SYSNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

Name: - N.H.M. Prabhath

Index No: - 080368F
Field: - EE
Date Of Per :-2010/11/15
Date Of Sub: -
 Observation sheet
Name: - N.H.M. Prabhath
Index No: - 080368F
Field: - EE
Date Of Per :-2010/11/15
Date Of Sub: -

a) Obtaining of short circuit armature current oscillogram.

Generator speed : 1500rpm

Pre-short cct line voltage : 25V
Steady short cct current : 2.1A
Field current : 0.9A
No of pole pairs in generator : 2

b)Obtaining of field current oscillogram

The voltage & current waveform of the slip test

d) Slip Test

 Min Φ Current = 2.0A

 Max Φ Current = 2.1A
 Min line voltage = 19.5V
 Max line voltage = 20.0V
 Generater speed = 1470 rpm
Step 1

a. Obtaining of short circuit armature current oscillogram

 T(ms) Armature cuurent I( peak)(A)

0 8.4
10 7.7
20 6.80
30 7.20
40 6.40
50 6.00
60 5.70
70 5.40
80 5.00
90 4.80
100 4.70
110 4.40
120 4.20
130 4.15
140 4.05
150 3.93
160 3.90
170 3.85
180 3.80
190 3.75
200 3.75
210 3.75
220 3.70
230 3.65
240 3.65
250 3.62
260 3.62
270 3.60
280 3.60
290 3.60
300 3.60
 10.00
Amature current (log scale)

1.00

0.10
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
t(s)

The polynomial obtained for the general is

y = -328.2x3 + 235.2x2 - 56.82x + 8.292
Where y=Ia peak value & X=time in seconds
Vs=25/√ 3 =14.434V
From the graph
A=8.29
B=3.6
So from the theory
√ 2V s √2 V s
X d= =5.67 X 'd' = =2.4
B A
Step 2

Ia (FROM THE DRAWN

ΔX
 T(ms) GRAPH)
0 8.29 4.69
10 7.75 4.15
20 7.25 3.65
30 6.79 3.19
40 6.37 2.77
50 6.00 2.40
60 5.62 2.01
70 5.35 1.74
80 5.10 1.49
90 4.88 1.27
100 4.68 1.07
C= 5.044
Then C/e =1.8556

So D=0.0635 s
So T ' d= D=0.0635 s
So

1
X ' d= =2.36
1 C
+
X d √2 V s
Step 3

t(s) ΔX valus of the line ΔY

0 5.044 3.67 1.374
0.004 4.381 3.52 0.861
0.008 3.982 3.35 0.632
0.012 3.67 3.231 0.439
0.016 3.412 3.087 0.325
0.02 3.2 2.963 0.237
0.024 3.018 2.831 0.187
0.028 2.871 2.72 0.151
 10

f(x) = 1.21 exp( − 78.38 x )

ΔY (log scale)

0.1
0 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03

t(s)
So when t=0 E= 1.21 (from the graph)
E/e=0.445
So from the graph when ΔY at E/e , t=F=0.0128s

So T } rsub {d} =F=0.0128s=12.8m ¿

Xd 5.67
T ' do=T ' d =0.0635 × =0.152
X 'd 2.36

And
X 'd
T } rsub {do} = {T d
X } rsub {d}} =0.0128× {2.36} over {2.46} =0.012¿ ¿
Step 4

(Ia +ve peak)+(-Ia –ve peak)

 T(ms) Ia peak A
0 8.4 16.8
0.01 7.7 15.4
0.02 6.8 13.6
0.03 7.2 14.4
0.04 6.4 12.8
0.05 6 12
0.06 5.7 11.4
0.07 5.4 10.8
0.08 5 10
0.09 4.8 9.6
0.1 4.7 9.4
0.11 4.4 8.8
0.12 4.2 8.4
0.13 4.15 8.3
0.14 4.05 8.1
0.15 3.93 7.86
 f(x) = 0

4
(Ia +ve peak)+(ia -ve peak)

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

t(s)

So the amature current constant =T a=H=0.17017 s

So we get

Parameter value
Xd 5.67Ω
X } rsub {d ¿ 2.46 Ω
X 'd 2.36 Ω
T 'd 0.0635s
T } rsub {d ¿ 0.0128s
T ' do 0.152s
T } rsub {do ¿ 0.0123s
Ta 0.17017s

X d− X ' d
I f =I f 0 + I f 0 ¿
Xd
But when there is no dampers T kd =0
From the calculated parameters the wave form of field current

