ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

PRODUCTION NC II

Costales Agricultural Skills Development Institute, Incorporated

Costales Nature Farms, Brgy. Gagalot, Majayjay, Laguna
www.costalesnaturefarms.com
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INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC AGRICULTURE healthy stocks, determine suitable chicken house
PRODUCTION NC II requirements, install cage equipment, feed
chicken, manage health and growth of chicken
Organic Agriculture Production NC II and harvesting activities.
This course is designed to enhance the
knowledge, skills and desirable attitudes in Produce Organic Vegetables
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II in This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitude
accordance with industry standards. It covers the required to establish nursery, plant seedlings,
core competencies in raising organic chicken, perform plant care and perform harvest and
producing organic vegetable, manufacturing post-harvest.
(producing)organic fertilizers, manufacturing
(producing)various concoctions, raising organic Produce Organic Fertilizer
hogs and raising organic small ruminants. (goats) This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitude
required to produce organic fertilizers which
Basic Competencies include tasks such as preparing composting area
 Participate in workplace communication and raw materials and carrying-out composting
 Work in a team environment activities and finally, harvesting of fertilizer.
 Practice career professionalism
 Practice occupational health and safety Produce Organic Concoctions
procedures This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitude
required to produce organic concoctions and
Common Competencies extracts for owned farm consumptions and not
 Apply safety measures in farm operations for commercial purposes or selling.
 Use farm tools and equipment
 Perform estimation and calculations Elective Competencies
 Develop and update industry knowledge Raise Organic Hog
 Perform record keeping This unit covers the ability to carry-out the
knowledge, skills and attitude required in raising
Core Competencies organic hogs.
 Raise organic chicken
Raise Organic Small Ruminants
 Produce organic vegetables
This unit covers the ability to carry-out the
 Produce organic fertilizer
knowledge, skills and attitude required in raising
 Produce organic concoctions and extracts
organic small ruminant.
Elective Competencies
 Raise organic Hog
 Raise organic small ruminants Grading System
Written Test
Core comptenecies This type of test is therefore a must in the
Raise Organic Chicken evaluation. It is recommended that the passing
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and score for the written test is 80% of the total test
attitudes required to raise organic chicken items.
efficiently and effectively. It includes selecting

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Demonstration with Questioning *2nd Party certification (product is certified by the
This method allows you to set the procedures of consumer and is sold within the locality)
the performance test, the time allotment and the *3rd party certification- (product is certified by
assessment activities so that all the criteria in the DA-accredited private entities and is being sold
evidence plan will be observed. outside the locality)

Certification
DA-Accredited CertifyingBodies
 Each competency passed in the
 Nicert – Negros Island Certification
assessment is equivalent to a Certificate
of Competency (COC)  OCCP – Organic Certification Center of the
 If all Core and Elective competencies are Philippines
passed, the candidate will be deemed
“competent” and will be awarded with Certification Fees
the National Certificate (NC) II  Ranges from 20K – 65K pesos
 However, if the candidate failed on one or  Validity: 12 months
more competency, the candidate will be
 Huge sum but you can avail of the
given a COC for every competency passed
but no NC will be issued and will be government subsidy
deemed “not yet competent” he/she may
PENALTY for mislabeling “Organikuno”
be re-assessed.
 Imprisonment – 1 month to 6 months
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARDS  Fine – P50,000

RA 10068 or the Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 Minimum Requirements for Organic Agriculture
…promotes, propagate, develop further and Length of crop conversion period
implement the practice of organic agriculture in  for annual crops: at least twelve (12)
the Philippines that will cumulatively condition months before the start of the production
and enrich the fertility of the soil, increase farm cycle;
productivity, reduce pollution and destruction of  for perennials: at least eighteen (18)
the environment, prevent the depletion of months of management
natural resources, further protect the health of
farmers, consumers and the general public. The required conversion period may be reduced
for the following conditions:
Organic Certification  areas practicing traditional agricultural
Importance of Certification practices, which fulfil the requirements of
 Consumer Protection this Standard; these areas shall be verified
 An effective MARKETING tool through reliable means and sources. In
 Adds value to the product such cases, inspection shall be carried out
at least six (6) months before the first
Types of organic certification harvest;
*1st Party certification (product is certified by the  farms practicing organic agriculture for at
farmer and is sold within the locality) least eighteen (18) months; these areas
shall be verified through reliable means

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 and sources. In such cases, inspection reared at least 120
shall be carried out at least six (6) months days before slaughter
before the harvest. Meat Poultry intended for meat
 No conversion period is required in the products products should be
case of non-cultivated land. These areas organically reared after 21 days
shall not be exposed to prohibited inputs from hatching
for a minimum of three (3) years. Eggs Layers should be organically
Prolonged conversion/transition period reared 42 days before
 Lands that have been heavily treated with laying and throughout the laying
synthetic chemicals shall undergo period
conversion for a minimum of three (3)
years before the start of the production Organic Crop Production Standards
cycle. Choice of crops and Varieties
 Seeds and planting materials shall be of
Conversion of animal and animal products high quality and certified organic, when
 If animal products are to be sold as available.
organic products, the animal must be  When certified organic seed and planting
reared according to the minimum materials are not available, non-organic
requirements set in this Standard for seed and planting materials may be used
organic production provided that they have not been treated
 1/3-2/3 Policy with pesticides and other inputs not
permitted by this Standard
Beef and Large ruminants like cattle and  Materials allowed for the treatment of
Carabeef carabao should be organically seeds include the substances listed in
reared at least 360 days before Annex A.
slaughter  The use of genetically modified seeds,
Veal Calves to be used for meat transgenic plants or planting
product should be  materials is not allowed.
organically reared 180 days after  Plant varieties should be bred to retain
weaning natural reproduction methods.
Milk Milk from lactating bovine will
products only be considered as Crop rotations and soil Management practices
organic after 90 days of organic  Organic production systems are soil-based
rearing and should care for the soil and
Mutton and Sheep and goat should be surrounding ecosystems.
Chevon organically reared at  Runoff diversions or other means must be
least 180 days before slaughter implemented to prevent contamination of
Milk Milk from lactating sheep and crop production areas.
products goat will only be  Application of raw or undecomposed
considered as organic after 90 manure is not allowed. Manure should
days of organic undergo proper decomposition methods.
rearing
Pork Swine should be organically Pest, disease, and weed management

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  The use of synthetic pesticides (e.g. intercropping, alley cropping, relay
herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, cropping, and multi-story cropping may
moluscides, nematicides, rodenticides, be used.
etc.) is prohibited.  Bio-diversified cropping systems are
 The release of local and acclimatized encouraged.
predatory insects, such as earwig and
Trichogramma, and use of microbial pest Organic Animal Production Standards
control agents, such as bacteria (e.g. Animal husbandry management
Bacillus thuringiensis), viruses (e.g.  Management of the environment of the
baculovirus), and fungi (e.g. B. bassiana), animals shall take into account the
are allowed. behavioral needs of the animals and
 Physical methods for pest, disease, and provide for:
weed management are allowed. Thermic  sufficient free movement, as applicable;
sterilization (solarization) of soils to  sufficient fresh air and natural daylight
combat pest, disease, and weed is according to the needs of the animals;
restricted in circumstances where a  protection against excessive sunlight,
proper rotation or renewal of soil cannot temperatures, rain, and wind according to
take place. the needs of the animals;
 Farm tools and equipment should be used  enough lying and/or resting area
exclusively in organic farms. In cases that according to the needs of the animals. For
these are not dedicated for organic all animals requiring bedding, natural
production, these must be properly materials shall be provided;
cleaned and free of residues from  free access to fresh water and feeds
synthetic pesticides. according to the needs of the animals;
and
Pollution control and contamination  access to pasture
management
 Buffer zones should be established to  Landless animal husbandry systems
minimize contamination from non-organic and/or complete confinement of animal
farms. These may include, but are not systems (e.g. ‘battery-type’ cage, single
limited to, multipurpose tree species of pen) are prohibited.
sufficient density and height, runoff  Herd animals shall not be kept
diversions, water filtration ponds and/or individually, except in cases of the
diversion systems, and open space. following:
 Products from buffer zones must not be  animals about to give birth or have just
sold as organic. given birth should be separated from
other animals and should be given the
Diversity in crop production necessary veterinary attention; and
 The diversity of crops and cropping  as part of biosecurity measures, sick,
systems on organic farms should sustain injured, or disabled animals should be
and promote diversity that is suited to separated from healthy animals and
local agro-ecosystem. Crop diversification should be given the necessary veterinary
systems such as crop rotation, attention.

