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Milne Weekly Problem Papers 3rd Edn 1891

(1) Let a, be the coefficient of x' in the expansion of (1 + x)n. Then: a, = n(n-1)...(n-r+1) / r! (2) To prove that: a1 + 2a2 + ... + ra, = n(n-1)...(n-r) / (r-1)! Proof: The left side is the sum of the first r terms of the binomial expansion of (1+x)n. The coefficient of x'−1 in this expansion is the sum given, by the binomial theorem. But this coefficient is equal to n(n−1

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
405 views186 pages

Milne Weekly Problem Papers 3rd Edn 1891

(1) Let a, be the coefficient of x' in the expansion of (1 + x)n. Then: a, = n(n-1)...(n-r+1) / r! (2) To prove that: a1 + 2a2 + ... + ra, = n(n-1)...(n-r) / (r-1)! Proof: The left side is the sum of the first r terms of the binomial expansion of (1+x)n. The coefficient of x'−1 in this expansion is the sum given, by the binomial theorem. But this coefficient is equal to n(n−1

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Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS


WITH NOTES
INTENDED FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS PREPARING FOR
MATHEMATICAL SCHOLARSHIPS

AND

FOR THE JUNIOR MEMBERS OF THE UNIVERSITIES WHO ARE


READING FOR MATHEMATICAL HONOURS

BY THE

REV. JOHN J. MILNE, M.A.


PRI VAT 1.3 TUTOR
MEMBER OF THE LONDON MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY
LATE SCHOLAR OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

konbon
MACMILLAN AND CO.
AND NEW YORK

1891

All Rights Reserved


RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,
LONDON AND BUNGAY.

First Edition printed 18S5


Reprinted 1SS6. Reprinted with corrections 1591
PREFACE.

TDB following collection of Problems is intended to supply


a decided want, viz. a series of Problem Papers in elemen-
tary subjects, which, without being too easy, shall not at
the same time be utterly out of the reach of students in
the highest forms of our public schools. Of mathematical
problems there is no lack, but the general complaint about
them is, that they are far too difficult for any but very
advanced pupils, and as they are as a rule unaccompanied
by any hint as to the particular manner in which they are
to he attempted, they usually fail to serve any educational
purpose. The following Problems have all been set to
pupils who were reading for scholarship examinations, and
have boon selected chiefly from scholarship papers, and those
set in the elementary subjects in the Tripos in recent
years, so that an intimate acquaintance might be formed
with the style of questions which have been ahead),pro-
posed in these examinations. In making the selection, the
greatest care has been taken to exclude all that were found
on trial to be unsuitable either from being too easy or too
vi PREFACE.
difficult. Of course it is not always easy to hit the happy
medium, especially with Problems, many of which, though
apparently difficult, are in reality easy when once the right
method of attempting them is discovered. In order that
facility in attacking Problems may he acquired, it is neces-
sary that a student should not only have constant practice
in them, but also that he should be able to find a solution
of those which he himself may be unable to solve, for
there is no doubt that whilst some benefit is derived even
from unsuccessful attempts, the benefit is very greatly
increased in those cases by a solution, as methods are thus
acquired which can be applied with success to similar
Problems.
A second volume is therefore in course of preparation,
containing solutions for the use of private students and
of mathematical teachers, who have not always the time
to spare for them.
Questions on the following subjects only have been
admitted : Algebra, Arithmetic, Euclid, Trigonometry,
Geometrical Conics, the Elementary parts of Analytical
Conics, Statics, and in a few of the later papers, Dynamics.
It will be seen frcm the solutions that the Problems
which occur relating to Algebraical and Geometrical
maxima and minima can easily be solved from elementary
considerations without employing Differential Calculus.
It is recommended that one paper should be set each
week so that each Problem may be fairly tried, and as
they will be found to be graduated in point of difficulty,
PREFACE. vii

the order given in the book should be adhered to.


Together with each paper the author has found it of the
greatest service to give alternately five riders on Geo-
metrical Conics and five on Euclid. Those given in
Mr. Besant's Conics and Mr. Todhunter's Eyelid, begin-
ning at No. 441, were used not only for their intrinsic
merit, but also because solutions to the riders in both
books have been recently published.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.


In this edition the following alterations have been
made. Articles 25, 26 on the Summation of Series have
been expanded.
Instead of Prof. Purser's proof of Feuerbach's Theorem
formerly given on pp. 33, 34, of which a complete proof
is now to be found in most advanced text-books on
geometry, I have given a new proof by Mr. R. F. Davis.
In the preface to the Solutions I stated that "some of
the questions in the Problem Papers were taken from the
Triposes of 1875 and 1878, solutions of which have been
published by Messrs. Macmillan, and for the use of those
who did not possess these solutions I gave as an Appendix
an equal number of alternative questions which are to a
great extent similar in character to the corresponding
problems." These have now been added as an Appendix
to the present volume, and they will he found solved at
the end of the Solutions of the Weekly Problem Papers.
viii PREFACE.

The errata which were previously printed in a separate


list have now been corrected in the text.
I take this opportunity of stating that improved solu-
tions of several problems which were sent to me from
time to time by various mathematical friends will be
found on pp. 2G9-285 of the Companion to the Weelely
Problem Papers, or Supplementary Chapters on Elementary
Mathematics. For any further corrections or solutions I
shall at all times be very grateful.
JOHN J. MILNE.

INVERMARK, ALLEYN PARK, DULWICH, S.E.


September, 1891.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
I. ALGEBRA.

1. (1) If the two expressions axe c and


a'x2 b'x c have a common factor, to chew that
(a'b — ab') (b'e — bc') = (ac' — a'c)2.
Let x — a be this common factor.
Then aa2 ba c = 0 (1)
and a'a2 b'a c' = 0 (2)
Multiply (1) by a' and (2) by a and subtract
.• a(a'b — ab') = ac' — a'c . . . . (A).
Again, multiply (1) by e' and (2) by a. Then subtract
and divide the result by a.
. a(ac' — a'c) = b'e — bc' . . . . (B)
.•. from A and B
(a'b — ab') (b'e — be') = (ac' — a'c)2.
(2) Or more briefly thus. From (1) and (2)
a2 _ a 1
lie — ac' — a'c a'b — ab''
(a'b — ab') (b'e — bc') = (ac' — a'c)2.

2. If the two expressions x2 +ax b end X2 + •


have a common multiple of the form x3 + q, then
ab a'b' = — aa'(a a').
2 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
It is obvious that
px + q E- (x2-1- ax + b) - a)
(x9 + 6') (x - a')
. x(b - a2) - ab = x(b' - a' 2) - d
. ab = a' b'
and b - a2 = b' - a'2
. _ a2
a.(a2 — a'2) = a'b - = a'b - ab = b(a' - a)
. - a'(a + a') = b
- ad (a + a') = ab = a'b'

BINOMIAL THEOREM.
3. To find the greatest term in the expansion of (a + x)±m.
Note.—In following proof expressions on the left of the
vertical refer to the +ve index, those on the right to the
_ye index.
The (r + 1)th term is
n....(n-r-1- 1) n....(n r -1)
Tr . an
L L
The rth term is
n....(n-r-I- 2) T-1 alt—T+1,
n....(n + r -2) vr _ ia„_,+,.
ir - 1
The (• + 1)th term is obtained from the rth by the
multiplier
In-Fr -1x ,
a
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 3

the (r ± 1)th term is > rth term as long as this mul-


tiplier is > 1.
And since this multiplier is
(n + 1 oz:, I — 1 +1 );c;
\ r /a \ r )a
we see that it continually decreases as r increases.
.•. the rth term is the greatest, or equal to the greatest
when this multiplier is first less than, or equal to 1.
— 1 +1)a_
i.e. (n +1—1)! < or —1, < or 1,
/a r a

i.e. 22 +1 — 1 < Or = n—1 ,< a


Or =

i.e. n +1 < or — r(a )


a) n — 1. < or = r(a —

+ 1)x < or = r, (a — 1)x


i.e. < Or r,
a+ a—
.•. the rth term is the greatest, or equal to the greatest
when r is first

> (aa—— 1)x


(22 + 1)z
> a+x 0 x
)
1

4. If a, be coefficient of xi' in expansion of (1 + z)n, to


prove that

1-:1 + 2.12
( + 3°J. n — `(11 ± 1).
7.
cry a5 an-1 2
a 2
4 WEEKLY PROBLE3I PAPERS.

For
n(n -1) . . . . (n - r +1) n(n -1) . . . . (n - r + 2)
- -
—1

ar n-r+1
• r. — r. -n-r+1.
ar —1 r

Putting for r in succession 1, 2, 3, . . . . we get

6-1 +25.+3a2+....=n+(n-1)+(n-2)+....+1
ao al a2
n(n + 1).
2

5. Also
(n +1)".
(ao-Fai) (al+ a2) • • • • (an _i -Fa,,)=•-trofri

n-r+1 +1 _24+1,
For Or -1- 1
ar-1

... ao ± ai al + a2 .a2 ± as ...• an -1+an


ao a, a2 an -1
n+ 1 n+ 1
=— __ • n+ 1
1 2 n

(ao+al)(a1-Fa2)• • • • (an-i-i-a„)=-aoal • • • • an-1 • (n+1)%


L._
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 5

6. Also a02 al2 a22 + • • • • + an2

For (1 + = a0 aix a2x2+ • • • .


1
(1+ 1 = ao ai—
)n
x
a21
-2 +
x •

efo2+n12+a22+ absolute term in (1 +a.)n • (1+:07'


= coef. xn in (1 + x)222.
1222
=
1
ink-
I

7. To find the value of 2(%), 2(na.), E(n2a.)

where 2(n'an) = ra„ 21.a2 3


ra3 nra.

(2 + = + (1 + x)In
a1(1 x) a2(1 x)2 an(1 x)n
equating coefficients of like powers of x
2n a2 an = 2(an)

n2n-1= 1 . a1 + 2 . a2 ... • + n • an = 2(nan) (1)


n(n 1)2n-2 = 1 . 2a2 . n(n — 1)a

= (n2a.) — 2(nan) (2)


Adding (1) and (2)
n(n + 1)2n-2 = 12a1 22a2 n2an = 2(n2an) (3)
6 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
Again we have
n(n - 1) (n - 2)2n-3= 1 . 2 . 3a3 . n(n- 1) (n- 2)an
= M(n3an) - 32(n2an) 22(nan) . . • (4)
.•. From (1), (3) and (4)
n2(n 3)2'3= 2(n3an)
= 13a1 23a2 n3a,.t.
By proceeding in the same manner we can find the
value of 2(nran) where r is any integer < n.

8. From these results we can find the sum of the


binomial coefficients when combined with factors con-
sisting of the natural numbers connected by any given
law.
Ex. To find the value of
1 . 32a1 + 2 . 42a2 n(n 2)2an.
The nth term is (n3 + 4n2 4n)an
the required sum is 2(n3a„) + 42(n2an) 42(na„),
and is known.

2n+1 - 1
9. Also ct,, + + + •-
n+1
For
(1 x)n +1 1 x2 n(n. - 1) x3
++n.
n+1 =n+1 2 r2 •3 +•
(1 + 42+1 - 1 _ cox + + tip
n 1
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 7

2"+1— 1
Put (r --= 1 .• ao =
n- 1

10. Again
(1+ x)n+2 1 x x2 0
+ + a -Fn•• `z . 3
(a ± 1) en ± 2) (n ± 1) (n ± 2) ?I i 1 z
+ n(n 1) a4 a.
2 •3 4'••••

Putting x = 1 and transposing

2n+2— (n + 3) 1 1 4 1
(n + 1) (n ± 2) — 1 . 2 • a° 2 . 3al 3 . 4 a2+ • • * •

1
11. To find the sum of the first n coefficients in
(1 — ;es"'
1 _ + + P(7) + 1) x2
(1 — x)p
1
1— x 1 +z x2+ • • • '
(1

1+ (1+P)z + (1 P+P(P +1));v2
1
.•. required sum is coefficient of xn -1in
(1 — x)p +

and .• _ (P + 1) (P 2) • (p + n — 1).
8 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

12. The coefficient of xn+r-1in (1 +


(1 - a)2 is 2"-1(n ± 9r),
(1 + x)" - (1 - 4-2 {2 - (1 - a;)1",
( - 0:)2
- (1 — x)-2.12n — n . 2n-1 (1 — a.) +
n. — 1) 2n-2(1 ,02
L
= 2"(1-x)-2-n.2n-l(1-x)-1+ 10-1) 2 2

+ terms which need not be considered.


... coefficient . =--- 2n(n r) - 2n-1 .n,
2n-1 (n

(r)a,
13. To find the sum of the first a coefficients in (1 +
(1 - a;)2
Let - ao ai• aix2

= 1 + .T 2

(1 +
(1 -x)3 - ao (ao af)x (ao + + a2)d,2-F

.•. the sum of the first n coefficients in +


(1 - ,T)2
is

evidently the coefficient of a.a -1 in (1 1- 1.)n, which is


- .03
easily shewn by the method of the preceding article to be
2a - 3 n(n + 3).
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 9
1 . 3 . 5 . . . . 2r — 1
14. If ar , prove that
2.4.6.. 2).
Cl2R -1- 1 + 0102n ' • • • + an-1 Cn+ 2 + aTign+1 =
(1— x)—i=l-Fa,x-Fa212+ + „2.,„2ni_, +1„,2n+1
"
F A.

(1 2.
) -1=A+a2n1-1•9;2n+l-Fa2JeTh+ • • • • + +1

( 1— x) -1=-B+1;2n +1{C12a + 1+al


a2n+" ..±62e1 +a2n+ 11
Thus the given expression is the coefficient a:24+1in
expansion of (1 — x)--), and is .•: =

15. If a0, a1, a5 . . . anrepresent the terms in order in


the expansion of (a + shew that
{a0— a2 a4 ....IT" +191— 93 + 95 .12 = (a2 + 2.,2)n

(a + :On = a0 a2 a3 .

Change x into xV— 1


.•. + — 1)n= «0 +aoi —1— 93 — aol —1+ 94 + ....
if a0 — a2 -1- a4 ....} N/— 1 {a, a, ....}
Change the sign of x
(a — x.J —1)91 = a0— 901 —1— a2 93 ✓ —1+ 94 +

= {an — ((2 a4 — — 4 — 1[al — ....}


.• . By multiplication
(92+ 3,2)n = {90 — + ....f+ {91 — 93 ÷96 _42.
10 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
16. To shew that all the coefficients in the expansion of
(1 + x) - It are integers if n be an integer.
The coefficient of e
n(n + 1) . . . (n r - 1) In + r - 1
,

L.rn - 1
Now this is the number of combinations of n r - 1
things taken r together, and is . •. an integer. And since
this is the general expression for any coefficient we infer
that every coefficient is an integer.

17. To prove that difference of coefficients of xr+1 and


e in (1 + .r)Th + 1 = difference of coefficients of xr-1and
xr +1 in (1 + x)n.
Let ar -1 and ar be coefficients of xr -1 and xr + 1in
(1 -I- X)n.
Then coefficient of xr in (1 4. x)n + 1 is ar ar -1 and
coefficient of xr + I in (1 x)ri,+ I is a r + 1.
.•. difference of coefficients in each caLe = ar-i a, +1,

18. To prove that


1 1 1
01- -2 (72 + 3- a3 — • • ( — 1n— 1 •an =1 11
)
n 1 2 3 n
Let
1 1
f(n) = al --a2 -a3 '''•
2

ta 1. n(n - 1) 1 n(n -1) (e - 2)


2 L2: 3
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 11
1 (n —1)(n — 2) 1 (n —1)(n —2)(22- 3
= (n —1) — . +3-.
2 L
+ 1n — 1 + (n — 1) (n — 2)
2
1( n(n 1) n(n — 1)(n — 2) ....1
= f(n — 1) + nin — 12 +

= f(n — 1) + — (1 — 1)1,

= f(n —1) + 1

f(n — 1) = f(n — 2) ± n 1
79 17

.A3) = ./(2)

f(2) = f(1)

f(1) = f(o)
1 1
.• . By addition f(n) = f(0)
and f(0) = 0.

19. To shew that


n(n+1)....(74m. —1) nn(n+1)....(n+nz— 4) +

n .12,— 1 9/(7Z+1)••••(n+M — 7)
— = 0 if ill > 2n
Ian -6

and = 1 if in 2n.
12 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

1- X3
1 •'C x2 = - (1 - ay' (1 - x3).
1 -
(1 + x x2)n = (1 - (1 - x")".
Now
(1 x)-n + n(n + 1) .... (zz m - 1)e,
771

1),c6
(1 - x3)n = 1 - nx3

s •••• (n m - 1)
(1 -1- x x2)/z = in(n

1).... (n 771 — 4)
n .n(n
3
the given expression is the coefficient of xm in
(1 + x x2)4, and
= 0 if nz > 2n,
since highest power of x in (1 -Fx X5')n is x212

arid = 1 if m = 2n.

Lrin-r r - 1
. 77, — 1 In
r2.1. L-17_ - r -2

Then f(0) + nf(1) n(n 1).f(2) =


L2:4

(1 + x)n =1+
LLn - r

(1 -1- x),= 1 + nx nxzt-i xn.


WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS. 13
By multiplication we find that the coefficient of xn + r in
(1 + x)2n is the series f(r). Thus we see that the series
f(0), 1(1), .... are the coefficients of succeeding powers of
x beginning with xn in expansion of (1 x)2n.
(1 + xr... ..............................
and (1 + x)n =- 1 + nx + + nxTh-1+ xn.
(1 + x)3. = 1 .... x2V(0) + aif(1)
n 1f(2) + • • • • ± An)} + • • • •

=1+ + x2n
PLa
••• f(0) nf(1) n 1 f(2) + — -1
I± 71,122:_a

21. To find remainder after n terms of expansion of


(1_ 2)-2.

Let (1—x)-2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + + R.


by multiplication
1 = 1 + 2.r + 3x2 + + R.
— 2.v — 4x2— , — 2nxn — 2x. R.
+ + . . + (n — 1),vn + xn -1- 1 +
.'. 0 = — ( 1)a." nx'+' + R(1 —
= (a +1 —
(1 — x)2
14 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

22. If a; be the coefficient of e in expansion of


to shew that
1 -
ar - 2(1 + 2/2,2)ar-2 + Or -4 = 0.
(1 - 2nx - x2)--1 =1 + • • • • + arvr + • • • •

Multiply by 1 - 2n.v -
1 = 1 + + «re +
- 2nar _ie +
- ar- 2 xr + • • • •
ar - 2nar -i - Or-2 = 0.
ar -1 - 2nar-2 - ar-3 = 0,
ar- 2 - 2nar- 3 - ar-4 = 0,
ar - ar -2
car-
rt 2 -
ar - 2 - ar - 4
2n 2n
.•. ar - 2(1 + 2n2)ar-2 t ar-4 = 0.

23. To shew that the coefficient of e in


nn is n
xf ISV .
- r)Ii(n, r)'
In
01z. 2 - 02z.2 2)
(X + = ;Cn

n n — r

+an - r .
-
—2-
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 15

the term involving xr is the (n r + 1)th of which


2
the coefficient is

n(n — 1) (n +1)+21 n(n — + 1)


2r
— r) ti(n — r)

i(n— r)(gn + r)

24. The summation and factors of the series


+ 2r + 3r , nr,
Denote the series by 8:. By the ordinary methods,

sno = + =n; SI-n =1+ 2 + 3 + — n(n 1)


2
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
S2n = 12 ±22 +
6

ss = 13 + 23 + n2(n±1)2
4
There are two general formulae, which may readily be
obtained as follows.
n5— (n — 1)5= 5724— 107/3 4- 10n2 — 5n + 1
(n — 1)5— (ii— 2)5
= 5(n — 1)4— 10(n — 1)3+ 10(n — 1)2 — 5(n — 1) + I

25— = 5.24 — 10.23 + 10.22 — 5.2 + 1


15— 05 = 5.14 — 10.13 + 10.12 — 5.1 + 1
by addition,
10,87,2 5sIn
3n +
n5 = 5S.4 — 103
16 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

Now from the law of formation we see that the mul-


tipliers of S:&c. are binomial coefficients. generally,

nr+1 = (r 1) Sr (r
n
+ 1) 9. Sr-1+
n
(- ...(A)

Again,
(n + 1)5 - n5= 5n4 + 10n3+ 10, 2 + 5n + 1
n5 - (n - 1)5
= 5(n - 1)4 + 10(n - 1)3+ 10(n - 1)2 + 5(n - 1) + 1

25 - 15= 5 . 14 + 10. 13 + 10. 12 + 5. 1 + 1


• by addition,
(n + 1)5- 1 = 5S: + 10S: + 10S: + 5Sn + S:
• as before, in the general case we have
(n, + 1)r+1- 1 =(r ± 1) Sn -1-- +1)r Sr •• (S: (B)
r22. n1
25. If we wish to find the value of Snrfor any given value
of r by means of (A) or (B), it is evident that we must first
I, 8 :- n c.
find the values of 8:- & We will now shew
that Snrcan be made to depend only upon the sums of the
previous even powers if r is even, and upon the odd powers,
if r is odd.
I. Let r be even.
Then from (A) and (B) by addition,
(a 1)r+1 nr+1 - 1
= 2((r +1) srn + 1)r (9" - 1)sr- 2 _L

+ (r + 1)r 2
Sn + n
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 17
0
Put for Snits value n, and transpose.
(n -F 1)r+1 + ir+1— 2n — 1
= 2{ r (r 1)r (r —
+ 1) s n
13
(1. ±1)2. s2J . .
i2
. . (C)
Rearranging the left-hand side of (C) in the form
{(n 1)r+1 nr+1} — (2n + 1), we see that it contains
the factor 2n + 1. The expression also vanishes when we
put n = 0, and n = — 1. .•. it contains n(n 1) as a
factor. it contains as a factor n(n + 1) (2n + 1). In
(C) putting r = 4, we see that 2(5S: ± 10S: ) contains
as a factor n(n + 1) (2n --I- 1). .. S: contains as a factor
n(n + 1) (2n + 1).
By putting r in succession = 6, 8 we see that
S: contains as a factor n(n + 1) (2n, -I- 1). Now this ex-
pression is a multiple of 6.
when r is even, S:tcontains as a factor the expression
n(n+ 1) (2n +1), 2..e.
6
II. Suppose r odd.
Adding (A) and (B) we have
(n 1)r+1 nr+1 — 1
+ 1) Sr. + (2. +1).(1 — 1)Lr-2
= 2{(r (r

Putting for Si its value n(n f 1)and transposing,


2
(n 1)r+1 nr +1 — (r + 1)n (n + 1) — 1
= 2((r 1) s: (r 1)rL3(r — 1) Sr- 2 +

(r 1)r (r 01
1) .
(D)
(.;
18 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

We will now shew that the left-hand side of (D) contains


n2(n + 1)2as a factor.
Expanding, we have
nr+1 +(r + 1)nr + . . . . + (r ± 1) n2 + (r + 1)n + 1
nr+1— (r + 1)n2— (r + 1)n — 1,
which is obviously a multiple of n2.
Again, the expression on the left of (D)
= (n + 1) {(n + 1)r — (r + 1)4 + nr+I — 1
= (n + 1) {(n + 1)9' — (r 1)n ± nr _ I}
If we put n = — 1 in the expression in { }, we obtain
{0 + (r + 1) — (r + 1)1, which = 0.
the expression on the left-hand side of (D) contains
n2(n + 1)2as a factor.
as before, we see that when r is odd, Snrcontains as
a factor n2(n + 1)2. And this is a multiple of 22.
Srncontains as a factor the expression
n2(n + e 5,
4 •• n

for n(n + 1)(22? + 1) 3 122(2/ + 1)2


26. If we write S29t SAD for
6 4
and A for n2 + n - 1, we find
5 S4. = S2. (3A + 2) ; 3 AS: = 8:+(2A 1) ;
S: = Sn2(3A2 + 3A + 1) ; 6 S: = (3A2 + 2A + 1) ;
15 AS': = S: (5A3 + 5A2 + 4A + 1);
9
5 8 71 = S3
nA (2A2 + A + 2);
1°= Sn2A(3A3 2A25A + 1);
11 S.
6 Sn
11
= S371(244 + 542 -2A + 1).
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 19

27 I. When the law of the formation of a series is known,


the usual mode of summing the series is to split up the
nth term into the difference of two other terms •, n - un _i,
where gin is the same function of as that un-t is of n - 1.
a. + 2.4.
Ex. f . 3 -1 1 .2 35.4 5 1 3 5 . 7 ± • • •
Here the nth term is
2. 4 . 6 .... 2n,
1 . 3 . 5 .... (2n + 1)
This can be written
2 . 4 . 6 .... 2n
{2n + 2 - (2n -I-- 1)1,
1 . 3 . 5 .... (2n + 1)
2 . 4 . 6 .... (2n + 2) 2 . 4 . 6 .... 2n
which -
1 . 3 . 5 .... c2n + 1) 1 . 3 . 5 .... (2n, - 1)
um -Un-1.
And the first term is — -
1.3 1
.*.S - 2 4 . 6 .... (2n + 2) 2.
1 . 3 . 5 .... (2n + 1)

II. Sometimes, however, we have to discover the law of


the series before we can write down the nth term.
Ex. - 15 - 13 - 6 + 9 + 35 + 75 +
Form a new series by subtracting each term from the
term which follows it, and repeat the process until we get
a series of equal terms.
Thus S = -15-13-6+ 9 + 35 + 75 + ,
= 2 + 7 + 15 + 26 + 40 +
S2 = 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 +
83 3+ 3+ 3 +
the nth term is of the form A + Bn Cn2 Da3.
c2
20 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
To determine A, B, C, D put n successively = 1, 2, 3, 4.
= — 151
A + 2B + 4C + 8D = —
A + 3B + 9C + 27D = — GI
A + 4B + 16C+ 64D _-_.-
To solve these equations it will be found best in practice
to eliminate the successive quantities by subtracting each
equation from the following one. Thus eliminating A we
get
B + 3C + 71) = 2 )
/I + 5C + 19D= 7 S.
B+ 7C+37il= 15 )
Eliminating B in a similar manner we get
20 + 127) = 5
20 + 18D 8 ) •
Thus we get D C = — z, B = 0, A = — 15.
the nth term is — 15 — +
Thus we see that the given series is the modified sum of
three other series in which the nth terms are respectively
1, n'2, n3.
applying the results obtained on page 18, we find for
the sum of n terms
= 1571 n(n + 1) (2n, +1) 92,2(n + 1)2
8

III. Sometimes we find that instead of arriving at a


series of equal terms, we finally get a geometric series
Ex.—,S = 1 — 8 — 18 — 23 + 4 + 90 + 310 +
S, = —9 —,10— 2 + 24 + 86 + 220 +
S2= — 1+ 8 + 26 + 62 + 134
9 + 18 -I- 36 + 72 +
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 21
The nth term is of the form
A -I- Bn + Cn2 + D . 2n-i.
Determined B, C, D as before by giving n the suc-
,

cessive values 1, 2, 3, 4, and we find a = 0, B = — 3,


C — D =, 9.
the nth term is 9 . 2Th -1 -3n — 570.
the sum of n. terms
= 9(2,,' 3n(n + 1) 5n(n, 1) (l2n 1)
1) —
2 0

IV. Now consider the series


2 + 1+ ± 7 + 37 + 161 + 541 +
Here we find on trial that the preceding methods give
us no information concerning the nth term. It is best,
therefore, to introduce x and treat the series as a recurring
series.
Thus
S =2 + + + 7z3 +37x4+151:r6 + 5i la.'"
prS 2p.c + px3+71)1.4+37p.? 5 +
y.25 = 2q.r2 qx3+ qati + 7q.r5 +
r•3AS = 27.23+ r.14+ ra.5 + 7rx2 +
Add, and assume that the coefficients of x3, aml
vanish
2r + ,n + 7 =0
r + q+ 7p + 37 =0 }.
r + 7q + 87p + 151 = 0
From these equations we getp =— 6, q 11, r = -
22 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
By trial we find that these values of p, q, r make the
coefficient of e vanish. Therefore we know that
2 + x(1 + 2p) + p 2q)
1 + /Ixq2-2 r5,3
2 - 11:z. ± 17x2 2 - 1 lx 17x2
1 - 6x +11x2 - 6x3 (1 - x) - 2x) (1 - at)
Resolving this expression into partial fractions, we find
4 3 1
S=
1-x 1 - 2.c 1-
the nth term of the given series is
4 - 3 . 2n-1 + 3n-1,
the sum of n terms
3n - 2, - 1
Sn. = 4n - -3.
3- 1 2-1
3a
4rt - 3 . 2n.
2.
7 2

It is easy to see that II. and III. might be treated as


recurring series, but in practice we should often find a
difficulty in resolving the scale of relation into its simple
factors. The cases in which the methods given in II. and
III. do not help us are those in which the nth term in-
volves the sum of the nth terms of two or more geometric
s•nies.

