ (a b — abc)x3
-F — a.3( a2(L
b c a a b c ab c/
are
1 1 1 1 1 1
a+
±a , c b c c
Find the other roots.
2. Prove that
loge 2 = 2 {1 1 • 1 1 1
• S3 ••
1 1 1 1
2 34 3 66 ....}
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 87
3. Shew that
sin(6 — /3) sin (6 — y) 4. sin(0 — y) sin (0 — a)
sin (a — g) sin (a — y) sin (( — y) sin (0 - a)
sin (0 — a) sin(0 — 13) _ 1.
.
sm (y — a) sin (y —
4. The angles subtended by a hill at the base and
summit of a tower of height a are respectively a and 8.
Prove that the height of the hill is given by the equation
x2 cos a sin ((3 — a) —ax sin 'a sin 0 a2 sin 2u sin 13 = 0.
5. Four circles are described, each passing through two
adjacent angular points of a square, and also through a
point P on one of the diagonals. A quadrilateral is de-
scribed such that each angular point lies on the circum-
ference of one of the circles, and each side passes through
one of the angular points of the square. Shew that the
quadrilateral may have a circle described about it with its
centre at P, and that its diagonals are equal and at right
angles.
6. Given the focus and auxiliary circle of an hyperbola,
skew how to find any number of points on the curve.
7. Shew that chords of a rectangular hyperbola which
subtend a right angle at one of the foci, touch a confocal
and coaxial parabola.
PAPER XLVII.
1. If the equation
x(b — c) a2 I x2+ x(c — a) +
I x2± x(a — b) c2 = 0
be rationalized it will take the form
x4 + 2px2 qx r =0
where r is the same function of a2, L2, c2 that p is of
a, 1, c, and
4
q = - (L — c) (c — a) (a — b).
3 '6
88 WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS.
2. If n things be arranged in any fixed order, and
divided into two groups of r and n — r things respec-
tively, and the things in each group be then permutated in
any way amongst themselves, f(r) being the whole number
of permutations that can thus be formed, prove that
1 1 j_ 1 .1_ , 2°
• •• • -r
Al) .i(2) An)
3. Prove that
(1) tan 36° = '4/5 tan 18°.
(2) tan 9° — ± 1 (4 — ✓10 + 2 %/-5').•
4
4. Given the base, area, and difference of the squares of
the sides, shew how to construct the triangle.
5. From an external point 0 two tangents are drawn to
a parabola, and from the points where they meet the
directrix two other tangents are drawn meeting the tan-
gents from 0 at A. and B. Prove that AB passes through
the focus S, and that 03 is at right angles to A.B.
6. If G be the centre of gravity of n equal particles
arranged at equal intervals along the arc of a circle which
subtends an angle 2a at the centre 0, shew that, if r be
the radius of the circle,
sin no
OG= . n—
76
sin n — 1
Deduce the position of the centre of gravity of a circular
arc.
7. From a given point (4, k) perpendiculars are drawn
to the axes, inclination co, and their feet are joined. Prove
that the length of the perpendicular from (4, k) on this
line is
h/c sin 20,
+ 42+ 2hk cos w
and that its equation is kr — ky = 42— 42.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 89
PAPER XLVIII.
1. Prove that
(b - c)2, c2, 62
16(u - Lc) (u - ca) - «6 )
c2, (c - a)2, a2 where 2u =bc + ca
62, 02, (a _ by
2. Shew that if
a2(b - c) 132(c
a) 4. y2(a - b)
-
x-a x-b -c
has equal roots, then
a(b - c) ±- 0(c - a) =I= y(a - 6) = 0.
3. Shew that the sum to infinity of the series
a sin
a sin a2sin 28 a3sin 38 .... is
1- 2a cos .9 a2
4. If
y=
v.4 . . . .... to infin.
2 10 26 50
x =to infin.
prove that 4x2 - y2 = 4.
5. Prove that the intersection of the diagonals of a
square described on the hypotenuse of a right-angled
triangle is equidistant from the two sides containing the
right angle.
6. A straight line moves in such a manner that the sum
of the squares on its distances from two given points is
constant. Prove that it always touches an ellipse or
hyperbola, the square on whose transverse axis is equal to
twice the sum of the squares on the distances of the
moving line from the given points, and the given points
are on the conjugate axis at distances from the centre
CS.
90 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. If P.211, PNbe perpendiculars from any point of an
ellipse on the axes, and the tangent at P meet the equi-
conjugate diameters in Q and R, shew that the tangents
from Q and R to the ellipse will be parallel to MN.
PAPER XLIX.
1. If
,
LT — r i — 7' - 1
77, . n — 1
L2 tr + 21n — - 2± • • . = fi(7)
.t1(0) • 12:0-_:
— _r -Ff1(1) —r— 1
In
+!(2) • ir + 2 pi, — r — 2 + • • • =
An,(0).+4,(1)
pi — 9• (r -I- 1I nom — r — 1
PAPER L.
1. If E = lx + my + nz ; q = nx viz ;
C = nix ny lz ; and if the same equations be true for
all values of x, y, z, when 6 c
are interchanged with x, y,
z respectively, shew that the real values of 1, m, n are given
by — 2/ = m = n =
2. Find the coefficient of ei in the expansion in as-
cending powers of
q
(a — a) (x — b)- (x— c)
92 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
3. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, prove that
cos A cosec B cosec C+ cos B cosec C cosec A
+ cos C cosec A cosec B = 2.
4. If a straight line join the points where an escribed
circle touches the produced sides, and corresponding lines
be drawn for the other escribed circles so as to form a
triangle, prove that the lines joining corresponding ver-
tices of the triangles are perpendicular to the sides of the
original triangle, and are equal to the radii of the corre-
sponding escribed circles.
5. The straight line which bisects the exterior angle A
of a triangle cuts the base BC produced in D, and the
circumscribed circle in E. Shew that the rectangle
AB . AC together with the square on AD = rectangle
DB . DC; and that the rectangle AB . AC = rectangle
AE AD.
6. In an ellipse, from the extremities of the diameter
which is perpendicular to one of the equi-conjugate
diameters chords are drawn parallel to the other. Prove
that these chords are normal to the ellipse.
7. If P be any point on an ellipse, and L, .M N the
points of contact of the ellipse with the three circles of
curvature through P, sheW that the area of the triangle
LMN is constant, and equal to that of the maximum
triangle which can be inscribed in the ellipse.
PAPER LI.
1. Solve the equations
{(6 + c).r ± (c + a),y ± (a + b)z --- 0
(6 — c):v + (e — a)y + (a — b)z -= 0
(1) l' ± y + z=n(Gc + ca + ab)
c a a 1) b
a bb e e a
WEEKLY PROBLEM. PAPERS. 93
(2) V(2b — a + .r) (b — 2a x) (x — a) (x t b)
= ,s1 ± b) (.v 21) — a) — 4ab.
ey2(,4 4)
11 a2
—
(3)
C ay(ay3— 1) (X2 + y2) = a
2. Shew that no number of the form 8x + 7 can be the
sum of 3 square numbers.
3. Prove that, if a, /3, y, 8 be all different
costa c os20
sin — 13sin a 2-- 7sin (-1
1 2.- " sin' — sin — 7sin13 ;
2 2 2
costs
os28
sin .Z-•` sin 7—$sin 7 " sin " sin 8 — 13sin —2 7
2 2 2 2 2
= 8 sin a +13 + 8
2
4. A straight line cuts three concentric circles in A, B,
C, and passes at a distance p from their centre. Shew that
the area of the triangle formed by the tangents at A, B, C is
BC. CA. AB
2p
5. If any rectangle circumscribe an ellipse, prove that
the perimeter of the parallelogram formed by joining the
points of contact is equal to twice the diameter of the
director circle.
6. The angular points of one triangle lie on the sides of
another. If the latter triangle be thus divided into four
equal parts, prove that the lines joining its angular points
with the corresponding angular points of the former
triangle will be bisected by the sides of the former
triangle.
7. If xy = c2be the equation to a rectangular hyperbola,
and x j, x2, x3 x4be the abscissee of the angular points and
orthocentre Of a triangle inscribed in it, shew that
xl 1.2 = — c4•
94 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
PAPER LIT.
PAPER Lill.
1. Sum to n terms the series
(1) 1 — 2 — 3 — 2 + I + 6 +
(2) 2 + 5 + 12 + 31 + 8G + 249 +
2 5 8
(3) 1 . 4 . 7 4 . 7 . 10 7 . 10 . 13
2. Prove that any even square (2n)2is equal to the sum
of n terms of one series of integers in A.P., and that any
odd square (2n + 1)2is equal to the sum of n terms of
another increased by unity.
Also shew that the common difference in the two series
is the same.
3. From the top of a hill the depression of a point on
the plane below is 30°, and from a spot three-quarters of
the way down the depression is 15°. If 6 be the inclina-
tion of the hill, shew that
3
tan 6 =
3 •sig — 2
4. The point in which the external bisector of one angle
of a triangle again cuts the circumscribed circle is equi-
distant from the other two angular points of the triangle,
and from the centres of two escribed circles.
5. Let AC, GB be diameters of two circles touching each
other in 0, and let AB be bisected in D. Slew that if a
circle be described with centre D cutting the circles in E
and F, the straight line EP' will pass through C.