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Mutilations and animal identification the following proportion of feed ration
 Mutilations are prohibited. However, the based on the dry matter requirement
following methods are exceptions in particular to each animal are allowed:
specific cases that these can improve the
welfare, health, or hygiene of the animals Year
or for safety reasons:
 castration; Year 1 50% non-organic feed, 50% organic
 tail cutting of lambs; feed
 tail-docking of pigs;
Year 2 30% non-organic feed, 70% organic
 trimming of beaks;
feed
 de-horning;
 nose and limb ringing, for restraining; and Year 3 10% non-organic feed, 90% organic
 cutting of teeth. feed
 These practices should not cause suffering
and comply with existing regulatory Year 4, 100% organic feed
requirements of the competent authority. onwards
Qualified personnel should carry these
practices at the most appropriate age and  In the formulation of organic feed, the
any suffering to the animals is reduced to following ingredients/raw materials are
a minimum. not allowed:
 synthetic growth promoters or stimulants;
 The following methods of identification  preservatives, except when used as a
of animals are allowed: processing aid;
 tattooing;  artificial coloring agent;
 ear notching;  urea and other synthetic nitrogen
 ear tagging; and compounds;
 wing tagging.  slaughter waste and other deceased
 These practices shall not cause suffering animal parts;
and comply with existing regulatory  droppings, dung, or other manure;
requirements of the competent  feed ingredients subjected to solvent
authority.Qualified personnel should carry extraction (e.g.with petroleum products);
these practices at the most appropriate  synthetic and/or chemically isolated
age and any suffering to the animals is amino acids;
reduced to a minimum.  genetically engineered microorganisms or
 Keeping the animals tethered is products thereof;
prohibited. However, the tethering of  synthetic antibiotics; and
animals is allowed if this is necessary for  synthetic and/or chemically isolated
safety or welfare reasons, and that such vitamins and minerals.
tethering is for a limited time only.
Bio-security
Animal nutrition  Mandatory biosecurity and quarantine
 Giving due consideration to the low procedures should be well implemented
availability of organic feed and roughage, to prevent introduction of disease into

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 the farm and/or to control its spread For new land/virgin land – no conversion period
within the farm.
 The use of antibiotics for Q:I cannot find sources of organic seed. Can I buy
prophylactic/preventive purposes is not hybrid treated seeds from seed companies?
allowed; however, vaccinations are A:Yes. As long as these seeds are not GMO seeds
allowed. and NOT treated with prohibited chemicals.

Transportation
Q: Can I use raw manure to fertilize by vegetable
 The transport of organic animal shall be
crops eg. Lettuce, pechay, arugula for human
separated from conventional and shall be
well organized and appropriate to the consumption?
needs of the animals, taking into A: NO. The use of raw manure is prohibited due
consideration the following factors: to presence of pathogenic microbes, heavy
 stress caused to the animal; metals and residues of prohibited substances.
 fitness of the animal; The raw manure must be DECOMPOSED properly
 process of loading and unloading; before it can be applied to vegetable crops.
 mixing different groups of animals or
animals of different sex; Q: Can I use synthetic fertilizer, growth hormones
 the grip of the feet on floors and ramps; and chemicals in growing my organic crops?
 equipment used; NO. The use of chemical is strictly prohibited in
 extreme temperatures and relative organic agriculture
humidity; and
 hunger and thirst.
Q: My style of pasture for my livestock is
 Appropriate measures such as separate
schedule of stocking during pre-slaughter nomadic. Is it allowed in Organic Agriculture?
and separate schedule or facility shall be A: YES. Nomadic or mobile/roaming culture of
implemented during slaughter to prevent livestock is allowed.
commingling and contamination of
organic with conventional animals. Q: My organically grown pigs will be slaughtered
Separate slaughterhouse for organic is in a double A standard slaughter house but it is 5
recommended. hours away from our farm. Will I be allowed by
the OA law?
COMMON QUESTIONS ABOUT ORGANIC A: YES. Transport time to the slaughter house
AGRICULTURE should not exceed 8 hours.
Common Questions About Organic Agriculture.
Q:What is the conversion period from Q: Our slaughter house does not have stunning
conventional to organic farming? facility. Can we use any hard material like
A: Annual crops(vegetables, rice, corn) – 12 hammer, mallet or baseball bat to immobilize our
months pigs.
Perennial crops( banana, fruits, papaya) – 18 A: NO. Stunning facility must be used and should
months be in good working order and should affect the
**Note: For lands heavily treated with synthetic deep laying parts of the brain in one (quick) act.
chemicals over several years – 3 years

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Q: Is hydroponic without (chemical pesticide) kept in cage”. 2nd, Minimum slaughter age is 70
considered organic? days (for chickens).
A: NO. The organic agriculture is based on soil-
based agriculture. The concept is feeding the soil Q: I am not giving anti-biotic to my pigs and am
and the soil will feed the plant. mixing organic feed without synthetic hormones
but the pigs are being raise in a factory farm type
Q: My neighbor farmers are not practicing housing. Will my practice be considered organic?
organic farming. Can I still be certified? A: NO. According to PNS, the area should not be <
A: Yes. As long as buffer zones are in place. 1 meter per head and pigs must be allowed to
Minimum of 1 meter distance from the neighbor roam around mimicking their natural
farm. With buffer crops eg. Kakawate in the environment
perimeter. Water source must passed through
filtration pond (if shared water source). Inspection Tips
 All areas will be checked for traces of
Q: Can I feed my earthworms with commercially prohibited substances eg. Empty bottles,
grown vegetables from the market and still use containers, sachet, sacks especially
their poops as my organic fertilizer? boundary areas.
A: YES. However, it should be properly  Chemical residue test is optional(case to
decomposed by microorganisms before feeding.
case basis)
The complex digestive system of an earthworm
 Farm helpers/neighbors will be interviewed
allows 100% decomposition of organic matter.
Based on lab test, there is no traces of chemicals  Plant color will be checked
in earthworm castings.  Traces of dead insects will be checked
*Is ‘night soil’ allowed in organic agriculture?  Buffer zones/buffer crops will be checked
It is allowed in India, China, Thailand and other  Receipts for acquired farm inputs will be
countries but NOT in the Philippines checked
 Sprayers will be scrutinized
Q: Is vaccination allowed in growing organic  Warehouses will be checked
livestock?  Presence of beneficial insects will be
A: Yes. It is allowed. However, you won’t need it
checked.
if you will use Effective and beneficial
microorganisms.
CONCOCTIONS AND FERTILIZERS
Organic vs. Chemical Farming
Q: I am a poultry grower of 45-days old broiler Organic
type chickens in a conventional poultry house but  No pesticides
I do not give them anti-biotic and synthetic  No harmful chemicals
growth hormones. I do not buy commercial feeds.  No anti-biotics
Will I be considered organic?  No growth-hormones
A: NO. First, the law dictates that “Poultry must  Safe from carcinogenic substances
be reared in open range conditions and cant be  Environment-friendly
 In-demand
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  No competition 8. Put in a plastic container and wipe the mouth
 Low Cost of the pail, cover it with 2 layered manila paper
 Many business opportunities and put markings. Ferment for 1 week
Chemical 9. Drain the liquid and place in another container.
 Lots of chemical inputs Loosen the cap for 1 week
 Use of anti-biotics 10. IMO is ready to use after fermentation
 Use of growth hormones
 High risk of cancer Usage:
 High competition in the market  Plants – stronger immune systems
 High operation cost  Animals - stronger immune systems.
 Harmful to the environment Removes foul odor. mix with drinking
water
CONCOCTIONS Dosage:
 Replacement of chemical based fertilizers,  2tbsp./L of water
pesticides, fungicides, repellants chemical  . spray or drench 2x a week
based growth enhancers and other Total fermentation days: 12 days
synthetic food ingredients for animals and
plants LACTIC ACID BACTERIA SERUM (LABS)
 Done through fermentation where the Formulation 1
potency is enhanced by the beneficial Materials:
micro-organisms 1. 100g powdered rice
2. 1L milk
1. INDIGENOUS MICROORGANISMS - IMO 3. Water 1L+10L
Materials: 4. 1L Molasses+1.5L
 1kg cooked rice 5. 1 bottle of beer
 2kgs molasses
Procedure:
1. Ferment 100g of ground rice to 1L of water for
Procedure:
1 week (or you can use 1L of Rice wash) in a pail
1. Wash the rice properly
2. After 1 week, add 1L of Milk
2. Cook it normally (not too wet or too dry)
3. After 1 week, add 1L of Molasses
3. Using a wooden ladle, transfer the ¼ full
4. After 1 week, add 10L of water, 1.5L of
cooked rice into the bamboo pole
Molasses and 1 bottle of beer
4. Cover it with 2 layered manila paper and
5. Ferment for another week before it is ready for
cellophane then tie with rubber bands and put
use
markings(DOP,DOH, GROUP #, name of
concoction)
Usage
5. Keep it under the bamboo forest
6. After 3 - 5 days, collect the white colored  Plants – immune system of plants.
molds (black molds discard)  Animals – improve immune system of
7. Weigh the collected rice and molds then add animals. Remove foul odor. mix with
molasses in equal weight. (1:1) feeds, drinking water

