Marcet Boiler

1. Abstract
This experiment was carried out to determine the relationship between the pressure and
the temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium. Besides that this experiment was also
done to demonstrate the vapor pressure curve. The market Boiler was used for this
experiment. When the pressure increases, the temperature also increases. Therefore, the
relationship of pressure and temperature is directly proportional. The derived formulae
and the data were used to calculate the slope. The dT/dP measured was compared with
the data in the steam table. Theoretically, the values measured should be almost the same
with the predicted values. However, at certain points, the values are not the same. This
may because of the errors made in the experiment.

2. Introduction
Thermodynamics study about the interchange of heat and work between a system and the
surroundings which occurs when the system undergoes a process. Thermodynamic also
concerned about the changes in the properties of fluid. Most thermodynamics substances
such as gases and vapours are often referred as P-V-T substances.

An ideal gas obeys the equation of state that relates the pressure, specific volume or
density, and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R.
However, real gas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few modifications on
the ideal gas equation of state allow its application in the properties of real gas. When
energy is added within water, the increasing of activities among the molecules caused the
increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface until an equilibrium state is
reached. The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and
steam. The lower the pressure, the easier the molecules leaving the water surface and thus
less energy is required to achieve the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature
where equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level is called saturated temperature. The
pressure where equilibrium occurs at a given temperature is called saturated pressure.

Marcet Boiler is used to investigate the relationship between the pressure and temperature
of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between the
atmospheric pressure and 10 bars. The measured value of the slope of the graph (dT/dP)
obtained from the experiment results can be compared to the theoretical value determined
through calculation from the steam table.
Clausius-Clapeyron states:
 dT  Tv fg
  
 dP  SAT hfg
 dT  T (v g  v f )
  
 dP  SAT h f  hg
hfg = hg - hf
 dT  T (v f  v g ) Tv g
   
 dP  SAT hfg hfg

3. Experiment Methods and Materials

Before starting the experiment a quick inspection was performed to ensure the unit is in
proper operating condition. The unit of Marcet Boiler was later connected to the nearest
power supply. Valve at the feed port and the level sight tube were opened. After that, the
boiler was filled with distilled water through the feed port and the water level was made
sure to be at about half of the boiler’s height. Then, the valves at the level sight tube were
closed and the power supply is turned on.

The temperature controller was set at 185.0 °C which is slightly above the expected
boiling point of the water at 10.0 bar(abs). The valve at feed port was opened and the
heater was turned on. The valve at the level sight tube are made sure to be closed before
turning on the heater as the sight tube is not designed to withstand high pressure and
temperature. The rise of steam temperature was observed as the water boils. The steam
from the valve was allowed to come out for 30 seconds before the valve was closed. This
step is important to remove air from the boiler as the accuracy of the experimental results
will be significantly affected if air is present. The steam temperature, gauge pressure at
1.00 bar (abs) and time taken for the steam to reach 1.00 bar (abs) were recorded. This
step was repeated by increase the interval of pressure with 0.5 bar (abs) until the steam
pressure reaches 10.0 bar (abs). After that, the heater was allowed to cool down to room
temperature. All the results were recorded and tabulated under the table below. Graph of
temperature against absolute pressure was plotted. Calculation of the slope of the graph
 dT  Tv fg
was made. Graph of   versus P and versus P was also plotted.
 dP SAT hfg

4. Data Analysis
The specific result from this experiment allows us to determine the relationship between
the pressure and temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium.
Experimental Results
Pressure, P (bar) Temperature, T Time, t (S) Measure Slope, Calculated
Gauge Absolute 0
C K dT/dP Slope, Tvg/hfg
0.00 1.00 99.4 372.55 0 0.037 0.2793
0.50 1.50 111.3 384.45 375 0.238 0.1999
1.00 2.00 120.3 393.45 697 0.180 0.1580
1.50 2.50 127.5 400.65 979 0.144 0.1318
2.00 3.00 133.7 406.85 1228 0.124 0.1137
2.50 3.50 139.0 412.15 1447 0.106 0.1004
3.00 4.00 143.8 416.95 1645 0.096 0.0901
3.50 4.50 148.2 421.35 1803 0.088 0.0820
4.00 5.00 152.3 425.45 2015 0.082 0.0754
5.00 6.00 155.9 429.05 2183 0.036 0.0647
5.50 6.50 159.2 432.35 2337 0.066 0.0607
6.00 7.00 162.4 435.55 2481 0.064 0.0573
6.50 7.50 165.3 438.45 2620 0.058 0.0543
6.90 7.90 168.0 441.15 2707 0.068 0.0519
7.50 8.50 170.6 443.75 2871 0.043 0.0492
8.00 9.00 173.2 446.35 2997 0.052 0.0470
8.50 9.50 175.5 448.65 3113 0.046 0.0450
9.00 10.00 177.8 450.95 3229 0.046 0.0433
9.50 10.50 179.9 453.05 3338 0.042 0.0416
10.00 11.00 181.9 455.05 3434 0.040 0.0401
5. Discussion
It is necessary to remove air form the boiler as this could affect the accuracy of the
experimental results. Based on the graphs, the relationship between pressure and
temperature is directly proportional while there is a small deviation between the
experimental slope and the theoretical slope. The percentage of error ranged form 0.3% to
44%. Sources of errors are measurements or reading accuracy, room temperature and
pressure, the stability of materials and calculations. When the liquid absorbed enough
heat energy, it will change to vapour form. As the steam is not allowed to exit, it will
cause an increase in pressure and thus causing the temperature to increase. Applications
of Marcet Boiler include water boiler, gasifier, power plant and cooking utilities.