6. Find an expression for the product of the per
pendiculars from the centre of the circumscribing circle
and the orthocentre on any side of a triangle, and shew
that it is the same for each of the sides.
96 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. A triangle is inscribed in a parabola, and another
triangle similar and similarly situated circumscribes it.
Prove that the sides of the former triangle are respectively
four times the corresponding sides of the later.
PAPER LIV.
1. Sum to n terms the series
(1) 4 + 18 + 48 -I- 100 -I- 180 + 294 -I-
(2) 5+11 +22 +41+74+133+... .
5 8 (1) 15 /1\ 2 _, 34 (1\3
O 1. 2 . 3 ± . 3 . 4 k3) -I-3 . 4 . 5 ■3) 4 . 5 . 6 k3/
89 (1)4 + 252 /1)5 +
5 . 6 . 7 3) 6 . 7 . 8 k3) ••• •
2. If at and n be two prime numbers, shew that
nin-1 + 70-1
when divided by not leaves a remainder 1.
3. Two ships are sailing uniformly in parallel directions,
and a person in one of them observes the bearing of the
other to be a°from the North ; p hours afterwards its
bearing was IT ; and q hours after that it was 11. Prove
that the course of the vessels is 6' from the North, where
is given by
p sin a sin (0 — y) — q sin y sin (a — (3)
tan 0 —
p cos a sin(/3 — y) — q cos y sin (a —
4. ABC is a straight line divided at any point B into two
portions. ADB, CDB are similar segments of circles on
AB and BC. Shew that if CD, AD be produced to meet
the circles in F and E respectively, ABF and CBE are
similar isosceles triangles.
5. The normal to an ellipse meets the axes in G and g.
Find where the normal must be drawn in order that the
triangle CGg may be a maximum.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 97
PAPER L V.
1. Show that there cannot be found in any scale three
different digits such that the three numbers formed from
them by placing each digit differently in each number
shall be in A.P., unless the radix of the scale exceed by
unity a multiple of 3. If this condition be satisfied, and
the radix be 3p + 1, there are then 2(p — 1) such sets of
digits ; and the common difference of the progressions is
in all of them the same.
2. Given the relations
Q,.'2— a2.2.1y = (p., — v2 /3
bix2 62trY = (v2 — X2)/3
ciir2 — (V:// = (X2 — POP
in which the suffixes 1 and 2 may be interchanged through-
out ; given also
= 6( 22 + 6242 • C2v2 =
and ,v2— y2 = 132,
shew that
Plv2 1/ 2v1 PiX 2 VA1 X1P2 X2P1 = PT.
Ii
98 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
3. If a triangle be solved from the observed parts
C = 75°, b = 2, a = s/6, chew that an error of 10" in the
value of C would cause an error of about 3'66 in the
calculated value of B.
4. ABC/M,' is a regular pentagon in a circle, and P the
middle point of the arc AB. Prove that AP together with
the radius of the circle is equal to PC.
5. Given the circumscribed arid inscribed circles of a
triangle, prove that the centres of the escribed circles lie
on a fixed circle.
6. Any tangent to an ellipse meets the director circle in
P and Q. Shew that CP and CQ are the directions of
conjugate diameters.
7. Find the position of a point such that the sum of
its distances from the vertices of a triangle may be a
minimum.
PAPER LVI.
1. Solve the equations
(1) X4y3 ,v3y4= 27(2x2✓2 - x -
(cy2 = 3(4,vy - x - A
(2) b2y-1 ez -1 =
c2z-1 a2.7,1 =
a2Z-1 b2y --1 = z
PAPER LVII.
1. Find the sum to n terms of the series
(1) 6 -I- 7 + 18 + 45 -I- 94 + 171 + . ,
(2) 7 + 13 — 7 — 181 — 1149 — 6111 —
8 2 1 9 1 28 1
(3) — 1.2.3 2.3.42 + 3 . 4 . 5 • 22 I 4 . 5 . G '23
61 1 120 1
+ 5 . 6 . 7 • —24 4- 6 . 7 . 8 .
2. Assuming that
1 1 1 1 1
~/N =A '+
g q2 42 +q1 + 2A " • '
and that n is the number of the recurring quotients
Pn ,P2n be the Oa and 222th convergents to
q2, . 2A, if
yn Q2n
112■
r, prove that
= 2T2 (— ..)n +1.
Q2. = 2P.Q7,; and .P2.
El 2
100 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
3. If
sin 20 — sin 0 = 1 — A/2 sin 6, and cos 20 + cos 2B = 0;
find 0 and 0.
4. Prove that in any triangle
(sinA sinB) (cosB +cos C) (cos C± cosA ) (sinB+ sin C)
(cos Cd- cosA)(cosA +cosB) (sinC-FsinA)(cosA -FeosB)
(cosB+ cosC) E (sinA +sinB) (sinB+sin C) (sin Cd- sinA).
5. A hexagon, two of whose sides are of length a, two
of length b, and two of length c is inscribed in a circle of
diameter d. Prove that
d3 = (a2 c2)d 2abc.
and that the difference between the square of the area of
the hexagon and the square of the area of a triangle whose
sides are a ✓Z e,✓2 is abed +
6. Prove that if a circle be described with its centre on
a fixed circle and passing through a fixed point, the per-
pendicular from the fixed point on the common chord is of
constant length.
7. From the foci of an ellipse perpendiculars are let fall
on the tangent at any point. With the feet of these
perpendiculars as foci, an ellipse is described touching the
major axis of the given ellipse. Prove that the point at
which it touches the axis major will be the foot of the
ordinate of the given point, and that the ellipse described
will be similar to the given ellipse.
PAPER LVIII.
1. Solve the equations
,
PAPER LIX.
1. Convert 1 :7into a circulating decimal, and explain
why the period is such that its first sixteen multiples
consist of the same digits in the same cyclical order.
102 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
2. Solve the equations
x—a x—b b + a ,
(1)
a —ax— b
(2 ,✓iir x — 1 = N.v + 1.
3. If A + B + C = 27r, and if
cos A — c)• cos B = (a — (c — ;
+——
a) (5 + c)' + +
cos C —
(a + c)(a+ 5)'
prove that tan IA + tan IB + tan IC = 1.
4. ABC is a triangle inscribed in a circle, R is any point
on the arc AB, a hexagon 4B8PCQ is completed, having
its opposite sides parallel ; triangles are formed by pro-
ducing AR, BP, CQ and AQ, Cl', BR respectively. Prove
that these triangles are similar to ABC, and have their
homologous sides parallel, and that the sum of the homo-
logous sides is to the homologous side of ABC as
(sin 22/ sir. 2B + sin 2 0) sin B : sin A sin B sin C,
where 0 is the angle between the homologous sides of the
triangles and that of ABC.
5. The sides BC, CA, AB of a triangle cut a straight line
in D, E, F. Through D, E, F three straight lines OLDG,
MEO.H, KNOB, having the common point 0 are drawn,
cutting the sides CA, AB in L, G ; AB, BC, in 11; 11;
BC, CA in K. Prove that
AK.BG. CH _ AG.BH CKGD.HE KZ? 111J.K GP'
AM.B.N.CL LA.MB.NC =LD.ME.NF =.ND.LE.MF
6. A circle and a parabola touch one another at both
ends of a double ordinate to the parabola. Prove geo-
metrically that the latus rectum is a third proportional to
the parts into which the abscissa of the points of contact is
divided by the circle either internally or externally.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 103
7. Prove that the equation of the locus of the points of
intersection of pairs of tangents to the ellipse x—! 1
a' b2
inclined to one another at an angle a is
(.0 + y2— a2— b2)2 = 4 cot 2a (ay + b2x2— a,b2).
PAPER LX.
1. At the recent general election the whole number of
Liberals returned was 15 more than the number of English
Conservatives, and the whole number of Conservatives
was 5 more than twice the number of English Liberals.
The number of Scotch Conservatives was the same as the
number of Welsh Liberals, and the Scotch Liberal majority
was equal to twice the number of Welsh Conservatives,
and was to the Irish Liberal majority as 2 : 3. The
English Conservative majority was 10 more than the whole
number of Irish members. The whole number of members
is 652, of whom 60 are returned by Scotch constituencies.
Find the number of each party returned by England,
Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, respectively.
2. If a < 1, and (1 -I- ax) (1 + a3 (1 + a5x) . . . . be
expanded in ascending powers of .r, prove that the series
is
'14:0 a.v
63
1 + 1—"za2 (1— a")(1 (14) (1 — a2)(1— 0)(1— a6 )
3. If ABC be a triangle, shew that
A
— tan' + tan2—0tang + taw A tang
t ant B
2 2 2 2 2 2
is always < 1 ;
Also shew that if one angle approach indefinitely near
to two right angles, the least value of the expression is
4. If a straight line AB be bisected in C and produced
to D so that sq. on AD = 3 sq. on CD, and if CB be
bisected in E, shew that sq. on ED = 3 . sq. on EB. •
104 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
5. The bisectors of the angles A, B, C of a triangle meet
in 0. Prove that the triangles OBC, OCA, OAB are
proportional to sin A, sin B, sin C.
6. Two tangents to an ellipse intersect at right angles.
Prove that the sum of the squares on the chords inter-
cepted on them by the auxiliary circle is constant.