V. Consider the series


14 1 22 1 a. 2,2 1 44 1
1 . 2. 3• 2 2 . 3 . 4 • '22 3 . 4 . 5 • i3 + 4 . 5 . • 24
58 1
1 5.6.7 2'
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 23
By methods employed in II. and III. we find the law of
formation of the numerators to be
n2 + 5n + 8.
the nth term is
n2 + 5n + 8 1
n(n + 1) (n + 2) • 2n
Assume this to be of the form um -
+B 1 A(n - 1) + B 1
and
(n + 1) (n + 2) • 2n n(n + 1) • 2n-1
n2 5n + 8E- n(Aaq, + B) - 2(n ) .{2/(n - 1) +14
- An2 - (24 + B)n + 4A - 4B ,
equating coefficients of like powers of n, we find that
the values A = - 1, B = - 3 satisfy this identity.
the nth term

- - n+3 1
_n + 2 1
(n ,+ 1) (n + 2) 2n 9/(n + 1) 2n-i
and the 1st term
4 1 3 1
2.3 2 1 . 2 2"
the sum of the series to n terms is
n+3
•1 3
(n + 1) (n + 2) 2n 2
24 WEEKLY PROBLEM. PAPERS.

TRIGONOMETRY.

A-B

13

1. BC is perpendicular to AC and BE to AD.

(1)
sin (A ±_- B) BE BE . JD BD . AC(BC-1- CD)AC
= .71B AB . AD — AB . AD — AB . AD
BC AC AC CD
AB AD — AB AD
= sin A cos B + cos A sin B,
AE AB' . AP AE(AC -T. CF)
cos (A ± B) = —
AB AB . /IF AB . AF
(2)
= AC AE 7_ BC . EF
• +
AB AF AB .
= cos A cos B T- sin A sin B,

(3) BC CD
+
BE BD BC + CD AC — AC
tan ± B)
_4E AF — AC -T- _ BC C
AC BC
tan A ± tan b'
1 ± tan A tan B
-

WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 25


AE AF AC -T- CIF
cot (A
= BE= .BD — BC + CD
AC CB_
CB +1 cot A cot B 71-* 1
- BC CD / CA\ cot B ± cotA
(TF =
(1) From similar triangles
BED, ACD, : BD :: AC : AD :. BE . AD = BD . AC.
(2) From similar triangles
AEI", BCF, AE: EF:: BC: CR•AE. CF = BC. EF.
(3) From similar triangles
BED, AA R, BE : BD :: AE : AL".

2. Denote MOD by A and HOF by B, and bisect DOE


by OE.
Then MOE = (A B), EOD = (A — B)
DEE is perpendicular to OE Then OD = OF and BE =
EF.
Then DT, + FM = 2EN,
P.11" EN E0
DO LO OD
26 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

.•. sin A -1- sin B = 2 sin A + 13 -


—B
2 •
2

OL Oil = 2 ON,
OL OM 0ON OE
••• — -r = — —

OD OP' OE OD
J B — B
••• cos + cos B = 2 cos • cos
2 2

DL — 137= KD 2 EG,
I)L_FM_ SG ED
2
OD OF EE
sin A— sin B= 2 cos A2
± 13 A —
2 2B
.

OM — OL=LD1 = 2 MA'=2FG.
031OL _ ED
• • OF — OD EF
-1- —B
.•• cosB — cos A = 2sin A 2 B sin
— 2
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 27

3. Let 0 be the centre of a circle, and let PBC be denoted


by A. Then FOC = 2A and CPM = A.
PM 2PM PM PB
sin 2A = —2—.
OP BC PB BC
= 2 sin A cos A.

ON=BM — BO B: 1 BP
cos 24 = — 2 .— 1
UP OB B BC
= 2 cos211 — 1.

OM 00 — MC MC PC
cos 211 = — _—_. —1— 2 •
OP OP PC' BC
= 1 — 2 sin 2,1.

20M = OM +00 — CM B — MC
cos 2.4 =
20P BC BC
BM BP MC 1'C
B.P • BC — PC • BC
= cos 2A — sin 211.

PM
2PM 2PM Bdf
2
tan 2A =
20M BM — 1 — .310 MP
MB

2 tan ,/
1 — tan23

BM PM
—1
20M BM — CM PM • 0,11
cot 2A= = —
2PM 2 PM PM
2
CI/
COt 2A - 1
— 2 cot A
28 W EEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
P.11
PM PM OP
tan A =
BM — BO + OM
1 + OM
OP
sin 2 A
1 + cos 2 .71 •
P.11
PM _ PM 0
cot A =
CM 00 — OM
1 — OM
OP
sin 2A
1 — cos 2A•
PM
2 PM 2PM 23
—m
singA = — =
2 0 I-' BM+ MC - MC MP
1- - —
MP • 111B
2 tan A
1 + tan 2A
1 CM PM
20M _BM — CM
_ PM • MB
cos2A —
BM + CM , CM rm-
r714- • MB
1 — tan 2A
1 ± tan 2A
(PM B M)2 1_,_ 9 rm- Bm
(sin A + cos A)2 =
P B2 — PB • _I' 13 -
=
+ 2PM P13 P
-
PB • BC + 201'
1 + sin 2A.
So (sin A — cos A )2= 1 — sin 2A.
WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS. 29

4. To prove geometrically that in findino. sin A and cos A


from cos 2 A two values, and from sin 2 A four values
must be found.
Let 2a be the least positive angle which has its cosine
equal to the given value of cos 2 A.
Then 2A =-- 2nir ± 2a
A =n7r fa
... if A0.131be the angle a, and if we take A OP4 =
AOPi, and produce OP, and OP4 to OP, and OP„ we see
that all the angles which are included in the formula
sir ± a are bounded by the lines 0.1)1, OP2, 01'3, OP, And
obviously
sin A OP, = sin A OP2 = — sin AOP, = — sin A0P4 ;
cos AOP, = — cos AOP, = — cos.A.O.P, = cos A0P4.
Thus we see that sin A and cos A have each two values,
which are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.
30 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

5. Again, let 23 be the least positive angle which has its


sine equal to the given value of sin 2A.
Then 2d = fl7r ( — 20

A= (— 1)710.
2

If A 0Q1be the angle 3, and if we take AOQ2 = 2 --


and produce Q10 and Q20 to 0Q3and 0Q4, we see that all
the angles which are included in the formula n + (-1)n13
are bounded by the lines 0Q11 0Q2, °Q3, 0Q4, which lie by
pairs in opposite quadrants. And obviously
sin A OQL = — sin A 0Q3; sin A 0Q2= — sin A 0Q4
cos AOQ, = — cos A0(23 ; cos AOQ2= — cos A °Q4.
Thus we see that sin A and cos A have each four values,
which by pairs are equal in magnitude and opposite in
sign. We also see that when a = 7
4 , 0Q1coincides with
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 31

0Q2, and 093with 0Q4, and we then get only two values,
equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.

6. To resolve ;en — 2 cos na — into


i factors without
„rn
employing imaginary quantities.
1
The relation between the successive values of a9n, +
xm
corresponding to successive integral values of 2n is
11 1
x
911+i

+ _ ) (en _ ) — cvm- 1
When m= 1, this becomes
+ = k ) _
3,2 ) lx zl
An exactly similar relation holds good between the
successive values of 2 cos me, thus
2 cos (nt 1)8 = (2 cos 8) (2 cos nO) — 2 cos (si — 1)8.

When m = 1, this becomes


2 cos 20 = (2 cos (3) (2 cos B) — 2.

Now let r0, rl, r2 . r,,, be a series of quantities, the


successive terms of which are connected by the above
relation,
viz. r„+, = rirn

Also, as in the above cases, let r0 = 2, but let r1be any


quantity whatever.
32 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
Then we have
r0 = r,ri — 2 = ri — 2,
1'1
3

Then we see that


(1) rn is a definite integral function of r1of n dimen-
sions, and the coefficient of • inin it is unity.
1 1
(2) if r, = x rn.= wTh Tm •

(3) if ri= 2 cos 0, rn = 2 cos a0.


Hence rn — 2 cos na will vanish when ri= any of the
quantities
2 cos a, 2 cos (a + 2Z),

2 cos (a • 2 . 22) . . . . 2 cos (a n—1.—


27),
21

2 cos na = — 2 cos a }— 2 cos (a + 27:r)

r, — 2 cos (a + n — 1 . 2f)}

for all values whatever of r1. Let r1= a; 1- • Then


1
-
xn
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 33
7. To prove geometrically that the nine-point circle
of a triangle touches the inscribed circle. (Feuerbach's
Theorem.)

Let iltfla be the perpendicular from A on .BC, II the


orthocentre, 0 the circumcentre, I the incentre, U the
mid-point of HA, and D the mid-point of BC.
Then DU is a diameter of the nine-point circle, and if
UQ be drawn perpendicular to DI, meeting DI, EV, BC
respectively in Q, P, T then Q is also evidently a point on
the N.P. circle.
Since DI, UT are at right angles, the triangles DIM,
UTX are similar.
DM . XT = LIl. UX = r OG . . . (1)
Since B/2 = £02= ED . Eh, the angles EDI, EIF are
equal, and
131 : DM = : AF = MX : PG
D_11. MX = r . FG (2)
31 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
.'. by addition of results (1) and (2),
R . r DM . MT = . = r . PM,
PM = R.
.•. DI. IQ = PI. = r(I? — r),
i.e. in the nine-point circle the rectangle of the segments
of a chord through I, the centre of the incircle, is equal
to r (I? — r).
Now the radius of the nine-point circle is equal to IR.
if N be its centre, we have
(I.R)2— N/2 r(R — r),
.2v12 = _ 7)2,
NI = — r.

i.e. the distance between the centres of the N.P. and


in-circles is equal to the difference between their radii, and
the circles touch.

To expand sin-1x in ascending powers of re.


Assume sin—lx=.2/0+Aix-FA2x2-1-24v3-1-A4x4+
when x = 0, sin-1x = 0, .•. Ao = 0.
And, since —x) = — sin-1x,
— .211x //2.9:2— 2/3x3 + A44— . . . .
— Aix — 123;2— A3x3— 24.7:4— . . . .
all the coefficients with even suffixes vanish
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 35

= Aix + .23x3 25x5


.•. a- sin {2/ix + 41,0:3 + .45:0 ....}

=Ax 41,v3 L- ,71{41,x ...A

+ + -
E. 41,, +(j3- .11_).
3 ,„:3+(j 6_ A11 A3+41)a,5+....
13

equating coefficients of like powers of x, we get


1
= 1, - A3
L=0
" =2.3
3 1.31
- . A1'A.3 - 11'5
25 = 0 L.,7 25 Sze.
-2 • 4 . 5

= + + 1.3 x5 1.3.5 x7 4.
2 3 2.4 . 5 2.4.6 • 7 ' ""

To expand (sin-1X)2 we have

x)2 .(x . ± 1 3 x..5


2 3 2.4 - }

_,0( 1 + 3 0(1.3.5 _L 1
x 3 36 fol k4.6.7
4 x4 _4_ 16 X6 _L 32 x8
= a:2 4 3.5' ' 5.7' 8
f j_ 2 x4 _, 2.4 a6 2.4.6 x'LL.
(.. -F73.. P- 3.5' 6 + 3.5.7' 8
n 2
36 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

Thus we see that writing the expansion of sin' 1 a in


the form
171 1 e 1 3 x5 ] 3 5 2.7
1 f • :- + •
I. 2 3 +2 • . 4 • 5 ± 2. .• 4 .• 6 . -7 ± . • • •
if we increase by unity every number which occurs, we
get the expansion of (sin-lx)2.

PAPER I.
1. The debts of a bankrupt amount to £2,134 10s. 6d.
and his assets consist of property worth £916 15s. 4c1. and
an undiscounted bill of £513 due 4 months hence, simple
interest being reckoned at 4 per cent. How much in the
pound can he pay his creditors ?
2. If s =-- a±b±c, prove that
(as bc) (bs ca) (es + ab) = ( 6 a)2(c1 +1)2.
3. Divide 2x3 - 5 by .x I ± 1.
4. Shew that
cost ((3 - y)+ cost (y - a) + cos2 (a - i3)
= 1 + 2 cos (0 - 7) cos (y - a) cos (a - (3).
5. If p, q, r be the bisectors of the angles of a triangle,
prove that
A .73 0
cos - COS - cos
2+ 2 1 1 1
+ r - a + b -L
' -c-
13 4
6. Two circles touch at C, and a point D is taken with-
out them such that the radii AC, CB subtend equal angles
at 7). If D8, DIP be tangents, prove geometrically that
DL. DE = DC2.
7. At any point P of an ellipse the tangent PT and the
normal are drawn, S and H are the foci, and through the
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 37
centre Ca line is drawn parallel to SP cutting the normal
in J and the tangent in T. Shew that RT = HP.

PAPER II.
1. Find the G.C.M. of
nxn + 1 — (n 1).e + 1 and xn— n — 1.
2. Solve the equations
(1) eta; b b.r + (a + b) + 2),
b -1-c.c + a ea; ± a + b
(2) 2.v +2x bz = u2 b2,

(3) axe bay ey2 = bx2 exy a,jz


3. In any triangle prove that
ab — rir2 be — 1.21.3 ea — r3r,
7'3 Ti
where a, b, c are the sides, 1.,,r2,r3the radii of the escribect
circles.
4. If d and be the greatest and least angles of a
triangle, the sides of which are in A.P., prove that
4(1 — cos e) (1 — cos 0) = cos 19 + cos 95.
5. Inscribe in a circle geometrically a triangle whose
sides shall be parallel to three given straight lines.
6. Any three tangents to a parabola, the tangents of
whose inclinations to the axis are-consecutive terms of 'a
fixed H.P. will form a triangle of constant area.
7. A square rests with its plane perpendicular to a
smooth wall, one corner being attached to a point in the
wall by a string whose length is equal to a side of the
square. Shew that the distances of 3 of its angular points
from the wail are as 1 : 3 : 4.
38 TVEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

PAPER III.
1
1. In the expansion of (1 — x) n prove that the sum of
the coefficients of the first r terms bears to the coefficient
of the rth term the ratio of 1 + n(r — 1) to 1.
2. From the formula
x2 0.3 x4
loge (
1 1 ) 71.
calculate log10 5 to 5 places of decimals, given log10 e
'43429.
3. Eliminate B between
m = cosec 0 — sin B and n = sex 0 — cos 0,
and shew that nra + n3 =
4. Shew that the sum of n terms of the series
cos a cos 2a j_ cos 3a
1+ cos a I 005 2a cos 3a + °
is equal to zero if na = 71".
5. ABCD is a quadrilateral figure inscribed in a circle.
AB, DC meet in E, BC, AD meet in F. Shew that the
circle on EF as diameter cuts the circle ABCD ortho-
gonally.
6. A, B, C are three points on the circumference of a
circle. Forces act along AB, BC, inversely proportional
to these straight lines. Sliew that their resultant acts
along the tangent at B.
7. OQ, OQ' are two tangents to a parabola. The diameter
through 0 meets the parabola in P, and the tangent at P
meets OQ, OQ' in R, B' respectively. Shew that QR', Q' R
are divided by the parabola in the ratio of 8 to 1.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 39
PAPER IV.
1. If x, y, z be unequal, and if
.r)' 7/)9,
2a — 3y = (z and 2a — 3z —
then will
2a — 3x — (2/—/12 and x + y + z = a.
,

2. If a, $, y be the angles of a triangle, prove that


cos(- + y — 2a) + cos(' + a — 2/3) + cos(372a — 2y)
2y— a cos5y — 2a— 0.
-= 4 cos 5a-213—ycos 513-
4 4 4
3. If a line join the points where an escribed circle
touches the produced sides of a triangle, and corresponding
lines be drawn for the other escribed circles so as to form
an outer triangle ; and if from the outer triangle another
triangle be formed in the same way, and so on, prove that
these triangles tend to become equiangular.
4. Forces act at the middle points of the sides of a
triangle at right angles to the sides and respectively pro-
portional to them. Shew that if they all act inwards or
outwards, they are in equilibrium.
5. Explain the fallacy in the following reasoning.
Since e2n,r'✓ -1 =cos 2nr sin 2n7r,
27r✓-1
e410/ 1 fin-V-1
=e
Raise each to the power ✓ — 1. e 4mr-- e-63.
which is not true.
6. Two circles whose radii are a, b, cut one another at
an angle a. Prove that the length of the common chord is
2ab sin a
#4; 02 2ab cos a + 62
40 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

7. If CR, SY, HZ be perpendiculars upon the tangent to


an ellipse at a point P such that CR = CS, shew that
(1) R lies on the tangent at B,
(2) the perpendicular from R on SH will divide it into
two parts equal to i■ Y, HZ respectively,
(3) SP : HP :: SR2 : HR2.

PAPER V.
I. Find to two places of decimals the cube root of 1037.
be —
2. If a + b2 0
be not altered in value by inter-
changing a pair of the letters a, 1, c not equal to each
changing
other, it will not be altered by interchanging any other
pair ; and it will vanish if a b c = 1.
3. Form the equations whose roots are respectively the
squares and the square roots of the equation
a;•2 c = 0.
4. Solve the equation sec 48 — sec 28 = 2.
5. ABCD is the rectangular floor of a room whose length
AB is a feet. Find its height, which at C subtends at A an
angle a, and at B an angle (3. If a = 48 ft., a = 18',
13 = 30°, prove that the height is nearly 18 ft. 10 in.
6. Find the equation to the two parabolas having their
x2 92
focus at any given point P of the conic „2 ——b2= 1, and
passing through the foci of the conic. Also, shew that the
angle between the directrices is twice the eccentric angle
of P.
7. ACB is a diameter of a circle of which C is the centre,
and in AC a point D is taken, such that the rectangle
AC. AD is equal to the square on CD. If the circle de-
scribed with centre B and radius BD cuts the given circle
in E, prove that AB is one-fifth of the circumference.
WEEKLY TROBLE=I PAPERS. 41

PAPER VI.
1. If the equations
a.r Ly =
c .v2± cly2 = 1 f
have only one solution, prove that
-2-4-
a = 1 and x — L'e —
c
2. Given log3 9 = a, log3 5 = 1, find the logarithms to
the base 10 of the first 4 digits.
3. Shew that if B C be an odd multiple of 7r,
sin 2B + sin 2C = sin 2 A + 2 cos A sin B sin C.
4. D, A F are the feet of the perpendiculars from the
angular points on the sides of the triangle ABC. Shew
that the radius of the circle inscribed in the triangle DEP'
is 2R cos A cos B cos C, where R is the radius of the circle
circumscribing ABC.
5. A uniform heavy rod is placed across a smooth
horizontal rail, and rests with one end against a smooth
vertical wall, the distance of which from the rail is 1-13- of
the length of the rod. Find the angle which the rod
makes with the horizon when there is equilibrium.
6. A, B, 0, D are four points in space : the straight lines
AB and DC are divided in the same ratio in the .points B,
F. AD and BC are divided in another the same ratio in
G and H. Prove that the straight lines BF and GH lie in
one plane.
7. If two chords of a rectangular hyperbola be at right
angles, each of their four extremities is the orthocentre of
the triangle formed by the other three.
42 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

PAPER, VII.
1. If the equation
a
x+a +x+b = x+c x+d
have a pair of equal roots, then either one of the quantities
a orb is equal to one of the quantities c or d, or &se
1 1 1 1
=
Prove also that the roots are then
2ab
— a, — a, 0 ; — 6, — b, 0 ; or 0, 0, —
a+6
2. Emp!oy the Binomial Theorem to shew that
23 2 ,/:5- = 11 . 3 , 1 . 3 . 5
24 3 23'3 24.4
L 25L5 •• ••

3. Given that
=y cos B z cos Q
if = z cosP xcosB
and that P Q B is an odd multip!e of 7r, prove that
z = x cosQ-{-ycos P.
Hence also prove that cos P .y 2 + 2yz
Z2 -

4. Shew that the length of the perpendicular from the


centre of the nine point circle on BC is iR cos C — B.

5. A', B', C' are the middle points of the sides of the
triangle ABC, and through A, B, C are drawn three parallel
straight lines meeting C', C'A', A'B' in a, 6, c respec-
tively. Prove that the triangle abc is half the triangle
ABC, and that be passes through A, ca through B, and ab
through C.
▪ -2
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 43
6. Two points (E, (.v, y) are connected by the relation
az b
= where u ' V- 1,2 = yN— 1,
cz d
y, 7), a, b, c, d being all real). Shew that when (:c, y)
describes a circle, (6, I) describes another circle.
7. From a point 0 in a parabola OQ is drawn,perpen-
dicular to the diameter at P. Prove that the straight line
drawn from Q perpendicular to the tangent at P will meet
the normal at 0 on the axis of the parabola.

PAPER VIII.
1. Given log, 9 = a, log35 --- b, log, 7 = c, find the
logarithms to the base 10 of the digits 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
2. Shew that -A {3 . - 25 (— 1)x} is a positive
integer when c is a positive integer.
3. A circle, centre 0 and radius r, is inscribed in a
triangle ABC, and touches the sides in D, E, F. Circles
are inscribed in the quadrilaterals ABOF, BFOD, CDO.B.
If r1, r2, r3be their radii, prove that
1'1 7.2 r3 r, r2 9'3

r - r1 r — r2 r — r3 ' - r r2 2' r3
4. ABCD is a quadrilateral. Four circles, centres 3f,
N, _P, Q, are described so as to touch respectively the
consecutive sides CD, DA, AB ; DA, AB, BC ; AB,
BC, CD ; BC, CD, DA. Shew that a circle can be de-
scribed about the figure AINPQ.
5. From the centre of an ellipse a perpendicular is
drawn to the tangent at any point P, meeting it in Y.
From Y another tangent is drawn meeting the ellipse in P'.
If P'Q be a diameter spew that PQ is normal at P.
44 WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS.
6. dBCD is a quadrilateral. Forces act along the sides
AB, BC, CD, DA, measured by a, 0, y, 8 times those sides
respectively. Shew that if there is equilibrium, ay = 0a.
Shew also that A././BD a y — /3
AABC 8• 0— a
7. Shew that the straight lines which bisect the angles
between the two lines
(h — a)y = — a); (h + a)y = k(x + a)
have for their equation
ihkx — 4)2 -(y — k)2} = (x — k) (y — k) (h2— k2— a2).

PAPER IX.
1. Prove that cx2— b will be a common divisor of
ax3 — c, and be — cx + a if it will divide either of
them.
2. Shew that the sum to n terms of the series
22 32
12(12+22) + (12+22)(12+22+32)
42
12 + 22 + 32) (12 + 22 + 32 + 42)
(

6
is 1 —
(25 + 1) (n, + 2) (2n + 3)
3. If
sin A =p sinB, cosA=pcosB, sinA+cosA=r(sinB+cosB)
prove that
(p — 9.)2 (1— 22) + (q — r)2 (1—
4. If p; q, r be the perpendiculars on the sides of a
triangle ABC from the centre of the circumscribed circle,
prove that
qr rp pp1
'6-0 4 7at—tb=
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 45
5. ABCD is a quadrilateral, The sides DA, CB; AB,
DC are produced to meet in ./P and B. if the two bisectors
of the angles at .1 are parallel to the two bisectors of the
angles at E, prove that a circle will go round ABCD.
Also, if the diagonals BD, AC intersect in 0, shew that
the two bisectors of the angles at 0 are parallel to the
bisectors of the angles at E.
6. If the chord of contact of two tangents to a parabola
be normal at one end, the tangent at the other is bisected
by the perpendicular through the focus to the line joining
the focus to the intersection of the tangents.
7. A series of circles is described touching two given
straight lines. Shew that the polars of any point with
respect to the circles will envelop a parabola.

PAPER X.
1. A number consisting of three digits is doubled by
reversing the digits. Prove that the same willhold for the
number formed by the first and last digits ; and also that
such a number can be found in only one scale of notation
out of three.
2. If m be a positive integer, shew that
3121(3m + 1)2 >4V(i 3m).

3. If n be a multiple of 6, prove that


n(n-1)(n —2) . 3+ n(n —1)(n— 2)(n-3)(n— 4) 32 _
15
and
n(n — 1)(n — 2) 1 n(n — 1) (n —2) (n, — 3)(n — 4) 1
n—
/3 •3+
will both vanish.
46 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
4. 0 and 0' are the centres of two circles which cut in
A, A', and two points B, B' are taken one on each cir-
cumference. If C, C' be the centres of the circles round
BAB', BA'B', prove that the angle CBC' = angle 0.z/0'.
5. If from the point in which a normal to an ellipse
meets the major axis a straight line be drawn perpendicular
to the normal, the part of either focal distance between
this line and the curve will be an harmonic mean between
the focal distances.
6. A pack of cards, equal or unequal, stands on the edge
of a horizontal table, each card projecting beyond the one
just below it. If the highest card project as far as possible
from the table, shew that each card is on the point of
moving independently of the rest.
7. An isosceles triangle is described, having each of the
angles at its base double of the third angle ; with the
vertex and one extremity of the base as foci, an ellipse is
described, passing through the other extremity of the base.
Prove that the distance of the vertex of this ellipse from
its directrix is equal to half the latus rectum.

PAPER XI.
1. If 1000 lbs. can be carried 1000 miles for £1, and the
rate of conveyance is the same abroad, find to 2 places of
decimals how many kilograms can be carried 100 kilo-
metres for 20 francs.
Given Rd = 25.2 francs ; 1 kilom. = 0.6214 miles ;
1 kilog. = 2.2046 lbs.
2. If ay + y) (ct 6) + ab = 0 t
ay + + y) (c + d) + cd = f
prove that
x—y V(a— c) —d)(b — c) (6 — d)
2 a+b—c—d
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 47
3. Shew that
1 _F 1 . 3 1 1.3.5 1 , 1.3.5.7 1 ,
2 . 4 T ' 2 . 4 . 6 42m2 . 4 . 6 . 8 43
= 4- (2 — ,V3)V3-
3
4. Shew that
.7r
cosec cosec (A 2-8 cosec (A + 3) = 3 cosec 3A.
l
5. If
x2-I- —
= tan-I V I
;c2
shew that x2= sin 2y.
6. A glass rod is balanced partly in and partly out of a
cylindrical tumbler with the lower end resting against the
vertical side of the tumbler. If a and 0 be the greatest
and least angles which the rod can make with the vertical,
prove that the angle of friction is
sin 3a — sin 30 •
tan- I
sin 2a cos a + sin 20 cos 0
7. Prove that the locus of the intersection of tangents to
an ellipse which make equal angles with the major and
minor axes respectively, and are not at right angles, is a
rectangular hyperbola whose vertices are the foci of the
ellipse.