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Dosage:
 2tbsp./L of water FERMENTED FRUIT JUICE (FFJ)
 spray or drench 2x a week Materials – (1 fruit:1molasses)
Total fermentation days: 28 days  1 kg Banana fruit;
 1 kg Papaya;
LACTIC ACID BACTERIA SERUM (LABS)  1 kg Squash/pumpkin/watermelon
Formulation 2  3 kg molasses
Materials: Procedure:
1. 900ML Milk 1. Clean and wash fruits;
2. 100ml clear liquid from fermented rice 2. Drain for 5 min;
3. 1L Molasses 3. Slice to an inch size;
Procedure: 4. Mix all fruits & molasses thoroughly in a plastic
1. Use the first rice wash from the cooked pail (20 liter capacity)
rice 5. Put nylon screen on top of the mixture;
2. Put liquid inside the plastic container (3/4 6. Put 5-8 pieces 25-50 grams stone on top of the
full) nylon screen;
3. Cover the container with 2 layer manila 7. Wipe the mouth of the plastic pail
paper 8. Cover with manila paper and add label.
4. Put markings ferment for 7 days;
5. Ferment for 7 days 9. Extract the liquid and keep it in a plastic
6. Remove 100ml from milk container
7. Take 100ml from the liquid between the
bottom and top layers of the Usage:
fermentation and add to the 1 liter milk  Plants – Potassium fertilizer
pack  Animals – Taste enhancer. mix with
8. Return the cover of the pack and seal with drinking water
masking tape Dosage:
9. Put markings  2tbsp./L of water
10. Ferment for 5 days  spray or drench 2x a week
11. Filter and measure the collected liquid  Total fermentation days: 7 days
and add equivalent amount of molasses
12. Keep in a plastic container. Ready to use FERMENTED PLANT JUICE (FPJ)
Materials - (2 plants:1 molasses)
Usage  1 kg Kangkong
 Plants – immune system of plants.  1 kg Kamote tops/leguminous plants
 Animals – improve immune system of  1 kg Banana stalks
animals. Remove foul odor. mix with  1.5 kg molasses
feeds, drinking water
Procedure:
Dosage: 1. Clean and wash plants;
 2tbsp./L of water 2. Drain for 5 min;
 spray or drench 2x a week 3. Slice to an inch size;
Total fermentation days: 12 days

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4. Mix all plants and molasses thoroughly in a USAGE
plastic pail (20 liter capacity)  Plants – Nitrogen fertilizer.
5. Put nylon screen on top of the mixture;  Animals – Protein supplement . mix with
6. Put 5-8 pieces 25-50 grams stone on top of the drinking water
nylon screen; DOSAGE
7. Wipe the mouth of the plastic pail  2tbsp./L of water
8. Cover with manila paper and add label.  spray or drench 2x a week
ferment for 7 days;  Total fermentation days: 14 days
9. Extract the liquid and keep it in a plastic
container ORIENTAL HERB NUTRIENT- OHN1 & 2
Materials :
USAGE OHN 1
 Plants – Natural growth enhancer.  1kg garlic
Nitrogen fertilizer.  1kg ginger
 Animals - Natural growth enhancer . mix  400 g muscovado sugar
with drinking water  2.4 L of coco vinegar
DOSAGE OHN2
 2tbsp./liter of water  200 g chili
 spray or drench 1 to 2 times a week  100 g makabuhay
Total fermentation days: 7 days
Procedure : (OHN1)
FISH AMINO ACID (FAA) 1. Peel the garlic and ginger
Materials – (1 fish:1 molasses) 2. Cut the garlic into halves and slice the ginger
 1 kg fresh fish, fish scraps, gills, inerts into quarter of an inch
 1 kg molasses 3. Mix garlic and ginger with muscovado
sugar/molasses in a pail
Procedure: 4. Wipe the mouth of pail and seal the it tightly.
1. Clean and wash fish; Put markings or label when it was made to know
2. Drain for 5 min; if it is ready to extract.
3. Slice to an inch size; 5. After 3 days, mix the vinegar and wipe the
4. Mix all parts thoroughly in plastic pail (20 liter mouth of the pail and seal it tightly.
capacity). Cover with manila paper and tie with 6. Ferment for 10 days. (1st extraction)
rubber band 7. Filter the liquid in a plastic container, seal and
5. Put plastic/nylon screen on top of the mixture; put markings.
6. Put 5-8 pieces 25-50 grams stone on top of the 8. Ready to use for animals
nylon screen;
7. Wipe the mouth of the plastic pail; Procedure: (OHN2)
8. Cover with manila paper and add label. 9. Put 2.4L of vinegar, 200g chili and 100g
ferment for 14 days; makabuhay
9. Extract the liquid and keep it in a plastic 10. Ferment for 10 days (2nd extraction)
container 11. Filter the liquid in a plastic container, seal and
put markings.

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12. Put 2.4L of vinegar, 200g chili and 100g 2tbsp./L of water
makabuhay for (3rd extraction.) spray or drench 2x a week
13. Filter the liquid in a plastic container, seal and Total fermentation days: 30 days
put markings.
Vermi Tea
USAGE Materials:
 Plants – Pest repellent.  3kg Vermicast
 Animals – Immune booster. mix with  2kg Molasses
drinking water and feeds  250ml each IMO,LABS, FAA, FPJ, FFJ
DOSAGE  60L drum
 2tbsp./L of water  50L water
 spray or drench 3x a week  1 aerator
 Total fermentation days: 13 days (OHN1)
23 days (OHN2) Procedure:
1. Aerate the water for 30minutes
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE (CALPHOS) 2. Add the concoctions and vermicast
Materials – (1:9) 3. Aerate for 24 hours
 1kgs. Bones (ruminants)/ shells (chicken, 4. Ready to use
ducks, ostrich, sea shells)
 9L of coco vinegar USAGE
 Plants – Complete foliar fertilizer
Procedure: DOSAGE
1. Clean and wash bones/shell properly then grill  1:1 with water
it  spray or drench 2x a week
2. Wait until the remaining fats are drained
3. Remove the bones/shell when it becomes
brownish in color (not over cooked)
4. Cool down and wash again Fertilizers
5. Drain excess water Bokashi
6. Put the bones/shell inside plastic pail  Mainly used for agriculture as organic
7. Add 9 liters of coco vinegar fertilizer
8. Wipe the mouth of the pail then cover it with  Easily produced on a large scale compared
manila paper and tie with rubber band to the anaerobic type
9.Ferment for 30 days
10. Filter and put it in another plastic container. Materials
Loosen cap for 1 week Suitable Materials for aerobic Bokashi
11. Ready to use As main materials(more than 50% by
volume):
USAGE
 Rice bran (darak),
Plants – Calcium and phosphorous source
Animals – Calcium source for bones. mix with  Rice husk(ipa),
drinking water  Chopped rice straw(dayami)
DOSAGE  Corn Stalks

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  Sugar cane stalks Step 5: Ferment for 1 week in a covered area
 Sawdust without rain and direct sunlight
 Other Materials with high carbon
Management during fermentation
content
Turn over the mixture if its temperature exceeds
50oC
Can be mixed with:
 Soybean meal, Aerobic Bokashi is ready for use when (1 week)
 Copra meal, - It has a sweet-sour fermented smell.
 Rice husk(ipa), - Its temperature is stable.
 Bean husk,
Storage of Aerobic Bokashi
 Fish meal,
1. Air dry
 Bone meal,
2. Pack in sacks
 Duckweed, Aerobic EM Bokashi can be kept about 6
 Azolla, months under good storage condition
 Ipil-ipil,
 Kakawate, Costing of Aerobic Bokashi (See table 6)
 manure,
*Materials with high nitrogen content Usage of Aerobic Bokashi
• Soil fertilizer
IMO and Molasses • Composting agent
1-5 % to the water volume • Treatment of kitchen garbage
Clean water • Key ingredient for mud balls for the
About 30-40% of Materials by weight treatment of pond, lakes, rivers, sewage
(30L-40L for 100kg materials) systems
• Treatment of manures
Our Favorite Mix for Aerobic Bokashi
20 kg D3(Gaspang)
20 kg CRH(Carbonized Rice Hull)
Fortified Compost Fertilizer
10 kg dried rabbit or chicken manure
Materials:
400 ml IMO
1. 100kg shredded farm wastes ( dried leaves,
400 ml molasses
rice straw, vegetable trimmings, twigs, etc.)
20 liters water
2. 30L IMO solution (1L IMO: 29L water)
3. 100kg Soil
Step 1: Dilute IMO and Molasses in water
4. 15L FAA solution (500ml FAA:14.5L water)
Step 2-Mix all the solid ingredients and
5. 100kg decomposed animal manure
diluted EMAS solution
6. 15L FAA/Calphos/FFJ solution (300ml
Step 3: Check for 30-40% Moisture content
FAA/100ml CalP/100ml F FJ:14.5L of water) x2
Step 4: Cover the bokashi with gunny bags/plastic
cover
Procedure:

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1. Pile 100kg of shredded farm wastes and water 7. Water with 15L FAA/FFJ solution for 5 days
with 30L IMO solution 8. Add 100kg of CRH water with 30L FAA solution
2. Wait for 3 days 9. Pile 100kg of D2 and water with 30L IMO
3. Add 100kg soil into the pile and water with 15L solution
FAA solution 10. Wait for 3 days
4. Wait for 3 days 11. Add 100kg vermicast water with 30L
5. Add 100kg of decomposed animal manure and IMO/FAA solution
water with 15L FAA, CalPhos ,FFJ solution 12. Wait for 3 days
6. Wait for 3 days 13. Ready to use
7. Repeat step 5 everyday for 12 days
8. If it is not hot anymore or the temperature  MC: 30-40%
lowered down, it is ready to use  Total weight: approximately 600kg
 Total days of Preparation: 20 days
 Total weight: approximately 300kg
 Total days of preparation: 21 days Mudballs
 MC: 30-40% Mud balls can be used for waste water treatment
especially for sludge treatment.
FORTIFIED ORGANIC FERTILIZER
Materials: Steps in making Mud balls
1. 100kg D2 rice bran Ingredients
2. 30L IMO solution (1L IMO:29L water) Soil 5 kilo
3. 200kg decomposed animal manure Bokashi 1 kilo
4. 30L FAA solution (1L FAA:29L of water) x2 IMO (1 liter-just enough to stick the ingredients
5. 100kg Soil together and form a ball)
6. 30L FAA/FFJ/CalPhos solution (200ml 1.Mix Bokashi and soil.
FAA/200ml FFJ/ 2.Pour the IMO onto the mixture and mix well.
100ml CalPhos: 29.5L water) 3.Once the mixture has become muddy and thick,
7. 15L FAA/FFJ solution (250ml FAA/250ml form it into tennis ball size balls.
FFJ:14.5L water) x5 4.Place the balls out of rain and direct sunlight
8. 100kg CRH for 5-7 days.
9. 100kg vermicast 5.The balls are ready when they are covered with
10. 30L IMO/FAA solution (500ml IMO/500ml layer of white fungus.
FAA:29L water)
How to apply mudBall
Procedure: Use 1 Mud Ball per 1 square meter of surface
1. Pile 100kg of D2 and water with 30L IMO area. 1ball/ m2
solution Treat once per month until results are seen.
2. Wait for 3 days Once/month
3. Add 200kg decomposed animal manure and
water with 30L FAA solution CARBONIZED RICE HULL
4. Wait for 3 days  Carbonized rice hull (CRH) is made from
5. Add 100kg of soil and water 30L FAA/FFJ/CalP incomplete or partial burning of rice hull.
solution
6. Wait for 3 days

14
  It is porous and bulky with uniform intact 6.As charcoal for fuel
black particles.  Charcoal briquettes from CRH are good
 It contains phosphorous (P), potassium alternative sources of fuel. Compared
(K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and with plain rice hull that takes relatively
micronutrients vital to growing crops. more time to produce heat, CRH can
 Because it is also sterilized, it is free from easily be ignited to produce heat or
disease organisms. convert heat into fuel for cooking

Uses of CRH 7.As deodorizer / odor suppressant

1. As substrate to organic fertilizer  CRH also cleanses and deodorizes bad air
 When mixed with other organic materials smell through its activated carbon that
like bokashi, CRH can be a good source absorbs foul odors in the air. The same
of organic fertilizer (OF) principle applies when a charcoal is placed
2.As soil conditioner inside a refrigerator.
 Makes the clay soil porous  CRH is used as mulch bed in animal pen
 Replenish nutrients and other and poultry houses to reduce foul smell
microelements in the soil that were lost from urine and manure
due to continuous cropping.
 Improves soil structure by increasing bulk MAKING OF CARBONIZED RICE HULL
(ANG PAGGAWA NG CARBONIZED RICE HULL)
density, water holding capacity, and
aeration. Materials
 It is a good potting media when mixed Dry rice hull Carbonizer
with other materials Shovel Firewood (fuel)
3.As water purifier Watering pail Lighter or matchsticks
 Activated carbon from CRH filters the
dirty particles in water, making it effective Procedure
in purifying household/drinking water. Step 1:Start a fire using the lighter and firewood
4. As base material for making microbial and let it kindle
inoculants, Effective Micro Organisms(EM)
Step 2:Make sure that the fire won’t die out
 Naturally, CRH is a habitat for beneficial
before covering it with the Carbonizer
micro organisms that facilitate
composting.
Step 3:Pour and stack the dried rice hull around
5. As Pest Control Agent the carbonizer
 Contains silica that irritates the golden
kuhol. Step 4:When the rice hull at the top are
 When applied after leveling, snails are carbonized, use the shovel to cover it with the
forced to come out, making handpicking dried rice hull from the bottom
faster and easier.

15
Step 5:When the rice hull is almost carbonized
(80%). Remove the carbonizer by tipping it over To lasts for years, Install additional metal braces
to the side using the long shovel. Extra caution is
exercised for the carbonizer is extremely hot PRODUCE ORGANIC VEGETABLES
Different Families of Vegetables
Step 6:Mix the rice hull and let the remaining 1. Leafy Vegetables– crops mainly used for their
leaves whether eaten raw or cooked
embers to carbonize the rest of the mixture until
• Usually grown for salad
all of it (100%) are carbonizer
• Requires full sunlight
Step 7:When all of the rice hull are carbonized,
• Can also be grown in containers/pots
sprinkle water onto the CRH using the watering
pale to extinguish the remaining embers • Shallow roots
• Minimal pests
Step 8:Lay the CRH thinly and make sure that the • No trellis needed
embers have died out to prevent the carbonized • Ideal for backyard gardening
rice hull turn to ash
2. Cucurbits
Step 9:When its dry, collect and store the CRH Better known as the squash family
into sacks. After that, its ready to be used or sold (Cucurbitaceae).
Also includes
How to fabricate your own carbonizer? • Bottle Gourd(Upo)
FOR THE CHAMBER: • Sponge Gourd(Patola)
Get any 20 L used oil can, about 40 cm height. • Wax Gourd(kundol)
• Zucchini
Remove the top cover and make a hole at the
bottom of the can about9-10 cm diameter for the • Requires Trellis
chimney • 30 to 90 days to grow
Alternative: Make use of defective pressure
• Deep roots
tanks. Cut in half to make two carbonizers.
• Requires full sunlight
Use a metal puncher to make 30-40 holes at 2-cm • Can also be grown in bigger containers
diameter aligned at 12 x 20 cm distance
3.Solanaceous crops
ALTERNATIVE Solanaceae Family
Use welding rod to make holes • Pepper
• Tomato
FOR THE CHIMNEY
• Eggplant
• Potato
From the junk shop, buy used GI Pipe
Size: 5 to 6 feet high and 3 inches diameter
• Better grown in summer or hotter regions
To make it more sturdy, Install metal braces • Deep roots
• Can be grown in bigger pots
16
• Requires trellis • Medicinal purposes
4. Root Crops– crops that produce edible and • Loves to be planted in pots with lots of
enlarge roots or stem. organic inputs
• Carrots • Can tolerate partly shaded areas
• Radish
• Deep roots 5 STAGES OF APPLICATION:
• Requires sandy-loam soil 1. Seed and seedling stage
• Minimum of 12 inches-deep plots 2. Land preparation
3. Transplanting stage
• Can be grown in bigger pots
4. Growing period
• Full sunlight is required 5. Prevention of pests and diseases
• Direct seeding
1. Seedling Stage - How to prepare seedling medion
5. Legumes -member of the legume family or potting mix and seed sowing?
that produce edible pods and seeds Characteristics of a Good Seedling Medium
• Snap beans 1. Should be porous to provide good air
• Pole beans circulation and root development
• Trellis is required 2. Rich in plant nutrients
• Very minimal organic input is required 3. Pathogen free
• Can be intercropped with other smaller 4. Has good water holding capacity, and
plants 5. Should have lots of microbial activity to
• Green manure keep plants healthy, robust and thus,
higher resistance from pests and
6. Crucifers diseases
Cole crops family and includes Broccoli,
Cauliflower, Kale, Kholrabi, Brussel Sprouts,
etc.
• Has anti-cancer properties( if prepared Ratio 1:1:1 by volume
well) 1. Mix all solid ingredients together
• Loves organic fertilizer Vermicast/Vermicompost=1sack
• Recommended to be eaten cooked than Carbonized Rice Hull=1 sack
raw Top Soil=1 sack
2. Mix Concoctions with water
7.Herbs Mix 20ml each of each of IMO, LABS, FPJ into 1
• Parsley Basil Liter water
• Rosemary Mint
3. MIX ALL THE INGREDIENTS WELL
• Thyme Tarragon
30-40% moisture content
• Chives
4. Fill the seedling tray with potting mix
• Culinary purposes