7. Through a fixed point 0 a chord POQ of a hyperbola
is drawn, and lines PL, QL are drawn parallel to the
asymptotes. Shew that the locus of L is a similar and
similarly situated hyperbola.
PAPER LXI.
1. Prove that if x be less than 1,
3
(1 — x) (1 — x,27v+ 1) m(1 — ,v3) (1— a.212, + s)
x5
— (1 — x2n, + 5) . . .. to inf.
1 il + 1 1 1
PAPER LXII.
1. Find the sum to n terms of the series
(1) 3 j_ 3 . 6 3.6.9
1.4 1.4.7 1 . 4 . 7 . 10
1 2 _L. 3
(2)
1 3.5
. 3. .7 5.7.9 •• •
(3) — 3 + 2 + 13 ± 28 39 -} 26 — 55 296 . —
1+ 3 6 7 2,j2
5. AB is a chord of a conic. The tangents at A and B
meet in T. Through B a straight line is drawn meeting
the conic in C and AT in P. The tangent to the conic at
C meets AT in Q. Shew that TPQ4 is a harmonic range.
6. AB, BC, CD are three equal rods freely jointed at B
and CL The rods AB, CD rest on two pegs in the same
horizontal line so that BC is horizontal. If a be the in-
clination of AB, and /3 the inclination of the reaction at B
to the horizon, prove that
3 tan a tan 3 = 1.
7. Shew that, if B denotes a variable angle, the envelope
of the parabola
v
1.
a2
risinecose + cos 29 +
sin 20 -2 cos 9
ab 2
2y
sin 0 — 2 = 0
is the ellipse
x2 v2 1
02 b2
PAPER LXIII.
1. Find the cube root of 37 +
If the cube root of a + c Nri can be ex.._
pressed in the form x + .12, prove that \,/6c
—
d'
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 107
A
v
rd Av —
75
must all be rational. Also if V— = k,
c
PAPER LXIV.
1. Eliminate z, y, z from the equations
1 1 1
Lief
c2
•
cos A + +alcos B Si cos C
= cri bi ci.
5. Given a triangle ABC, shew how to inscribe in it a
triangle LMN so that the perimeter of LMN may be a
minimum. Shew that L, M, N are then the feet of the
perpendiculars from the angular points on the sides.
6. A boy stands on a sheet of ice balancing himself by
means of a chair, but not leaning any of his weight on it.
Shew that if the chair be heavier than the boy, be may
incline his body to the vertical at an angle tan-1 2/1 ; but
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 109
if the boy be heavier than the chair, he can only incline it
W'
to an angle tan--1 , µ being the coefficient of friction
between the boy and ice, and also between the chair and
ice, W and W' being the weights of boy and chair re-
spectively.
7. A line is drawn from the focus of a hyperbola
parallel to an asymptote to meet the directrix. Prove that
it is equal in length to half the latus rectum, and is
bisected by the curve.
PAPER LXV.
1. Find the sum to n terms of each of the following
series
(1) — 1 — 3 + 3 + 23 + 63 + 129 +
4 11 18
(2) + +
3.8.13 8.13.18 13.18.23
1(2' + 3) 2(24 + 4) 3(25 + 5)
(3) ,A +
2. Prove that
14 —n. 2.-1- 1) 3" ....(-1)"(n+l)n =(-1)n
tan 20 = 2A
a—6
Trace the curve
13.r2+ Erg + 13, 2— 22x + 509 — 23 = 0.
PAPER LX
1. The equations
(1 + /x) (1 + ay) -= 1 + lz
(1 + nix) (1 + by) = 1 + nzz
(1 + nx) (1 +0.11) = 1+ nz
cannot be true together unless
(b — + (c — a) nib +(a — b) =
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 111
If this condition holds, shew that
c_ _ _
b
x =a rn
b—c
and that particular solutions for y and z will be
1 1
=— z —
1
with two similar sets. Also y = 0, and x = z is another
solution.
2. Eliminate 0, cp.' from the equations
r ab cos (e — cb) _ ab cos (0 — 0') ,
a2sin 20 + 12cos 20 Nia2sin 20' + 12cos 2(1;
b2
and tan 0 tan 0' = —
and shew that 2r2 = o2cos 20 -4- b2sin V.
3. Eliminate. 0 from the equations
a'y sin yb + 63.r cos qi + a b(a2sin 20 + b2cos 20) = 0
a.v sec — by cosec = a2— /2.
4. The triangle ABC is right-angled at A, and on the
sides -AB, AC are described squares ABU, AFGC. Prove
that BO and CE meet on the perpendicular from A on BC.
5. TP and TQ are tangents to a parabola, and 0 is the
centre of the circle round TPQ. Shew that the angle TSO
is a fight angle.
6. Forces .P and Q act at a point 0, and their resultant
is R. If any transversal cut their directions in the points
L, All, N respectively, shew that
P QR
OL OM = ON
112 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. Prove that in order to produce the greatest deviation
in the direction of a smooth billiard hall of diameter a by
impact on another equal ball at rest, the former must be
projected in a direction making an angle
a .s./ 1
— e
sin —1 —
• 3—e
with the line (of length a) joining the two centres, e being
the coefficient of elasticity.
PAPER LXVII.
1. If x2 +ax b and x2 +a' x + b' have a common
measure of the first degree, prove that their L.C.M. is
x3 ab — a' b' x2 _F a'b2— ab'2 bb'(a — a')
b — b' — b — b'
2. Two persons A and B set out together to walk from
P to Q, each completing the distance in 4 hours. A
increases his rate at the end of each quarter of an hour by
the same quantity, and B increases his by that same
quantity at the end of each half hour. After one hour
they are isof a mile apart, and after 2 hours they are 4 of
a mile apart. Find the distance from P to Q.
3. Shew that if a quadrilateral whose sides taken in
order are a, 6, a, d be such that a circle can be inscribed in
it, the circle is the greatest when the quadrilateral can be
inscribed in a circle. When this is the case, shew that
the square on the radius of the inscribed circle is
abed
(a ± c) (b d)
4. A tree blown over by the wind falls on another,
partially uprooting it. Shew that it is not possible for
both their tops to be in the same straight line as before.
5. Describe a parabola passing through three given
points, and having its axis parallel to a given straight
line.
Hence chew how to inscribe in a given parabola a
triangle having its sides parallel to three given straight
lines.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PA PERS. 113
6. A quadrilateral ABCD is composed of four unequal
beams joined at the extremities, and is compressed by a
force P along the diagonal A. Prove that the force Q
along the other diagonal BD requisite to resist compression
P . AC AO OC .
is given by = , 0 being the intersection
Q. BD BO. OD
of the diagonals.
7. A particle is projected from a platform with velocity
P; and elevation (3. On the platform is a telescope fixed
at elevation a. The platform moves horizontally in the
plane of the particle's motion, so as to keep the particle
always in the centre of the field of view of the telescope.
Shew that the original velocity of the platform must be
V sin (a 13) and its acceleration g cot a.
,
sin a
PAPER LXVIII.
1. Resolve into its component factors the expression
(a3 b3 e3).ryz (bzc c2a alb)(s 2z z2x x2y)
+(bc2d-ca2-Fab2)(yz2-1-zx2-Fxy2)+(x3+y3-1-z3)abc+3abcxyz.
2. If in, n,p be prime numbers, shew that the expression
(np)m--1 (pm,)n-1 ( nn) -
leaves a remainder 1 when divided by Innp.
3. Circles are described on the sides a, b, c of a triangle
as diameters. Prove that the diameter D of a circle which
touches the three externally is such that
\/—
D -1 + I) -1 \/ 1
6 -
a s- b sc D-s
where 2s = a b c.
4. ABC is a triangle, and AD, BE, CF are the per-
pendiculars on the opposite sides, intersecting in P.
B', F' are the middle points of these sides. Shew that the
114 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
three straight lines which join 1Y, E', F' with the middle
points of AP, BP, CP respectively are equal and con-
current ; and the three straight lines which join D', K,
with the middle points of AD, BE, CF respectively meet
in a point (the Symmedian point).
5. From the vertex A of a parabola AY is drawn per-
pendicular to the tangent at P, and YA produced to meet
the curve in Q. Show that if .PQ meet the axis in R,
AR = 2AS.
6. ABC is a triangle, and P any point in the plane of
ABC. P is acted on by forces represented by PA, PB,
PC. If the magnitude of their resultant is constant, chew
that the locus of P is a circle.
Hence find the position of P when there is equilibrium.
7. AB is the range of a projectile on a horizontal plane.
Shew that if t be the time from A to any point P of the
trajectory, and t' the time from P to B, the vertical height
of P above AB is 1,0'.
PAPER LXIX.
1. A certain number is divided into two parts in the
ratio x : y, the former part being 120. When divided into
two parts in the ratio x : z the former part is 140 ; and
when divided into two parts in the ratio of y : z the former
part is 126. Find the number.
2. Solve the equations
(1) (27a; + 4)2 (17x + 253)2 = (32x 45)2.
(2) x2 a(2xz) = y2+ b(a. + 2y + z)
e c(a. y 2z) = (x + y 7.)2.
(3) yz — = a; zx — y2= b ; — z2 = c.