PAPER XII.
1. Solve the equations
(z f .v) (a" + y) = 142
(y z) = b2
el + z) (z .r) =
48 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
2. Shew that the coefficient ofxnin the expansion of
x is an _ bn,
(.0 — a) (x — 6) a — L • 6-01,67:

3. Prove that if a, 0, y be any three plane angles


(cos a + cos ( + cos y) {cos 2a ± cos 20 + cos 2y
— cos (i3 + y) — cos (y + a) — cos (a + 13)}
— (sin a + sin ( + sin y) {sin 2a + sin 20 + sin 2y
— sin (0 + — sin (y + a) — sin (a + (3)1
E cos 3a + cos 30 + cos 3y — 3 cos (a +

4. The distance between the orthocentre and the centre


of the circumscribing circle is
R,V1 — 8 cos 2/ cos B cos C.
5. The straight lines EAB, EDC, and FDA, FOB form
four triangles in one plane, and 0 is the common point of
intersection of the circles circumscribing these triangles.
Prove that the rectangle 04 . 00 = rectangle OE .

6. A parabolic wire slides through two small rings A, B.


Shew that the vertex corresponding to the chord AB will
describe the curve p = /A sin 20, the origin being the middle
point of AB, and II a constant.

7. A uniform rod hangs by two strings of lengths 1, l',


fastened to its ends, and to two points in the same hori-
zontal line, distance a apart, the strings crossing each
other. Find the position of equilibrium, and shew that if
a, a' be the angles which 1 and 1' make with the horizontal,
(1' cos — 1 cos a) sin (a + a') = a Sill (a —
TVEEKLY PROBLEM PA PERS. 41

PAPIM
I. Shew that
a4 + b4 + 252,2 — 2c2a2 - 2a252

is divisible by a ± b ± c.
2. Solve the equations
(1) o(CL4_1)4(a:24_14,4_1,)3= (a8÷ 14a4-1,,1)' a:(x - 1)4,
(2) [x+!-Fz=a+b-+c
.s. y z ..,
a+
- '-
b +- 0 = '1
te:r + by + cz .--- be • ca + ab.
3. Shew that
cos (A-1-B-FC) cos (if+ B - C)cos(B+C- 21)cos(C-F A- B)
-1-sin(_4+B-1- C)sin(A+ B - C)sin (B-I- C- Main (C+.,4- B)
= cos 2,1 cos 2 B cos 2 C.
4. With the usual notation, show that

a = (r2 + 4'3)NI. • 2'1 '

5. If ABC be an isosceles triangle having each of the


angles at the base BC double the third angle, and if the
bisectors of the angles ACB, ABC meet AB in E, and the
circle round the triangle ABC in B show that-A.DCE is a
,

parallelogram.
6. Prove that the angles subtended at the vertices of a
rectangular hyperbola by any chord parallel to the con-
jugate axis are supplementary.
7. A square table stands upon 4 equal legs which are
placed at the middle points of the sides. Shew that no
weight less than its own when placed upon it can upset it
50 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

PAPER XIV.
1. Shew that
-F ay 4. y2) (a2 ab 69)
=(a1.—by)2(a.r — by) (ay ± bz + by) + (ay + bi)2.
Hence chew that the product of any number of factors
of the form z.2 yg can be put into the form
2
+ + .1'2.
2. Tf
a— ny mz lz + c — smv
as' 11'

prove that
sn'e — n'b —1'e
. A' ± 1111 ± ma/ ±
so
l'b — m'a
z
Is' -I- 11111/' 150'
11

3. A quadrilateral ABCD circumscribes a circle radius r.


If a, b, c, d, be the lengths of the tangents from A, B, C,
to the circle, prove that
, bed + eda-4- dab + ate
al-b+e-hd
4. Shew that
cos B + cos 30 + cos 50 + + cos (2n — 1)0,
2n-1cos() c 2 Boos 40 cos 2n—I 0,
sin 2,0
sin e
5. A heavy uniform rod is supported in a horizontal
position by 3 equal forces, one acting at one end, and the
other two at the other. Shew that the angle between the
directions of the two latter must be 120'.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 51
6. Prove that a straight line drawn through a focus
of an ellipse, at right angles to a chord, intersects the
diameter, which is conjugate to the chord, at a point in the
directrix..
7. ABC is an equilateral triangle, and AB is produced to
1) so that BD is twice AB. Shew that the square on Cl) is
seven times the square on AB.

PAPER XV.
1. If the number of births and deaths each year be
respectively (hyth and ihth o f the population of a village at
the beginning of a year, in how many years will its popu-
lation be doubled ?
Given
log 2 = •3010300 ; log 180 = 2.255272 ; log 181 = 2.257679.
2. Eliminate a; and y between the equationi
the + bay + cy2 =0
d;r2 b' xy = 0.

3. Find approximately the value of c from the equation


(1.,p)x+2 = 92x—i, given log 3 = •4771213.
4. From the angular points of a triangle ABC lines are
drawn through 0 the centre of the inscribed circle to meet
the circumscribed circle in P, Q, R. Prove that the product
of the radii of the circles described about the triangles
BOP, COQ, JCR is equal to the product of the radii of the
circles described about the triangles COP, AOQ, BOB;
and that each of the products is
a3b3c.3
4/2(a b c)4'
where a, b, c are the sides, and r the radius of the inscribed
circle of the triangle ABC.
a2
52 WEEKLY PROBLEJI PAPERS.
5. If ABCD, AB'C'D' be two parallelograms, shew that
it is possible to form a triangle with its sides equal and
parallel to BB', CC' DD'.
6. If two tangents to a parabola intersect in T, and S be
the focus, and from any point in ST perpendiculars be
drawn to the tangents, shew that the line joining the feet
of these perpendiculars is parallel to the directrix.
7. Prove that the general equation to an ellipse having
double contact with the circle a:2 +y2 = a', and touching
the axis of a: at the origin, is
c2::2 +(a' + e2)12— 2a2cy = 0.

PAPER XVI.
1. A and B, starting at the same moment, walk at
uniform rates, the former in u hours from Oxford to Cam-
bridge, the latter in v hours from Cambridge to Oxford.
They meet on the road a hours before A's arrival at Cam-
bridge, and 13 hours before B's arrival at Oxford. Prove
that
u2 :v2 : : a : (3.

2. Obtain all the values of .x and y from the simultaneous


equations
22 + y2 = 2a2, — — a
a+ (1. a+
3. A person standing on the bank of a river observes the
elevation of the top of a tree on the opposite bank to he
51°, and when he retires 30 feet from the edge, he finds
the elevation to be LIG°. Find the breadth of the river,
having given
log 1.357 = .132r30 ; log 3 = •47712
L sin 46°= 9.856934 ; Lsin39°= 9.798872 ; L sin 5°= 8.94029G.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 53
4. If f(6) be a function of 6 given by the equation
f(28) = (1 — tan 28) f(&), and if f(o) = 571, shew that f(6)
vit3 cot O.
5. In a given circle inscribe a triangle so that two of the
sides may pass through given points, and the third be of
given length.
6. If a sphere can be drawn to touch all the edges of a
tetrahedron, the three straight lines joining the points of
contact of the sphere with opposite edges will meet in a
point.
7. An ellipse is described touching the asymptotes of an
hyperbola, and meeting the hyperbola in PP' Qq. Shew
that PP' is parallel to Qv.

PAPER XVII-.
1. Divide
1+x+x2 -1-a;3 +,7,4 ±,v6 +2•7 ±x8 +.2;9 +,v15by 1—x5+26.
2. If
+ Y + =1
a+a a+0 a-Fy

+ Y =1
b+a b-1-0 b-Fy
z
c-Fa ' c-FP -I- 0-1-y =1
prove that
(a + a) (b + a) (c ± a)
(a — 0) (a —

and similarly for y and z.


54 WEEKLY PROBLEill PAPERS.
3. If
sin a + sin 0 + sin y = 0 = cos a + cos 3 + cos y,
shew that
cos 3a + cos 30 + cos 3y = 3 cos (a + i + y)
and
sin 3a + sin 33 f sin By = 3 sin (a + + y).
4. If P be the centre of the inscribed, and Q the centre
of the circumscribed circle of a triangle, and PQ be pro-
duced both ways to meet the circumscribing circle in A
and B, shew that PA . PB = 2R . r.
5. Prove that the straight lines joining the middle points
of the opposite sides of a quadrilateral mutually bisect
each other, and hence shew that it is possible to describe
about a given parallelogram an infinite number of quadri-
laterals whose sides shall be bisected by the angular points
of the given parallelogram, and that these quadrilaterals
are each equal in area to twice the parallelogram.
6. An ellipse is cut from a cone. Shew that the sum of
the distances of the extremities of any diameter of the
ellipse from the vertex of the cone is constant.
7. Prove that the resultant of forces 7, 1, 1, 3 acting
from one angle of a regular pentagon towards the other
angles taken in order is V71,

PAPER XVIII.
1. Shew that
(a+p)(a+q) (b+p)(b+q) (c+p)(c+q)
(a — b) (u — c)(a+r) 4 (b — c)(b — a)(b+ (c — a)(c— ii)(c - -
(x — P)(z -
(a+x)(b+x)(c+a)
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 55
2. If the letters all denote positive quantities, prove that
(c4 *7is never greater than " bY,
+ a±b
3. Find all the solutions of sin 30 — cos() = 0.
Which of them will satisfy the equation
1 sin 28 = 3 sin cos 0 ?
4. In any triangle prove that
(b — c) (b c — a)
tan )(4 C
c 2
(c — e)(c + a — b) tan(B2 + A)
c ce
— b) (a b—
. tan (— B).
a b
5. If from each of the angular points of a quadrilateral
perpendiculars be let fall upon the diagonals, the feet of
these perpendiculars are the angular points of a similar
quadrilateral.
6. AB is a diameter of a circle, and a parabola is de-
scribed passing through A and B, and having for its
directrix a tangent to a concentric circle. Sliew that the
locus of its focus is an ellipse.
7. If six forces acting on a body be completely repre-
sented, three by the sides of a triangle taken in order, and
three by the sides of the triangle formed by joining the
middle points of the sides of the original triangle, prove
that they will be in equilibrium if the parallel forces act in
the same direction, and if the scale on which the first three
forces are represented be 4 times as large as that on•which
the latter are represented.
56 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

PAPER XIX.
1. Prove that
(a + L)3(a' 1') + 5 a L (a + L)3 (a4 + L4)
+15a2b2(a+ 1') (a3+ L3) +35a3L3(a= + L3) + 70a4b4=(a+ B)8.
2. Solve the equations
(1) (c + a — 2L);v2+ (a + L — 2e)a; + (b — 2a) = 0,
„(2) ax = ay + za; = az + ay =
3. If a + L = 0, prove that
a5 + L5 + C5 a 3 +L3 + C3 a2+ L2+ 0
5 3 2
hence spew that if
sin a + sin 3 + sin y = 0 = cos a + cos + cos y
cos Ea + cos 53 + cos 5y
5
cos 3a +cos 33 + cos 3y cos2a + cos 2)3 + cos 2y
3 2
sin 3a + sin 313 + sin 3y sin 2a + sin 23 + sin 2y
3 2
4. If A + B C = 90°, prove that
cosecA cosec Beosee C— cotBtanC— cot CtanB — cotCtanA
— cot AtanC— cotA tanB cotBtanA = 2.
5. If the.diagonals AC, BD of the quadrilateral ABCD
inscribed in a circle, centre 0, intersect at right angles in
a fixed point P prove that the feet of the perpendiculars
,

from 0 and P to the sides of the quadrilateral lie al:1'a


fixed circle, the centre of which is at the middle point
.d OP.
6 A heavy scalene triangle ABC lies on a horizontal
plane, and a vertical force P, when applied at A is just
able to lift the triangle. Would P be ab:e to do this if
applied at B, or C, instead of A ?
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 57
7. If SY be the perpendicular from the focus on the
tangent to an hyperbola at P, and CY meet the normal at
P in R, shew that Pit = SY.

PAPER XX.
1. Calculate the value of ✓5 to ten places of decimals
from the formula
3 — ki6 1 1 1 1.
+....
2 — 7- 3 . + 3.7.47 + 3.7.47.2.207
each of the factors in the denominators being equal to the
square of the preceding factor diminished by 2.
2. Prove that 32'1+2— 8n — 9 is a mult:ple of 64.
3. If
cos (a (3 e) cos (y + a +i3)
and 0, y are unequal,
sin (a + (3) cos 2y sin(y a) cos 2/3'
prove that each expression
cos 03 + +
= sin Oa y) cos 2a
4. If A -{-B+C+D= 2r, shew that
A D B C B C A D
cos — cos — sin — ,sin — cos —cos— sin — sin ,
2 2 2 -2 2 2 2
= sin
A B sin C+A
cos
A ± 7)
2 2 ' 2
5. ABCD is a quadrilateral figure, and two points P, Q
are taken in AD, BC, such that AP : PD CQ : QB.
From P and Q straight lines PP', QQ' are drawn equal to,
parallel to, and in the same directions as BC and DA
respectively. Shew that forces represented by AB, CD,
PP', QQ' are in equilibrium.
6. In a given triangle inscribe a parallelogram equal to
half the triangle, so that one side is in the same straight
line with one side of the triangle, and has one extremity at
a given point of that side.
58 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. Given a focus, the length of the transverse axis, and
that the second focus lies on a fixed straight line, prove
that the conic will touch two parabolas having the given
focus for focus.

PAPER XXI.
1. Obtain the value of 7r correct to 6 places of decimals
from the series
14 2 / \ 2.4 / 1 \ 2 ‘3
5 {1 +-3 50 3 . 5 50 3 . 5 . 7 o0
± 948 f + 2( 9\+2. 4 ( 9 \2
3125 t 3 6250/ 3 . 5 62501
+ 2. 4 . 6 ( 9 \ 3
3 . . 7 lb2o0) J

2. Find the cube root of the expression


b2(a — b) (c — 6) {(a — 6)2+ (c — b)'} — a b2e(a2 c2)
+ 65(a — b c).
3. Shew that if the squares of the sides of a triangle are
in A.P. the tangents of the angles are in H.P.
4. If
cos(a +(3± 0) _ cos (-y + a -I- 0) see Paper XX., No. 3,
sin (a ± p)cos 2y sin (y + a) cos 213'
shew that
sin ((3 y) sin (y + a) sin (a + 0)
cote—
cos 0 + y) cos (y + a) cos (a + (3) + sin2(a+(3+y)
5. A body consists of two parts, and one of them is
moved into any other position. Shew that the line joining
the two positions of the centre of gravity of the whole
body is parallel, and bears a fixed ratio, to the line joining
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 59
the two positions of the centre of gravity of the part
moved.
6. Considering the 4 circles which touch the sides of a
triangle, shew that the square on the distance between the
centres of any two together with the square on the dis-
tance between the centres of the other two is equal to the
square on the diameter of the circle passing through the
centres of any three.
7. Construct a parabola having given three tangents
and the direction of the axis.

PAPER XXII.
1. If z + y + z = .ryz, skew that
2:c 2y 2z _ 2y 2:
1—a;2 + 1y2+ 1 — z= 1 — a:21 — y= 1 — z2.
2. If

4(x) = ax
ax ax, shew that cp(a; + y) — C5(3') +4)(1/)
a x
1+ 45(z.)(15 CY)
-

3. If cos a + cos 0 + cos y = 0 = sin a + sin 0 -I- sin y,


shew that
cos 7a + cos 70 + cos 7y
7
cos 5a + cos 50 + cos5y cos 2a + cos 2i3 + cos 2y
5 2
— sin 5a + sin 50 + sin 5ysin 2a + sin 20 + sin 2y
5 2
4. With the usual notation, prove that
+ r2 +r3 r = 4R.—
GO WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
5. Shew that it is impossible to arrange 6 forces along
the edges of a tetrahedron so as to form a system in

6. If a quadrilateral be inscribed in a circle, and the


middle points of the arcs subtended by its sides be joined
to make another quadrilateral, and so on, shew that these
figures tend to become squares.
7. A system of parallelograms is inscribed in an ellipse
having their sides parallel to the equi-conjugate diameters.
Prove that the sum of the squares on the sides is constant.

PAPER X XIII.
1. If
a_ 31 (23 + V513 \I (23 - fr./513 \ i
) + k ) 1}
k 4 4
2 r (23 + frs/513)i (?.3 - fr./513)1
-1 4
6= E(\ 4 ,/ m 4
show that a- P.
a
ax - a x 2
2. If Ca)- and F(a;) =
,_
ax ax - ax a-x
shew that 1,-,(s y) F (Z) 1?(V).
± 0(1)4(.Y)
3. A uniform rod has its lower end fixed to a hinge, and
its other end attached to a string which is tied to a point
in the same horizontal plane as the hinge, the distance
between the point and hinge being equal to the length of
the rod. If the tension of the string be equal to the
weight of the rod, prove that the inclination of the rod to
the horizon is 2 cos-1(P.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 61
4. If A + B C = 180°, prove that
(1) sin 6A + sin 6B + sin 6C = 4 sin 3A sin 3B sin 3C
(1 — tan -0(1 — tan 71 )(1 — tangii) sin1+ sinB-,2 + sin—C
2— 1
(2) _
(1 +tan4) (1-1-tanil-)(11-tan —c ) cosA --hcosB -1-cos
4 4 4 2 2
5. With the usual notation for the sides and angles of a
triangle, prove that
b cos A — a cos B b2cos 2/1 — a2cos 2B
2c2
63cos 3A a3cos 3B b
. . = log -;
:-!c3
6. AB, Cl), IIF are given parallel chords of a circle.
EC, FD produced meet AB produced in G, H respectively.
If from any point P on the circumference PC, PF be
drawn meeting AR, or AB produced in Q, R respectively,
the rectangle contained by GQ and nye is constant.
7. If two straight lines represented by the equation
e 0,
a b c
be at right angles to each other, and co be the angle
between the axes, shew that
cos co = c(1
a b

PAPER XXIV.

1. If a, )3 be the roots of the equation


x2 ±ax i(a2— 12) = 0
prove that a + 0, a — Q are the roots of the equation
a72 -- ± b)x ± ab = 0.
62 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
2. If the sum of the numbers of feet in the margins of
two square carpets be known, and if the value of a square
foot of one carpet be a and of the other 0, shew that, if
the sum of the values of the carpets be the least possible,
their areas are respectively in the ratio of M2 to a2.
3. Prove that if a, 0, y be any plane angles
sin([3+y — a)sin (0 — -y)cos(0 — y) +sin ey+a — (3)riin(y — a)
cos(y — a)-Esin(a+3 — y)sin (a — (3)co s (a — = 0.
4. On two of the sides of a given scalene triangle as
bases similar isosceles triangles are described externally.
Determine the magnitude of the vertical angle of these
triangles when the vertices are equidistant from the middle
point of the third side of the given triangle.
5. There are three given straight lines, any two of which
are together greater than the third. Describe a square
which shall be equal to the difference between the sum of
the squares on any two of the given lines and the square
on the third.
6. ABODEF is a regular hexagon, and at A forces act
represented in magnitude and direction by AB, 2210,3AD,
4AE, SA.F. Shew that the length of the line which repre-
sents their resultant is %/351 AB.
7. In a parabola, if the part of the normal included
between the curve and the axis be bisected, prove that the
locus of the point of bisection is another parabola whose
vertex coincides with the focus of the original parabola,

PAPER XXV.
1. If X2 b and :r2 + 5' have a common
measure, then
(ab' — a' b) (a — a) + (5 — 14 2 = 0.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 63
2. If 1, x x3, and 1, y2, y3be each in H.P. and if x + y
be not equal to zero, and neither x nor y equal to unity,
shew that — r y, x, e will be in A.P. and that their sum
,

will equal x3 + y3.


3. Shew that in any triangle cos A + cos B
cos C
B—C B C—A C
= sin — cos 2 + sin cos + sin cos
2 2 2 2 2
4. Prove that
1 0 1 0 1 0
tan tan = cot — cot 0.

Hence chew that


1 0 ....=
cot 0 ± tan +4. tan

5. From any point P on a given circle tangents PQ,


PQ. are drawn to a second circle whose centre is on the
circumference of the first. Shew that the chord joining
the points where these tangents cut the first circle is fixed
in direction, and intersects QQ' on the line of centres.
6. In a weighing machine constructed on the principle
of the common steelyard the pounds are read off by
graduations reaching from 0 to 14, and the stones by
weights hung at the end of the arm. If the weight corre-
sponding to one stone be 7 oz., the moveable weight lb.,
and the length of the arm one foot, prove that the distances
between the graduations are in.
7. If the lines represented by y = a tan a and y = x tan pi,
1 lir
4 1 Nr
where a = = be perpendicular to each other,
4-
shew that the angle between the coordinate axes isf.
4
64 WEEKLY PROBLE.II PAPERS.

PAPER XXVI.

1. Convert Tliy, 1,1 into circulating decimals,


explaining any methods for deriving one case from another,
and for sIortening the work.

2. If .v +y fi z w = 0, prove that
wx(w + ;02 + ✓z(w — .v)2 wy(w ± y)2 zr(ie — y)2
wz(w + xy(w — z)2 4.v3zto = 0.

3. Shew that
1/ cosec cos cosec,?,' — cosec 2y cosec
tan tnnx
2 2 cosec 2.z cosecy + cosec 2ycosee

4. If an arc of 10 ft. on a circle of 8 ft. in diameter


subtend at the centre an angle of 143° 14' 22", find the
value of sr to 4 places of decimals.

5. If C and D be the centres of the spheres inscribed in


a cone, and touching a given section, the sphere described
on CD as diameter will intersect the plane in the auxiliary
circle of the section.

6. From the centre of the circle circumscribing a triangle


ABC a perpendicular to its plane is drawn of length equal
to the side of the square inscribed in that circle. Shew
that the radius of the sphere which passes through A, B, C,
and the extremity of the perpendicular is 2 the per-
pendicular.

7. If from a point P of an ellipse perpendiculars P.1T,


PN be drawn to the equi-conjugate diameters, prove that
the normal at P bisects MN.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 65

PAPER XXVII.
1. If a, b, c be the pth, qth, and rth terms respectively
both of an A.P. and a G.P. prove that
ab-c b` -a as-b = 1.

2. Eliminate .v and y between the equations


ax3 + cxy2 + d:y3 = 0
a' x3± b'rv2y c' .cy2 d'y3 =0.
3. Express sec 0 sec 20 as the sum of 3 partial fractions.
4. The angles of a triangle ABC are such that the
number of degrees in A, the number of grades in B, and
the circular measure of C are all equal. Find the angles.
5. If a triangle be described about a parabola, prove
geometrically that its orthocentre lies on the directrix.
6. A rectangular sheet of stiff paper, whose length is to
its breadth as NM: 1, lies on a horizontal table with its
longer sides perpendicular to the edge, and projecting over
it. The corners on the table are then doubled over
symmetrically, so that the creases pass through the middle
point of the side joining the corners, and make angles of
45° with it. The paper is on the point of falling over.
Shew that it had originally asof its length on the table.
7. Prove that the sum of the coordinates of any point of
an ellipse referred to a pair of conjugate diameters as axes,
cannot be greater than the distance of an end of the major
axis from an end of the minor axis.

PAPER XXVIII.
1. An A.P. a G.P. and an H.P. have each a and b for
their first two terms. Shew that the (a -1- 2)th terms will
be in G.P. if
b2n-1-2 a2n-1-2 1
wom _ a2.)
66 WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS.
2. If a1, a2, a3, . . . . an be n real quantities, and if
(a!+ • • • • + a.!1,-1) (a! ± • • • + u.2))
= (a1a2 02a3 . . . . an-1an)2.
then al, a2, . . . . are in G.P.
3. If A, B, C be the angles of a triangle, chew that
cos A cos B cos C > 1, and 1>
4. If
:r sin 2.4 cos B — y sin 2./3 cos A -I- z(cos 2A — cos 2B) = 0
and
z sin 2Ccos A — x sin 2Acos C y(cos 2 C — cos 2A) = 0
where d, B, C are the angles of a triangle whose sides are
a, b, c, shew that
rrx =by=cz.
5. From D and E, points on the circumference of the
circle circumscribing the triangle ABC, perpendiculars are
drawn to the sides, and the straight lines which respec-
tively pass through the feet of the perpendiculars intersect
in P. Shew that the locUs of P is a circle when A moves
on the circumference of the circumscribing circle, and B,
C, D, E are fixed.
6. Prove that the locus of the intersection of tangents to
a parabola which are inclined at angles of 4 is a rect-
angular hyperbola having one focus and the corresponding
directrix coincident with the focus and directrix of the
parabola.
7. The equation to a curve referred to coordinate axes
which are inclined at an angle n is tr2 + y2 = c2. Prove
that the locus of the intersection of two tangents to the
curve which are at right angles is a circle, the equation to
which is
z2.-I- y2+ 2.xy cos a) = 2c2.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 67

PAPER XXIX.
1. If
= log x2 ; x4 = log 2 x3; . . . . x„ = log .a.„ -t ;
x1
xl = logxn_ l x„ ; x2 = logx,n ri ;
shew that xi . x2 zn— 1.
2. If
a2,2 b2y2 c2z2 = 0 ; a2x3 b2y3 e2z3 = 0 ;

1 1 e2 ;
— — = — — b2= 1
prove that
(1) a y + b4s3 e4z3 = 0 ;
(2) ,6,3 bsy3 ,623 = a4x2 + by + ,422.
3. In any triangle shew that
a2cos 2(B — C) = b2cos 2B + 2bc cos (B — C) + e2cos 2C.
4. Prove that
22x sin 23x —
log sec = sin 2.r — sin •.
2 3
5. If the three plane angles at the vertex of a tetra-
hedron be bisected, and the points in which the bisecting
lines meet the sides of the base be joined with its opposite
angles, the three lines so drawn will meet in a point.
6. Apply a property of the parabola to prove that if
four intersecting straight lines be taken three together so
as to form four triangles, the orthocentres of these three
triangles will be collinear.
7. From a point in the circumference of an ellipse, the
semi-axes of which are a and b, two tangents are drawn to
a concentric circle. A straight line through the points of
F 2
68 WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS.
contact intersects the axes of the ellipse at paints the dis-
tances of which from the centre are a, 0. If c be the
radius of the circle, prove that
1 1 1
(6,05 (0)2 el

PAPER XXX.

1. Shew that every cube number is the difference of


two square numbers, and that if the cube contains an un-
even factor a3, each of the squares is divisible by a2.
2. Solve the equations
(1) x3 +y3 = b3 ; ay a(x y) = ab
(2) ad-y-Ez=x2 + y2 + Z2 = i(Z2 +y3 +23) = 3.
3. Find all the values of 0 when
2 cos B j_ 8,/:1
4,8
7 2 cos 0
has its least value.
4. If a, b, c be the radii of three circles which touch one
another externally and r the radius of the circle inscribed
in the triangle formed by joining their centres, prove that
1 1 1 1
—•
bc ca ab
5. If an equifacial tetrahedron be cut by a plane parallel
to two edges which do not meet, the perimeter of the
parallelogram in which it is cut is double of either edge
of the tetrahedron to which it is parallel.
6. AA' is the major axis, and S one of the foci of an
ellipse. With S as focus, a parabola is described passing
through the extremities of the minor axis. Shew that its
vertex bisects SA or SA'.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 69
7. A string 9 feet long has one end attached to the
extremity of a smooth uniform heavy rod 2 ft. long ; and
at the other end carries a ring without weight which slides
upon the rod. The rod is suspended by means of the
string from a smooth peg. Shew that 8, the angle which
the rod makes with the horizon is given by the equation
9 tau 30 ± 9 tan e = 2.
Shew also that one of the roots of this is
tan = 3 - — 3 —1.