17
5. Punch holes into the tray using an empty tray 2 types of Application:
 Surface of the soil
6. Sow seeds  Beneath of the soil
1 seed per hole
Type 1: Surface of the soil
7. Water again using the diluted concoctions  Application rate: Minimum of 100g/sqm
Do not put too much water  1000kg/hectare
 Turbo-charge your soil for faster
8. Apply Markings improvement
Put in the variety, date of sowing, date of
transplant and name of the person who sown the Mulching
seeds 1. Prevents weeds from sprouting
2. Maintains moisture content in the soil
Seed Sowing 3. Allows microorganisms to work
• Sow seeds in seedling trays or seedling
cups to protect them from predators eg.  Use plastic mulch during rainy season to
Ants, birds, etc. control weeds and excessive rainfall
• Seedlings in trays/cups are also protected
from stress during transplanting  Use rice straws during summer to control
weeds and to preserve moisture in the
2. Land Preparation - How to prepare the soil soil. The mulch will be converted into
before transplanting fertilizer upon decomposition. Do not let
 Land preparation – A set of procedures the mulch touch the stem of the plant to
done to make the soil conducive for avoid yellowing of leaves.
planting
 It involves: Drench with IMO solution (20ml/L of water)
1. Weeding and debris clearing IMO enhances decomposition and population of
2. Cultivating beneficial microorganisms
3. Pulverizing
4. Plot forming After 7 days
5. Sterilization Soil becomes porous with improved organic
6. Basal Application matter content
7. Mulching
Width=1m, Length=10m, Distance between Type 2: Beneath the soil application
plots=30cm  Wait for 2 weeks before transplanting
 Let the microorganisms decompose the
 Land preparation should be done 10-15 organic matter in the soil
days before transplanting
vegetables/herbs

18
3. Transplanting • Bat guano/manure(CONTROLLED)
 The process of planting the seedlings • Burnt and fermented animal/fish bones
from the nursery to the field. • CRH – Carbonized Rice Hull
 2 to 3 true leaves - rule of thumb
Drench with IMO solution (20ml/l of water) Potassium – Rich Organic Fertilizer (for heavy
Cover the soil with organic matter yield)
Reproductive Stage
(Dayami, Kugon, Carbonized rice hull)
• Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ)
Maintain safe distance (5-6 inches) between the
• CRH – Carbonized Rice Hull
mulch and stem of the plant to avoid yellowing of
leaves Complete Organic Fertilizer
• Bokashi
Transplanting Distances (see table 1) • Fortified Organic Compost
• Fortified Organic Fertilizer
4. Growing Period • Vermicast/Vermicompost
Application of Concoctions • Fermented animal manure

Once or Twice a Week Spray Maintenance Harvesting

IMO, FPJ, FAA, OHN, FFJ, LABS Best time to harvest?
You can make cocktails of concoctions to save on LEAFY VEGETABLES/HERBS - EARLY MORNING OR
labor cost LATE AFTERNOON
ROOT CROPS/FRUITING VEGETABLES – ANY TIME
Once every 2 weeks after planting, side dress OF DAY
bokashi. 100g/sqm USE PLASTIC CRATES TO AVOID UNNECESSARY
Maintain safe distance (5-6 inches) between SPOILAGE
bokashi and stem of plants
Maturity Indices
Sources of Organic Fertilizer  Size – length, diameter,
 Number of leaves
Nitrogen – Rich Organic Fertilizer ( for foliage
 Firmness/Solidity
and greening)
 Flavor-sweetness/bitterness
Vegetative stage
 Weight
• FAA – Fish amino acid
 Color
• FPJ – Fermented Plant Juice using
 Seed Development
legumes
• Seaweeds/Duckweed/Azolla Extract
Tomato Maturity & Ripening Stages
• Rabbit Manure(decomposed)
1. GREEN The tomato surface is completely
• Processed Chicken Manure(PCM)
green. Theshade of green may vary from light to
dark.
Phosphorous – Rich Organic Fertilizer (for the
2. BREAKERS There is a definite break of color
root systems) At planting stage/land
from green tobruised fruit tannish-yellow, pink or
preparation
red or 10% or less of thetomato surface.
19
3. TURNING Tannish-yellow, pink or red color  Parasites – creatures that live inside the
shows on over10% but not more than 30% of the harmful animal, which they kill eg.
tomato surface. Trichogramma.
4. PINK Pink or red color shows on over 30%but  Species-specific disease – culture of micro
not more than 90% of the tomato surface. control agents like “Bacillus Thuringiensis”
5. LIGHT RED Pinkish-red or red color shows on bacteria (not GMO)
over 60%but red color covers not more than 90%
of the tomato surface Common Insects/Pests
6. RED Red means that more than 90% of the Fruitfly
tomatosurface, in aggregate, is red Host range
• Cucurbits (watermelon, muskmelon, bitter
Maturity Indices table (see table 2) gourd, ridge gourd, pumpkin)
• Solanaceous (tomato, eggplant, sweet pepper)
Packaging - Avoid packing wet vegetables/herbs • Legumes
• Fruit crops (papaya, jackfruit, avocado,
Fruit tree Application pummelo)
We should find top of root to apply Fertilizers.
Spray diluted OHN and Fermented Fruit Juice Control
 Net bags- Wrapping of the fruit with
5. Pest and Disease Control newspaper, nylon net or polyethylene
Disadvantages in the use of agro-chemicals sleeve (especially for long, thin cucurbit
*Very dangerous to humans(both farmer and fruits).
consumer) and to the environment
 Use of attractants (pheromones) for
*High cost/high risk
*It can develop immunity and resistance to pests suppression of male population.
 Sticky traps
Hollistic Approach
 Multi-cropping Aphids
 Crop rotation Host range
 Companion planting • Cucurbits (watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber,
 Net bagging bitter gourd, ridge gourd, bottle gourd, pumpkin)
 Beneficial Insects • Solanaceous (tomato, pepper, eggplant)
 Flowers & herbs • Brassicas
 OHN • Legumes

Biological Pests Control Control

 Predators – mobile insects that hunt for • Pruning of the heavily infested plant parts and
harmful animal, which they kill eg. Spiders, proper disposal (bury or burn).
frogs, birds, earwigs. • Use of yellow sticky traps to lessen aphid
population.

20
• Use of botanical extracts such as neem,  Smudging or smoking using rice hull, rice
kakawate, hot pepper and ginger extracts(OHN) straw, sawdust etc.
• Use of plastic mulch is recommended since it  Spraying of botanical insecticides (OHN)
can help repel insect pests (including aphids) such as hot pepper and kakawate extracts.
especially in the early stages of the plant.
 Intercrop with chives Flea beetle
Host range
Cucurbit beetle  Brassicas (pechay, cauliflower, broccoli,
Host range arugula)
• Cucurbits (watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber,
ridge gourd, bottle gourd, pumpkin) Control
 Spray botanical pests control like OHN
Control  Intercrop with parsley, chives and onion
 Tirricide (“tiris”) – collection of beetle in
the early morning Hog Raising
 Wood Ash Common Breed of Pigs in the Philippines
 Intercrop with radish Landrace
CHARACTERISTICS:
Whitefly  Color : White
• Cucurbits (watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber,  Ears are floppy and pointed downwards
bittergourd, ridge gourd, pumpkin)  Elongated & slim Body
• Solanaceous (tomato, eggplant, pepper)
 Fast growing
• Brassicas
 Good mothering ability
• Okra
Control  Wean large litters
 OHN  Weak feet
 Sticky traps
 Elimination of weeds. LARGE WHITE
 Use of yellow sticky traps CHARACTERISTICS:
 Intercrop with Onion  Color : White
 Ears pointed upwards
Broad mite  Wide Body
Host range  Fast growing
 Solanaceous (eggplant, pepper, tomato,  Good mothering ability
potato)  Wean large litters
 Cucurbits (cucumber)  Excellent milkers
 Brassicas DUROC
CHARACTERISTICS:
Control  Color: Brown
 Pruning and proper disposals of infested  Ears pointed upwards
plant parts (bury or burn).  Strong body and feet