3. 0 is a fixed point in the plane of a circle, and P, Q
two variable points on its circumference. Shew that if
the sum of the squares on OP, OQ be constant, the middle
point of PQ will lie on a fixed straight line, and the line
PQ will envelop a parabola.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 115
PAPER LXX.
1. Solve the equations
(1) a(b — c).v2 b(c — a):r c(a — b) = 0,
(2) x4 ±4 = x / 2 4.12.4—
(3) (a — 1) (a + 1)(a + a3) = x(a4— 1).
2. Out of m persons who are sitting in a circle three are
selected at random. Prove that the chance that no two of
those selected are sitting next one another is
(m 4) (In — 5)
—
(m — 1)(m — 2)
116 WEEKLY PROBLEill PAPERS.
3. Shew how to draw a pair of equal circles on two
parallel sides of a parallelogram as chords so as to touch
each other ; and chew that the circles so drawn on the two
pairs of parallel sides intersect at angles equal to those of
the parallelogram.
4. If D, A F be the points of contact of the inscribed
.ircle with BC, CA, AB respectively, spew that if the
squares on AD, BE, CF are in Arithmetic Progression, the
sides of the triangle are in Harmonic Progression.
5. Given in position four tangents to a parabola, find
geometrically the focus, vertex, latus rectum, and points
of contact.
6. Two equal particles on two inclined planes are con-
nected by a string which lies wholly in a vertical plane
perpendicular to the line of intersection of the planes, and
passes over a smooth peg vertically above this line. If
when the particles are on the point of motion the portions
of the string make equal angles with the vertical, shew
that the difference between the inclinations of the planes
must be twice the angle of friction.
7. If a point be supposed to begin moving with an
acceleration equal and opposite to that of gravity from the
point of projection at the instant of projection, prove that
at any subsequent time the particle will be moving directly
away from the point and with a velocity which in the
time elapsed would have carried it over the distance
between them.
PAPER LXXI.
1. Solve the equations
(2) a 2 + y2 +L2 = .0 + A
2 y) }
x2 02 y2 + b2 =
✓
72{,(a
b +A
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 117
2. A candidate is examined in 3 papers to each of which
is assigned m marks as a maximum. His total on the 3
papers is 2s. Shew that there are
(in + 1) (in + 2)
2
ways in which this can occur.
3. Shew that if A, B, C, D be any plane angles
sinC— D + cos C sin A + Csin D — B
cos B sin
A+
2 2 2 2
+ cos D sin A + C
2 2
C- D
= 2 sin sin
D- B
s n B Csin A+B+0+B
2 2 2 2
4. Shew that the value of 0 which is < 90° which
satisfies the equation
7 tan 20 + 8,13 tan = 1
is 3° 59' 16"•2, having given log„ 2 = '3010300 ;
L sin 33° 59' = 9.7473743 ; G sin 34° = 9'7475617.
5. A regular tetrahedron and a cube have the same
volume, and the middle points of the faces of each are
joined, thus forming another tetrahedron and an octa-
hedron; and the centres of the faces of the octohedron are
joined, thus forming a cube. Prove that the volume of
this cube is equal to that of the smaller tetrahedron.
6. 0 is a fixed point in the plane of an ellipse ; OE, OD
are two straight lines parallel to any two conjugate
diameters of the ellipse, and cutting in E and D a fixed
straight line DE, which is parallel to the diameter con-
jugate to CO, where C is the centre of the ellipse. Shew
that the circle round EOD passes through a fixed point.
7. Particles are projected from the same point with
equal velocities. Prove that the vertices of their paths
lie on an ellipse. If they be all equally elastic, and im-
pinge on a vertical wall, prove that the vertices of their
paths after impact lie on an ellipse.
118 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
PAPER LXXII
1. Establish the identities
(1) (x3-F 2:yx, )3 + (y2 2z•)3 (z' 2.ry)3
— 3(x2+2yx) (y2 +2za)(z2-1-2xy) E (x3+y3 I 23 3xyz)2.
—
PAPER LXXIII.
1. If
a and a
— Q 6
+ +
b+ o
PAPER LXXIV.
1, Eliminate z, y, z from the equations
+ yz = be
by + zz = ca
cz + ay = ab
ayz = abe
and shew that b3c3 ea' + a' b3 =&NM.
2. A number of three digits in the scale of 7 also
consists of three digits when expressed in the scale of 10,
and the digits in the former scale are respectively double
those in the latter scale. Find the number.
3. Find e and from
p sin 40 — q sin co =p
p cos 40 — q cos 495 = q
4 Two circles intersect in A and B, and through A a
chord PA Q is drawn cutting off from each circle segments
containing equal angles. Prove that the tangents at P
and Q intersect on AB.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 121
5. MT, MT' are two tangents drawn from any point M
to an ellipse whose foci are S, H. Alonc,these tangents
take lengths MO, MO' equal respectivelybto MS and MB.
Shew that 00' = AA'.
6. Two parallel smooth vertical walls are at a distance a
from each other, and an elastic particle is projected from
a point in one wall so as to impinge on the other wall in
the vertical plane perpendicular to the two walls. Prove
that if, on its return, the particle strike the wall hori-
zontally, the direction of projection is given by the
equation
2 qa 1 + e
sin 2 B — ' l
v2
v being the velocity of projection, and e the coefficient of
elasticity.
7. Prove that the centre of gravity of a wedge bounded
by two similar equal and parallel triangular faces and three
rectangular faces coincides with that of six equal particles
placed at its angular points.
PAPER LXXV.
1. Eliminate x, y, z from the equations
x3— a3 = y3— b3 = a3— e3 = ayz
a3 b3 C3 d3
y z y z
2. If 6n tickets numbered 0, 1, 2, .... 6n — 1, be placed
in a bag, and three drawn out, shew that the chance that
the sum of the numbers on them is 6n is
3n
(6n — 1) (6n — 2)
3. The perpendiculars from the angular points of an
acute-angled triangle ABC on the opposite sides meet in
P, and PA, 1'B, PC are taken for the sides of anew
122 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
triangle. Find the condition that this should be possible ;
and if it is, and a, 13, y be the angles of the new triangle,
shew that
1
+ cos a cos , COS y
sec A sec B sec C.
cos 2/ cosB cos C
4. In a convex polygon of an odd number of sides the
middle points of all are fixed except one, which describes a
curve. Prove that the angular points of the polygon
describe equal curves.
5. The major axis of an ellipse is harmonically divided
externally in E, and internally in F, and EPQ is any chord
through E. If PF, QF produced cut the curve in I", Q',
prove that
(EP l 2 FP FQ'
\I;(2 FQ .
6. OA, OB, OC, .... are any number of fixed straight
lines drawn from a point 0, and spheres are described on
them as diameters. Any straight line OX is drawn through
0, and a point P taken on it so that OP is equal to the
algebraic sum of the lengths intercepted on OX by the
spheres. Find the locus of P.
7. A series of n elastic spheres whose masses are 1, e,
em,. . . . are at rest, separated by intervals with their centres
on a straight line. The first is made to impinge directly
on the second with velocity a. Prove that the final kinetic
energy of the system is i(1 — e en)d2.
PAPER LXXVI.
PAPER LXXVII.
1. If
(a2— 03)2+ (b2 — bar = 12
(a3 — a1 )2+ (63 — bi)2= 112
(a]. - a2)2 (61 — 62)2 =
skew that
2y242 2h2f2 2f2g2— f4 — — A4 4
(a2b3— O3w-1)2 4- ctsbi — alb3 0162 — 0261)2 •
2. If p, 1, qn, n, be the reciprocals of the radius of the
inscribed circle of a triangle and of the distances of its
centre from the angular points, prove that
p3 — p(12 + n2) — 214nn = 0.
PAPER LXXVIII.
1. Prove that the numbers 220 and 284 are such that the
sum of the aliquot parts of each is equal to the other.
2. If
ax by =V ex + 61,q ex+ fy
prove that
d — bk—
— k
ad— bc
where k is given by the equation
(ad — be)1c2— (fa — be)k + fe — de = 0.
Hence solve
7x — 1 ly = = ± 9y,
also solve
x• y= 4x — 5y = V3x — 2y.
126 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
3. A circle of radius R touches externally three circles
which also touch each other externally, and whose radii
ire r„ r2, r3.
Prove that
(1) iV2 + + -8 rad-ri+ R + r2 +
r r3 i
r2 r3
11 11 ./1 1 1
(2) =– ±2v — -- •
r3 r2 rsr3 2'19'2
Also, if A, B, C be the centres of the circles r1, r2, r3, and
P the centre of the circle R, and if d, dibe the respective
distances of P and A from BC, then – = 2.
2-1
4. If 0 be the centre of one of the escribed circles of a
triangle, P one point of its intersection with the circum-
scribing circle, and if OP produced meet the latter circle
again in Q, shew that OQ is equal to the diameter of the
3ircumscribing circle.
,
PAPER LXXIX.
1. For a house occupied by B, A pays a rent of £40 per
annum by equal payments at the end of each quarter. B
pays A by equal payments in advance at the beginning of
each month. How much a month ought B to pay in order
that at the end of the year, with simple interest reckoned
at 33 per cent, per annum, A may have recovered the value
of his own four payments with one-tenth additional ?