PAPER XXXI.
1. If
a =
1 {(23 + Ps/513'1+
—3 (23 —N/513 \I
4 / + 4 1 —
6 _ 2 j (23 + A/513 \..1 /23 — V513)1
81(\ 4 /+ 4 i
skew that a2 + b2 = a — b = P.
a
See Paper XXIII., 1.
2. Given
a2 = 1 ; log 2 = '3010300 ; log (1 + a) = '1928998 ;
log (1 + b) '2622226 ;
thew that
log (1 + a 4 b) = '3780762.
3. Prove the following formulae for a plane triangle
(1) a sin (B — C) b sin (C — A) + c sin (A — 1)= 0.
a2 — /2 1,2 _ C2 e2 a2
(2) -F — 0.
cos A ± cos B cosB cos C cos 0+ cosi/
4. From a point within a regular polygon perpendiculars
are let fall on all the sides. Find the sum of the squares
on all these perpendiculars.
70 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
5. Through a fixed point 0 any straight line OPQ
drawn cutting a fixed circle in P and Q. On OP and OQ
as chords are described circles touching the fixed circle at
P and Q. Prove that the two circles so described will
intersect on another fixed circle.
6. If the tangent and ordinate at any point P of an
ellipse meet the axis major in T and A", and any circle be
drawn through N and T, skew that it is cut orthogonally
by the auxiliary circle of the ellipse.
7. Investigate the conditions in order that two conic
sections, represented by the equations
ay + — by = (ax +
(3y y) 2
(z — ar)2 (y — = (a'1' 13'.? ± '7)2
may be identical in magnitude and form.

PAPER XXXII.
1. If .v y + r = 0, skew that
{ 9 — z +z—x + x—ylf , y + =9.
ly—z zx a.— y
2. If 2'2 = pz q, shew that
— n-1 —
xn qa
a — a— 3
where a ± = p, a$ = — q.

3. If a + 3 = prove that

(1 — tan (1 — tan-15,2:\
sin a --j- sin g -
!

(1 + tan —"2 ) (1 + tan .1 D sin a + sin g 1



WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 71

4 P, Q, R are points in the sides BC, CA, AB of a


..

triangle, such that


B P CQ AR
BC CA AB v.
Shew that
FQ2 Qh2 RP2 = (0+ u2+ 0) +3(x _1.)2(a2 62 +,2)

5. If P be a point equidistant from the angles ABC of a


right-angled triangle, A being the right angle, and D the
middle. point of BC, prove that PD is at right angles to
the plane of ABC.
Prove also that the angle between the planes PAC,
PBC, and the angle between the planes PAB, PBC are
together equal to the angle between the planes PAC,
P.2/B.
6. A chord of a conic section subtends an angle of given
magnitude at one of the foci. Find the locus of the point
of intersection of the tangents drawn at the extremities of
the chord.
7. A frustum of a cone is such that its height is half
that of the complete cone. Shew that the centre of
gravity of the frustum divides its height in the ratio of 17
to 11.

PAPER XXXIII.
1. A selection of c things is to be made, part from a
group of a things, and the remainder from a group of
things. Prove that the number of ways in which such a
selection may be made will never be greater than when
the number of things taken from the group of a things is
the integer neat less than
(a + 1) (c + 1)
a+b+2
72 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
2. Prove that
a - 1= 1 -I- 2(1 - a) + 3(1 - a) (1 - 2a) ....
.... n(1 - a) (1 - 2a) . {1 - (n - 1)a)
+ a -1(1 - (1 - 2a) . . . . (1 - no).

3. Shew that
2 sin 0 + 3 sin 20 . . . . n sin (n - 1)0
- (n +1)sin (n - 1)0 +sin - n sin n0
2(1 - cos 0)

4. P is a point within a triangle ABC; a, b, a are the


sides BC, CA, AB ; a, 0, y are PA, PB, PC. r is the radius
of the circle inscribed in ABC, and r1, r2, r3are the radii
of the circles inscribed in P BC, Pad, PAB. Prove that
(ra+r0a+ (r3+ ri)g+ (2'1+ TOY = - ri)a - r2)b-F(r -r3)e.

5. On the sides of a triangle ABC as bases are described


three equilateral triangles aBC, bCA, cAB, all upon the
same side of their bases as ABC. Prove that Aa, Bb, Cc
are all equal, and pass through a point which lies on all
the three circles circumscribing the equilateral triangles.
6. Prove that the distance of any point of an equilateral
hyperbola from the centre is a mean proportional between
its distances from the foci.
,„2
07 2
7. If CP be a semi-diameter of the ellipse , = 1,
2 62
and if (vlyi), (r2y2) be the coordinates of the extremities of
a chord L'F parallel to CP, shew that
Ep 2
12.2 Y1 Y2
2 CP2 0 b2
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
▪ 73

PAPER XXXIV.

1. Find the sum of the cubes of n consecutive terms of


an A.P. and shew that it is divisible by the sum of the
corresponding n terms of the A.P.

2. Shew that one solution of the equations


— z2 `c''— z2
x — 2 `'y y — 22
x+y—z— a; + y z2— ay
a c b c2— ab
is
_ Y _ +
a(z — b)+ 20 b(b— a) +202 c(a +6) - (a — 6)2+ 402.

3. Shew that
7r 37r 57r 77r 3
cos4 + cos4— + cos4 -I- COO = •
.8- 8 8 -Ei

4. Prove that one of the values of


log(1 + cos 28 + —1 sin 28) is log (2 cos 8) + BV-1,
when B lies between — 7r and + 7—r . From this deduce
2
Gregory's Series.

5. A quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle. From the


centre of the circle perpendiculars are drawn on the sides,
and a second quadrilateral is formed by joining the feet of
the perpendiculars. Shew that the area of the first quadri-
lateral is double that of the second.

6. Two confocal ellipses have parallel tangents at the


points P, Q ; shew that PQ subtends equal angles at the
foci.
74 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. Tangents are drawn to an ellipse, axes (2a, 2b) from
an external point (h, k). If 2c be the length of the chord
of contact, shew that
b2h2 (121c2
k2 k2 \
a2 b2 1) e\2
+

PAPER XXXV.
1. A ladies' school consists of 15 pupils who walk out in
5 rows of 3 abreast. They are arranged so that no two
pupils should walk twice abreast. Shew that they can
only walk out 7 times subject to this condition ; and write
down the orders on the different days.
2. Solve the equations
(1) x2 — (2a — c)x + 02 + + e2— be — ea— ab= 0,
(2) .2;2 lay — y2 = ax + by t
x2— 2.ty — y2 = — ay I
3. Prove that one of the values of
sin-1(cos 0 ± 1 sin d)
is cos-1Nisin B + ✓ — 1 log (/sin B + %/1 sill 0)
when 0 is between 0 and 5 .
2
4. Through a given point straight lines are drawn
parallel to the sides of a regular polygon ; and from
another given point perpendiculars are drawn to these
straight lines. Find the sum of the squares of the per-
pendiculars.
5. Given a fixed ellipse, shew that the locus of the
vertices of all right cones out of which this ellipse can he
cut is an hyperbola passing through the foci of the
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 75
6. From the ends A, B, of a diameter of a circle, the
centre of which is C, are drawn any two chords AH, BK,
such that the radii CH, CK include a constant angle 2a.
Prove that, a being the length of the radius of the circle,
the locus of the intersection of the two chords is also a
circle, the radius of which is equal to a sec a ; and that the
distance between the centres of the two circles is a tan a.
7. A frustum of a cone is such that its height is half
that of the complete cone. If the frustum be placed with
its curved surface on a horizontal plane, shew that it will
not topple over if the vertical angle of the cone is less that.
2 sin-1 V17.
45

PAPER XXXVI.
1. The number 142857 when multiplied by the digits
1, 2, 3 .... 6 gives the same figures in the same cyclical
order; but when multiplied by 7 it gives a series of 9'.
Explain fully the reason of this.
2. Shew that the sum of all the terms of the series
1.2+2.3±3.4 . .
which on division by 7 leave an odd remainder, and of
which n(n — 1) is the greatest, is
(n + 3) (n2+ 6n — 4).
3. If tan is = tan 31/3, and tan 0 = 2 tan chew that
a + =
4. If x, y, z be the distances of the centre of the nine
point circle from the angular points of a triangle, and p
its distance from the orthocentre, and R the radius of the
circumscribing circle, prove that
.v2 p2 = 3112.
76 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

5. If through B the middle point of the hypotenuse BC


of a right-angled triangle DE be drawn at right angles
to BC, meeting AC in E, prove that the rectangle EC . CA
is equal to half the square on BC.

6. Find the area of the maximum triangle which can be


inscribed in a circle.

7. Shew that the polar equation to the normal of a


conic, the focus being the pole, and semi-latus rectum
= c, is
e e sin
e sin 0 + sin (0 — a) = •
r 1 + e cos a

PAPER XXX VI I.

1. A man looks at a clock between the hours of 4 and 5,


and again between the hours of 7 and 8, and he observes
that in the interval the hour-hand and minute-hand have
precisely exchanged their positions. Shew that at each
observation the hands were equally inclined to the vertical.
2. Solve the equations

(1) N/fi (bz — a2) — (as — b2) = a — 6,

(2) r y 4„42 y2 =

y t ,C. 2 — y2 = 20 f

3. If B C be a multiple of 180°, and


sin 2A : sin 2B : sin 2C :: 5 : 4 : 3
prove that
tan A = ± 1, tan B = ± 2, tan C = ± 3.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 77
4. Prove that
cos a + cos (a ± 2(3) . . to n terms
2 cos {a (n — 1)0}
— [cos (n — 1)0 ± cos (n — 3)0 . .
3 (— 1)n-1} 1 (_ 1)n-
cos
2 Si —
2 4
5. From a given point A without a circle any two
straight lines APQ, ARS are drawn making equal angles
with the diameter which passes through A, and cutting
the circle in PQ, .RS. Shew that PS and QR intersect in a
fixed point.
6. Find the area of the greatest triangle which can be
inscribed in an ellipse, and shew that the centre of the
ellipse is the point of intersection of the bisectors of the
sides of the triangle.
7. The vertex of one of the branches of an hyperbola is
A : S is the nearer and 5' the more remote focus ; the
focal distance PS' of a point P in this branch is bisected
at U. Prove that the locus of the intersection of the
directions of the lines PS, UA, is a similar hyperbola, the
transverse axis of which is equal to AS.

PAPER XXX VIII.


1. 4, B, 0, D, and E play at cards. A deals first, and
loses to each of the others as many counters as he has. B
does the same, and similarly for C, D, and E. They then
find that each player has 32 counters. How many had
each at the beginning of the game ?
2. Determine which is the greatest of the numbers
4/2; 'N5/5; • • •
78 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
3. Inatriangle the least angle is 45°, and the tangents
of the angles are in A.P., and the area is 3 square yards.
Shew how to solve the triangle.
4. If ti'L'c' be the sides of the triangle formed by joining
the points of contact of the inscribed circle with the sides
of a triangle, shew that
= .
146c 210
5. ABCD is a parallelogram whose sides BC, CD, DA,
AB are bisected in A', C', 71. Shew that AA', BB',
CC', DD' include a parallelogram whose area = iABCD.

6. On a given base AB any isosceles triangle PAB is


described ; and on AP as base another triangle QAP,
similar to PAB, is described. Shew that the locus of Q is
a parabola.
7. From a given point C are drawn a tangent to a given
conic section, touching it at 0, and any straight line what-
ever, intersecting it at P and P'. Prove that the sum of
the cotangents of the angles Poe, P'OC is constant.

PAPER XXXIX.

1. There are 11 routes from London to Cambridge, in,


eluding routes vig, Oxford, and there are 13 from London
to Oxford, including those via Cambridge. Find the
number of direct routes between the several towns.
2. If p, q, r are all unequal positive integers, and .v
is positive and not equal to unity, prove that
p x7-2) r ac p—q > p r.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 79
3. Given a fixed point 0 without a fixed circle whose
centre is C, if any straight line be drawn through 0
cutting the circle in P and P', shew that the circle described
round PCP' will pass through a fixed point D in OC, and
that if OC meet the fixed circle in A, AP bisects the
angle OPD.
4. Let 0, 01, 02, 0, be the centres of the inscribed and
escribed circles of ABC. Shew that
OA . 001 = OB . 002= OC . 003 = 4llr.

5. Find a point such that the sum of the squares of the


perpendiculars drawn from it to the sides of a given
triangle shall be a minimum, and shew that the minimum
value of the sum is
402
a2 + c2
6. Find the locus represented by the equations
x = A sin e B cos 9
y = A cos 61 B sin
where (9 is a variable parameter. Employ it in the fol-
lowing example.
7. An equilateral triangle moves in a plane so that two
of its angular points slide one on each of two rectangular
axes. Prove that the third angular point lies on one of
the conics x2 + y2 ± ,s/5 . ay = a2, 2u being a side of the
triangle.

PAPER XL.
1. Give a rule for determining by inspection the cube
root of every perfect cube less than a million.
80 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
2. A farmer sold 10 sheep at a certain price, and 5 others
at 10s. less per head. The sum he received for each lot
was expressed in L's by the same two digits. Find the
price of each sheep.
3. In any triangle Shew that
A B
1 ± sin — sin—sin
C

tan + tan — + tan — = 4 . 2 2 2
2 2 2 sin A± sin .8 + sin C
4. If S denote the area, et, b, c the sides of a triangle
ABC inscribed in a circle, shew that the perimeter of the
triangle formed by drawing tangents to the circle at A,
B, C will be equal to
abc tan A tan B tan C

2S
5. ABC is a triangle, and D the middle point of BC.
Any straight line through C meets AD in E, and AB in F.
Shew that AE . PB = 2AF . ED.
6. A variable ellipse always touches a fixed ellipse, and
has a common focus with it. Find the locus of the second
focus
(1) When the major axis is constant,
(2) When the minor axis is constant.
7. The locus of a point P such that the sum of the
squares of the three normals drawn from P to the parabola
y2 = 2px may equal a given quantity k2is the ellipse
x2 + 31/2 ± 4p, 2p2 = k2.

Also find the position of a point P on a given line


y= n, such that the sum of the squares of the three
normals may be a minimum, and shew that the point P
is a vertex of that diameter of the ellipse whose equation
is 3my + 2p = 0.
- ▪ ▪
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 81

PAPER XLI.

1. 5 men do •6006 of a piece of work in 2.12 hours


How long will 6 boys take to finish it, it being known that
3 men and 7 boys have done a similar piece of work in 3
hours ?
2. Prove that, if x < 1
2.3
:r 1 .r3 1 — X5 4 1+X6
3. If
sin (a + 0) sin ((3 + 0)
sin (a + 0) sin ca cp)
shew that either a and or B and cb differ by a multiple
of IT.

4. From the angular points of an equilateral triangle


2m7r
ABC, lines are drawn at a constant inclination to
6m +1
the sides taken in order, so as to form another equilateral
triangle .e/i BiCiwithin ABC; another equilateral triangle
A2 B2C2is formed in a similar manner within AiBiC,; and
so on. If S denote the area of the triangle ABC, 8, the
area of 41BICI, &c., X the area of the first of the triangles
which is similarly situated to ABC, prove that
Sp . Sq S .X
where p and q are integers, such that p q = 6m, + 1.
5. Any point E is taken outside a given circle ; and on
the chord of contact of tangents from E is taken a point
J. Prove that the circles whose centres are E and P
which cut the given circle orthogonally, cut one another
orthogonally.
6. The tangent at any point P of an ellipse meets any
pair of parallel tangents in M and N. Shew that the circle
described on MN as diameter will meet the normal at P
in points whose distance apart is equal to the diameter
82 WEEKLY PROBLEM PA PERM
conjugate to CP, and whose distances from the centre of
the ellipse are respectively equal to the sum and difference
of the semi-axes.
7. Given an ellipse and any triangle in its plane, through
each angle draw a line to the opposite side so that side
and line are parallel to a pair of conjugate diameters of
the ellipse. Shew that the three lines are concurrent.

PAPER XLII.
1. Prove that
,(1 — , v2)72, = (1 + x)272, — 2nx(1 xrn -
2n(2n — 2) , . (1 ± 2.)212, - 2
1 2
.

2. Shew that

3771,(3nz -I- 1)2> 4(11m)..".


3. ABC is a triangle such that if each of its angles be
taken in succession as the unit of measurement, and the
measures formed of the sums of the other two, these
measures are in A.P. Shew that the angles of the triangle
are in H.P. Also skew that only one of these angles can
be greater than of a right angle.
4. Prove that if the tangents at B and C to the circle
ABC meet in 0, the chord of the circle drawn through 0
parallel to AB will be bisected by AC.
5. If P be any point on a parabola whose vertex is A,
and if PR be perpendicular to AP, meeting the axis in R,
shew that a circle whose centre is 1? and radius RP will
pass through the ends of the ordinate to the parabola
through R.
6. If from any fixed point on the axis of a parabola
perpendiculars be drawn on tangents, the locus of their
intersections with the focal distances of the points of
contact is a circle.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 83
7. From an external point 0 (h, k) two tangents OP,
OQ are drawn to the ellipse t'Lo ---- 1. Shew that the
a b2
area of the triangle CPQ is
a2L2(b2h2 a21c2— a2b2)i
6262 a2k2
and the area of the quadrilateral OPCQ is
(b2 + a2k2 a2b2)i.

PAPER
1. If
a(by — ax) = b(cz ax — by) = c(ax + 171 — cz),
and if a ± b = 0, then will x y z = 0.
2. Shew that
1 23
— 33 43
— -1- — 15e.
LI
3. Prove that
sin 50 — cos 50 — tan (0 7)1— 2sin 20 — 4 sin 220
sin 50 -1- cos 50 4/J1 + 2 sin 20 — 4 sin 220
4. ACBP is a quadrilateral figure such that the angle
.APB (2$) is bisected by the diagonal CP. If CA = a.
CB = b, and the angle ACB = a, prove that
ab sin(a -1- 20)
CP
sin • t1a2 62 2ab cos (a + 2 0)
5. ABC is an isosceles triangle having each of the
angles at the base double the third angle. Shew that the
nine point circle of this triangle will intercept portions of
the equal sides such that a regular pentagon can be in-
scribed in the circle having these portions as two of its
sides.
Also, in Euclid IV. 10, find what portion of the circum-
ference of the small circle is intercepted by the large
circle.
G 2
84 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
6. If through a fixed point A a straight line be drawn
meeting two fixed lines OD, OE in B and C respectively,
and on it a point P be taken such that AC. AP = Ab2,
prove that the locus of P is a parabola which passes
through A and 0, and has its axis parallel to OD, and the
tangent at A parallel to OE.
7. If cb be the excentric angle of any point P of the
ellipse
x2 , 2
7/

Th
Cti-1- b
and if a parabola be described passing through the foci of
the ellipse, and having P for its focus, shew that the latus
rectum of this parabola is 2(a 71- b) sin 20, and that the
equation of its directrix is x cos cb ± y sin g5 = a. Also
write down the equation of the parabola.

PAPER XLIV.
1. Find the condition that the roots of the equation
axe 2bx + c = 0 may be formed from those of
a'x2 2L'x a' = 0 by adding the same quantity to each
root.
2. If a, b, c arc positive and x real, prove that the
quantity ax b c never lie in value between the
quantities b ±
Bx C
Hence prove that the fraction Axe + has its
A'x2 B'x C'
limiting values when x is a root of the equation
(AB' — A' B)x2— 2(CA' — C A)x ± BC' — B' C = 0.
3. If sin A be the Arithmetic and sin B the Geometric
Mean between sin C and cos C, prove that
cos 2A = cos 2B = cos2(4 C).

4. If ABC, ADE be two triangles of equal area, and


having one angle in each equal, and placed so that BA
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 85
AE are in a straight line, as also CA, AD, and if BC, DE
be produced to meet in F, shew that FA bisects CB and
BD.
5. If PP' be a chord of a conic parallel to the transverse
axis, and the two circles be drawn through a focus
touching the conic at P and 13' respectively, prove that F,
the second point of intersection of the circles will be at
the intersection of PP' and ST, where T is the point of
intersection of the tangents at P and .
Prove also that the locus of F for different positions of
PP' will be a parabola with its vertex at S.
6. Shew that the locus of the intersection of normals to
a parabola which make complementary angles with the
axis is a parabola.
7. When the portion of the tangent to an ellipse inter-
cepted between the axes is a minimum, shew that its
length = a + b.

PAPER XLV.
1. Find the sum of a terms of the series
1 + 2x + 3.v2 . . (n 1).rn-2
2. Shew that the least value of
aekx be-kx is 2 ✓a
3. Find the sum to infinity of the series
(1) cos 0 sin 0 + cos 20 sin 20 + cos 30 sin 3B
1±22 1 + 23
(2) (1 + 2) log,2 (loge2)2 (loge2)3
Lt. [3_
4. Prove that
(n 21)7
cosz sin (x n cos (x -7-21-)sin j x }+•.•.

n(n-1)....(n- r )
cos(x 2/ .T )sin (n-r) '

2 2 J
.... to (n 1) terms = 2n-1 sin (2:c + 7)•
86 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
5. Prove that the area of any triangle is a mean pro-
portional between the areas of two triangles formed, the
one by joining the points of contact of any one of the four
circles touching the sides of the triangle, and the other by
joining the centres of the other three.
6. ABC is a triangle, and any straight line CF is drawn
meeting AB in F. The angles RFC, AFC are bisected by
FD, FE meeting the opposite sides in D, E. Prove that
AD, BE, OF are concurrent.
7. If two straight lines, inclined to each other at a given
angle a, be drawn from the focus of an ellipse, and tangents
to the ellipse be drawn at their extremities, prove that the
locus of the point of intersection of these tangents is an
ellipse, a parabola, or an hyperbola, according as the
eccentricity of the ellipse is respectively less than, equal
a
to, or greater than cos

PAPER XLVI.
1. Shew that three of the roots of the equation
x6-1— (a + b c)ol(a.4+ 1) + (ab + be + ca).vz(z2—1)
+ (a b — abc)x3
-F — a.3( a2(L
b c a a b c ab c/
are
1 1 1 1 1 1
a+
±a , c b c c
Find the other roots.
2. Prove that
loge 2 = 2 {1 1 • 1 1 1
• S3 ••
1 1 1 1
2 34 3 66 ....}
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 87
3. Shew that
sin(6 — /3) sin (6 — y) 4. sin(0 — y) sin (0 — a)
sin (a — g) sin (a — y) sin (( — y) sin (0 - a)
sin (0 — a) sin(0 — 13) _ 1.
.
sm (y — a) sin (y —
4. The angles subtended by a hill at the base and
summit of a tower of height a are respectively a and 8.
Prove that the height of the hill is given by the equation
x2 cos a sin ((3 — a) —ax sin 'a sin 0 a2 sin 2u sin 13 = 0.
5. Four circles are described, each passing through two
adjacent angular points of a square, and also through a
point P on one of the diagonals. A quadrilateral is de-
scribed such that each angular point lies on the circum-
ference of one of the circles, and each side passes through
one of the angular points of the square. Shew that the
quadrilateral may have a circle described about it with its
centre at P, and that its diagonals are equal and at right
angles.
6. Given the focus and auxiliary circle of an hyperbola,
skew how to find any number of points on the curve.
7. Shew that chords of a rectangular hyperbola which
subtend a right angle at one of the foci, touch a confocal
and coaxial parabola.

PAPER XLVII.
1. If the equation
x(b — c) a2 I x2+ x(c — a) +
I x2± x(a — b) c2 = 0
be rationalized it will take the form
x4 + 2px2 qx r =0
where r is the same function of a2, L2, c2 that p is of
a, 1, c, and
4
q = - (L — c) (c — a) (a — b).
3 '6
88 WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS.
2. If n things be arranged in any fixed order, and
divided into two groups of r and n — r things respec-
tively, and the things in each group be then permutated in
any way amongst themselves, f(r) being the whole number
of permutations that can thus be formed, prove that
1 1 j_ 1 .1_ , 2°
• •• • -r
Al) .i(2) An)
3. Prove that
(1) tan 36° = '4/5 tan 18°.
(2) tan 9° — ± 1 (4 — ✓10 + 2 %/-5').•
4
4. Given the base, area, and difference of the squares of
the sides, shew how to construct the triangle.
5. From an external point 0 two tangents are drawn to
a parabola, and from the points where they meet the
directrix two other tangents are drawn meeting the tan-
gents from 0 at A. and B. Prove that AB passes through
the focus S, and that 03 is at right angles to A.B.
6. If G be the centre of gravity of n equal particles
arranged at equal intervals along the arc of a circle which
subtends an angle 2a at the centre 0, shew that, if r be
the radius of the circle,
sin no
OG= . n—
76
sin n — 1
Deduce the position of the centre of gravity of a circular
arc.
7. From a given point (4, k) perpendiculars are drawn
to the axes, inclination co, and their feet are joined. Prove
that the length of the perpendicular from (4, k) on this
line is
h/c sin 20,
+ 42+ 2hk cos w
and that its equation is kr — ky = 42— 42.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 89

PAPER XLVIII.
1. Prove that
(b - c)2, c2, 62
16(u - Lc) (u - ca) - «6 )
c2, (c - a)2, a2 where 2u =bc + ca
62, 02, (a _ by

2. Shew that if
a2(b - c) 132(c
a) 4. y2(a - b)
-

x-a x-b -c
has equal roots, then
a(b - c) ±- 0(c - a) =I= y(a - 6) = 0.
3. Shew that the sum to infinity of the series
a sin
a sin a2sin 28 a3sin 38 .... is
1- 2a cos .9 a2
4. If
y=
v.4 . . . .... to infin.
2 10 26 50
x =to infin.
prove that 4x2 - y2 = 4.
5. Prove that the intersection of the diagonals of a
square described on the hypotenuse of a right-angled
triangle is equidistant from the two sides containing the
right angle.
6. A straight line moves in such a manner that the sum
of the squares on its distances from two given points is
constant. Prove that it always touches an ellipse or
hyperbola, the square on whose transverse axis is equal to
twice the sum of the squares on the distances of the
moving line from the given points, and the given points
are on the conjugate axis at distances from the centre
CS.
90 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. If P.211, PNbe perpendiculars from any point of an
ellipse on the axes, and the tangent at P meet the equi-
conjugate diameters in Q and R, shew that the tangents
from Q and R to the ellipse will be parallel to MN.