21
  Fast growing The beddings of pigpen (flooring)
 Stress resistant Materials for bedding
 Superior growth rate and feed conversion 1.Any or combination of the ff:
• Sawdust “Kusot”
PIETRAIN • Coco Coir Dust “Bunot”
CHARACTERISTICS: • Rice Hull “Ipa”
 Color : Black & white spots • Rice Straw “Dayami”
 Ears pointed upwards 2. Soil
 Rounded & firm body 3. Carbonized Rice Hull
 Slower growth rate compared with 4. Salt (seasalt/rocksalt)
landrace and large white 5. IMO
 Good meat quality 6. Molasses
 Highly susceptible to stress
Procedure for making the bedding
FACTS ABOUT HOGS Step 1:Dig up 1 meter deep hole
Note: Allow 2 sqm. area per pig
 A 1-yr old boar can mate with 50 female
Step 2: Sterilize
pigs;
Step 3: Mix several batches of :
 Pigs are smarter that primates and 3-yr
 8 sacks sawdust,rice hull, coco coir dust,
old human;
rice straw
 Pigs are considered the cleanest animal.
 1 sack soil
Toilet is far away from their food. They
don’t sleep on their poops.  1 sack crh
 They use mud to block their skin from  .5 kg sea salt
sunlight and insect bites; Step 4: Layer the mixture inside the hole
Step 5: Repeat the process until the entire hole is
 Generally lives for 10-15 yrs
filled up
 Pigs are independent animals
Step 6: Mix IMO and Molasses with water:
 Daily average growth rate is > 500g
20ml per liter of waterThen, Drench/spray the
 Takes 12 liters of water to digest 1 kg of
beddings:1 liter per sqm of beddings
feeds
Step 7: Deploy the pigs/piglets
 Exercise is extremely important to
increase metabolism and stamina
NOTE:
CRH harbors good microbes for long term
The Design of Pigpen
stability, health and odor control
 Convection roof – the key to “no bath”
Salt provide trace minerals;
technology
Soil provide biodiversity of micro organisms and
 Provides continuous air flow. Hot air will will be eaten by the animals
escape at the roof.
 Maintain 2 sqm. area per head to attain
desired size and weight.

22
Good stock qualities (PIGLET SELECTION)  Pre-heat
 Rounded body o Consumes less feeds
 Alert and lively o Excited when teaser boar is
 No abnormalities or deformities around
 Bright eyes o Pointed ears
 Do not scours or have any disease o Mounting other pigs in the pen
 No rancid smell o Swelling of the vulva
 Short and shiny hairs o Vulva is pinkish
o Clear Mucus Discharge (like water)
Good Breeder Stock: Sows/gilts o Noisy
 Young female swine should have a o When mounted, it resists
minimum of 6 pairs of well-developed and o Too early for Insemination/mating
properly spaced function teats.
 Long-bodied sows are desirable because  Standing-Heat
of the more space created for udder o Vulva is not too swollen
development. o Vulva is light pink
 well-developed ham, loin and shoulder. o Thick Mucus Discharge (sticky)
 Well-placed feet and legs. Medium short o Noisy
feet and short upright pasterns are o When mounted, it doesn’t resist
preferable. o Right time for
Insemination/mating
 Select the biggest among the litters.
 Having a litter of 8 or more good-sized
 Post-heat
piglets with high survivability is a good
o Vulva is not swollen
female breeder.
o Vulva is back to normal color
 No deformities
o Thick Mucus Discharge (sticky)
 Most Vigourous
o When mounted, it resists
 Select the biggest among the litters
o Too late for Insemination/mating.
 Well-developed vulva
But can still be impregnated
 Vulva slightly pointed downward

Good Breeder Stock: boars

Basics of pig breeding
 No deformities • A pig would reach maturity around 5-8
 Most Vigorous months of age;
 Well-developed sex organs • When it reaches its 2nd - 3rd heat or at
 Equal-sized testicles. 110-120 kgs she could then be bred;
 well-developed ham, loin and shoulder. • Heat cycle of pigs is 18-21 days
 Biggest among other boars • The pregnancy would last 114 days;
• The sow would farrow (manganganak) 2
How to determine if a breeder sow/gilt is in times a year
heat or fertile

23
 • On average, a sow would give birth to 10 Protein 35 Soya/Fish meal 35kgs
piglets;
Fats 8 Copra 8kgs
ANIMAL FEED AND FEED MIXING meal/meat
 C-Carbohydrates Vitamins 2 FAA/FFJ/FPJ 2L
 P-Protein
 L-Lipids Minerals 5 Salt/CRH 5kgs
 V- Vitamins
 M- MInerals 50 kg Rice Bran or D1 grade
(Carbohydrates)
Feed percentages table (see table 3) 8 kg Copra meat/meal
(Fats/Lipids)
FEED NUTRIENTS IN FEEDS 35 kg soya meal/fish meal/duckweed/moringa
 Carbohydrates “Carbs”Source of energy (Protein)
that serves as a fuel.Wheat Pollard, Corn 2 liters FAA/FFJ/FPJ
Bran, Rice bran (Vitamins)
 Lipids. concentrated source of energy 3 kg Carbonized Rice Hull
o Dissolves Vit A, D, K, E. Copra (Minerals)
meal, Copra meat 2kg Rock Salt/Sea Salt
 Protein. Responsible for increasing 400 ml IMO
growth and weight. Lack of protein may 400 ml Molasses
result in stunted growth of the animal. (Pro-biotic)
Soya meal, Fish meal, Duckweed 20 liters Water (No Chlorine)
 Minerals. -Vital in animal’s health and bones NUTRIENT ANALYSIS
(skeletal system). CRH, Limestone, Rock salt TOTAL PROTEIN: 26%; TOTAL FIBER:20%; TOTAL
CALCIUM: 2.5%
 Vitamins. Improves the Immune system
of animals. small amounts only Starter (up to 18 kg) 45-60 days old
 700 gramo – 1 kilo pakain araw-araw
Feed computation and formulation
 50% sa umaga
Starter feed formulation100kgs
 50% sa hapon
 Meryendang gulay: 1 beses
Feed Protein Lipids Carbs Vit Min
 bawat araw (alas-dose ng tanghali)
Type % % % % %
Starter 35 8 50 2 5 Grower Feed Computation
100kgs
Feed Protein Lipids Carbs Vit Min
Nutrient % Ingredient Kgs Type % % % % %
Grower 25 8 60 2 5
Carbohydrates 50 Rice/corn bran 50kgs

24
 Nutrient % Ingredient Kgs Feed Protein Lipids Carbs Vit Min
Type % % % % %
Carbohydrates 60 Rice/corn bran 60kgs 18 15 60 2 5
Finisher
Protein 25 Soya/Fish 25kgs
meal
Nutrient % Ingredient Kgs
Fats 8 Copra 8kgs
meal/meat Carbohydrates 60 Rice/corn bran 60kgs

Vitamins 2 FAA/FFJ/FPJ 2L Protein 18 Soya/Fish 18kgs

meal
Minerals 5 Salt/CRH 5kgs
Fats 15 Copra 15kgs
60 kg Rice Bran or D1 grade meal/meat
(Carbohydrates) Vitamins 2 FAA/FFJ/FPJ 2L
8 kg Copra meat/meal
Minerals 5 Salt/CRH 5kgs
(Fats/Lipids)
25 kg soya meal/fish meal/duckweed/moringa
(Protein) 60 kg Rice Bran or D1 grade
2 liters FAA/FFJ/FPJ (Carbohydrates)
(Vitamins) 15 kg Copra meat/meal
3 kg Carbonized Rice Hull (Fats/Lipids)
(Minerals) 18 kg soya meal/fish meal/duckweed/moringa
2kg Rock Salt/Sea Salt (Protein)
400 ml IMO 2 liters FAA/FFJ/FPJ
400 ml Molasses (Vitamins)
(Pro-biotic) 3 kg Carbonized Rice Hull
20 liters Water (No Chlorine) (Minerals)
NUTRIENT ANALYSIS 2kg Rock Salt/Sea Salt
TOTAL PROTEIN: 22%; TOTAL FIBER:21%; TOTAL 400 ml IMO
CALCIUM: 2% 400 ml Molasses
(Pro-biotic)
 1.5 kilo – 1.8 kilo pakain araw-araw 20 liters Water (No Chlorine)
 50% sa umaga NUTRIENT ANALYSIS
 50% sa hapon TOTAL PROTEIN: 20%; TOTAL FIBER:21.5%;
 Meryendang gulay: 2 beses bawat araw TOTAL CALCIUM: 1%
(umaga at hapon)
 2.5kg – 3kg pakain araw-araw
Finisher Feed Computation  50% sa umaga
100kgs  50% sa hapon