2. If. a b c d = 0, prove that
(a' b3 4 c3
- d3)2 = 9(bcd cda + dab + abe)2
= 9(bc — ad) (ca — bd) (ab — cd).
PAPER LXXX.
PAPER LXXXI.
1. If p be a prime number, and a. not divisible by p,
show that
p_r t. —
= 1 + multiple of p.
2. A point 0 is taken within a circle of radius a, at a
distance b from the centre, and points P1, P2, . Pn are
taken on the circumference so that P1P2, P2P3, .. • • PnPp
subtend equal angles at 0. Prove that
°PI OP2 .... OPn
= (as _ 62)
(01
.Pi + 01P 2 +• • • • + OPn)
PAPER LXXXII.
1. Prove that
(n 1)n (n + 1)n.(n — 1) (n, — 2)
27, = 1 ± ,•
L2 11
-
2. A, B, C, D, E . . . . being angular points of a regular
polygon of n sides, join each pair of alternate points AC,
BD, CE, . . . . and find the area of the star-like figure thus
formed.
3. In any triangle ABC if E, F be the points where
perpendiculars from B, C meet AC, AB, prove that
BC2 = AB . BF + AC . CE.
x2
132 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
4. P is the orthocentre of a triangle ABC, and 0 the
centre of its circum-circle. A', B', C' are the centres of
the circum-circles of the triangles BPC, CPA, APB
respectively. Shew that 0 is the orthocentre of A'B'C',
P the centre of its circum-circle, A, B, C those of the
circum-circles of B'OC', C'OA', A'OB' respectively, and
that all the eight triangles above mentioned have the same
nine• point circle.
5. If an ellipse inscribed in a triangle has either one
focus at the orthocentre, or one focus at the centre of the
circumscribed circle, or its centre at the centre of the nine
point circle of the triangle, then the other two properties
are also true of it.
6. Two circular cylinders of unequal radii rest on a rough
horizontal plane with their axes parallel, and on them rests
a rough uniform beam of weight /V, being supported by a
force P parallel to its length. The axis of the beam is at
right angles to the axes of the cylinders, and inclined at an
angle a to the horizontal plane. Prove that
-= IV . tan-`-z- •
2
7. PSp is a focal chord of a parabola, A its vertex. If
PS make an angle of 60' with the axis, shew that the times
in which a body moving in the parabola under a force to
the focus would go from P to ./1 and from A to p are as
27 to 5.
PAPER LXXXIII.
1. The University pays rates at 40d. in the £, the town
at 15c1. The former pays of the whole rates, and the
latter f. Compare their rateable values.
Also, if the rates were equalised, what proportion of
their present payment would the University save ?
WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS. 133
2. If n is integral, prove that so also are the expressions
n° n4 n3 n
(1) -F + -
ne n° 5n4 n2
(2) 6 -F. 2 m 12
3. D, B, F are the middle points of the sides of the
triangle ABC. From the intersection of AD, BE, CF per-
pendiculars are let fall on the sides of the triangle. Shew
that the radius of the circle through their feet is
4 AD . BE . CT'
3 a2 b2
PAPER LXXXIV.
1. Prove that
{b2c2(a d) a2d2(b c)} (b — a) (a — d)
{c2a2(b d) b2d2(c + a)} (c — a) (b — d)
{a2b2(e d) c2c12(a 1)} (a — b) (c — d) = 0.
2. Prove that the square of the continued fraction
a a
—
b b+••
is the continued fraction
a2 a5
2a + 62— 2a b2 ..°
3. If p, q, r be the lengths of the bisectors of the angles
of a triangle produced to meet the circumscribed circle,
and u, v, w the lengths of the perpendiculars of the
triangle produced to meet the same circle, then
p2(w v) q2(u — w) r2(v — u) = 0.
4. A triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle. The points
a, b are diametrically opposite to A, B; ad is drawn
parallel to BC to meet the circle in d, and the straight line
db meets 1C and CB in e and f respectively. If 0 be the
centre prove that Oe is parallel to BC, and that be=ef=eC.
5. A parabola P and hyperbola H have a common focus,
and the asympi otes of H are tangents to P. Prove that
the tangent at the vertex of P is a directrix of H, and that
the tangent to P at the point of intersection passes
through the further vertex of H.
6. TP and TQ are tangents to an ellipse. If forces
proportional to PT, QT be applied at P and Q to the
ellipse in the directions of these lines, shew that the ellipse
will remain at rest if the centre is fixed.
WEEKLY PROBLEAT PAPERS. 135
7. If q5 be the eccentric angle of a point P on an ellipse,
chew that the eccentric angle of the point where the
normal at P cuts the ellipse again is given by
b2eot 109 ± a2 tan 0.
Hence chew that the locus of the middle points of
normal chords of the ellipse whose equation is
2 2
‘•-• = 1,
a2 62
..y.4.29)2 (:26 ± ) (a2 62)2 2 2
is 2 6 s)
a'b6
,t/ .
PAPER LXXXV.
PAPER LXXXVI.
1. An event happens on an average once a year. Show
that the chance that it will not happen in any particular
.1
year is — •
e
2. If A, B, C be the angles of a triangle, shew that
(1) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2 C = 2 (sin A + sin B + sin C)
(cos A + cos B + cos C — 1).
(2) (sin A +sin B + sin C)2+ (cos A + cos B + cos C — 1)2
+ 4 (cos A -I- cos B + cos C — 1) = 4 (sin B sin C
+ sin C sin A + sin A sin B).
3. If the radii of the four circles which touch the sides
of a triangle be in continued proportion, shew that the
triangle must be right-angled.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 137
4. Any point D is taken on the circumference of the
circle round the triangle ABC of which the sides AB, 4C
are equal. Prove that the ratio of the difference or sum
of DB and DC to DA is constant according as D and A
lie on the same or opposite sides of BC respectively.
5. QVQ' is a chord of an ellipse parallel to one of the
eviconjugate diameters. The normals at Q and Q' meet
in 0. Shew that a circle will go round QCOQ'.
6. Produce the normal at any point A of an ellipse
outwards to a length AM equal to the radius of curvature.
Shew that the circle described on A111 as diameter cuts
orthogonally the director circle.
7. An elastic sphere A impinges upon an elastic sphere
B at rest. Determine the motions of the two spheres after
collision supposing the original direction of A's velocity
to be inclined at an angle a to the line joining the
centres of the two spheres at the moment of collision.
PAPER LXXXVII.
1. An A.P., G.P., and H.P. have each a and a + b
for their first two terms. If the third terms be 0) a95
respectively, prove that
y — 3z)2 + 4z (y2 +zz) = 12yz2.
and if 1 be the nth term of the A.P., skew that
f+(a-14)+....-1-1}2 —{a1+(a+b)(1—b)-F....+14
n`
1 2
= iT2 n(n — 1)b2.
2. Shew that
,j6 = 5 1 23.3 1.3.5 26.32 1.3.5.7.9 29.33
54 L4_ • 58 11): • 512
138 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
3. Shew that the expression
sin a sin itosec a cosec (a + $) + cosec (a + cosec (a + 2$)
+ cosec (a + 20) cosec (a+3i3)) = sin 33 cosec (a + 3$).
4. Shew that there are eleven pairs of regular polygons
which satisfy the condition that the measure of an angle
in one in degrees is equal to the measure of an angle of
the other in grades, and find the number of sides in each.
5. Shew that the centres of the four circles circum-
scribing the triangles formed by four straight lines lie on
a circle.
6. Find the locus of a point from which two tangents
can be drawn at right angles, one to the ellipse
„2
= 1, the other to a2 + 71/3"z:2 = 1 ;
as
and shew that the curve lies entirely in the space between
two circles of radii
Va2 +$2and AI a2 +b2
respectively, and that it touches both these circles.
7. Three particles are projected from the same point in
different directions. Shew that after a time t they form a
triangle whose area cc t2.
If the direction of projection of two of the particles are
in the same vertical plane, shew that the plane of this
triangle will pass through the point of projection after a
time
2 ztv sin (j3 —
g ucosa — v cos$
where u, v are the initial velocities, and a, $ the initial
elevations of the two particles.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 139
PAPER LXXXVIII.
1. Solve the equations :-
(1) Vx -F2a Vx +3a = Ga.
(2) A/„2 „2.'42+ b2+, b2) =
_4_
(3) ,2 + y2 4. z2 = ,2 2 x +
b2 + (z x) — y2
02 +2 z .y) — z2.
y sin 38
2. If x cos 38 y cos38 — x sin 38
cos 359 sin 30
= ;12 + chew that x2-f- s2 x = 2.
3. ABC is a triangle and 2s its perimeter. If a, 0, y he
the angles of the triangle whose sides are equal to the
radii of the escribed circles of ABC, prove that
a(s a) cos2.§-a 2
b(s— b) cos2 + e(s—c)cosl
= (be + ea + s2).
PAPER LXXXIX.
1. Solve the equations
(1) A X ±X + —x
va— 'V a ±
(2) (e + (z + ,y)2 + 2(x y) = 135 1
x(x y) + y -I- 1) = 60
(3) .Y ,Y2 = 3
z x zx = — 1 •
x y xy = — 1
2. Prove that any equation holding between the sines
and cosines of the angles A, B, °of any triangle will still
be true when A, B, C are replaced by 2A, 2B, 2C respec-
tively, provided the cosines have their signs changed.