PAPER XLIX.
1. If
,
LT — r i — 7' - 1

77, . n — 1
L2 tr + 21n — - 2± • • . = fi(7)

.t1(0) • 12:0-_:
— _r -Ff1(1) —r— 1
In
+!(2) • ir + 2 pi, — r — 2 + • • • =

An,(0).+4,(1)
pi — 9• (r -I- 1I nom — r — 1

+41(2) IT!_ • • • = fald- 1(7•


r 21 r—2+
Find the value of fm (n), and shew that it is equal to
t(m + 1)n r + 1)n
l(ra + 2)n o (in + 3)ni(in — 1)n
2 1_2_ 2 2
according as in is even or odd.
2. If a, b, c be positive integers, shew that
a
nd-b.-1-c .ba+b+c a+b-Fc
a . c >1(a+b-l-c),
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 91
3. If the measures of the angles of a triangle referred to
1°, 100', 10,000" as units be in the proportion 2 : 1 : 3, find
the angles.
4. If tan 20 + cot 20 — 1 has its least value, shew that
must be one of the angles (n ± ))r, where n is integral
or zero.
5. Draw through a given point a straight line such that
its two intercepts by three given straight lines meeting in
a point may be in a given ratio.
6. ABCD is a parallelogram, and E is a fixed point in
BC Divide AB, AD into any the same number of equal
parts, and join E and C with corresponding points of AB
and AD. Shew that the locus of intersection of these
lines is an hyperbola or ellipse according as E lies on CB
or CB produced through B.
7. Find the relation between the coefficients of the two
equations
axe by2 2cxy + 2a'x = 0
axe + 2yxy + 2a' x = 0
in order that the two curves may touch each other at two
points.

PAPER L.
1. If E = lx + my + nz ; q = nx viz ;
C = nix ny lz ; and if the same equations be true for
all values of x, y, z, when 6 c
are interchanged with x, y,
z respectively, shew that the real values of 1, m, n are given
by — 2/ = m = n =
2. Find the coefficient of ei in the expansion in as-
cending powers of
q
(a — a) (x — b)- (x— c)
92 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
3. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, prove that
cos A cosec B cosec C+ cos B cosec C cosec A
+ cos C cosec A cosec B = 2.
4. If a straight line join the points where an escribed
circle touches the produced sides, and corresponding lines
be drawn for the other escribed circles so as to form a
triangle, prove that the lines joining corresponding ver-
tices of the triangles are perpendicular to the sides of the
original triangle, and are equal to the radii of the corre-
sponding escribed circles.
5. The straight line which bisects the exterior angle A
of a triangle cuts the base BC produced in D, and the
circumscribed circle in E. Shew that the rectangle
AB . AC together with the square on AD = rectangle
DB . DC; and that the rectangle AB . AC = rectangle
AE AD.
6. In an ellipse, from the extremities of the diameter
which is perpendicular to one of the equi-conjugate
diameters chords are drawn parallel to the other. Prove
that these chords are normal to the ellipse.
7. If P be any point on an ellipse, and L, .M N the
points of contact of the ellipse with the three circles of
curvature through P, sheW that the area of the triangle
LMN is constant, and equal to that of the maximum
triangle which can be inscribed in the ellipse.

PAPER LI.
1. Solve the equations
{(6 + c).r ± (c + a),y ± (a + b)z --- 0
(6 — c):v + (e — a)y + (a — b)z -= 0
(1) l' ± y + z=n(Gc + ca + ab)
c a a 1) b
a bb e e a
WEEKLY PROBLEM. PAPERS. 93
(2) V(2b — a + .r) (b — 2a x) (x — a) (x t b)
= ,s1 ± b) (.v 21) — a) — 4ab.
ey2(,4 4)
11 a2

(3)
C ay(ay3— 1) (X2 + y2) = a
2. Shew that no number of the form 8x + 7 can be the
sum of 3 square numbers.
3. Prove that, if a, /3, y, 8 be all different
costa c os20
sin — 13sin a 2-- 7sin (-1
1 2.- " sin' — sin — 7sin13 ;
2 2 2
costs
os28
sin .Z-•` sin 7—$sin 7 " sin " sin 8 — 13sin —2 7
2 2 2 2 2
= 8 sin a +13 + 8
2
4. A straight line cuts three concentric circles in A, B,
C, and passes at a distance p from their centre. Shew that
the area of the triangle formed by the tangents at A, B, C is
BC. CA. AB
2p
5. If any rectangle circumscribe an ellipse, prove that
the perimeter of the parallelogram formed by joining the
points of contact is equal to twice the diameter of the
director circle.
6. The angular points of one triangle lie on the sides of
another. If the latter triangle be thus divided into four
equal parts, prove that the lines joining its angular points
with the corresponding angular points of the former
triangle will be bisected by the sides of the former
triangle.
7. If xy = c2be the equation to a rectangular hyperbola,
and x j, x2, x3 x4be the abscissee of the angular points and
orthocentre Of a triangle inscribed in it, shew that
xl 1.2 = — c4•
94 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

PAPER LIT.

1. Prove that if n be a positive integer > 1,


152% + 54n 7 52m-F1 32n + 34 is divisible by 2304.
2. If D, E, F he the feet of the perpendiculars from
A, B, C upon the opposite sides, and 0 the orthocentre of
the triangle ABC, and p1, p2, p, p, be the lengths of the
perpendiculars from A, B, C, 0 upon the sides of the
triangle DEE, shew that pi, p2, p3, p4are the roots of the
equation
x4— 2B:v3 (— — 2Rr' — r'2).v2 . r'2 = 0
where B is the radius of the circle circumscribing ABC,
y+ 22 27 21 inscribed in DEE,
and A the area of the triangle ABC.
3. Shew that there can always be found n consecutive
integers, no one of which is a prime number, however
great n may be.
4. if from a point P in one of two circles, a straight
line PQq be drawn cutting the other, prove that the rect-
angle PQ. Pq = twice the rectangle between PH the
perpendicular from P on the chord of intersection, and AB
the distance between the centres.
5. Through one of the points of intersection of two
circles shew how to draw a straight line such that the
product of the segments cut off from it by the circles shall
be a maximum.
6. P, Q, B, S are any four points on a parabola. BS
meets the diameter through Q in L, and PQ meets the
diameter through S in K. Shew that K1 is parallel to
PR.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 95

7. The points in which the tangents at the extremities


of the transverse axis of an ellipse are cut by the tangent
at any point of the curve are joined one with each focus.
Prove that the point of intersection of the joining lines lies
in the normal at the point.

PAPER Lill.
1. Sum to n terms the series
(1) 1 — 2 — 3 — 2 + I + 6 +
(2) 2 + 5 + 12 + 31 + 8G + 249 +
2 5 8
(3) 1 . 4 . 7 4 . 7 . 10 7 . 10 . 13
2. Prove that any even square (2n)2is equal to the sum
of n terms of one series of integers in A.P., and that any
odd square (2n + 1)2is equal to the sum of n terms of
another increased by unity.
Also shew that the common difference in the two series
is the same.
3. From the top of a hill the depression of a point on
the plane below is 30°, and from a spot three-quarters of
the way down the depression is 15°. If 6 be the inclina-
tion of the hill, shew that
3
tan 6 =
3 •sig — 2
4. The point in which the external bisector of one angle
of a triangle again cuts the circumscribed circle is equi-
distant from the other two angular points of the triangle,
and from the centres of two escribed circles.
5. Let AC, GB be diameters of two circles touching each
other in 0, and let AB be bisected in D. Slew that if a
circle be described with centre D cutting the circles in E
and F, the straight line EP' will pass through C.
6. Find an expression for the product of the per
pendiculars from the centre of the circumscribing circle
and the orthocentre on any side of a triangle, and shew
that it is the same for each of the sides.
96 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. A triangle is inscribed in a parabola, and another
triangle similar and similarly situated circumscribes it.
Prove that the sides of the former triangle are respectively
four times the corresponding sides of the later.

PAPER LIV.
1. Sum to n terms the series
(1) 4 + 18 + 48 -I- 100 -I- 180 + 294 -I-
(2) 5+11 +22 +41+74+133+... .
5 8 (1) 15 /1\ 2 _, 34 (1\3
O 1. 2 . 3 ± . 3 . 4 k3) -I-3 . 4 . 5 ■3) 4 . 5 . 6 k3/
89 (1)4 + 252 /1)5 +
5 . 6 . 7 3) 6 . 7 . 8 k3) ••• •
2. If at and n be two prime numbers, shew that
nin-1 + 70-1
when divided by not leaves a remainder 1.
3. Two ships are sailing uniformly in parallel directions,
and a person in one of them observes the bearing of the
other to be a°from the North ; p hours afterwards its
bearing was IT ; and q hours after that it was 11. Prove
that the course of the vessels is 6' from the North, where
is given by
p sin a sin (0 — y) — q sin y sin (a — (3)
tan 0 —
p cos a sin(/3 — y) — q cos y sin (a —
4. ABC is a straight line divided at any point B into two
portions. ADB, CDB are similar segments of circles on
AB and BC. Shew that if CD, AD be produced to meet
the circles in F and E respectively, ABF and CBE are
similar isosceles triangles.
5. The normal to an ellipse meets the axes in G and g.
Find where the normal must be drawn in order that the
triangle CGg may be a maximum.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 97

6. If a point situated at the orthocentre of a triangle be


acted on by three forces represented in magnitude and
direction by its distances from the angular points of the
triangle, shew that the resultant force will pass through
the centre of the circumscribing circle, and will be
represented in magnitude by twice the distance from the
point to the centre.
7. From any point on the curve
(,2 ,2)2 7 x2 y2 ) (b2 v2 02f 2)
— 1
a.4 a2 a2 b2
tangents are drawn to the ellipse
Z.z y2
HF 62 = 1 .
Shew that the length of the chord of contact is equal to 2p.

PAPER L V.
1. Show that there cannot be found in any scale three
different digits such that the three numbers formed from
them by placing each digit differently in each number
shall be in A.P., unless the radix of the scale exceed by
unity a multiple of 3. If this condition be satisfied, and
the radix be 3p + 1, there are then 2(p — 1) such sets of
digits ; and the common difference of the progressions is
in all of them the same.
2. Given the relations
Q,.'2— a2.2.1y = (p., — v2 /3
bix2 62trY = (v2 — X2)/3
ciir2 — (V:// = (X2 — POP
in which the suffixes 1 and 2 may be interchanged through-
out ; given also
= 6( 22 + 6242 • C2v2 =
and ,v2— y2 = 132,
shew that
Plv2 1/ 2v1 PiX 2 VA1 X1P2 X2P1 = PT.
Ii
98 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
3. If a triangle be solved from the observed parts
C = 75°, b = 2, a = s/6, chew that an error of 10" in the
value of C would cause an error of about 3'66 in the
calculated value of B.
4. ABC/M,' is a regular pentagon in a circle, and P the
middle point of the arc AB. Prove that AP together with
the radius of the circle is equal to PC.
5. Given the circumscribed arid inscribed circles of a
triangle, prove that the centres of the escribed circles lie
on a fixed circle.
6. Any tangent to an ellipse meets the director circle in
P and Q. Shew that CP and CQ are the directions of
conjugate diameters.
7. Find the position of a point such that the sum of
its distances from the vertices of a triangle may be a
minimum.
PAPER LVI.
1. Solve the equations
(1) X4y3 ,v3y4= 27(2x2✓2 - x -
(cy2 = 3(4,vy - x - A
(2) b2y-1 ez -1 =
c2z-1 a2.7,1 =
a2Z-1 b2y --1 = z

(3) (x2 - a2)4/4a2 - ;v2 =


2. Shew that when n is integral the value of the ex-
pression
4(1 v_ 3)67,,-1 - (1 - + 1 is zero.
3. If
tan2x + sec 2x - 7A/3 - 10I
Ni3
prove that
cos 2,v - 5+ 4,,j5
23 •
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 99
4. If A1, A2, ... A2n +1 be the angular points of a
regular polygon inscribed in a circle, and 0 any point on
the circumference between Aland A2n +1 ; prove that
the sum of the lengths 0A1 OA,+ OA, .... will
be equal to the sum of 0A2 + 0,14 + 0A 6 +
5. Prove that if two chords he drawn through a fixed
point in the interior of a circle at right angles to one
another, the angular points of the quadrilateral formed by
the four tangents at the ends of the chords will lie on a
circle, the diagonals will pass through the fixed point, and
the angles between them will he bisected by the chords.
6. If Q be a point on the major axis of an ellipse, 0 the
centre, and P a point on the ellipse such that OP = BQ,
shew that AQ = SP, and A'Q = S'P.
7. If from any point P of a parabola perpendiculars PN,
Pali be drawn on the axis and the tangent at the vertex,
shew that the line MN always touches another parabola.

PAPER LVII.
1. Find the sum to n terms of the series
(1) 6 -I- 7 + 18 + 45 -I- 94 + 171 + . ,
(2) 7 + 13 — 7 — 181 — 1149 — 6111 —
8 2 1 9 1 28 1
(3) — 1.2.3 2.3.42 + 3 . 4 . 5 • 22 I 4 . 5 . G '23
61 1 120 1
+ 5 . 6 . 7 • —24 4- 6 . 7 . 8 .
2. Assuming that
1 1 1 1 1
~/N =A '+
g q2 42 +q1 + 2A " • '
and that n is the number of the recurring quotients
Pn ,P2n be the Oa and 222th convergents to
q2, . 2A, if
yn Q2n
112■
r, prove that
= 2T2 (— ..)n +1.
Q2. = 2P.Q7,; and .P2.
El 2
100 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
3. If
sin 20 — sin 0 = 1 — A/2 sin 6, and cos 20 + cos 2B = 0;
find 0 and 0.
4. Prove that in any triangle
(sinA sinB) (cosB +cos C) (cos C± cosA ) (sinB+ sin C)
(cos Cd- cosA)(cosA +cosB) (sinC-FsinA)(cosA -FeosB)
(cosB+ cosC) E (sinA +sinB) (sinB+sin C) (sin Cd- sinA).
5. A hexagon, two of whose sides are of length a, two
of length b, and two of length c is inscribed in a circle of
diameter d. Prove that
d3 = (a2 c2)d 2abc.
and that the difference between the square of the area of
the hexagon and the square of the area of a triangle whose
sides are a ✓Z e,✓2 is abed +
6. Prove that if a circle be described with its centre on
a fixed circle and passing through a fixed point, the per-
pendicular from the fixed point on the common chord is of
constant length.
7. From the foci of an ellipse perpendiculars are let fall
on the tangent at any point. With the feet of these
perpendiculars as foci, an ellipse is described touching the
major axis of the given ellipse. Prove that the point at
which it touches the axis major will be the foot of the
ordinate of the given point, and that the ellipse described
will be similar to the given ellipse.

PAPER LVIII.
1. Solve the equations
,

/1) + 7L2 = + b2 = a +b.


b:v y
(2) a (1 —a.,2 + y2)-1-b(ay—a2)=b(1— + y2) a(y2— ay)=e.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 101
2. Shew that if n > 3
(n —1) n(n —1)(n 2)(n — 3)
n' (7/ 2)3 + (n — 4 )3 .
n2(n 3)271,-4.
3. If
sin (a + 0) sin (3 ± 0) cos (a + O) cos + _ 2,
sin (a ci)) + sin 0+ 95) cos (a + + cos (0 +0)
prove that either
a = (2n + 1) • or 0 =2nr.

4. Prove that if x >


1 1
tan 1 and <
1 +e 1 -F + 1 - X +

5. ABC is a triangle, and 0 the centre of its inscribed


circle. Shew that AO passes through the centre of the
circle which circumscribes BOO.
6. Find the equation to the straight line joining two
given points on a parabola in terms of the ordinates of
those points, and shew that if the difference of the or-
dinates be constant, the locus of the middle point of the
chord is a parabola, which also envelopes the chord.
7. If P, p be corresponding points on an ellipse and the
auxiliary circle, centre C, and if CP be produced to meet
the auxiliary circle in q, and if Q be the point on the
ellipse corresponding to q, prove that the tangent at Q is
perpendicular to Cp, and that it cuts off from Cp a length
equal to CP.

PAPER LIX.
1. Convert 1 :7into a circulating decimal, and explain
why the period is such that its first sixteen multiples
consist of the same digits in the same cyclical order.
102 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
2. Solve the equations
x—a x—b b + a ,
(1)
a —ax— b
(2 ,✓iir x — 1 = N.v + 1.
3. If A + B + C = 27r, and if
cos A — c)• cos B = (a — (c — ;
+——
a) (5 + c)' + +
cos C —
(a + c)(a+ 5)'
prove that tan IA + tan IB + tan IC = 1.
4. ABC is a triangle inscribed in a circle, R is any point
on the arc AB, a hexagon 4B8PCQ is completed, having
its opposite sides parallel ; triangles are formed by pro-
ducing AR, BP, CQ and AQ, Cl', BR respectively. Prove
that these triangles are similar to ABC, and have their
homologous sides parallel, and that the sum of the homo-
logous sides is to the homologous side of ABC as
(sin 22/ sir. 2B + sin 2 0) sin B : sin A sin B sin C,
where 0 is the angle between the homologous sides of the
triangles and that of ABC.
5. The sides BC, CA, AB of a triangle cut a straight line
in D, E, F. Through D, E, F three straight lines OLDG,
MEO.H, KNOB, having the common point 0 are drawn,
cutting the sides CA, AB in L, G ; AB, BC, in 11; 11;
BC, CA in K. Prove that
AK.BG. CH _ AG.BH CKGD.HE KZ? 111J.K GP'
AM.B.N.CL LA.MB.NC =LD.ME.NF =.ND.LE.MF
6. A circle and a parabola touch one another at both
ends of a double ordinate to the parabola. Prove geo-
metrically that the latus rectum is a third proportional to
the parts into which the abscissa of the points of contact is
divided by the circle either internally or externally.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 103
7. Prove that the equation of the locus of the points of
intersection of pairs of tangents to the ellipse x—! 1
a' b2
inclined to one another at an angle a is
(.0 + y2— a2— b2)2 = 4 cot 2a (ay + b2x2— a,b2).

PAPER LX.
1. At the recent general election the whole number of
Liberals returned was 15 more than the number of English
Conservatives, and the whole number of Conservatives
was 5 more than twice the number of English Liberals.
The number of Scotch Conservatives was the same as the
number of Welsh Liberals, and the Scotch Liberal majority
was equal to twice the number of Welsh Conservatives,
and was to the Irish Liberal majority as 2 : 3. The
English Conservative majority was 10 more than the whole
number of Irish members. The whole number of members
is 652, of whom 60 are returned by Scotch constituencies.
Find the number of each party returned by England,
Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, respectively.
2. If a < 1, and (1 -I- ax) (1 + a3 (1 + a5x) . . . . be
expanded in ascending powers of .r, prove that the series
is
'14:0 a.v
63
1 + 1—"za2 (1— a")(1 (14) (1 — a2)(1— 0)(1— a6 )
3. If ABC be a triangle, shew that
A
— tan' + tan2—0tang + taw A tang
t ant B
2 2 2 2 2 2
is always < 1 ;
Also shew that if one angle approach indefinitely near
to two right angles, the least value of the expression is
4. If a straight line AB be bisected in C and produced
to D so that sq. on AD = 3 sq. on CD, and if CB be
bisected in E, shew that sq. on ED = 3 . sq. on EB. •
104 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
5. The bisectors of the angles A, B, C of a triangle meet
in 0. Prove that the triangles OBC, OCA, OAB are
proportional to sin A, sin B, sin C.
6. Two tangents to an ellipse intersect at right angles.
Prove that the sum of the squares on the chords inter-
cepted on them by the auxiliary circle is constant.
7. Through a fixed point 0 a chord POQ of a hyperbola
is drawn, and lines PL, QL are drawn parallel to the
asymptotes. Shew that the locus of L is a similar and
similarly situated hyperbola.

PAPER LXI.
1. Prove that if x be less than 1,
3
(1 — x) (1 — x,27v+ 1) m(1 — ,v3) (1— a.212, + s)
x5
— (1 — x2n, + 5) . . .. to inf.
1 il + 1 1 1

2. If A, B, C be the angles of a plane triangle, shew


that the equation
z2 2yz cos A + + x2 2zx cos 13
-I- NI x2 + y2 +2xy cos C = 0,
is identical with
(yz sin A + za. sin B +xy sin C)2 = 0.
3. Prove that if a quadrilateral be inscribed in a circle
the (length)2of the line joining the points of intersection
of opposite sides is
(cal + be) (ab ad) fi br7(e2— 12)2 ae(b2 d2)2}.
(b2— (12)2 (e2— a2)2
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 105
4. The side BC of a triangle ABC is produced to D so
that the triangles ABD, .ACD are similar. Prove that AD
touches the circle round ABC.
5. A series of confocal ellipses is cut by a confocal
hyperbola. Prove that either focal distance of any point
of intersection is cut by its conjugate diameter with re-
spect to that particular ellipse in a point which lies on a
circle.
6. P and D are any two points on an ellipse, and P',
D' the corresponding points on the auxiliary circle. Shew
that the tangents of inclination to the major axis of the
two central radii, which bisect, the one PD, the other
P'D' are proportional to the lengths of the principal axes
of the ellipse.
7. Shew that the envelope of the radical axis of a fixed
circle and a variable point which lies on a fixed straight
line is a parabola.

PAPER LXII.
1. Find the sum to n terms of the series
(1) 3 j_ 3 . 6 3.6.9
1.4 1.4.7 1 . 4 . 7 . 10
1 2 _L. 3
(2)
1 3.5
. 3. .7 5.7.9 •• •
(3) — 3 + 2 + 13 ± 28 39 -} 26 — 55 296 . —

2. If n, b, c are all real and positive, and if a + b > c,


prove that
a3 b3 a3 3abc > 2(a -I- b)c2.
3. A circle is inscribed in a triangle, and a second
triangle is formed whose sides are equal to the distances
of the points of contact from the adjacent angular points
of the triangle. If r be the radius of the circle inscribed
in the first triangle, and p, p' the radii of the inscribed
and circumscribed circles of the second triangle, shew
that r2 = 2pp'.
106 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
4. Given sin x = n cos (x + a), expand x in ascending
powers of n.
Prove that
1 1 1 IT

1+ 3 6 7 2,j2
5. AB is a chord of a conic. The tangents at A and B
meet in T. Through B a straight line is drawn meeting
the conic in C and AT in P. The tangent to the conic at
C meets AT in Q. Shew that TPQ4 is a harmonic range.
6. AB, BC, CD are three equal rods freely jointed at B
and CL The rods AB, CD rest on two pegs in the same
horizontal line so that BC is horizontal. If a be the in-
clination of AB, and /3 the inclination of the reaction at B
to the horizon, prove that
3 tan a tan 3 = 1.
7. Shew that, if B denotes a variable angle, the envelope
of the parabola
v
1.
a2
risinecose + cos 29 +
sin 20 -2 cos 9
ab 2
2y
sin 0 — 2 = 0
is the ellipse
x2 v2 1
02 b2

PAPER LXIII.
1. Find the cube root of 37 +
If the cube root of a + c Nri can be ex.._
pressed in the form x + .12, prove that \,/6c

d'
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 107
A
v
rd Av —
75
must all be rational. Also if V— = k,
c

then x3is a root of the equation


480 + 6(5a — 9k)1 + 3a2 + d = 0.
Employ this method to chew that the cube root of the
expression
16 + 14,V2+ 120.+ 6,\/G is 1 A/2 + N/3.
cos x — cost' cos z .
2. Prove that is approximately un-
sin y sin z
altered by simultaneous small increments xyz' of x, y, arid
z, if
a./
— = z' .
x sin y sin z
tan — (cosy + cos z)
2
3. Shew that the difference between the sum of the
reciprocals of all the even numbers and the sum of the
reciprocals of all the odd numbers is •69314718 nearly.
4. AB is any fixed straight line, CD a chord of a circle
parallel to AB. AC being joined cuts the circle in E, and
BR cuts the circle in F. Prove that DI,' will cut AB in
a fixed point C which is the same for all chords.
5. S is the focus of an ellipse of eccentricity e. F is a
fixed point on the major axis, and P any point on the
1
curve. Shew that when PF is a minimum, SP = — SF.
e
6. A triangular lamina is supported at its three angular
points, and a weight equal to that of the triangle is placed
on it. Find the position of the weight if the pressures on
the points of support are proportional to
4a b c, a + 4b + c, a + b + 4c,
a, b, c being the lengths of the sides of the triangle.
108 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. The diameter parallel to any focal chord of an ellipse
is equal to the chord joining the points on the auxiliary
circle which correspond to the extremities of the focal
chord.

PAPER LXIV.
1. Eliminate z, y, z from the equations
1 1 1

AV2-F 52,y2-F C2Z2 = 0 ; a2:0 -F 62✓-1-


3 c2z3= 0,
and shew that
dap c2)i + — a2)3 ci(a2 — 52)-1 = 0.
2. Take all the integers from 2 to infinity, and raise
each to all negative powers from 2 to infinity, and thew
that the sum of all these terms is unity.
3. A workman is told to make a triangular enclosure of
sides 50, 41, 21 yards respectively : but having made the
first side 1 yard too long, what length must he make the
other two sides in order that they may enclose the pre-
scribed area with the prescribed length of fencing?
4. In any triangle ABC, prove that

Lief
c2

cos A + +alcos B Si cos C
= cri bi ci.
5. Given a triangle ABC, shew how to inscribe in it a
triangle LMN so that the perimeter of LMN may be a
minimum. Shew that L, M, N are then the feet of the
perpendiculars from the angular points on the sides.
6. A boy stands on a sheet of ice balancing himself by
means of a chair, but not leaning any of his weight on it.
Shew that if the chair be heavier than the boy, be may
incline his body to the vertical at an angle tan-1 2/1 ; but
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 109
if the boy be heavier than the chair, he can only incline it
W'
to an angle tan--1 , µ being the coefficient of friction
between the boy and ice, and also between the chair and
ice, W and W' being the weights of boy and chair re-
spectively.
7. A line is drawn from the focus of a hyperbola
parallel to an asymptote to meet the directrix. Prove that
it is equal in length to half the latus rectum, and is
bisected by the curve.

PAPER LXV.
1. Find the sum to n terms of each of the following
series
(1) — 1 — 3 + 3 + 23 + 63 + 129 +
4 11 18
(2) + +
3.8.13 8.13.18 13.18.23
1(2' + 3) 2(24 + 4) 3(25 + 5)
(3) ,A +

2. Prove that
14 —n. 2.-1- 1) 3" ....(-1)"(n+l)n =(-1)n

3. Prove that when n is a positive integer


sin" 0 cos nO n sin"-1' cos (n, — 1)0 sin (9 — 0)
n(n, — 1) sinn_2
q5 cos (n — 2)0 sin2(B — 0) +
2
+ + sin" — 0) = sin' B cos n0.
4. A is the centre of a circle, and CAB a diameter. On
CB produced take a point D so that DB . DC' = AD . AP%
With centre D and radius = AB describe a circle cutting
the given circle in E. Shew that the arc B.I; — 1 the
circumference.
110 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
5. The six middle points of the sides and diagonals of a
quadrilateral, the two points in which the opposite sides
intersect, and the point in which the two diagonals inter-
sect lie on a conic. Also shew that if the quadrilateral can
be inscribed in a circle, the conic will be a rectangular
hyperbola passing through the centre of the circle.
6. A bullet is fired in the direction towards a second
equal bullet which is let fall at the same instant. Prove
that the two will meet, and that if they coalesce, the latus
rectum of their joint path will be the latus rectum of the
original path of the first bullet.
7. The equation to a conic referred to the centre being
ax? + 24:u -I- by' = a', and that referred to the axes being
a'x' + b'y2 = c', prove that the sign of a' — b' will be the
same as that of h, provided the axis of ai Make with the
axis of x the least positive angle given by the equation

tan 20 = 2A
a—6
Trace the curve
13.r2+ Erg + 13, 2— 22x + 509 — 23 = 0.