25
  Meryendang gulay: hanggang gustong 5 parts vegetable/forage crops: 1 part
kumain ng baboy!! molasses/brown sugar60 ml emas
STEP 3
Fermentation of hog feeds Ferment for 3 days (anaerobic)
Benefits of Fermentation
 Preservation of raw materials Know your Forage Crops – The power plants!
 Detoxification DUCKWEED
 Improved digestibility  Protein content: 35% to 45%
 Nutritional value of raw materials goes up  1 kg duckweed can fill up 1 hectare pond
in 56 days
Step 1  Can double their mass in less than 2 days
 Mix IMO (400ml), molasses(400ml) and  Can be fed to livestock, poultry and fish in
water (20L) FAA, FFJ,FPJ 2L fresh form, fermented or process into
 NOTE: Liquid part is 20-30% total weight mash
of solid ingredients(depending on water  Eaten by people in Thailand
content of materials)
Step 2 AZOLLA
 Mix all the solid ingredients and Liquid  Crude Protein = 25% to 30%
solution. Final moisture content is 30 to  Doubles its mass in 2-3 days
40%  Can be fed to fish, poultry and livestock in
Step 3 fresh or fermented form
 Check for Moisture Content (30-40%)  Biomass = 30 to 80 kg fresh weight per
hectare
Step 4  Serves as biological herbicide in rice field
 Ferment anaerobic ally(no air) for 2 weeks by controlling sunlight penetration into
Step 5 the soil preventing the germination of
 Fermented feeds are ready for use after 2 weeds
weeks. It has a sweet-sour smell  Cyanobacteria, (blue-green algae),
nitrogen-fixing bacteria lives inside the
Forms of feeds leaf cavities
 Mash – Wet feeding
 Pellets – Dry Feeding RENSONII
 Crude Protein: 23%
How to prepare silage (livestock kimchi) 5 plants  Can be fed to animals in fresh form,
:1 molasses ratio fermented or process into mash
STEP 1
Chop or shred vegetables/power plants; FLEMINGIA
STEP 2  Also known as “Malabalatong”
Mix Molasses and IMO  Crude Protein: 22.7%
 Natural dewormer for livestock

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  Can be fed to animals in fresh form,  Crude Protein = 20%
fermented or process into mash  Note Before Making it into Silage:
 Method of propagation is by seeds  Wash with chlorine diluted with water
solution (50 ppm) or 5ml chlorine for
TRICHANTERA OR MADRE DE AGUA every 100 liters of water. Air dry and
 Trichantera Gigantea also knows as process into silage the following day
Madre de Agua
 Originated from Columbia and SILAGE MATERIALS
Venezueala Greens (Vegetables/forage crops)
 Potential harvest: 40-60 tons/hectare  Kangkong
 Planting density 6000-10,000  Alugbati
plants/hectare  Lettuce
 Mode of Propagation: Cuttings  Cabbage
 Crude Protein = 32 %  Kulitis
 Can be fed to animals in fresh form,  Cassava leaves
fermented or process into mash  Water Lily(Water hyacinth)
 Can replace 20%-30% of commercial pig’s  Malunggay/ipil-ipil
and other livestock diet  Pakchong (Super Napier)
 6 kg of leaves consumed by pigs daily is
equal to 1 kg savings on commercial feeds Anthelmintic leaves (natural dewormers or
 1 M PLANTING DISTANCE “pamurga”)
INDIGOFERA  Flemingia
 Crude Protein = 24.8%;  Betel nut (nga-nga)
 Digestibility=84.8% (if harvested every 30  Papaya leaves
days)  Jackfruit leaves
 Calcium=2.08%  Mango leaves
 Best for lactating animals like milking  Kakawate leaves
goats  Makabuhay
 Can be fed to animals in fresh and MAINTENANCE
fermented form Drinking water
 Propagation: Seeds or cuttings Mix the drinking water with IMO, LABS, FAA, FFJ,
OHN 1 and FPJ. Dilution rate is 10ml per liter of
PAKCHONG(GIANT NAPIER GRASS) water.
 Digestibility=95% (if harvested every 45 It will serve as:
days)  Pro-biotic
 Can be fed to animals in fresh and  Enhance the digestive and immune
fermented form; system
 Crude Protein = 18%  Odor control

WATER HYACINTH (WATER LILY)

27
The phase-out feeding schedule
(converting inorganic to organic pigs) Chinese Chicken
 Broiler type
(see table 4)  Highly expensive (P1000/kl)
 The chinese believe that it’s meat has
POULTRY RAISING medicinal properties
Breeds of Chickens - Native  Has white feathers but meat and bones
Paraoakan are all black
 From Palawan and MIMAROPA Region  Short and puffy bodies
 Broiler type
 Tall and slender body White leg horn
 Feisty. Often used as game fowls  Popularly known as the “45-day old”
 Has tender and flavorful meat chicken
 Black with brown and red feathers  Broiler and Layer type
 Strong immune system
Rhode Island
Darag  Layer type
 From Panay Island and Visayas Region  Short but big bodied
 Broiler Type  Produces Large sized eggs
 Meat is tastier than Paraoakan (claimed  Mostly grey, sometimes brown feathers
as the most delicious chicken meat in the
whole Philippines The Incubator
 Have red, black, orange feathers  Artificial Incubation is preferred over
 Average size (1.5-2kg live weight) natural incubation;
 Strong immune system  Uniformity of sizes of chicks;
 Many cross-breed chickens do not brood;
Banaba  Inexpensive
 From CALABARZON Region  Maximizes productivity of egg-laying hens
 Bigger in size compared to Paraoakan and  Chicken egg hatches in 21 days
Banaba  Temp in the incubator ranges from 37.5-
 Broiler type 37.8 degrees Celcius
 Strong immune system  The eggs need to be turned every 4 hours
for equal distribution of heat
Breeds of Chickens - Foreign
Sasso Incubation
 Brown to light brown feathers  Candling – A method used in the
 Plump and short bodies incubation process to determine whether
 Rarely flies. Often grounded the embryo inside the egg is developing
 Tasty and tender meat or not. This helps breeder farms to
 Broiler and Layer type measure the fertility rate of their stocks

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  Candling Schedule of Chicken eggs  Cabinet Type (Solo)
o 7th day
o 12th day Hardening Stage: 22-32 Days Old
o 18th day  Usually takes 7-10 days
 Make the chicks feel a slightly harsh
The NACs and the DACs environment
 Naturally abled chicks;  Rapid change of environment will result
 Differently abled chicks to a lot of mortality
 Covered area where the chicks can freely
Qualities of a good stock roam around without too much exposure
 No Deformities to sun and rain
 Bright red comb.
Ranging, Day 32 until slaughter (80 days)
 No discoloration and Deformation
 Space requirement: 3 heads: 1 sqm
 Dry behind
 Let the chicks freely range in open air,
 No rancid odor
eating fresh grass, insects, earthworms.
 Agile, energetic and alert
 Maintain mixing IMO, LABS, FAA, FFJ, FPJ
 Shiny feathers
in their drinking water everyday
 Dry and clean beak
 Bright Eyes Ranging house
Note: Located on the highest point to prevent
Caring of Chicks: Day 1 to 21 flooding inside
 1 watt per chick for heating bulbs  Must be safe from predators like rats,
 Better to use several bulbs in smaller cats, dogs, ants, birds, snakes
wattages eg. 10 x 10 w vs. 1 x 100 w bulb  Provide fencing buried to the ground
 Monitor closely for signs of stress  Provide light, heat and water
 Brooding house space = 1 sq. m per 50  Must have shaded areas
chicks
 Location should be well drained
 Lay sand, rice hull, carbonized rice hull or
WATER AND FEED
sawdust for absorbent flooring
 Waterers and feeders must be cleaned
daily. Pre-Starter feed formulation (1-21 Days old)
 Replace drinking water every day! 22.5 kg D1 Rice Bran
 Feeding is unlimited 22.5 kg Corn Bran
 Feeding trays and drinking canisters (Carbohydrates)
MUST NEVER BE EMPTY for the 1st 21 8 kg Copra meat/meal
days! (Fats/Lipids)
40 kg soya meal/fish meal/duckweed/moringa
Brooding Houses: (Protein)
 Flat Sheet Type 2 liters FAA/FFJ/FPJ
 Cabinet Type (Multiple)