6. Conclusion
In this experiment, the relationship between pressure and temperature is found to be
directly proportional. When compared to the theoretical slope, the experimental slope
shows a small deviation between them because of certain errors. The percentage of error
ranged form 0.3% to 44% which can validate this experiment.

In This experiment a Marcet boiler was used to conduct the relationship between a
saturated pressure and temperature of water in the range of 0-14 bar indicating in the
gauge and also to determine the temperature of a body when being heated or cooled.
When the temperature increases pressure also increases in this case the relationship
between pressure and temperature is directly proportional. Assumption was made that the
temperature is uniform throughout the boiler and the outside surface temperature of the
boiler is the same as the steam temperature. Theoretically, the values from the steam table
should almost be the same with the recorded values. In this case, if the values are not the
same then this is due to error that was made in the experiment.

The experiment was performed carefully and all procedure was followed to get accurate
result. First of all the startup procedure is to fill water in Marcet boiler and the water level
is half of the boiler’s height. Then the supply switch was turned on. It is important to
remove the air in the boiler in this case the valve would be open from the start up of the
experiment When the temperature increases to 100°C, the steam is allowed to come out
from the valve for few seconds and close the valve. Record the steam temperature and
pressure reaches 14 bars.

Introduction

Thermodynamics is the study of heat and in relation in other form of work and energy
between a system and its surrounding; in this case the property in the system will change.

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Generally ideal gas obeys the equation of state which is showed below.

PV=

When energy is increased in the water .the molecules in the water that is increasing will
enable the molecules to escape from the surface until it is in equilibrium (boiling point).
The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure in the surface of the water. When the
pressure is low it is easier for the molecules to leave the water with less energy.

The Marcet boiler is used to investigate the relationship pressure and temperature in
saturated steam for comparison with the steam table .the experiment slope (dT/dp) is
obtained water at saturated temperature

Theory

The Marcet boiler is used to investigate the between pressure and temperature of
saturated steam, in equilibrium with water, at all pressures between atmospheric and a
14bar An ideal gas can be characterized by three state variables: absolute pressure (P),
volume (V), and absolute temperature (T). The relationship between them may be
deduced from kinetic theory and is called the Ideal Gas law. The ideal gas law was
originally determined empirically and is simply.

and hf + hfg = hg ƒž hf
as vg >> vf

In which, vf = specific volume of saturated liquid

vg = specific volume of saturated vapor

hf = enthalpy of saturated liquid

hg = enthalpy of saturated vapor

hfg = latent heat of vaporization

Equipment

Procedure

Fill up water half the height of the boiler

Ensure the valve is opened

Connect the boiler to the electrical switch

The boiler is heated up to 100°c and the steam will come out of the open valve

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Close the valve after 1 minutes to ensure that the air in the boiler is out and continues
heating

When the pressure start rising , start the stop watch

Record all the temperature readings at different pressure with time

Pressure must not exceed 14 bar

Discussion

The theory can be compared with the experiment where pressure and temperature are
directly proportional to each other

When a water is heated in a container to a boiling point the tempreture increases and
presussre also increase in the case where the steam is closed in a cylinder, Their will be
internal pressure in the container and also internal forces. it is shown in the graph that
tempreture is relatively proportional to pressure

In the table error was zero because the decreasing tempreture of the boiler was not noted
down therefore erro is unknown . assuming the decreasing tempreture is considered the
the error percentage would now exceed 10% because the experiment was done in a closed
system so no amount of volume will escape

It was important to remove the air from the boiler to avoid flaws of readings .

Marcet boiler is used in plant steam industries, power plant, cooking utensil and so on

Conclusion

in the experiment, it shows from the table and theory that temperature and pressure is
relatively proportional in balance with water

Disgracing some negligible faults, this experiment can be consider successful, to improve
the result of the experiment, it should be carried out at room temperature switching off all
the air-conditions, and also by repeating the experiment and taking the average value. If
some insulation were kept on theMarcet boiler to reduce heat loss, the experiment could
be more accurate

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