PAPER LX
1. The equations
(1 + /x) (1 + ay) -= 1 + lz
(1 + nix) (1 + by) = 1 + nzz
(1 + nx) (1 +0.11) = 1+ nz
cannot be true together unless

(b — + (c — a) nib +(a — b) =
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 111
If this condition holds, shew that
c_ _ _
b
x =a rn
b—c
and that particular solutions for y and z will be
1 1
=— z —
1
with two similar sets. Also y = 0, and x = z is another
solution.
2. Eliminate 0, cp.' from the equations
r ab cos (e — cb) _ ab cos (0 — 0') ,
a2sin 20 + 12cos 20 Nia2sin 20' + 12cos 2(1;
b2
and tan 0 tan 0' = —
and shew that 2r2 = o2cos 20 -4- b2sin V.
3. Eliminate. 0 from the equations
a'y sin yb + 63.r cos qi + a b(a2sin 20 + b2cos 20) = 0
a.v sec — by cosec = a2— /2.
4. The triangle ABC is right-angled at A, and on the
sides -AB, AC are described squares ABU, AFGC. Prove
that BO and CE meet on the perpendicular from A on BC.
5. TP and TQ are tangents to a parabola, and 0 is the
centre of the circle round TPQ. Shew that the angle TSO
is a fight angle.
6. Forces .P and Q act at a point 0, and their resultant
is R. If any transversal cut their directions in the points
L, All, N respectively, shew that
P QR
OL OM = ON
112 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. Prove that in order to produce the greatest deviation
in the direction of a smooth billiard hall of diameter a by
impact on another equal ball at rest, the former must be
projected in a direction making an angle
a .s./ 1
— e
sin —1 —
• 3—e
with the line (of length a) joining the two centres, e being
the coefficient of elasticity.

PAPER LXVII.
1. If x2 +ax b and x2 +a' x + b' have a common
measure of the first degree, prove that their L.C.M. is
x3 ab — a' b' x2 _F a'b2— ab'2 bb'(a — a')
b — b' — b — b'
2. Two persons A and B set out together to walk from
P to Q, each completing the distance in 4 hours. A
increases his rate at the end of each quarter of an hour by
the same quantity, and B increases his by that same
quantity at the end of each half hour. After one hour
they are isof a mile apart, and after 2 hours they are 4 of
a mile apart. Find the distance from P to Q.
3. Shew that if a quadrilateral whose sides taken in
order are a, 6, a, d be such that a circle can be inscribed in
it, the circle is the greatest when the quadrilateral can be
inscribed in a circle. When this is the case, shew that
the square on the radius of the inscribed circle is
abed
(a ± c) (b d)
4. A tree blown over by the wind falls on another,
partially uprooting it. Shew that it is not possible for
both their tops to be in the same straight line as before.
5. Describe a parabola passing through three given
points, and having its axis parallel to a given straight
line.
Hence chew how to inscribe in a given parabola a
triangle having its sides parallel to three given straight
lines.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PA PERS. 113
6. A quadrilateral ABCD is composed of four unequal
beams joined at the extremities, and is compressed by a
force P along the diagonal A. Prove that the force Q
along the other diagonal BD requisite to resist compression
P . AC AO OC .
is given by = , 0 being the intersection
Q. BD BO. OD
of the diagonals.
7. A particle is projected from a platform with velocity
P; and elevation (3. On the platform is a telescope fixed
at elevation a. The platform moves horizontally in the
plane of the particle's motion, so as to keep the particle
always in the centre of the field of view of the telescope.
Shew that the original velocity of the platform must be
V sin (a 13) and its acceleration g cot a.
,

sin a

PAPER LXVIII.
1. Resolve into its component factors the expression
(a3 b3 e3).ryz (bzc c2a alb)(s 2z z2x x2y)
+(bc2d-ca2-Fab2)(yz2-1-zx2-Fxy2)+(x3+y3-1-z3)abc+3abcxyz.
2. If in, n,p be prime numbers, shew that the expression
(np)m--1 (pm,)n-1 ( nn) -
leaves a remainder 1 when divided by Innp.
3. Circles are described on the sides a, b, c of a triangle
as diameters. Prove that the diameter D of a circle which
touches the three externally is such that
\/—
D -1 + I) -1 \/ 1
6 -
a s- b sc D-s
where 2s = a b c.
4. ABC is a triangle, and AD, BE, CF are the per-
pendiculars on the opposite sides, intersecting in P.
B', F' are the middle points of these sides. Shew that the
114 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
three straight lines which join 1Y, E', F' with the middle
points of AP, BP, CP respectively are equal and con-
current ; and the three straight lines which join D', K,
with the middle points of AD, BE, CF respectively meet
in a point (the Symmedian point).
5. From the vertex A of a parabola AY is drawn per-
pendicular to the tangent at P, and YA produced to meet
the curve in Q. Show that if .PQ meet the axis in R,
AR = 2AS.
6. ABC is a triangle, and P any point in the plane of
ABC. P is acted on by forces represented by PA, PB,
PC. If the magnitude of their resultant is constant, chew
that the locus of P is a circle.
Hence find the position of P when there is equilibrium.
7. AB is the range of a projectile on a horizontal plane.
Shew that if t be the time from A to any point P of the
trajectory, and t' the time from P to B, the vertical height
of P above AB is 1,0'.

PAPER LXIX.
1. A certain number is divided into two parts in the
ratio x : y, the former part being 120. When divided into
two parts in the ratio x : z the former part is 140 ; and
when divided into two parts in the ratio of y : z the former
part is 126. Find the number.
2. Solve the equations
(1) (27a; + 4)2 (17x + 253)2 = (32x 45)2.
(2) x2 a(2xz) = y2+ b(a. + 2y + z)
e c(a. y 2z) = (x + y 7.)2.
(3) yz — = a; zx — y2= b ; — z2 = c.
3. 0 is a fixed point in the plane of a circle, and P, Q
two variable points on its circumference. Shew that if
the sum of the squares on OP, OQ be constant, the middle
point of PQ will lie on a fixed straight line, and the line
PQ will envelop a parabola.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 115

4. If log sin (0 + = a +0 - 1, where B, 0, a, 0


are real, prove that
2 cos 28 = E20 e-20 — 4E2a, cos (0 — (3)=6295 cos (0 + 3).
5. If A be the vertex, and BC the base of the isosceles
triangle in Euclid IV. 10, and if two circles be drawn
passing through A and touching BC at its extremities,
then if these two circles cut the sides in D, B, and one
another in F, PD and FE will be perpendicular respectively
to the tangents to the circles at A.
6. A ball whose coefficient of restitution is e, is projected
at right angles to a plane (angle a) from a point on the
plane with velocity v. Shew that before ceasing to bound
it will have described along the plane a distance
2v2 sin a 1
g cos 2a • (1 — e)2
,„2 2
7. If a2 2 = 1 be the equation to an ellipse, she
that the locus of a point whose polar is a normal chord of
the ellipse is
us b5 = a4,4•
.Y 2

PAPER LXX.
1. Solve the equations
(1) a(b — c).v2 b(c — a):r c(a — b) = 0,
(2) x4 ±4 = x / 2 4.12.4—
(3) (a — 1) (a + 1)(a + a3) = x(a4— 1).
2. Out of m persons who are sitting in a circle three are
selected at random. Prove that the chance that no two of
those selected are sitting next one another is
(m 4) (In — 5)

(m — 1)(m — 2)
116 WEEKLY PROBLEill PAPERS.
3. Shew how to draw a pair of equal circles on two
parallel sides of a parallelogram as chords so as to touch
each other ; and chew that the circles so drawn on the two
pairs of parallel sides intersect at angles equal to those of
the parallelogram.
4. If D, A F be the points of contact of the inscribed
.ircle with BC, CA, AB respectively, spew that if the
squares on AD, BE, CF are in Arithmetic Progression, the
sides of the triangle are in Harmonic Progression.
5. Given in position four tangents to a parabola, find
geometrically the focus, vertex, latus rectum, and points
of contact.
6. Two equal particles on two inclined planes are con-
nected by a string which lies wholly in a vertical plane
perpendicular to the line of intersection of the planes, and
passes over a smooth peg vertically above this line. If
when the particles are on the point of motion the portions
of the string make equal angles with the vertical, shew
that the difference between the inclinations of the planes
must be twice the angle of friction.
7. If a point be supposed to begin moving with an
acceleration equal and opposite to that of gravity from the
point of projection at the instant of projection, prove that
at any subsequent time the particle will be moving directly
away from the point and with a velocity which in the
time elapsed would have carried it over the distance
between them.

PAPER LXXI.
1. Solve the equations

(1) a -I- (6 -F a.)


/,2 a2
+ 62 --= b -F (r -F a) ,la;2.2-F b2
2+
a2*

(2) a 2 + y2 +L2 = .0 + A
2 y) }
x2 02 y2 + b2 =

72{,(a
b +A
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 117
2. A candidate is examined in 3 papers to each of which
is assigned m marks as a maximum. His total on the 3
papers is 2s. Shew that there are
(in + 1) (in + 2)
2
ways in which this can occur.
3. Shew that if A, B, C, D be any plane angles
sinC— D + cos C sin A + Csin D — B
cos B sin
A+
2 2 2 2
+ cos D sin A + C
2 2
C- D
= 2 sin sin
D- B
s n B Csin A+B+0+B
2 2 2 2
4. Shew that the value of 0 which is < 90° which
satisfies the equation
7 tan 20 + 8,13 tan = 1
is 3° 59' 16"•2, having given log„ 2 = '3010300 ;
L sin 33° 59' = 9.7473743 ; G sin 34° = 9'7475617.
5. A regular tetrahedron and a cube have the same
volume, and the middle points of the faces of each are
joined, thus forming another tetrahedron and an octa-
hedron; and the centres of the faces of the octohedron are
joined, thus forming a cube. Prove that the volume of
this cube is equal to that of the smaller tetrahedron.
6. 0 is a fixed point in the plane of an ellipse ; OE, OD
are two straight lines parallel to any two conjugate
diameters of the ellipse, and cutting in E and D a fixed
straight line DE, which is parallel to the diameter con-
jugate to CO, where C is the centre of the ellipse. Shew
that the circle round EOD passes through a fixed point.
7. Particles are projected from the same point with
equal velocities. Prove that the vertices of their paths
lie on an ellipse. If they be all equally elastic, and im-
pinge on a vertical wall, prove that the vertices of their
paths after impact lie on an ellipse.
118 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

PAPER LXXII
1. Establish the identities
(1) (x3-F 2:yx, )3 + (y2 2z•)3 (z' 2.ry)3
— 3(x2+2yx) (y2 +2za)(z2-1-2xy) E (x3+y3 I 23 3xyz)2.

(2) (cc— b2)(ab— c2)+(ab—c2)(bc—a2)-1-(bc —a2)(ca-


(bc+ ca- - ab)(bc+cad - ab — a2— c2).
2. Solve the equation
cos x + sin 3x cos 5x sin 7x + + sin (iln — 1)x
t(sec x cosec x).
3. Eliminate ch between
a. cos (4) + a) y sin (95 + a) = a sin 20
y cos (c5 + a) — x sin (0 -I- a) = 2a cos 20
and shew that
(a; cos a + y sin a)3 (x sin a — y cos a)3 = (2a)3.
4. If from any point A in the plane of an ellipse per-
pendiculars AM, AN be drawn to the equi-conjugate
diameters, shew that the diagonal of the parallelogram
constructed with AM, ANfor adjacent sides is perpendicular
to the polar of A.
5. Let the circle inscribed in the triangle ABC touch the
sides in D, E, F. Take CD' = BD, and let AD' cut the
circle in P, Q, P being nearest A. Prove geometrically
that Al' . BC = AE . PD'.
6. Two weights .P and Q, whose coefficients of friction
are pi„ p„ each less than tan a, on a rough inclined plane
(angle a), are connected by a string which passes through
a fixed pulley A in the plane. Prove that if the angle
PA be the greatest possible, the squares of the weights
of P and Q are in the ratio 1 — iA.22cot 2a : 1 — p.,2cot 2a.
7. A particle whose elasticity is e is projected from a
given point 0 in a horizontal plane with a velocity v in a
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 119
direction inclined at an angle a to the horizon. Shew that
the distance of the point of nthimpact from 0 is
esin 2a 1 — en
g 1 — e
and that the time which elapses before the nth impact is
2v sin a 1 — En
1 — e

PAPER LXXIII.
1. If
a and a
— Q 6
+ +
b+ o

sliew that P(a + 1 • Q) = a + Q.


2. If a, b, c denote the sides of a triangle, shew that
c) (a2 + b2 + c2) > a3 b3 C3 + 3 ab c.
3. If straight lines be drawn from the angles of a
triangle ABC to the centre of the inscribed circle, cutting
the circumference in D, E, 1 shew that the angles D, E,
F of the triangle DP,'F are respectively equal to
+ A), 1(7 r + B), +
4. Three circles have two common tangents. Shew that
the square of the tangent drawn to any one of them S
from either point of intersection of the other two S, 52 is
equal to the rectangle contained by the parts of either
common tangent intercepted between 5, 5, and S, 52.
5. PSQ, a focal chord of a conic, is produced to meet the
directrix in K, and KM, KY are drawn through the feet
of the ordinates PM, QN of P and Q. If KY and PM
intersect in R, shew that PR = PM, and if KM and QN
intersect in R', sliew that = ON.
120 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
6. Show that the envelope of all equilateral hyperbolas
which are concentric and which cut orthogonally the same
straight line is
— y2 — a2 = 3(ay)1
the centre being the origin, and the axis of z parallel to
the given straight line
7. Two particles, each of mass m, are at rest side by
side, when one is struck by an impulse B in a given
direction, while a constant force F begins at the same
instant to act upon the other in the same direction. If
after traversing a space s in time 1, they are again side by
side, prove that 2B = Ft; and 2B2 = m. F. 8.

PAPER LXXIV.
1, Eliminate z, y, z from the equations
+ yz = be
by + zz = ca
cz + ay = ab
ayz = abe
and shew that b3c3 ea' + a' b3 =&NM.
2. A number of three digits in the scale of 7 also
consists of three digits when expressed in the scale of 10,
and the digits in the former scale are respectively double
those in the latter scale. Find the number.
3. Find e and from
p sin 40 — q sin co =p
p cos 40 — q cos 495 = q
4 Two circles intersect in A and B, and through A a
chord PA Q is drawn cutting off from each circle segments
containing equal angles. Prove that the tangents at P
and Q intersect on AB.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 121
5. MT, MT' are two tangents drawn from any point M
to an ellipse whose foci are S, H. Alonc,these tangents
take lengths MO, MO' equal respectivelybto MS and MB.
Shew that 00' = AA'.
6. Two parallel smooth vertical walls are at a distance a
from each other, and an elastic particle is projected from
a point in one wall so as to impinge on the other wall in
the vertical plane perpendicular to the two walls. Prove
that if, on its return, the particle strike the wall hori-
zontally, the direction of projection is given by the
equation
2 qa 1 + e
sin 2 B — ' l
v2
v being the velocity of projection, and e the coefficient of
elasticity.
7. Prove that the centre of gravity of a wedge bounded
by two similar equal and parallel triangular faces and three
rectangular faces coincides with that of six equal particles
placed at its angular points.

PAPER LXXV.
1. Eliminate x, y, z from the equations
x3— a3 = y3— b3 = a3— e3 = ayz
a3 b3 C3 d3
y z y z
2. If 6n tickets numbered 0, 1, 2, .... 6n — 1, be placed
in a bag, and three drawn out, shew that the chance that
the sum of the numbers on them is 6n is
3n
(6n — 1) (6n — 2)
3. The perpendiculars from the angular points of an
acute-angled triangle ABC on the opposite sides meet in
P, and PA, 1'B, PC are taken for the sides of anew
122 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
triangle. Find the condition that this should be possible ;
and if it is, and a, 13, y be the angles of the new triangle,
shew that
1
+ cos a cos , COS y
sec A sec B sec C.
cos 2/ cosB cos C
4. In a convex polygon of an odd number of sides the
middle points of all are fixed except one, which describes a
curve. Prove that the angular points of the polygon
describe equal curves.
5. The major axis of an ellipse is harmonically divided
externally in E, and internally in F, and EPQ is any chord
through E. If PF, QF produced cut the curve in I", Q',
prove that
(EP l 2 FP FQ'
\I;(2 FQ .
6. OA, OB, OC, .... are any number of fixed straight
lines drawn from a point 0, and spheres are described on
them as diameters. Any straight line OX is drawn through
0, and a point P taken on it so that OP is equal to the
algebraic sum of the lengths intercepted on OX by the
spheres. Find the locus of P.
7. A series of n elastic spheres whose masses are 1, e,
em,. . . . are at rest, separated by intervals with their centres
on a straight line. The first is made to impinge directly
on the second with velocity a. Prove that the final kinetic
energy of the system is i(1 — e en)d2.

PAPER LXXVI.

1. A person has .C1,583 17s. 11(1. stock in the 3 per


cents. and £982 12s. 6d. stock in the 3i per cents. He
transfers a certain sum from the former to the latter when
the stocks are at 91 and 98 respectively, and thus makes
the income derived from each the same. How much stock
has he finally in the 3 per cents ?
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 123
2. If x be small compared with N2, prove that
VN2 x = N -F. Nx approximately,
4N 2(2 N 2 x)
and shew that the error is of the order 7v—i .

Ex. Shew that V101 = 1084,0,16to 8 places of decimals.

3. Prove that whatever be the values of A, B, C,


:1) cos2(//-FB+C)+cos(221+B±C)-1-cos(A+2B+C)
-1-cos(A±B-1-2C)-1- cos(B+ CH- cos(0+ A) + cos( A-I-B)
B+ cos A+B2 — 1.
cos(A+B+C)cos cos
2 2
(2) {sinB+ sinC — sin(B C)} (sin sinA — sin( C-F A)}
{sinA sin(A
= 16 sine sineine
s elsin A + sin B + sin C
2 2 2
— sin (A + B C)}.
4. If two equal circles intersect in A and B, and with A
as centre any circle be described cutting the equal circles
in D, A; B' respectively, prove that B, D, E or B, D', B'
are collinear.
5. A circle is described passing through two points Q,
Q' on a parabola, and T the intersection of the tangents at
Q and Q'. Shew that the chord it intercepts on the
diameter through 1' is equal to the sum of the focal
distances of Q and Q'.
6. Any tangent to the hyperbola 4ay = ab meets the
ellipse 'L2 62
= 1 in points .1", Q. Shew that the normals
to the ellipse at P and Q meet on a fixed diameter of the
ellipse.
124 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

7. A shot of m lbs. is fired from a gun of M lbs. placed


on a smooth horizontal plane, and elevated at an angle a.
Prove that if the muzzle velocity of the shot be v, the
range will be
(1 + ltan a
2. ?I2
tan

PAPER LXXVII.
1. If
(a2— 03)2+ (b2 — bar = 12
(a3 — a1 )2+ (63 — bi)2= 112
(a]. - a2)2 (61 — 62)2 =
skew that
2y242 2h2f2 2f2g2— f4 — — A4 4
(a2b3— O3w-1)2 4- ctsbi — alb3 0162 — 0261)2 •
2. If p, 1, qn, n, be the reciprocals of the radius of the
inscribed circle of a triangle and of the distances of its
centre from the angular points, prove that
p3 — p(12 + n2) — 214nn = 0.

3. In every tetrahedron the sum of the squares of the


six edges is equal to four times the sum of the squares on
the lines which join the middle points of the opposite
edges.
4. Prove geometrically that the perpendicular from the
focus of a conic on any tangent and the central radius to
the point of contact of the tangent will intersect on the
directrix.
5. A beam AB lies horizontally upon two others at
points A and C. Prove that the least horizontal force
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 125
applied at B in a direction perpendicular to AB which is
able to move the beam is the less of the two forces
b a W
P. W 2a — band — 2
where .AB = 2a, AC = b, W is the weight of the beam,
andµ is the coefficient of friction.
6. Prove that the time in which a projectile moves from
one extremity to the other of a focal chord is equal to that
in which it falls vertically from rest through a distance
equal to the length of the chord.
7. A system of circles is described passing through the
vertex of a given triangle, and cutting the base in a given
point. Prove that the chord joining the points where the
two sides of the triangle are cut by any circle of the
system always touches a parabola.

PAPER LXXVIII.
1. Prove that the numbers 220 and 284 are such that the
sum of the aliquot parts of each is equal to the other.
2. If
ax by =V ex + 61,q ex+ fy
prove that
d — bk—
— k
ad— bc
where k is given by the equation
(ad — be)1c2— (fa — be)k + fe — de = 0.
Hence solve
7x — 1 ly = = ± 9y,
also solve
x• y= 4x — 5y = V3x — 2y.
126 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
3. A circle of radius R touches externally three circles
which also touch each other externally, and whose radii
ire r„ r2, r3.
Prove that
(1) iV2 + + -8 rad-ri+ R + r2 +
r r3 i
r2 r3

11 11 ./1 1 1
(2) =– ±2v — -- •
r3 r2 rsr3 2'19'2
Also, if A, B, C be the centres of the circles r1, r2, r3, and
P the centre of the circle R, and if d, dibe the respective
distances of P and A from BC, then – = 2.
2-1
4. If 0 be the centre of one of the escribed circles of a
triangle, P one point of its intersection with the circum-
scribing circle, and if OP produced meet the latter circle
again in Q, shew that OQ is equal to the diameter of the
3ircumscribing circle.
,

5. In a given acute-angled triangle ABC inscribe a


triangle whose sides shall be bisected by the lines joining
the angular points of the triangle ABC to the centre of the
circle circumscribing it.
6. A point V is taken on an ordinate PM, produced, of
a parabola, and ME is taken on MP a mean proportional
between PM and MV. If the diameters through E and V
meet the curve in R and Q, prove that PQ meets the axis
in the foot of the ordinate of R.
7. A bucket and a counterpoise, connected by a string
passing over a pulley, just balance one another, and an
elastic ball is dropped into the centre of the bucket from a
distance k above it. Find the time that elapses before the
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 127
ball ceases to rebound, and prove that the whole descent
of the bucket during this interval is
4mh
2M + m (1 — e)2
where m and D1 are the masses of the ball and the bucket,
and e is the coefficient of restitution.

PAPER LXXIX.
1. For a house occupied by B, A pays a rent of £40 per
annum by equal payments at the end of each quarter. B
pays A by equal payments in advance at the beginning of
each month. How much a month ought B to pay in order
that at the end of the year, with simple interest reckoned
at 33 per cent, per annum, A may have recovered the value
of his own four payments with one-tenth additional ?
2. If. a b c d = 0, prove that
(a' b3 4 c3
- d3)2 = 9(bcd cda + dab + abe)2
= 9(bc — ad) (ca — bd) (ab — cd).

3. Sum to infinity the series


es cos 64— iron' cos 30 + i-m5cos 50 . , where as is less
th .n unity ;
and prove that the series has always the same sign as
as cos O.
4. If in BA, CA two sides of a triangle ABC two points
D, E be taken respectively, such that BA : AC :: EA : AD,
and G the middle point of DE be joined to A, and if B11,
CK be constructed in the same way as AG, shew that AG,
BH, CK intersect in a fixed point 0.
Prove also that if from 0 perpendiculars be drawn to
the sides of the triangle, the sum of their squares is a
minimum.
128 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

5. If one of each of the 5 kinds of regular polyhedrons


be inscribed in the same sphere, prove that their edges
will be in the ratio of
2 :2: : ✓5 – 1 : /VE5 –
6. If (-13. be the excentric angle of any point P of an
ellipse, and CP be produced to Q. and tangents be drawn
from Q to the ellipse, prove that the excentric angles of the
pointS of contact will be
± cos–,, CP
—•
CQ

7. If a weight P balance a weight W in that system of


pulleys in which each pulley hangs by a separate string,
shew that if P be changed to P' and W to W', and all the
pulleys be of equal weight, P' will descend with accelera-
tionfsuch that
f[22nP' W' 3(2n + 1) (2nP – IV)]
= 2nrA2n(P' – P) W – 177').

PAPER LXXX.

pa2±2qab-Frb2–pac±q(bc– a2) – rub pc2–2qca.-Fra2'


prove that P, p; Q, q; and R, r may be interchanged
without altering the equalities.
2. A man goes in for an examination in which there are
four papers with a maximum of m marks for each paper.
Shew that the number of ways of getting half marks on
the whole is
e(,,, + 1) (2m 2 42,2 + 3).
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 129
3. Prove that
cos2acoti(y— a)coti(a — (3) ,-Icos2Licoq(a-0)coti(f3-7)
+cos2ycot1(13 — .y)coti(y — a)
= cos2ad-cos20-Fcos2y+ 2cos ((3-Fy) +2 cos (y+a)
+2cos(a+(3).
4. The sides of a quadrilateral touch a circle in ABCD.
If a circle can be described about the same quadrilateral,
shew that the middle points of the chords AB, BC, CD,
DA lie on another circle, and if R, r be the radii of the
circum- and in-scribed circles, and d the distance between
their centres, the product of the diagonals of the quadri-
lateral = 8.70,2
— d2
Also if e he the angle between the diagonals,
area of quadrilateral
tan —
2 product of two opposite sides
Hence shew that when the diagonals are at right angles,
the rectangles contained by the. opposite sides are equal.
5. If a parallelogram be described about an ellipse
having its sides parallel to a pair of conjugate diameters,
and P be the point of contact of one of the sides QQ', and
the normal at P meet the axes of the ellipse in G and 0',
then QG is perpendicular to Q'G'.
6. A parabola circumscribes a right-angled triangle.
Taking the sides of the triangle as axes, shew that the
locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the right angle
on the directrix is the quintic
2,x,y(x2 +yr) (hy kr) + h2y4+ lc2:C4 =0,
and that the axis is one of the family of straight lines
whose general equation is
921311 — k
y= 271:V
1 + M2

77/being an arbitrary parameter, and 212., 21c the sides of the


triangle.
130 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. A brass figure ABDC of uniform thickness, bounded
by a circular are BDC (> a I circle) and two tangents
AB, AC inclined at an angle 2a, is used as a letter weigher.
The centre of the circle 0 is a fixed point about which the
machine turns freely, and a weight P is attached at A, and
the weight of the machine is IV. The letter to be weighed
is suspended from a clasp (whose weight may be neglected)
at D on the rim of the circle, and OD is perpendicular to
OA. The circle is graduated and read by a pointer hanging
vertically from 0. When there is no letter attached, the
point A is vertically below 0, and the pointer indicates
zero. Show that if P = W. sin 2a, the reading of the
machine will be Fr when OA makes with the vertical an
angle
tan —1 (7r + 2a) sin 2a -I- 2 sin a cos a
(7r + 2a) sin 3a + 2 cos a

PAPER LXXXI.
1. If p be a prime number, and a. not divisible by p,
show that
p_r t. —
= 1 + multiple of p.
2. A point 0 is taken within a circle of radius a, at a
distance b from the centre, and points P1, P2, . Pn are
taken on the circumference so that P1P2, P2P3, .. • • PnPp
subtend equal angles at 0. Prove that
°PI OP2 .... OPn
= (as _ 62)
(01
.Pi + 01P 2 +• • • • + OPn)

3. If OFAE be a parallelogram and BOC any straight


line cutting the sides AF, AE in B and C, prove that
BA . AF + . AE = A02+ BO . OC.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 131
4. A triangle is inscribed in an ellipse so that each side
is parallel to the tangent at the opposite angle. Prove
that the sum of the squares on the sides : sum of the
squares on the axes of the ellipse :: 9 : 8.
5. If the diameter through a point P on a parabola meet
the tangent at the vertex in Z, and the focal distance of Z
meet the normal at P in R, P and R will be equidistant
from the tangent at the vertex.
6. Two forces P and Q act at an angle a and have a
resultant R. If each force be increased by R, and B be the
angle which the new resultant makes with R, prove that
(P — Q) sin a
tan B —
P+ Q + R + (P + Q) cos a
7. Chords are drawn joining any point of a vertical
circle with its highest and lowest points. Prove that if a
heavy particle slide down the latter chord, the parabola
which it will describe after leaving the chord will be
touched by the former chord.
Also skew that the locus of the points of contact will be
a circle.