X d− X ' d
I f =I f 0 + I f 0 ¿
Xd

X d− X ' d
I f =I f 0 + I f 0 ¿
Xd

−t −t
I f =0.9+0.9
5.67−2.36 0.0635 0.0128
5.67
e −e [ ]
So the matlab command

>> t=0:0.0005:1;
>> I=0.9;
>>X1=2.36;
>>T1=0.0635; T2=0.0128;
>>Ta=0.174;
>>X0=5.67;
>>y=I+((I*(X0-X1)/X1)*((exp(-t/T1))-(exp(-t/T2))));
>>plot(t,y)
Output:
Field current
1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

0.9
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Observed Field current

(iii) Sudden Open Circuit Voltage

V a =√ 2 V s cos ( ωt +θ 0 )−√ 2V s
[ X d− X ' d ] e −tT cos ωt+ θ [ X d −X ' ' d ] e T−t cos ωt +θ
'

''
do
( 0 )−¿ √2 V s ''
do
( 0 )¿
X d X d

Assuming θ0=0 ;

V a =√2 V s cos ( ωt ) −√ 2 V s
[ X d −X ' d ] e T−t cos ( ωt )−¿
' [ X ' d −X ' ' d ] e T−t cos ( ωt ) ¿
''

''
do
√ 2V s do

X d
Xd

−t −t
25 25 [ 5.67−2.36 ] [ 2.36−2.46 ]
V a = √ 2 ×cos ( 2 πft )−
√3 √3 ( ) √ 2× 2.46
e 0.152
cos ( 2 πft )−¿( ¿25 /√ 3) √ 2 ×
5.67
e 0.0123
cos ( 2 πft ) ¿ ¿
−t −t
0.152 0.0123
V a =20.41cos (314.16 t )−27.46 e cos (314.16 t ) +0.36 e cos ( 314.16 t )

The change of the open cct voltage

25

20

15

10

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Using the results of the slip test

Maximum line voltage 20V => maximum phase voltage=20/ √ 3

Minimum line voltage 19.5V => minimum phase voltage =19.5/ √ 3
Maximum phase current 2.1A
Minimum phase current 2A

So according to the theory

 Maximum phase voltage Minimum phase voltage
X d= XQ=
Minimum phase cur rent Maximum phase current

So
20/ √ 3
X d= Ω=5.77 Ω
2

19.5/ √ 3
XQ= Ω=5.36 Ω
2.1

Discussion
1)
Results from the Short cct Oscillogram
Parameter value
Xd 5.67Ω
X } rsub {d ¿ 2.46 Ω
X 'd 2.36 Ω
T 'd 0.0635s
T } rsub {d ¿ 0.0128s
T ' do 0.152s
T } rsub {do ¿ 0.0123s
Ta 0.17017s

Parameter X d
From the short cct current oscillogram X d=5.67 Ω
From the Slip test X d=5.77 Ω

So there is a slight different with the values we get from these two tests. This may be due to common
practical errors such as reading errors , affection of the resistance of connecting wires etc.

2) The calculated field current there is no intermediate raise of the value.This is because we assumed there is
no damping present. But in the Observed wave form it can be seen that there is a intermediate raise of the
value is present
Also the observed curve of the field current reaches the steady state slightly quicker than the calculated
curve.This may caused by the damping present in the actual case.
The open cct voltage wave form is not not acquired during the practical.

3) Features of the short cct oscillogram of phase & field currents

Here there are 3 components take place from the moment of short cct disturbance to steady state reach
moment. They are
 1. Sub transient component
2. Transient component
3. Steady state component

Here both the transient & subtransient components decay with time quickly such that the parameter reaches
its steady state. But relative to the subtransient component the transient component has a slow decay.

The DC offset happens due to the amature reaction flux occurs at the moment of short cct disturbance. As
we know that at the moment of short cct the field flux is act on the d-axis.
So there exist a sudden increase of the flux on the direction of the field

Φf Φa (amature reaction flux)

rotor

So due to this sudden increase of the d-axis flux a reverse DC flux is formed by the Stator windings (because
the flux through the loop cannot change suddenly). To make this DC field by the stator a DC current is
induced in the stator. This is seen as the DC component.
But when the field flux is suddenly increased the field current is also increased .But as the field voltage
remainsthe same this increased field current cannot survive & decay. As the increased field current decays
the increased flux also decreases resulting the stator induced DC current to decay. Thus we see a decaying
DC offset in the oscillogram of the short cct stator (amature) current.

Damper current field current

Importance of the the Short cct test

The short circuit test is a very important test to determine the parameters of a synchronous machine. Those
parameters are very much needed in deciding the rated values for protection relays, circuit brakers etc.
Because the rated values are dependent on the short circuit current as well as the time period of occurrence.