Also that it will be true when A, B, C are replaced by
5A, 5B, 50 respectively, provided that the sines have their
signs changed.
Prove that in any triangle
sin 10A + sin 10B + sin 100 = 4 sin 5 A sin 5B sin 5C.
Also skew that the sum of the cotangents of
57r + A 5r + B 57r + C
25 25 25
is equal to their product.
3. An equilateral triangle is constructed with its angular
points on three given parallel straight lines whose dis-
tances apart are a, b, c. Prove that its area is
1
, (a2 + c2).
2
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 141
4. P, Q, R are three points on a circle whose centre is C.
JCR is the diameter bisecting QR, and intersecting PQ,
PR in M and IV. Shew that the triangles QOM, RCN are
similar.
PAPER XC.
1. Sum to n terms the series
(1) 3 + 2 + 29 + 36 + 137 + 122 + 429 + 200 +
8 20 50 128 338 920
(2) 3 + + —65 + y ± • • • •
1 3
() 1 . 3 +1 . 3 . 5 +....
1 . 3 5.7
(4) 1 . 22 n . 2 . 32 +n(n — . 3 . 42
n(n — 1) (n — 2) 4 5,+
13
142 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
2. When z is indefinitely diminished, find the value of
the expression
1— cos2.z.-1-cos4.r — cos6z+cos8x — coslOx — cosI4H-cos16.t.
3— 4cos2x±cos4z
3. ABC is a triangle. Through A, B, C are drawn the
straight lines A,B,, B1C,, C1A1at right angles respectively
to the sides AB, BC, CA, and forming the triangle AiBlei-
The triangle z/2B2C2is formed in a similar way from the
triangle .d/ BiCi, and so on. If AnBnCn be the nth triangle
so formed, prove that the radius of the circle circum-
scribing this triangle is
+ sin 2B + sin 2 C n
R (sin 2A
\ 2 sin A sin B sin C
where R is the radius of the circle circumscribing the
triangle ABC.
4. Two parallelograms ACBD, A'C_B'D' have a common
angle at C. Prove that DD' passes through the inter-
section of A'B and AB'.
5. Two equal parabolas A and B have the same vertex
and axis, but are turned in opposite directions. Shew that
the locus of poles with respect to B of tangents to A is the
parabola A.
6. PQ is a normal to an ellipse at P, and .PCP' a
diameter. CD is conjugate to CP. If PM be an ordinate
and PQ, QP' meet the major axis in G and U respectively,
prove that GM. CU = CD%
7. A ball is projected against a smooth vertical wall.
Find the direction in which it may be projected with the
least velocity so that it shall return to the point of pro-
jection.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 143
PAPER XCI.
1. Between two quantities a Harmonic mean is inserted,
and between each adjacent pair a Geometric mean is
inserted. It is found that the three means thus inserted
are in Arithmetic Progression. Prove that the quantities
are in the ratio 7 — 4 13 : 1.
2. Prove that
4n 1) 2ni I
(,„ +)(„, (m (m+ > { - LT
-
2 I
3. Shew how to find a series of triangles whose sides are
in A.P. with a common difference 1, and whose areas are
rational. Shew that the five least ' integral ' values of the
mean side are 4, 14, 52, 194, 724.
4. A triangle is inscribed in a circle so as to have its
orthocentre at a given point. Prove that the middle points
of its sides lie on a fixed circle.
5. Qq is a diameter of an ellipse. SP is drawn through
the focus S parallel to the tangents at Q and q, and these
tangents are intersected by the tangent at P in T and
respectively. Shew that the sum of TQ and tq is equal to
the major axis of the ellipse.
6. A smooth parabolic arc is placed with its axis vertical
and vertex upwards, and on it, at the extremities of a focal
chord rest two weights Trjr2which are connected by a
fine string passing over the vertex. Shew that the length
of the focal chord is
± lat. rect. X ( 5 + 1. 2
7Y2
7. Find the angle at which a body must be projected in
order to strike at right angles a given plane, which is at
right angles to the plane of projection, and passes through
the point of projection, and shew that it is independent of
the velocity of projection.
144 WEEKLY PROBLEill PAPERS.
PAPER XCII.
1. Prove that the expression a3 b3-I- c — 3abc is
unaltered if we substitute for a, b, c the quantities 0- —
— b, Q — c respectively, where 30- = 2(a b a).
2. Prove that with a certain convention with regard to
sign the roots of the equation
(the
— s, + a2 2
b2
a' — S = 0,
,
PAPER XCIII.
1. Shew that if x, y, z are unequal, the. equation
f z + f z
1—x2 1 +12 1-1-.y2 1—y2 1 +x2 X2 1 + Z2
+ Y x }
0
1 —z2 1 :F, 1 d-x2 •
may be reduced to
xyz(yz zx xy) — (x y z) = 0.
2. Find .a from the equation
tan —1(x -I- 1) cot —1(x — 1) = + cos-1 I.
3. On the base BC of a triangle ABC two points Q, R
are taken so that BQ = QR Shew that
sin BAR sin CA Q = 4 sin BAQ sin CAR
4. If two equal circles be described intersecting in A
and B, and through A a chord be drawn cutting them in
C end D, shew that CD is bisected by the circle on AB as
diameter.
5. In a given plane is drawn a series of confocal conics
upon which stand cones with the vertical angles right
angles. Shew that the locus of their vertices is given by
the intersection of an hyperbola whose vertices are the
foci of the conics and a circle concentric with the hyper-
bola and passing through its foci.
146 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
,2 y2
6. If the normals drawn to the ellipse a — 1 from
2
any point on the normal at h, k meet the ellipse in P, Q,
R, prove that the sides of the triangle PQR touch the
parabola
yk
a2 +b' + 1)2— 1126
7. Two equal circles touch each other, and from the
point of contact two points move on the circles with equal
velocities in opposite directions. Prove that one will
appear to the other to move on a circle the radius of which
is equal to the diameter of either of the fixed circles.
PAPER XCIV.
1. Find the real roots of the equations
y'2 = a2 ; y,z? = be
± y2 + :e2 = 62 ; z y + gt + x) = ca
s'2 z2 c2 ;x'y+ z(a'+y)= ab.
2. Find B from the equations
(1) a2 1/1 — a2 cot 20 — e tan 20
= b2 \ — b2cot 20 — 62tan 20.
(2) a cos e + sin — a ± b.
PAPER XCV.
1. Find the sum to ri terms of •
(1) 1 . 3 + 2 . 4 + 3 . 5 +
(2) 1 . 22 + 2 . 32.-F 3 . 42 . .
1 2 3 4
(3) 12 . 32+ 32.52 52.72 72 . 92 ••••
L2
148 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
2. In each of two triangles the angles are in G.P. The
least angle of one of them is three times the least angle of
the other, and the sum of the greatest angles is 240*.
Find the circular measures of the angles.
3. Prove that
loge 2 = ylitloge 1 1 3, 1 32 ,
± + • 04 -I- 8.. • -I-• • • 4
and shew that the coefficient of rn in the expansion of
{log (1 + x)}2 is
2 ( — 1)n (1 )
\ 1 -+•••
5 „ — 11
4. D, E, F are the middle points of the sides BC. CA,
AB of a triangle ABC. Through A a straight line is
drawn cutting BF, DE in M and N respectively. Shew
that BM and CN are parallel.
5. Two conjugate diameters of an ellipse are cut by the
tangent at any point P in M and N. Shew that the area
of the triangle CPM varies inversely as the area of the
triangle CPN.
6. Given the centre of a conic and two tangents making
angles a, [3 with the axis of a-, chew that the locus of the
foci is the rectangular hyperbola
y2— a2 2:cy cot (a + = k2
7. Given that a quadrant of the earth's surface is 10•
centimetres, and that the mean density of the earth is 5•67,
prove that the unit of force will be the attraction of two
spheres each of 3926 grammes, whose centres are a centi-
metre apart, the acceleration of gravity at the earth's
surface being 981 ; a centimetre, second, and gramme being
the units of length, time, and mass.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 149
PAPER XCVI.
1. If 11,1,13are the lowest common multiples of B and
0, of C and A, of A and B respectively; if yi, y2, g3are the
highest common divisors of the same pairs ; and if .6, G,
are the lowest common multiple and highest common
divisors of A, B, and C; prove that
L2 11'213
—
02 gig293
2. If
x = 2 cos (( — y) + cos (8 + a) + cos (0 — a)
= 2 cos (y — a) -I- cos (0 + (3) + cos (0 —
— 2 cos (a — (3) — cos (0 y) — cos (19 — y)
prove that x = sin 26. provided that the difference between
any two of the angles a, 13, y neither vanishes nor equals a
multiple of it and a + i3 is not a multiple of v.
3. If the diameter of a circle be the fourth proportional
to the three sides of an inscribed triangle, prove that the
area of the triangle is equal to half the square described
on its least side.
4. ABC is a triangle inscribed in a circle, radius R, and
D is any point on the circumference. If d denote the
length of the perpendicular from D on the pedal line of
the triangle ABC with respect to D, shew that
4d/i2 = DA . DB . DC.
5. The tangent at a point P of a rectangular hyperbola
meets a diameter QCQ' in T. Shew that CQ and TQ'
subtend equal angles at P.