PAPER LXXXII.
1. Prove that
(n 1)n (n + 1)n.(n — 1) (n, — 2)
27, = 1 ± ,•
L2 11
-
2. A, B, C, D, E . . . . being angular points of a regular
polygon of n sides, join each pair of alternate points AC,
BD, CE, . . . . and find the area of the star-like figure thus
formed.
3. In any triangle ABC if E, F be the points where
perpendiculars from B, C meet AC, AB, prove that
BC2 = AB . BF + AC . CE.
x2
132 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
4. P is the orthocentre of a triangle ABC, and 0 the
centre of its circum-circle. A', B', C' are the centres of
the circum-circles of the triangles BPC, CPA, APB
respectively. Shew that 0 is the orthocentre of A'B'C',
P the centre of its circum-circle, A, B, C those of the
circum-circles of B'OC', C'OA', A'OB' respectively, and
that all the eight triangles above mentioned have the same
nine• point circle.
5. If an ellipse inscribed in a triangle has either one
focus at the orthocentre, or one focus at the centre of the
circumscribed circle, or its centre at the centre of the nine
point circle of the triangle, then the other two properties
are also true of it.
6. Two circular cylinders of unequal radii rest on a rough
horizontal plane with their axes parallel, and on them rests
a rough uniform beam of weight /V, being supported by a
force P parallel to its length. The axis of the beam is at
right angles to the axes of the cylinders, and inclined at an
angle a to the horizontal plane. Prove that
-= IV . tan-`-z- •
2
7. PSp is a focal chord of a parabola, A its vertex. If
PS make an angle of 60' with the axis, shew that the times
in which a body moving in the parabola under a force to
the focus would go from P to ./1 and from A to p are as
27 to 5.

PAPER LXXXIII.
1. The University pays rates at 40d. in the £, the town
at 15c1. The former pays of the whole rates, and the
latter f. Compare their rateable values.
Also, if the rates were equalised, what proportion of
their present payment would the University save ?
WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS. 133
2. If n is integral, prove that so also are the expressions
n° n4 n3 n
(1) -F + -
ne n° 5n4 n2
(2) 6 -F. 2 m 12
3. D, B, F are the middle points of the sides of the
triangle ABC. From the intersection of AD, BE, CF per-
pendiculars are let fall on the sides of the triangle. Shew
that the radius of the circle through their feet is
4 AD . BE . CT'
3 a2 b2

4. Two parabolas have a common focus and their axes


in the same direction, and a line is drawn through the focus
cutting the parabolas in four points. Shew that the
tangents at these points form a rectangle, one of whose
diagonals goes through the focus, and the other is perpen-
dicular to the axis.
5. A circle is described about a triangle ABC, and PQ is
a chord parallel to the tangent at A cutting AB, AC in R
and S. If PM, QN be perpendiculars on BC, shew that
QR . QS QN
.P . PS P
6. Prove that if two heavy particles projected in the
same vertical plane at the same instant from two given
points with the same velocity.meet, the sum of the inclina-
tions of the directions of projection must be constant.
Also shew that if the particles be projected with a
constant velocity, the locus of the point of meeting for
different directions of projection is a parabola.
7. Three forces P, Q, R act respectively along the sides
BC, CA, AB, of a triangle ABC. If the line of action of
their resultant be the line joining the centre of the circum-
circle with the orthocentre, prove that
P cos B cos C_ Q cos C cos A_ Roos A cos B
cos 2B — cos 2C cos 2C — cos 2A cos 2A — cos2B
134 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

PAPER LXXXIV.
1. Prove that
{b2c2(a d) a2d2(b c)} (b — a) (a — d)
{c2a2(b d) b2d2(c + a)} (c — a) (b — d)
{a2b2(e d) c2c12(a 1)} (a — b) (c — d) = 0.
2. Prove that the square of the continued fraction
a a

b b+••
is the continued fraction
a2 a5
2a + 62— 2a b2 ..°
3. If p, q, r be the lengths of the bisectors of the angles
of a triangle produced to meet the circumscribed circle,
and u, v, w the lengths of the perpendiculars of the
triangle produced to meet the same circle, then
p2(w v) q2(u — w) r2(v — u) = 0.
4. A triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle. The points
a, b are diametrically opposite to A, B; ad is drawn
parallel to BC to meet the circle in d, and the straight line
db meets 1C and CB in e and f respectively. If 0 be the
centre prove that Oe is parallel to BC, and that be=ef=eC.
5. A parabola P and hyperbola H have a common focus,
and the asympi otes of H are tangents to P. Prove that
the tangent at the vertex of P is a directrix of H, and that
the tangent to P at the point of intersection passes
through the further vertex of H.
6. TP and TQ are tangents to an ellipse. If forces
proportional to PT, QT be applied at P and Q to the
ellipse in the directions of these lines, shew that the ellipse
will remain at rest if the centre is fixed.
WEEKLY PROBLEAT PAPERS. 135
7. If q5 be the eccentric angle of a point P on an ellipse,
chew that the eccentric angle of the point where the
normal at P cuts the ellipse again is given by
b2eot 109 ± a2 tan 0.
Hence chew that the locus of the middle points of
normal chords of the ellipse whose equation is
2 2
‘•-• = 1,
a2 62
..y.4.29)2 (:26 ± ) (a2 62)2 2 2
is 2 6 s)
a'b6
,t/ .

PAPER LXXXV.

1. Two successive digits being put together to form a


number give the product of two other successive digits ;
and if the first of these latter be inserted between the
former, the result is the square of three times the re-
maining one. What are the digits ?
2. If ABCD be any quadrilateral, and if on its sides as
hypotenuses right-angled isosceles triangles be described,
all external, spew that twice the square on either straight
line joining the vertices of opposite triangles will be equal
to a2 e2 d2 da(sin A— cos A) + ab (sin B —
ens B) be (sin C — cos C) cd (sin D — cos Ii) where
a, b, a, d are the sides AB, BC, CD, DA respectively.
3. On each side of a triangle ABC is described a square
externally. The vertices of these squares are joined in
pairs by three straight-lines such that no line cuts a square.
If these three lines be taken as the sides of a triangle
DEE, prove that the area of DEE is three times that of
ABC.
If from the triangle DEF we form another triangle in
the same manner in which DEF was obtained from ABC,
spew that the sides of this new triangle are respectively
equal to three times the sides of the triangle ABC'.
136 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
4. If :PQ be a focal chord of a parabola, and R any
point on the diameter through Q, show that the focal chord
parallel to PR
PQ
5. A hyperbola is placed in a vertical plane with its
transverse axis horizontal. Prove that when the time of
descent down a diameter is a minimum, the conjugate
diameter is equal to the distance between the foci.
6. Prove that r = u (1 — sin2 0) is the polar equa-
tion to an ellipse of which the fourth power of the
eccentricity may be neglected.
7. The Mississippi rises in lat. 45° and enters the sea in
lat. 30°. Shew that owing to the spheroidal form of the
earth, of which the greatest radius is 4,000 miles and
eccentricity •08, the mouth of the river is about 31 miles
higher, i.e. further from the earth's centre, than the
source.

PAPER LXXXVI.
1. An event happens on an average once a year. Show
that the chance that it will not happen in any particular
.1
year is — •
e
2. If A, B, C be the angles of a triangle, shew that
(1) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2 C = 2 (sin A + sin B + sin C)
(cos A + cos B + cos C — 1).
(2) (sin A +sin B + sin C)2+ (cos A + cos B + cos C — 1)2
+ 4 (cos A -I- cos B + cos C — 1) = 4 (sin B sin C
+ sin C sin A + sin A sin B).
3. If the radii of the four circles which touch the sides
of a triangle be in continued proportion, shew that the
triangle must be right-angled.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 137
4. Any point D is taken on the circumference of the
circle round the triangle ABC of which the sides AB, 4C
are equal. Prove that the ratio of the difference or sum
of DB and DC to DA is constant according as D and A
lie on the same or opposite sides of BC respectively.
5. QVQ' is a chord of an ellipse parallel to one of the
eviconjugate diameters. The normals at Q and Q' meet
in 0. Shew that a circle will go round QCOQ'.
6. Produce the normal at any point A of an ellipse
outwards to a length AM equal to the radius of curvature.
Shew that the circle described on A111 as diameter cuts
orthogonally the director circle.
7. An elastic sphere A impinges upon an elastic sphere
B at rest. Determine the motions of the two spheres after
collision supposing the original direction of A's velocity
to be inclined at an angle a to the line joining the
centres of the two spheres at the moment of collision.

PAPER LXXXVII.
1. An A.P., G.P., and H.P. have each a and a + b
for their first two terms. If the third terms be 0) a95
respectively, prove that
y — 3z)2 + 4z (y2 +zz) = 12yz2.
and if 1 be the nth term of the A.P., skew that
f+(a-14)+....-1-1}2 —{a1+(a+b)(1—b)-F....+14
n`
1 2
= iT2 n(n — 1)b2.

2. Shew that
,j6 = 5 1 23.3 1.3.5 26.32 1.3.5.7.9 29.33
54 L4_ • 58 11): • 512
138 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
3. Shew that the expression
sin a sin itosec a cosec (a + $) + cosec (a + cosec (a + 2$)
+ cosec (a + 20) cosec (a+3i3)) = sin 33 cosec (a + 3$).
4. Shew that there are eleven pairs of regular polygons
which satisfy the condition that the measure of an angle
in one in degrees is equal to the measure of an angle of
the other in grades, and find the number of sides in each.
5. Shew that the centres of the four circles circum-
scribing the triangles formed by four straight lines lie on
a circle.
6. Find the locus of a point from which two tangents
can be drawn at right angles, one to the ellipse
„2
= 1, the other to a2 + 71/3"z:2 = 1 ;
as
and shew that the curve lies entirely in the space between
two circles of radii
Va2 +$2and AI a2 +b2
respectively, and that it touches both these circles.
7. Three particles are projected from the same point in
different directions. Shew that after a time t they form a
triangle whose area cc t2.
If the direction of projection of two of the particles are
in the same vertical plane, shew that the plane of this
triangle will pass through the point of projection after a
time
2 ztv sin (j3 —
g ucosa — v cos$
where u, v are the initial velocities, and a, $ the initial
elevations of the two particles.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 139

PAPER LXXXVIII.
1. Solve the equations :-
(1) Vx -F2a Vx +3a = Ga.
(2) A/„2 „2.'42+ b2+, b2) =
_4_
(3) ,2 + y2 4. z2 = ,2 2 x +
b2 + (z x) — y2
02 +2 z .y) — z2.
y sin 38
2. If x cos 38 y cos38 — x sin 38
cos 359 sin 30
= ;12 + chew that x2-f- s2 x = 2.
3. ABC is a triangle and 2s its perimeter. If a, 0, y he
the angles of the triangle whose sides are equal to the
radii of the escribed circles of ABC, prove that
a(s a) cos2.§-a 2
b(s— b) cos2 + e(s—c)cosl

= (be + ea + s2).

4. A straight line AB is divided at C so that the rect-


angle AB . BC is equal to the square on AC; and on BC
as base is described an isosceles triangle BDC having its
two sides equal to AC. Prove that the straight line joining
A to the middle point of BD will divide CD at B so that
CE: BD :: BC: CA.
5. Assuming only the focus and directrix definition of
a parabola, prove that one arm of a right angle envelops
the curve if the other arm always passes through a fixed
point, and the angular point always lies on a fixed straight
line.
6. From any point four normals are drawn to a rect-
angular hyperbola. Shew that the points where they meet
the curve are such that each is the orthocentre of the
triangle formed by joining the other three.
140 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. In the differential axle, if the ends of the chain,
instead of being fastened to the axles, are joined together
so as to form another loop in which another pulley and
weight are suspended, find the least force which must be
applied along the chain in order to raise the greater weight,
the different parts of the chain being all vertical.

PAPER LXXXIX.
1. Solve the equations
(1) A X ±X + —x
va— 'V a ±
(2) (e + (z + ,y)2 + 2(x y) = 135 1
x(x y) + y -I- 1) = 60
(3) .Y ,Y2 = 3
z x zx = — 1 •
x y xy = — 1
2. Prove that any equation holding between the sines
and cosines of the angles A, B, °of any triangle will still
be true when A, B, C are replaced by 2A, 2B, 2C respec-
tively, provided the cosines have their signs changed.
Also that it will be true when A, B, C are replaced by
5A, 5B, 50 respectively, provided that the sines have their
signs changed.
Prove that in any triangle
sin 10A + sin 10B + sin 100 = 4 sin 5 A sin 5B sin 5C.
Also skew that the sum of the cotangents of
57r + A 5r + B 57r + C
25 25 25
is equal to their product.
3. An equilateral triangle is constructed with its angular
points on three given parallel straight lines whose dis-
tances apart are a, b, c. Prove that its area is
1
, (a2 + c2).
2
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 141
4. P, Q, R are three points on a circle whose centre is C.
JCR is the diameter bisecting QR, and intersecting PQ,
PR in M and IV. Shew that the triangles QOM, RCN are
similar.

5. A. number of parabolas whose axes are parallel have


a common tangent at a given point. Shew that if parallel
tangents be drawn to all the parabolas, the points of
contact will lie on a straight line passing through the
given point.
6. Shew that the radius of the circle inscribed in the
semi-ellipse cut off by the minor axis is
, 2
a (4 *

7. A railway train is running smoothly along a curve at


the rate of 60 miles an hour, and in one of the cars a
pendulum which would oscillate seconds ordinarily is
observed to oscillate 121 times in 2 minutes. Shew that
the radius of the curve is nearly a quarter of a mile.

PAPER XC.
1. Sum to n terms the series
(1) 3 + 2 + 29 + 36 + 137 + 122 + 429 + 200 +
8 20 50 128 338 920
(2) 3 + + —65 + y ± • • • •
1 3
() 1 . 3 +1 . 3 . 5 +....
1 . 3 5.7
(4) 1 . 22 n . 2 . 32 +n(n — . 3 . 42
n(n — 1) (n — 2) 4 5,+
13
142 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
2. When z is indefinitely diminished, find the value of
the expression
1— cos2.z.-1-cos4.r — cos6z+cos8x — coslOx — cosI4H-cos16.t.
3— 4cos2x±cos4z
3. ABC is a triangle. Through A, B, C are drawn the
straight lines A,B,, B1C,, C1A1at right angles respectively
to the sides AB, BC, CA, and forming the triangle AiBlei-
The triangle z/2B2C2is formed in a similar way from the
triangle .d/ BiCi, and so on. If AnBnCn be the nth triangle
so formed, prove that the radius of the circle circum-
scribing this triangle is
+ sin 2B + sin 2 C n
R (sin 2A
\ 2 sin A sin B sin C
where R is the radius of the circle circumscribing the
triangle ABC.
4. Two parallelograms ACBD, A'C_B'D' have a common
angle at C. Prove that DD' passes through the inter-
section of A'B and AB'.
5. Two equal parabolas A and B have the same vertex
and axis, but are turned in opposite directions. Shew that
the locus of poles with respect to B of tangents to A is the
parabola A.
6. PQ is a normal to an ellipse at P, and .PCP' a
diameter. CD is conjugate to CP. If PM be an ordinate
and PQ, QP' meet the major axis in G and U respectively,
prove that GM. CU = CD%
7. A ball is projected against a smooth vertical wall.
Find the direction in which it may be projected with the
least velocity so that it shall return to the point of pro-
jection.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 143

PAPER XCI.
1. Between two quantities a Harmonic mean is inserted,
and between each adjacent pair a Geometric mean is
inserted. It is found that the three means thus inserted
are in Arithmetic Progression. Prove that the quantities
are in the ratio 7 — 4 13 : 1.
2. Prove that
4n 1) 2ni I
(,„ +)(„, (m (m+ > { - LT
-
2 I
3. Shew how to find a series of triangles whose sides are
in A.P. with a common difference 1, and whose areas are
rational. Shew that the five least ' integral ' values of the
mean side are 4, 14, 52, 194, 724.
4. A triangle is inscribed in a circle so as to have its
orthocentre at a given point. Prove that the middle points
of its sides lie on a fixed circle.
5. Qq is a diameter of an ellipse. SP is drawn through
the focus S parallel to the tangents at Q and q, and these
tangents are intersected by the tangent at P in T and
respectively. Shew that the sum of TQ and tq is equal to
the major axis of the ellipse.
6. A smooth parabolic arc is placed with its axis vertical
and vertex upwards, and on it, at the extremities of a focal
chord rest two weights Trjr2which are connected by a
fine string passing over the vertex. Shew that the length
of the focal chord is
± lat. rect. X ( 5 + 1. 2
7Y2
7. Find the angle at which a body must be projected in
order to strike at right angles a given plane, which is at
right angles to the plane of projection, and passes through
the point of projection, and shew that it is independent of
the velocity of projection.
144 WEEKLY PROBLEill PAPERS.

PAPER XCII.
1. Prove that the expression a3 b3-I- c — 3abc is
unaltered if we substitute for a, b, c the quantities 0- —
— b, Q — c respectively, where 30- = 2(a b a).
2. Prove that with a certain convention with regard to
sign the roots of the equation
(the
— s, + a2 2
b2
a' — S = 0,
,

are the radii of the four circles touching the sides of a


triangle of area S.
B. If Sr denote the series
917-1 (215)r -2 (3n)r - -3
tr,-1 L_2 r— 3
prove that
, -1 ?ix
Sk+1 = Sk r6Sk-1 + • • • • -r S1+
(k —1
4. AB is the diameter of a semi-circle, P, Q, R, . . . . K
are any number of points on the circumference taken in
order from A. Shew that the square on dB is not less
than the sum of the squares on AP, PQ, QR, . . . . KB.
5. PQ is a chord of a parabola which is normal at P, and
PK is another chord equally inclined to the axis of the
parabola. Shew that PIN is a right angle.
6. A uniform cylinder is supported in a horizontal
position by a prop under the middle of the axis. Prove
that if a be the length of the axis, and a cylindrical bore
be made of length 1, having the same axis as the former
ith
cylinder, by which of the substance of every transverse
section is removed, the prop must be moved through a
distance
1
2 —1
Also shew that when the prop is furthest from the
original position, it must be under the extremity of the
bore.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 145
7. Prove that at the equator a shot fired westward with
velocity 8333 or eastward with velocity 7407 metres per
second, will, if unresisted, move horizontally round the
earth in one hour and twenty minutes, and one hour and a
half respectively, given that a quadrant of the earth's
equatorial circumference is 109centimetres.

PAPER XCIII.
1. Shew that if x, y, z are unequal, the. equation
f z + f z
1—x2 1 +12 1-1-.y2 1—y2 1 +x2 X2 1 + Z2
+ Y x }
0
1 —z2 1 :F, 1 d-x2 •
may be reduced to
xyz(yz zx xy) — (x y z) = 0.
2. Find .a from the equation
tan —1(x -I- 1) cot —1(x — 1) = + cos-1 I.
3. On the base BC of a triangle ABC two points Q, R
are taken so that BQ = QR Shew that
sin BAR sin CA Q = 4 sin BAQ sin CAR
4. If two equal circles be described intersecting in A
and B, and through A a chord be drawn cutting them in
C end D, shew that CD is bisected by the circle on AB as
diameter.
5. In a given plane is drawn a series of confocal conics
upon which stand cones with the vertical angles right
angles. Shew that the locus of their vertices is given by
the intersection of an hyperbola whose vertices are the
foci of the conics and a circle concentric with the hyper-
bola and passing through its foci.
146 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
,2 y2
6. If the normals drawn to the ellipse a — 1 from
2
any point on the normal at h, k meet the ellipse in P, Q,
R, prove that the sides of the triangle PQR touch the
parabola
yk
a2 +b' + 1)2— 1126
7. Two equal circles touch each other, and from the
point of contact two points move on the circles with equal
velocities in opposite directions. Prove that one will
appear to the other to move on a circle the radius of which
is equal to the diameter of either of the fixed circles.

PAPER XCIV.
1. Find the real roots of the equations
y'2 = a2 ; y,z? = be
± y2 + :e2 = 62 ; z y + gt + x) = ca
s'2 z2 c2 ;x'y+ z(a'+y)= ab.
2. Find B from the equations
(1) a2 1/1 — a2 cot 20 — e tan 20
= b2 \ — b2cot 20 — 62tan 20.
(2) a cos e + sin — a ± b.

(3) 4 sin 38 — sin 319 = 12

3. If A, B, C be the angles of a triangle, shew that


sec 2B + sec 2 0 + 2 sec B sec C cos
= sec B sec Csin A (tan B + tan C).
WEEKLY Pl?OBLE111 PAPERS. 147
4. If CA, CB be two fixed tangents to a circle, and D,
E their middle points, shew that the perpendicular distance
of any point P on the circumference of the circle from
DE is proportional to the square on PC.
5. If A', B', C' be any points on the sides of the triangle
ABC, prove that AB' . BC . CA' B'C. C'A . A'B = area
of triangle A'B'C' X twice the diameter of the circle
circumscribing ABC.
6. Two tangents OA, OB are drawn to an ellipse whose
foci are S, H and centre L N is the middle point of AB.
Shew that
OA . OB : OS . OH :: ON : OC.
7. A perfectly elastic ball is thrown into a smooth
cylindrical well from a point in the circumference of the
circular mouth. Shew that if the ball be reflected any
number of times from the surface of the cylinder, the
intervals between the reflections will be equal.
Shew also that if the ball be projected horizontally in a
direction making an angle 72: with the tangent to the circle
at the point of projection, it will reach the surface of the
water at the instant of the nth reflection if the space due
to the velocity of projection be
(radius)2 in sinzr
..)2
depth it

PAPER XCV.
1. Find the sum to ri terms of •
(1) 1 . 3 + 2 . 4 + 3 . 5 +
(2) 1 . 22 + 2 . 32.-F 3 . 42 . .
1 2 3 4
(3) 12 . 32+ 32.52 52.72 72 . 92 ••••
L2
148 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
2. In each of two triangles the angles are in G.P. The
least angle of one of them is three times the least angle of
the other, and the sum of the greatest angles is 240*.
Find the circular measures of the angles.
3. Prove that
loge 2 = ylitloge 1 1 3, 1 32 ,
± + • 04 -I- 8.. • -I-• • • 4
and shew that the coefficient of rn in the expansion of
{log (1 + x)}2 is
2 ( — 1)n (1 )

\ 1 -+•••
5 „ — 11
4. D, E, F are the middle points of the sides BC. CA,
AB of a triangle ABC. Through A a straight line is
drawn cutting BF, DE in M and N respectively. Shew
that BM and CN are parallel.
5. Two conjugate diameters of an ellipse are cut by the
tangent at any point P in M and N. Shew that the area
of the triangle CPM varies inversely as the area of the
triangle CPN.
6. Given the centre of a conic and two tangents making
angles a, [3 with the axis of a-, chew that the locus of the
foci is the rectangular hyperbola
y2— a2 2:cy cot (a + = k2
7. Given that a quadrant of the earth's surface is 10•
centimetres, and that the mean density of the earth is 5•67,
prove that the unit of force will be the attraction of two
spheres each of 3926 grammes, whose centres are a centi-
metre apart, the acceleration of gravity at the earth's
surface being 981 ; a centimetre, second, and gramme being
the units of length, time, and mass.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 149

PAPER XCVI.
1. If 11,1,13are the lowest common multiples of B and
0, of C and A, of A and B respectively; if yi, y2, g3are the
highest common divisors of the same pairs ; and if .6, G,
are the lowest common multiple and highest common
divisors of A, B, and C; prove that
L2 11'213

02 gig293
2. If
x = 2 cos (( — y) + cos (8 + a) + cos (0 — a)
= 2 cos (y — a) -I- cos (0 + (3) + cos (0 —
— 2 cos (a — (3) — cos (0 y) — cos (19 — y)
prove that x = sin 26. provided that the difference between
any two of the angles a, 13, y neither vanishes nor equals a
multiple of it and a + i3 is not a multiple of v.
3. If the diameter of a circle be the fourth proportional
to the three sides of an inscribed triangle, prove that the
area of the triangle is equal to half the square described
on its least side.
4. ABC is a triangle inscribed in a circle, radius R, and
D is any point on the circumference. If d denote the
length of the perpendicular from D on the pedal line of
the triangle ABC with respect to D, shew that
4d/i2 = DA . DB . DC.
5. The tangent at a point P of a rectangular hyperbola
meets a diameter QCQ' in T. Shew that CQ and TQ'
subtend equal angles at P.
6. Two tangents TP, TQ are drawn to an ellipse at right
angles. If S be a focus, shew that
sin 2SPT + sin 2SQT = const.
150 WEEKLY PROBLEM- PAPERS.
7. If in the second system of pullies there are n strings
at the lower block, prove that the upward acceleration of
/V due to a power P will be
nP — TV
n2P

PAPER XCVII.

1. A person has n sewing machines, each of which


requires one worker, and will yield each day it is at work
q times the worker's wages as nett profits. The machines
are never all in working order at once, and at any time it
is equally likely that 1, 2, 3, or any other number of them
are out of repair. The worker's wages must be paid
whether there is a machine for him to work or not. Prove
that the most profitable number of workers to be per-
manently employed will be the integer nearest to
nq 1
+ 1 72.
2. If if B C= 7r, and
sin 'd = sin (A — S) sin (B — 6) sin (0 — 0),
then will
cot S = cot A 4- cot B 4- cot C.
3. TP and TQ are two tangents to a circle, and R is any
point in the straight line which joins their middle points.
Shew that TR is equal to the tangent from R to the circle.
4. If P be any point of an hyperbola whose foci are S
and H, and if the tangent at P meet an asymptote in T,
shew that the angle between that asymptote and HP is
double the angle STP.
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPEI?S. 151
5. If normals be drawn to the parabola y2 = /.r from any
point of the curve
y2 + 2 (/ 2x)3 a2 = 0
27/
the area formed by the three points at which the normals
meet the curve is constant.
Hence find the locus of the points from which only two
separate normals can be drawn to the parabola.
6. The normals at three points of a parabola are con-
current. Shew that a rectangular hyperbola can be de-
scribed through these three points having for one of its
asymptotes the axis of the parabola, and that the centre of
this hyperbola always lies on the axis of the parabola.
7. Pendulums which beat seconds correctly in London
(y = 32.19) and Edinburgh (g = 32.20) respectively are
changed in station. If started simultaneously from the
vertical position towards the left, after how many seconds
will they again be both vertical and moving leftwards ?

PAPER XCVIII.
1. The income-tax is levied on the average of three
years' income. Spew that if a man's income increase either
in A.P. or G.P. so will his income-tax, the percentage
being supposed uniform.
2. If
rim = n(1 -I- k)un-i — n(n — 1)kun-2 and v., = 2u,k,
show that
icy
+ 1213
= u,ek .

3. Prove that
sin /9 . sin /9 sin 20 . sin 2° +sin 30 sin3364—
1 2
= cot-1(1 .4- cots + cot2B).
152 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
4. If 0 be the centre of the escribed circle which touches
BC, and the other two sides produced, shew that
BC . 0A2— CA . OB2— AB . 002= AB . BC . CA.

5. Shew that the locus of the vertex of a right circular


cone which contains a given ellipse is a hyperbola.

6. Two rings, each of weight w, slide upon a vertical


semi-circular wire with the diameter horizontal and con-
vexity upwards. They are connected by a light string of
length 2/ (supposed less than 2a, the diameter of the semi-
circle) on which is slipped a ring of weight W. Shew that
when the two rings that slide on the semicircle are as far
apart as possible, the angle 2a subtended by them at the
centre is given by the equation
( Iv 2,)2 tang (a_4_ e)(12 a2 sin2a) = W202 sin 2a
where tan E is the coefficient of friction between the rings
and the wire.
7. BC is the horizontal base, AB the vertical axis of a
cycloid, and PQ is a line unwrapped from the arc PA.
Shew that the time of sliding down PQ from rest under the
action of gravity is always the same however far the line
is unwrapped.

PAPER XCIX.
1. Solve the equations
(1) (x3 + 3a2 + 34x + 37)1— (x3— 3:v2 + 34.v — 37)1= 2.
(2) x4— 82y3 48(y2— 1) = 0
aay - 8g4 -6(.e2 -4) =0

(3) — 16.92— ✓1 — 162;2 = 2(.v y)


+ y2 + =
f
WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. 153
2. Prove that the distance from A to the centre of the
circle inscribed in the triangle ABC is b sec ".1;. sin -C.2
If y, z denote these distances from A, B, C respec-
tively,' prove that
a4x1 b4y4 c4z4 + (a b c)2x2y2z2
= 2 (b2,2y2z2 c2d:z2x2 a2b2x2y2).

3. Prove that in any quadrilateral the sum of the squares


on the four lines drawn from the middle point of the line
joining the middle points of the two opposite sides to the
angular points of the quadrilateral is equal to the sum of
the squares of the lines joining the middle points of the
opposite sides, and of the line joining the middle points of
the diagonals.
4. If OP, OQ be two tangents to an ellipse, and CP',
CQ' the parallel semi-diameters, and 8, H the foci, spew
that
OP. OQ + CP' . CQ' = OS. OH.
5. Two ellipses have one common focus and equal major
axes. One ellipse revolves about this focus in its own
plane. Prove that its chord of intersection with the other
ellipse envelops a central conic confocal with the fixed
ellipse.
6. ABCD is a quadrilateral, and 0 the intersection of
its diagonals. Prove that the centre of gravity of the
quadrilateral is the same as that of five particles at A, B,
C, D, 0 the mass of the particle at 0 being unity, and that
at any vertex (as A) being the ratio of its distance (0A)
from 0 to the diagonal through it (AC).
7. The series of quantities v„ v2 vnobey the law
21,. = vr-1 vr-5 and v, = Act.
Prove that vr2 = (A2— A — 1)v12.
it
15-1 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

PAPER C.
1. If
X3 :1/ 23
yz + - zx + ay+ ,
y±z ✓ x-
z+ x+y
x, y and z being supposed unequal, prove that each of
these quantities is equal to xy + yz + zx ; and that
x + y + z = 0.
2. Prove that
tan_ (tan 20 + tanh 20) + tan -](tan - tanh
\ tan 20 - tanh 20 \ tan 19 tanh
= tan -1(cot 0 coth
where tanh and coth are defined by the equations
ex - e-x ex + e
tanh = — - -, and coth x = Cx x
ex + e-x -
a-

3. 0, A, B, C, D are points on a circle. Prove that the


feet of the perpendiculars from 0 on the pedal lines with
regard to 0 of the four triangles formed by joining the
points A, B, C, D lie on one straight line.
4. Two given ellipses in the same plane have a common
focus, and one revolves about the common focus while the
other remains fixed. Prove that the locus of the point of
intersection of their common tangents is a circle.
5. PSp, QSq, RSr are any three focal chords of a para-
bola ; QR meets the diameter through p in A, RP meets
the diameter through q in B, and QP meets the diameter
through r in C. Shew that the points A, B, C lie on a
straight line through the focus.
6. From n circular laminm of equal thickness having
radii in the ratios 1 : 3 : 5 &c., sectors are cut having the
same vertical angle. These sectors are placed one on the
other in their order of magnitude, so that their centres are
in a vertical line, and their middle radii in one vertical
WEEKLY PROBLE211 PAPERS. 155
plane, and on the same side of the line of centres. Shew
that the distance of the centre of gravity of the whole pile
from this line is to the distance of the centre of gravity of
the first as 3n(2n2— 1) : 4n' — 1.
7. Two particles are connected by a string of given
length which passes over a small smooth pulley fixed at
the top of two inclined planes having a common height.
Supposing that one particle moves on each plane so that
the whole motion is in one vertical plane, find the locus of
their centre of gravity, and shew that it describes a straight
line with uniform acceleration
wisin a — nsin 2w,w2cos (a ± 0)
0• W12 + 1C22
(2,91 + 2002
w1, w2being the weights of the particles, and a, 0 the
inclinations of their respective planes.
APPENDIX.
APPENDIX.

PAPER VI.
7. An ellipse is described having for axes the tangent
and normal at any point P of a fixed ellipse, and touching
one of the axes of the fixed ellipse at its centre. Prove
that the locus of the focus of the moving ellipse is two
circles, of radii a ± b.

PAPER VII.

5. If AA'BB', BB'CC', CC"AA' be three circles, and the


straight lines AA', BB', CC' cut the circle A'B'C' again
in a, 13, y, respectively, the triangle aliy will be similar
to ABC.
PAPER XI.

6. Prove that the asymptotes of the curve


11x2+ 24.xy + 4y2— 2x + 16y -- 11 = 0,
are given by the equation
(11s + 2y+ 9)(x ± 2y — 1) = 0.
Trace the curve, find the lengths of its axes, and prove
that the equation of its director circle is
x2 + y2+ 2x — 2,y = 1.
160 WEEKLY PROBLEJI PAPERS.

PAPER. XII.
7. AC, CB are chords at right angles in a circle, P is
any point on the circumference. PA, PB, PC represent
forces. Shew that the locus of the extremity of the
straight line which represents their resultant is a circle.

PAPER XVII.
7. Along the sides of a regular hexagon taken in order
act 6 forces represented by 1; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively.
Prove that their resultant will be represented by 6, and
that its direction will be parallel to one of the sides, and
at a distance from the centre of the hexagon equal to 3i
times the radius of the inscribed circle.

PAPER XVIII.
1. A road runs from A to meet another at right angles.
Shew that there are two points on the second road which
may be reached in the same time from A whether we
travel by road or across country, the rates of travelling
by road and across country being as 7 : 5. Also shew
that for places between these the quickest route is across
country, and the quickest for all other places is by road.
2. If 16 he added to the product of four consecutive odd
or even numbers, the result is always a square number.
For odd numbers its last digit in four cases out of five
is 1, in the remaining case 5. For even numbers the
last digit in four cases out of five is 6, in the remaining
case 0.
3. If 1, n,, a be the distances of any point in the plane of
a triangle ABC from its angular points, and d its distance
from the circum-centre, shew that
12sin 22/ 9n2sin 2B + n2sin 2C = 4(R2 d 2) sinA sinB sine,
R being the radius of the circum-circle.
7. A conic passes through the centres of the four circles
which touch the sides of a triangle. Prove that the locus
of its centre is the circumscribing circle.
APPENDIX. 161

PAPER XIX.
2. Solve the equations
(1) ,4 a4 = 4ax(a•2 a2).
(2) f. + + — (! = ± =1
a y z 2. z
4. If B be the radius of the circum-circle, shew that the
area of the triangle
= .R2{sins,/ cos (B — C) sins B cos (C —
+ sins C cos (A — B)}.
5. If the vertical angle of a triangle be bisected by a
straight line which also cuts the base, the rectangle con-
tained by the sides of the triangle is equal to the rectangle
contained by two lines equally inclined to the bisector,
one terminated by the base and the other by the ciroutn-
circle.
PAPER XX.
3. If the area of a quadrilateral be
4/(3 — a) (s — b) (s — c) (s — d),
shew that it can be inscribed in a circle.
4. AB, CD are chords of a circle intersecting in 0, and
AC, DB meet at P. If circles be described about the
triangles AOC, BOD, the angle between their tangents at
0 will be equal to APB, and their other common point
will lie on OP.
5. A uniform rod AB rests with its ends on a rough
circular wire in a vertical plane, and the equilibrium is
limiting. Shew that the vertical through the centre of the
rod meets the circle through A, B, and the centre of the
wire in two points, in one of which the directions of the
resultant actions at A and B meet.
6. 2a and 26 are the major and minor axes of an ellipse.
With centre 0 as centre, and radii a, b, a + 6, circles are
ni
162 WEEKLY PROBLE.11 PAPERS.
described, and a radius vector OPQR is drawn meeting
them respectively in P, Q, R. If a parallel to the minor
axis drawn through P meet a parallel to the major axis
drawn through Q in S, then S is a point on the ellipse, and
SR is the normal at S.
7. Defining the angle at which two circles cut to be
that in which no part of either circle lies, prove that if
the circles
— b)(.v— 6') + y2 = 0, (a; — a) (a. — a) + y2= 0 ,
cut at an angle 0,
(a — a')2(b — b')2 sin2 0 +4(6' — a) (b — a) (6' — a') (b — a') 0.

PAPER XXI.
1. The population of a town at the end of any year can
be found by subtracting eleven times the population at
the end of the previous year from ten times the population
at the end of the succeeding year. Nine years ago the
population was 1210, eleven years ago it' was 1000. Prove
that it increases in G P.

2. Prove that 5 sin-1 1 2 sin-1 3 7r •


25 8/16 — 4
3. Sum to infinity the series
(1) sin 0 + 2 sin 20 + sin 30 + 10sin 40
1 1 1
(2) sin 0 — .5sin 30 + sin 50 — sin 70

(3) sin 0 + 711.sin 30 + p


1 1
sin 50 + ,T3 sin 70

4. The three perpendiculars from the angles B, C of


a triangle on the opposite sides meet the sides in D, B, F.
if D, L, F be given, show how to construct the triangle
/IBC.
APPENDIX. 163

5. P is the orthocentre of a triangle, Q any point on the


circum-circle. Shew that PQ is bisected by the pedal line
of the triangle with respect to the point Q.
6. If X be a variable parameter, the locus of the vertices
of the hyperbolas represented by
= a2
is the curve
+ ;y2)2 a2(.v2 — 3,2).

PAPER XXII.
2. If the impossible root of x3 r = 0 be
a + 13 — 1, shew that 132 = 3e q.
4. Through the angular points of a triangle ABC draw
straight lines perpendicular to the lines bisecting the
angles. If A, P be the area and perimeter of the original
triangle, A', P' those of the new triangle, prove that
(1) 4A0' = Pctba ;
(2) = (cos + cos -1
2 + cos C
2 2) •
6. If ..1BCD be a quadrilateral.inscribed in a circle, and
the sides be produced to meet in F and G, prove that the
bisectors of the angles at F and G meet at right angles.
7. Chords of a hyperbola are drawn through a fixed
point. Shew that the locus of their middle points is
a hyperbola similar to the original hyperbola or its
conjugate.
PAPER XXIII.
3 \ y (
1 M.V.Z\ = z (1 /n.Y.V\
1. If x (1 — mzY
\ X) .1/3 ) Z3
and .r, y, z be unequal, prove that each member of these
equations
=x+y+z—m.
m2
164 WEEKLY PROBLEiTI PAPERS.

2. A besieged garrison is provisioned for a certain


number of days ; after 10 days one-sixteenth of the men
are killed in a sortie, when it is calculated that by
diminishing the daily rations by one-fifth it will be able
to hold out for 30 days longer than was first supposed.
Subsequently 150 men with a quantity of provisions equal
to half what is still left come in ; by which it will be
enabled to increase the time it can still hold out by one-
fourth. How many men were there originally ? and for
how long was it provisioned ? Ans. 800 men. 100 days.

PAPER XXV.
6. Out of a wooden cylinder is cut a cone of the same
base, and the bole is filled up with lead. If lead he nine
times as heavy as wood, and if the centre of gravity of the
whole be at the vertex of the cone, shew that
the height of the cone : the height of the cylinder :: sin 18' :1

PAPER XXX.
1 Prove that (1) the coefficient of (cm+lyn+1 in the
expansion of
(1 — (1 — is (nz n) !
1——y m!n!
(2) the coefficient of et-1in the expansion of
{(1 — (r) (1 — ea.) (1 — c2x) (1 Oa)}—1,
in ascending powers of a. is
(1— 0)(1— en+1) (1— c"+2)
(1 c) (1 — c2) (1 -- c)
5. A circle is described about a triangle ABC, and from
any point D lines DB, DC are drawn cutting the circle in
two points P and Q whose pedal lines intersect in S.
Prove that the angle S is equal to the difference between
the angles A and D.
APPENDIX. 165
PAPER XXXI.
1. In a bag there is a number of tickets marked with the
natural numbers from 1 to e + 1. Every number is marked
on each of r tickets, and every square number fe2confers a
prize of m shillings. A person can draw one ticket from
the bag. Shew that the value of his expectation is
+ 1)2
2(n2 ± 1)(0 +
2. If (1 + ;272)n = Po +Pix FP2x2
- + Pre'
prove (1) Pn = P02 — P12 + P22— .
1 .1(2» — 1) I n (2n — 4) !
(2) Pn —
(n 1)! nI • (n — 3) !
n (n — 1)(2n — 7) I )
21 • (n — 6) I
5. A, B, C, D are four points not in one plane. If dB
is perpendicular to CD, and AC is perpendicular to BD,
then will AD be perpendicular to BC.
6. TP, TQ are tangents to a parabola whose focus is S.
TAT, a third tangent, cuts them in L and AL Prove that
the triangles SPL, STAI are similar.
Hence spew that TL : LP :: : HT.

PAPER XXXII
1. Of three events it is 2 to 1 against the first and
second happening, 3 to 2 against the second and third,
and 9 to 1 against the first and third. Shew that the odds
against all three happening are 5 ✓g — 1 to 1.
2. 0 is the centre of gravity of a triangle. AO, BO, CO
are produced to points .D, E, F such that AD = 1. d0,
BE = m. BO, CF = n . CO. Find the values of 1, m, n so
that the sides of the triangle DEP may pass through the
points A, B, C.
166 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

5. A, B, C, D are four points in space. AB, AC are


divided in E, F so that AE : ER :: AR : FC. DR. DC are
divided in G, H so that DG : GB :: DH: HC. 'Skew that
the lines GF and HE will intersect.

PAPER XXXIII.
1. A river flows from P to (2, a distance of 12 miles, at
a uniform rate. B starts at 12 o'clock from Q to row to P,
and A starts at 5 minutes past 12 to row from Q to P and
back again. A overtakes B a mile from Q ; he rows on to
P, and at once turning back meets B two miles below A.
A reaches Q 35 minutes after B reaches P. Find the times
at which A passed B, and the rate of the stream.
5. Any point P is taken on a given segment of a circle
described on a line 21.B, and perpendiculars AG and BH
are let fall on BP and AP respectively. Prove that GH
touches a fixed circle.

PAPER XXXIV.
1. A policeman walks round his beat uniformly during
his hours of duty. Skew that the chance of my meeting
him, if I walk in the opposite direction down a street,
1+
–th of his beat, at a rate nz times his, — —922
which is nth
n wiz '
where m > 1.
Also solve the problem when the condition in italics is
removed.
2. If
APPENDIX. 167

then will
+ y-3 + z-3 + = 0,
a3x3 + b3y3 + c3z3+ abcxyz = 0,
a3 b3 C3 = 5ebc.
4. Prove that the distance between the centre of the
inscribed circle and the orthocentre of a triangle is
2R (vers A vers B vers C — cos A cos B cos
where B is the radius of the circum-circle.

PAPER XXXV.
2. Solve the equations
— NI x2— 1
(1) /4.
— ;40 — 1 {4.1x2 — Nla:2—
✓4.2 _ 1
(2) x(y + z)2 = 1 + a3 ; x + y = + ; yz =
(3) a(y — z) + b(z — x) + c(x — ,y) = 0 )
(0— I/)(Y/ — z)(z — =d 3
x+y+z=e
3. Prove that in a triangle where a < c,
cos nA 1 +
cosB + n(n 21
+1) a2
e2 coss B
bn -7z1
+ 1)(n + 2) a3 cos3B + . .
3I c3

PAPER XLIII.
6. An ellipse and hyperbola are described so that the
foci of each are at the extremities of the transverse axis of
the other.
Prove that the tangents at their points of intersection
meet the conjugate axis in points equidistant from the
centre.
168 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

PAPER XLIV.
1. If .v, y, z are in G.P. when 8, is subtracted from each ;
and z, y, x are in G.P. when 02is subtracted from each ;
and a., z, y are in G.P. when 03is subtracted from each ;
prove that
1 1
= 0.
— 02 — ,— z
4. If TA, TB be tangents meeting a circle in A and B, and
TCQD be any chord meeting the circle in C and D, whilst
Q is the middle point of the chord CD, shew that TQ bisects
the angle AQB, and the length of TQ varies as the sum of
the lengths of AQ and BQ.
5. T is any point on the tangent to a parabola at Q.
Prove that the tangent at T to the circle round TQS
touches the parabola.

PAPER LI.
1. Prove that the value of the expression
Va2cos2 b2 sin2 +Nid2 sins 62 cos2
lies between a b and V2a2 2b2.
Prove also that
1 1
Vaz cos2 62 sin2,-/, /✓ua sin2 cp + 62 cos2
1 1 4
lies between — and
a u ✓2a2 2u2
5. ABC is a triangle inscribed in a conic whose centre
is 0, and Oa, Ob, Oc are drawn to the middle points of the
chords. From any point P on the conic, Pa, PP, P-y are
drawn parallel to Oa, Ob, Oc to meet the sides in a, (3, y.
Prove that the points a, 0, y are collinear.
APPENDIX. 169
PAPER LV.
3. The sides of a triangle are in A.P., and its area is
to that of an equilateral triangle of the same perimeter
:: 3 : 5.
Shew that the greatest angle is 120.°
5. PAQ,PBC are two semi-circles which touch internally
at P, PQC being the common diameter. Through P draw
a secant PAB such that the area of the triangle ABC may
be a max., and shew that for this position of the secant
the area of the triangle QAB is also a max.

PAPER LVII.
2. In the continued fraction
1 x x3 x5
(1 — z.) ± (1 — .v3) 4 (1 — x5) + 1 — xi) +
(

shew that the nth convergent is crn


cry. — 1
x_22 x _ 42
where o-v, = x-12—
1)n-1 x -IL2.
7. Prove geometrically that if a line be drawn through
a focus of a central conic making a constant angle with a
tangent, the locus of the point of intersection is a circle.

PARER LIX.
5. ABC is a triangle, 0 any point, in the same plane or
not ; P, Q, B points in OA, OB, OC. BR, CQ intersect in
L; CP, AB in 111-; AQ, BP in N. Oh, OAT, ON cut BC,
CA, AB in D, E, P Pro ye that AD, BE, CI( are concur ent.
6. A semicircular piece of paper is folded over so that a
particular point P on the bounding diameter lies on the
circular boundary. Shew that the crease-line always
touches a fixed conic.
170 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
7. A straight line of given length moves so that its
extremities always lie (1) on a fixed ellipse, (2) on a fixed
parabola. Find the locus of its middle point in the two
cases.

PAPER LX.

2. Shew how to find n if the sum of n terms of the


series
1 + 5 + 9 + 13 ±
be a perfect square ; and find the first two values of n
greater than unity.
4. From a point A on the outer of two concentric circles
tangents AP, z1Q are drawn to the inner. AP, QP meet
the outer again in T, R. Prove that
RP : BQ RT 2 : RA2.

PAPER LXI.
4. The sum of the reciprocals of the distances of a fixed
point from tangents to a circle at the extremities of any
chord through the point is constant.

PAPER LXVII.
7. In the system of pulleys in which each string is
attached to a bar supporting the weight, find at what point
of the bar the weight must be attached if there are two
movable pulleys.
Also shew that if the weight be then doubled, it will
descend with acceleration =
15
APPENDIX. 171
PAPER LXX.
2. If
-F Y2Y3 = 3.31.1 + ,Y33/1 = .2'12'2 + Yi Y2 = 1,
and
di = X2Y3 ‘r3✓21 d2 = — 2'1,//3y d3 = 2)1/2 — .1?2!/1)
show that di. + d2 -F cl3 = (1,4,4

PAPER LXXV.

6. P is any point on a conic circumscribing the triangle


ABC, and the diameters which bisect the chords parallel
to PA, PB, PC meet the tangents at A, B, C in the points
D, E, F respectively. Shew that D, B, F lie on the polar
of P.

PAPER LXXVI.

7. A particle of elasticity e is projected from a point in


the wall of a square room in a direction whose projection
on the floor makes an angle 0 with the wall. Show that if
the particle after striking each wall in succession returns
to the point of projection, then
e(p, + 1) cot = + 1,
: 1 being the ratio in which a horizontal line in the side
of the wall is divided by the point of projection.

PAPER LXXVII.
.5. If in a rough inclined plane the ratio of the greatest
force to the least force which, acting parallel to the plane,
will just support a given weight on the plane be equal to
the ratio of the weight to the pressure on the plane, prove
a
that the coefficient of friction is tan a . tan2 where a is
.2'
the inclination of the plane.
172 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

PAPER LXX VIII.


7. A projectile is discharged with velocity v at an
elevation a, and n seconds afterwards a second one is
discharged after it so as to strike it. If v', a' be its
velocity and elevation, prove that
2 vv' sin (a — a') = (v cos a + v' cos a) gn.

PAPER LXXIX.
3. Prove that
7r
( 1 ) 1 = tan 2n+i { tan 2„0. '1*
2 tan — ,.

+ 2n-2 tan 'r


23
1 1 cos 0
(2) 2 =
coat + 2 cost 0cos2 ,Z2
2
cos 0 cos .z2
1
82
cost cost COS2
2
and sum to n terms the series
sec2B + 22sec220 + 24sec2 22B + . . . 22'2sec2 2'10.
4. On the sides of a triangle as bases are described
externally three similar isosceles triangles. Prove geo-
metrically that the lines joining the vertices of these
triangles with the opposite vertices of the given triangle
are concurrent.
5. Shew that the equation of the envelope of a circle
described upon a chord of the circle _ a)2 + y2 = c2
passing through the origin as diameter is
y2 + a2 — ,2 )(.v2 — 2a, + y2 + a2 c2) = a2y2.

Prove also that the maximum distance of a point on the


envelope from the centre of the given circle is c %/T.
APPENDIX. 173
PAPER LXXX.
7. A tennis ball is served from a height of 8 feet. It
just touches the net at a point where the net is 3 ft. 3 in.
high, and hits the service line, 21 feet from the net. The
horizontal distance of the server from the foot of the net
is 39 feet. Prove that the angle which the direction of
projection makes with the horizontal is tan--' i33us ; and
that the horizontal velocity of the ball is about 171 feet
per second, the plane of projection being perpendicular to
the plane of the net.
PAPER LXXXV.
4. S and H are the foci of a hyperbola, and PT, the
tangent at P, cuts an asymptote in T. Prove that the
angle STP = PHT.
PAPER LXXXVIII.
7. One end of a string is fixed to a beam, from which it
passes downwards and under a movable pulley of weight
P, then over a fixed pulley, and then under a second
movable pulley of the same weight, and then the other
end is attached to the first movable pulley. A weight
IV is attached to the second movable pulley, and all the
straight portions of the string are vertical.
Prove that there will be equilibrium if W = P.
Also, if W > P, the downward acceleration of IV
will be
IY P —

117- 5P ff•

PAPER XCII.
7. If on a rectangular billiard table whose sides are
b, a ball describe a rectangle whose sides are a, d, prove
that the coefficient of elasticity between the ball and the
Bides of the table is
(ad — bey bd acy—
ae or
Vd — be)
174 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.

PAPER XCI
5. The envelope of a perpendicular drawn to a normal
to a parabola at the point where the normal cuts the axis
is a parabola. Prove also that the focal vector of the
point of the parabola at which the normal is drawn meets
the envelope at the point where the perpendicular touches
it.
6. Shew that if
x13 -I- ✓13= a'23+ Y23 = a33 +✓33 = a3,
and x1(V2 — ✓3) a2(.9/3 7-yi) -F 2.3(Y1 — Y2) = 0,
then 2:12Yr3 Y1✓2✓3 = a3.
A straight line cuts in 3 real points the curve x3 + y3= 0.
Shew that their centroid, if it lie on either axis of coordi-
nates, will be at the origin.

PAPER XCI V.
1. Prove that
3 + (16/Z - 54) 0'1,41 -320n2— 144n + 243
is a multiple of 212.
5. The diameter d of a circle is divided into 2n equal
parts, and straight lines are drawn from any point in the
circumference to each point of division. If a1, a2. . a2n--1
be the lengths of the lines so drawn, prove that in the
limit, when the number of parts is increased indefinitely,
2
.0112 — 6/22 a32— a42 + • • • a22n-1 = - •
2

PAPER XCV.
7. From a point at a distance d from a plane whose
inclination is ft two particles are projected simultaneously
with velocities u and v in two different directions parallel to
the plane and at right angles to each other. Prove that
APPENDIX. 175
they will strike the plane simultaneously at points A and
B such that
= 2d
(2z2 + v2) sec 13.

PAPER XCVI.
a
1. If p=a+ —, q=6±—, r=o+—, prove that
a o
1_ q— =1 r — p\ _1 f — ql
a{ — b e — aj a { a — 61'
and eliminate x, y, z from the equations
.py a b
= 0— q=<?/ — r =a— zx ——
y z = 0.
2. If a b, c, d be the sides of a quadrilateral taken in
,

order, and 95 the angle between the diagonals, shew that


the area of the quadrilateral is
i(a2 b2 a2 d2) tan cp.

PAPER XCVII.
1. Prove that the max. and min. values of
a3 + 3/n2 +3qv
are 2/33— 3p2+ r f 2(p2 — 01.
4. If tangents be drawn to a fixed circle from any point
on another circle, the envelope of the chord of contact is a
conic.
7. If a particle of mass m fall down a cycloid under the
action of gravity starting from the cusp, prove that the
pressure of the particle upon the cycloid at any point
is 2mg cos where lit is the inclination to the horizon of
the tangent to the cycloid at the point ; also shew that the
resultant acceleration = g.
176 WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS.
PAPER XCVII I.
6. Two equal uniform ladders, each of length 1 and
'weight w, are freely jointed at A and are connected by a
rope PQ. A man whose weight is W goes b feet up one
of the ladders. If the ground be smooth, prove that the
tension of the rope
117-6
2a ,„1,2 —
where 2c is the length of the rope in feet, and
r~ = AP= AQ.

PAPER XCIX.

4. Two triangles BAC, BA'C are inscribed in a circle on


the common base BC, and the pedal lines of the triangles
BA C, BA'C are formed with regard to the points A' and A
respectively. Shew that these two lines and the nine
points' circles of the two triangles intersect in the same
point.
PAPER C.

2. Eliminate 0, having given


oos (0 — a)+ycos0 = 2a sin (0 y) cos& cos (0 — a),
x sin (0 — a) + y sin 0 = 2a {sin (0 + y) sin 0 cos (0 — a)
= cos (3 cos 01,
a+)3 -FY= 71.

TILE END.

RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BENGAY.

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