6. Two tangents TP, TQ are drawn to an ellipse at right
angles. If S be a focus, shew that
sin 2SPT + sin 2SQT = const.
150 WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS.
7. If in the second system of pullies there are n strings
at the lower block, prove that the upward acceleration of
/V due to a power P will be
nP — TV
n2P
PAPER XCVII.
PAPER XCVIII.
1. The income-tax is levied on the average of three
years' income. Spew that if a man's income increase either
in A.P. or G.P. so will his income-tax, the percentage
being supposed uniform.
2. If
rim = n(1 -I- k)un-i — n(n — 1)kun-2 and v., = 2u,k,
show that
icy
+ 1213
= u,ek .
3. Prove that
sin /9 . sin /9 sin 20 . sin 2° +sin 30 sin3364—
1 2
= cot-1(1 .4- cots + cot2B).
152 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
4. If 0 be the centre of the escribed circle which touches
BC, and the other two sides produced, shew that
BC . 0A2— CA . OB2— AB . 002= AB . BC . CA.
PAPER XCIX.
1. Solve the equations
(1) (x3 + 3a2 + 34x + 37)1— (x3— 3:v2 + 34.v — 37)1= 2.
(2) x4— 82y3 48(y2— 1) = 0
aay - 8g4 -6(.e2 -4) =0
PAPER C.
1. If
X3 :1/ 23
yz + - zx + ay+ ,
y±z ✓ x-
z+ x+y
x, y and z being supposed unequal, prove that each of
these quantities is equal to xy + yz + zx ; and that
x + y + z = 0.
2. Prove that
tan_ (tan 20 + tanh 20) + tan -](tan - tanh
\ tan 20 - tanh 20 \ tan 19 tanh
= tan -1(cot 0 coth
where tanh and coth are defined by the equations
ex - e-x ex + e
tanh = — - -, and coth x = Cx x
ex + e-x -
a-
PAPER VI.
7. An ellipse is described having for axes the tangent
and normal at any point P of a fixed ellipse, and touching
one of the axes of the fixed ellipse at its centre. Prove
that the locus of the focus of the moving ellipse is two
circles, of radii a ± b.
PAPER VII.
PAPER. XII.
7. AC, CB are chords at right angles in a circle, P is
any point on the circumference. PA, PB, PC represent
forces. Shew that the locus of the extremity of the
straight line which represents their resultant is a circle.
PAPER XVII.
7. Along the sides of a regular hexagon taken in order
act 6 forces represented by 1; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively.
Prove that their resultant will be represented by 6, and
that its direction will be parallel to one of the sides, and
at a distance from the centre of the hexagon equal to 3i
times the radius of the inscribed circle.
PAPER XVIII.
1. A road runs from A to meet another at right angles.
Shew that there are two points on the second road which
may be reached in the same time from A whether we
travel by road or across country, the rates of travelling
by road and across country being as 7 : 5. Also shew
that for places between these the quickest route is across
country, and the quickest for all other places is by road.
2. If 16 he added to the product of four consecutive odd
or even numbers, the result is always a square number.
For odd numbers its last digit in four cases out of five
is 1, in the remaining case 5. For even numbers the
last digit in four cases out of five is 6, in the remaining
case 0.
3. If 1, n,, a be the distances of any point in the plane of
a triangle ABC from its angular points, and d its distance
from the circum-centre, shew that
12sin 22/ 9n2sin 2B + n2sin 2C = 4(R2 d 2) sinA sinB sine,
R being the radius of the circum-circle.
7. A conic passes through the centres of the four circles
which touch the sides of a triangle. Prove that the locus
of its centre is the circumscribing circle.
APPENDIX. 161
PAPER XIX.
2. Solve the equations
(1) ,4 a4 = 4ax(a•2 a2).
(2) f. + + — (! = ± =1
a y z 2. z
4. If B be the radius of the circum-circle, shew that the
area of the triangle
= .R2{sins,/ cos (B — C) sins B cos (C —
+ sins C cos (A — B)}.
5. If the vertical angle of a triangle be bisected by a
straight line which also cuts the base, the rectangle con-
tained by the sides of the triangle is equal to the rectangle
contained by two lines equally inclined to the bisector,
one terminated by the base and the other by the ciroutn-
circle.
PAPER XX.
3. If the area of a quadrilateral be
4/(3 — a) (s — b) (s — c) (s — d),
shew that it can be inscribed in a circle.
4. AB, CD are chords of a circle intersecting in 0, and
AC, DB meet at P. If circles be described about the
triangles AOC, BOD, the angle between their tangents at
0 will be equal to APB, and their other common point
will lie on OP.
5. A uniform rod AB rests with its ends on a rough
circular wire in a vertical plane, and the equilibrium is
limiting. Shew that the vertical through the centre of the
rod meets the circle through A, B, and the centre of the
wire in two points, in one of which the directions of the
resultant actions at A and B meet.
6. 2a and 26 are the major and minor axes of an ellipse.
With centre 0 as centre, and radii a, b, a + 6, circles are
ni
162 WEEKLY PROBLE.11 PAPERS.
described, and a radius vector OPQR is drawn meeting
them respectively in P, Q, R. If a parallel to the minor
axis drawn through P meet a parallel to the major axis
drawn through Q in S, then S is a point on the ellipse, and
SR is the normal at S.
7. Defining the angle at which two circles cut to be
that in which no part of either circle lies, prove that if
the circles
— b)(.v— 6') + y2 = 0, (a; — a) (a. — a) + y2= 0 ,
cut at an angle 0,
(a — a')2(b — b')2 sin2 0 +4(6' — a) (b — a) (6' — a') (b — a') 0.
PAPER XXI.
1. The population of a town at the end of any year can
be found by subtracting eleven times the population at
the end of the previous year from ten times the population
at the end of the succeeding year. Nine years ago the
population was 1210, eleven years ago it' was 1000. Prove
that it increases in G P.
PAPER XXII.
2. If the impossible root of x3 r = 0 be
a + 13 — 1, shew that 132 = 3e q.
4. Through the angular points of a triangle ABC draw
straight lines perpendicular to the lines bisecting the
angles. If A, P be the area and perimeter of the original
triangle, A', P' those of the new triangle, prove that
(1) 4A0' = Pctba ;
(2) = (cos + cos -1
2 + cos C
2 2) •
6. If ..1BCD be a quadrilateral.inscribed in a circle, and
the sides be produced to meet in F and G, prove that the
bisectors of the angles at F and G meet at right angles.
7. Chords of a hyperbola are drawn through a fixed
point. Shew that the locus of their middle points is
a hyperbola similar to the original hyperbola or its
conjugate.
PAPER XXIII.
3 \ y (
1 M.V.Z\ = z (1 /n.Y.V\
1. If x (1 — mzY
\ X) .1/3 ) Z3
and .r, y, z be unequal, prove that each member of these
equations
=x+y+z—m.
m2
164 WEEKLY PROBLEiTI PAPERS.
PAPER XXV.
6. Out of a wooden cylinder is cut a cone of the same
base, and the bole is filled up with lead. If lead he nine
times as heavy as wood, and if the centre of gravity of the
whole be at the vertex of the cone, shew that
the height of the cone : the height of the cylinder :: sin 18' :1
PAPER XXX.
1 Prove that (1) the coefficient of (cm+lyn+1 in the
expansion of
(1 — (1 — is (nz n) !
1——y m!n!
(2) the coefficient of et-1in the expansion of
{(1 — (r) (1 — ea.) (1 — c2x) (1 Oa)}—1,
in ascending powers of a. is
(1— 0)(1— en+1) (1— c"+2)
(1 c) (1 — c2) (1 -- c)
5. A circle is described about a triangle ABC, and from
any point D lines DB, DC are drawn cutting the circle in
two points P and Q whose pedal lines intersect in S.
Prove that the angle S is equal to the difference between
the angles A and D.
APPENDIX. 165
PAPER XXXI.
1. In a bag there is a number of tickets marked with the
natural numbers from 1 to e + 1. Every number is marked
on each of r tickets, and every square number fe2confers a
prize of m shillings. A person can draw one ticket from
the bag. Shew that the value of his expectation is
+ 1)2
2(n2 ± 1)(0 +
2. If (1 + ;272)n = Po +Pix FP2x2
- + Pre'
prove (1) Pn = P02 — P12 + P22— .
1 .1(2» — 1) I n (2n — 4) !
(2) Pn —
(n 1)! nI • (n — 3) !
n (n — 1)(2n — 7) I )
21 • (n — 6) I
5. A, B, C, D are four points not in one plane. If dB
is perpendicular to CD, and AC is perpendicular to BD,
then will AD be perpendicular to BC.
6. TP, TQ are tangents to a parabola whose focus is S.
TAT, a third tangent, cuts them in L and AL Prove that
the triangles SPL, STAI are similar.
Hence spew that TL : LP :: : HT.
PAPER XXXII
1. Of three events it is 2 to 1 against the first and
second happening, 3 to 2 against the second and third,
and 9 to 1 against the first and third. Shew that the odds
against all three happening are 5 ✓g — 1 to 1.
2. 0 is the centre of gravity of a triangle. AO, BO, CO
are produced to points .D, E, F such that AD = 1. d0,
BE = m. BO, CF = n . CO. Find the values of 1, m, n so
that the sides of the triangle DEP may pass through the
points A, B, C.
166 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
PAPER XXXIII.
1. A river flows from P to (2, a distance of 12 miles, at
a uniform rate. B starts at 12 o'clock from Q to row to P,
and A starts at 5 minutes past 12 to row from Q to P and
back again. A overtakes B a mile from Q ; he rows on to
P, and at once turning back meets B two miles below A.
A reaches Q 35 minutes after B reaches P. Find the times
at which A passed B, and the rate of the stream.
5. Any point P is taken on a given segment of a circle
described on a line 21.B, and perpendiculars AG and BH
are let fall on BP and AP respectively. Prove that GH
touches a fixed circle.
PAPER XXXIV.
1. A policeman walks round his beat uniformly during
his hours of duty. Skew that the chance of my meeting
him, if I walk in the opposite direction down a street,
1+
–th of his beat, at a rate nz times his, — —922
which is nth
n wiz '
where m > 1.
Also solve the problem when the condition in italics is
removed.
2. If
APPENDIX. 167
then will
+ y-3 + z-3 + = 0,
a3x3 + b3y3 + c3z3+ abcxyz = 0,
a3 b3 C3 = 5ebc.
4. Prove that the distance between the centre of the
inscribed circle and the orthocentre of a triangle is
2R (vers A vers B vers C — cos A cos B cos
where B is the radius of the circum-circle.
PAPER XXXV.
2. Solve the equations
— NI x2— 1
(1) /4.
— ;40 — 1 {4.1x2 — Nla:2—
✓4.2 _ 1
(2) x(y + z)2 = 1 + a3 ; x + y = + ; yz =
(3) a(y — z) + b(z — x) + c(x — ,y) = 0 )
(0— I/)(Y/ — z)(z — =d 3
x+y+z=e
3. Prove that in a triangle where a < c,
cos nA 1 +
cosB + n(n 21
+1) a2
e2 coss B
bn -7z1
+ 1)(n + 2) a3 cos3B + . .
3I c3
PAPER XLIII.
6. An ellipse and hyperbola are described so that the
foci of each are at the extremities of the transverse axis of
the other.
Prove that the tangents at their points of intersection
meet the conjugate axis in points equidistant from the
centre.
168 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
PAPER XLIV.
1. If .v, y, z are in G.P. when 8, is subtracted from each ;
and z, y, x are in G.P. when 02is subtracted from each ;
and a., z, y are in G.P. when 03is subtracted from each ;
prove that
1 1
= 0.
— 02 — ,— z
4. If TA, TB be tangents meeting a circle in A and B, and
TCQD be any chord meeting the circle in C and D, whilst
Q is the middle point of the chord CD, shew that TQ bisects
the angle AQB, and the length of TQ varies as the sum of
the lengths of AQ and BQ.
5. T is any point on the tangent to a parabola at Q.
Prove that the tangent at T to the circle round TQS
touches the parabola.
PAPER LI.
1. Prove that the value of the expression
Va2cos2 b2 sin2 +Nid2 sins 62 cos2
lies between a b and V2a2 2b2.
Prove also that
1 1
Vaz cos2 62 sin2,-/, /✓ua sin2 cp + 62 cos2
1 1 4
lies between — and
a u ✓2a2 2u2
5. ABC is a triangle inscribed in a conic whose centre
is 0, and Oa, Ob, Oc are drawn to the middle points of the
chords. From any point P on the conic, Pa, PP, P-y are
drawn parallel to Oa, Ob, Oc to meet the sides in a, (3, y.
Prove that the points a, 0, y are collinear.
APPENDIX. 169
PAPER LV.
3. The sides of a triangle are in A.P., and its area is
to that of an equilateral triangle of the same perimeter
:: 3 : 5.
Shew that the greatest angle is 120.°
5. PAQ,PBC are two semi-circles which touch internally
at P, PQC being the common diameter. Through P draw
a secant PAB such that the area of the triangle ABC may
be a max., and shew that for this position of the secant
the area of the triangle QAB is also a max.
PAPER LVII.
2. In the continued fraction
1 x x3 x5
(1 — z.) ± (1 — .v3) 4 (1 — x5) + 1 — xi) +
(
PARER LIX.
5. ABC is a triangle, 0 any point, in the same plane or
not ; P, Q, B points in OA, OB, OC. BR, CQ intersect in
L; CP, AB in 111-; AQ, BP in N. Oh, OAT, ON cut BC,
CA, AB in D, E, P Pro ye that AD, BE, CI( are concur ent.
6. A semicircular piece of paper is folded over so that a
particular point P on the bounding diameter lies on the
circular boundary. Shew that the crease-line always
touches a fixed conic.
170 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. A straight line of given length moves so that its
extremities always lie (1) on a fixed ellipse, (2) on a fixed
parabola. Find the locus of its middle point in the two
cases.
PAPER LX.
PAPER LXI.
4. The sum of the reciprocals of the distances of a fixed
point from tangents to a circle at the extremities of any
chord through the point is constant.
PAPER LXVII.
7. In the system of pulleys in which each string is
attached to a bar supporting the weight, find at what point
of the bar the weight must be attached if there are two
movable pulleys.
Also shew that if the weight be then doubled, it will
descend with acceleration =
15
APPENDIX. 171
PAPER LXX.
2. If
-F Y2Y3 = 3.31.1 + ,Y33/1 = .2'12'2 + Yi Y2 = 1,
and
di = X2Y3 ‘r3✓21 d2 = — 2'1,//3y d3 = 2)1/2 — .1?2!/1)
show that di. + d2 -F cl3 = (1,4,4
PAPER LXXV.
PAPER LXXVI.
PAPER LXXVII.
.5. If in a rough inclined plane the ratio of the greatest
force to the least force which, acting parallel to the plane,
will just support a given weight on the plane be equal to
the ratio of the weight to the pressure on the plane, prove
a
that the coefficient of friction is tan a . tan2 where a is
.2'
the inclination of the plane.
172 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
PAPER LXXIX.
3. Prove that
7r
( 1 ) 1 = tan 2n+i { tan 2„0. '1*
2 tan — ,.
117- 5P ff•
PAPER XCII.
7. If on a rectangular billiard table whose sides are
b, a ball describe a rectangle whose sides are a, d, prove
that the coefficient of elasticity between the ball and the
Bides of the table is
(ad — bey bd acy—
ae or
Vd — be)
174 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
PAPER XCI
5. The envelope of a perpendicular drawn to a normal
to a parabola at the point where the normal cuts the axis
is a parabola. Prove also that the focal vector of the
point of the parabola at which the normal is drawn meets
the envelope at the point where the perpendicular touches
it.
6. Shew that if
x13 -I- ✓13= a'23+ Y23 = a33 +✓33 = a3,
and x1(V2 — ✓3) a2(.9/3 7-yi) -F 2.3(Y1 — Y2) = 0,
then 2:12Yr3 Y1✓2✓3 = a3.
A straight line cuts in 3 real points the curve x3 + y3= 0.
Shew that their centroid, if it lie on either axis of coordi-
nates, will be at the origin.
PAPER XCI V.
1. Prove that
3 + (16/Z - 54) 0'1,41 -320n2— 144n + 243
is a multiple of 212.
5. The diameter d of a circle is divided into 2n equal
parts, and straight lines are drawn from any point in the
circumference to each point of division. If a1, a2. . a2n--1
be the lengths of the lines so drawn, prove that in the
limit, when the number of parts is increased indefinitely,
2
.0112 — 6/22 a32— a42 + • • • a22n-1 = - •
2
PAPER XCV.
7. From a point at a distance d from a plane whose
inclination is ft two particles are projected simultaneously
with velocities u and v in two different directions parallel to
the plane and at right angles to each other. Prove that
APPENDIX. 175
they will strike the plane simultaneously at points A and
B such that
= 2d
(2z2 + v2) sec 13.
PAPER XCVI.
a
1. If p=a+ —, q=6±—, r=o+—, prove that
a o
1_ q— =1 r — p\ _1 f — ql
a{ — b e — aj a { a — 61'
and eliminate x, y, z from the equations
.py a b
= 0— q=<?/ — r =a— zx ——
y z = 0.
2. If a b, c, d be the sides of a quadrilateral taken in
,
PAPER XCVII.
1. Prove that the max. and min. values of
a3 + 3/n2 +3qv
are 2/33— 3p2+ r f 2(p2 — 01.
4. If tangents be drawn to a fixed circle from any point
on another circle, the envelope of the chord of contact is a
conic.
7. If a particle of mass m fall down a cycloid under the
action of gravity starting from the cusp, prove that the
pressure of the particle upon the cycloid at any point
is 2mg cos where lit is the inclination to the horizon of
the tangent to the cycloid at the point ; also shew that the
resultant acceleration = g.
176 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
PAPER XCVII I.
6. Two equal uniform ladders, each of length 1 and
'weight w, are freely jointed at A and are connected by a
rope PQ. A man whose weight is W goes b feet up one
of the ladders. If the ground be smooth, prove that the
tension of the rope
117-6
2a ,„1,2 —
where 2c is the length of the rope in feet, and
r~ = AP= AQ.
PAPER XCIX.
TILE END.