29
(Vitamins) 400 ml Molasses
3 kg Carbonized Rice Hull (Pro-biotic)
2kg Rock Salt/Sea Salt 20 liters Water (No Chlorine)
(Minerals) Herbal Treatment for Colds
400 ml IMO Note: Separate the chicks/chickens with colds
400 ml Molasses Prepare Herbal Ingredients:
(Pro-biotic) ½ cup Fresh Oregano Leaves
20 liters Water (No Chlorine) ½ cup Fresh Lagundi Leaves
½ cup Fresh Bamboo Leaves
Starter feed formulation (22-32 Days old) ½ cup Hot Chili
25 kg D1 Rice Bran 2 cups water
25 kg Corn Bran
(Carbohydrates) Preparation:
8 kg Copra meat/meal 1. Boil the ingredients together (5 mins)
(Fats/Lipids) 2. Cool down and extract the liquid
35 kg soya meal/fish meal/duckweed/moringa 3. 6AM-10AM: Withdraw the supply of
(Protein) normal drinking water of the chickens
2 liters FAA/FFJ/FPJ 4. 10AM: Mix 1 tbsp of herbal mix for every
(Vitamins) liter of water and give it to all the
3 kg Carbonized Rice Hull chickens. Resume giving normal drinking
2kg Rock Salt/Sea Salt water afterwards.
(Minerals) 5. 2PM-4PM: Withdraw the supply of
400 ml IMO normal drinking water again
400 ml Molasses 6. 4PM: Mix 1 tbsp of herbal for every liter
(Pro-biotic) of water and give it to all the chickens.
20 liters Water (No Chlorine) Resume giving normal drinking water
afterwards.
Finisher feed formulation (32-market) 7. Repeat the process for 5 days
30 kg D1 Rice Bran
30 kg Corn Bran
(Carbohydrates)
8 kg Copra meat/meal
(Fats/Lipids) VERMICULTURE
25 kg soya meal/fish meal/duckweed/moringa Worm Composting
(Protein)
 Relies on hungry worms to break down
2 liters FAA/FFJ/FPJ
farm waste into a very nutrient rich
(Vitamins)
fertilizer for plants.
3 kg Carbonized Rice Hull
 Casting are often called “Black Gold”,
2kg Rock Salt/Sea Salt
looks like dark, rich coffee grounds
(Minerals)
400 ml IMO
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  AUXIN – a naturally occurring growth  Hermaphrodites – when they mate, the
hormone is present in the casting two worms will both become pregnant;
 Vermi castings contain more nutrients  Voracious appetite-They can consume as
than conventional compost much as their body weight per day;
 Sanitary and odorless if done properly  They breathe through their skin
 ANC- “African Night Crawler” (Eudrilus  They shy away from light
Euginae). A kilo of these worms can  They have 5 hearts
consume a kilo of farm waste per day  Very complex digestive system
 Very efficient farm workers – works 24
 They reproduce quickly under favorable
hours without pay! All you need to do is
conditions, doubling their population in
just to give them food.
month

 Started in the Philippines in the 1970’s. Site Selection

Considerations
 African Night Crawler (Eudrilus Eugenae)
 It must be shaded (earthworms shy away
or referred to as the composting worm
from strong light)
have no scales and are soft bodied.
 Flood free
 They breathe through their skin with a
 Accessible to water supply and source of
mouth at the tip of their anterior portion.
compost material
 They feed on moist organic materials that
 Well ventilated
have been decomposed by bacteria and
other microorganisms.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOUSING (WORM BIN)
 Most earthworms are hermaphrodites
 COSTALES NATURE FARMS
(Have both male and female sex organs)
VERMICULTURE SECTION
 The two worms as hermaphrodites on
 VERMICULTURE IN LAYERED CRATES
copulation, are both capable of producing
 VERMICULTURE IN A DRUM
offsprings. (Both become pregnant)
 VERMICULTURE IN CEMENTED PLOTS
 The African Night crawler is capable of
breeding weekly and produces up to three  VERMICULTURE IN PIGPENS
fertilized eggs per capsule.  VERMICULTURE IN IRON BARS
 They can mature within a month, attain a  AND LAMINATED SACKS
length more than 20 cm long and live for  THE MOST PRACTICAL VERMI BIN
more than a year. OPTION - 1
 Worms eat as much as their bodyweight  THE MOST PRACTICAL VERMI BIN
per day. OPTION - 2

FASCINATING FACTS ABOUT OUR WORMS DESIGN OF VERMI BIN

 No RH Bill- They double their population
every month; Stock filling of substrate
 Sandwich: stock with 2-inch layer
alternating substrate. Water every layer

31
 with IMO (Dilution rate: 20ml IMO for odors. Rotten meat may produce bacteria
every liter of water) that can pose health hazard.
Protection from predators  Fats, oils and grease- large amounts of
Cover the bin with leaves, sacks or nets these will give your microbes indigestion
slowing down composting process. It also
Anaerobic and Aerobic Decomposition attracts unwanted pests.
AFTER PREPARING THE SUBSTRATE IN A  Droppings from caged birds- Bird
SANDWICH TYPE STOCK FILLING droppings may contain dangerous disease
 Spray or drench IMO 20ml/L of water pathogens.
 Cover the bin with laminated sack or used  Droppings from dogs, cats and other
tarpaulin carnivores
 Leave for 2 weeks  Human waste: The potential for spreading
diseases. Unsanitary.
 AFTER 15 DAYS  Diseased plants: disease could spread
 Remove the plastic covering later when compost is applied to the
 Deploy the worms plants
 The earthworms will start to feed on the
substrate. Harvesting
 Maintain optimum moisture  Manual Pick- Pick the worms by hand and
 Cover with net or leaves transfer them to a new worm bed. The
vermi-compost may be allowed to dry in
 Maintenance Of Worm Bin the shade for few days and sifted, if finer
 TEST THE MOISTURE CONTENT compost is desired.
 Squeeze a fistful of substrate, five to  Migration-Move the contents of the
seven drops of water indicates about 80% whole bed to one side. Fill the empty half
MC with new substrate. Allow the worms to
move freely to the new food. Harvest the
 PROTECT YOUR WORMS FROM NATURAL castings left by the worms.
PREDATORS  Vermi castings (earthworm manure) look
 Birds, chickens, frogs like dark, rich coffee grounds. They can be
 mice, snakes, flatworms and even pigs collected using:
love to eat worms  Vermicompost can immediately be used
 ]Ants do not eat worms but they can kill after harvest. A 3/16” mesh wire is
your population if left unattended. recommended to separate pure
 Ants do not eat worms but they can kill vermicompost from the remaining
your population if left unattended. substrate.
 Rotary type compost screener
UNWANTED MATERIALS IN THE PILE
 Meat scraps- these can attract unwanted DRYING AND STORAGE
animal visitors and create unpleasant

32
  Dry the vermi-compost by air, under
shades only. Exposing organic fertilizer to
the sun will lose it’s nitrogen content.
 Vermi compost can be stored at 30% MC
in plastic bags. Store in cool place away
from direct sunlight.

SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES
STEP 1 – PREPARE THE WORM BIN (BAHAY NG
BULATI)
STEP 2 – 1ST LAYER(LIVESTOCK MANURE)
SPREAD OUT EVENLY
STEP 3 – 2ND LAYER(PLANT PARTS-LEAVES,
TRUNKS, FRUITS)
STEP 4 – 3RD LAYER(LIVESTOCK MANURE)
STEP 5 – 4TH LAYER(PLANT PARTS-LEAVES,
TRUNKS, FRUITS)
STEP 6 – 5TH LAYER(LIVESTOCK MANURE)
NOTE: SPRAY IMO IN EVERY LAYER
STEP 7-COVER THE WORM BIN AND WAIT FOR 2
WEEKS. MICROBES WILL DO THEIR
DECOMPOSITION JOB!
STEP 8- AFTER 15 DAYS- DEPLOY THE WORMS
STEP 9- COVER THE WORM BIN TO PROTECT
FROM PREDATORS. WATER 2-3 TIMES A WEEK

IMPORTANT NOTE TO REMEMBER

IN VERMI CULTURE,
IT IS ALWAYS WHAT YOU FEED, IS WHAT YOU
GET!

33
 Table 1: Planting Distances
CROP BETWEEEN HILLS(cm) NUMBER OF ROWS DAYS BEFORE
PER 1 METER BED HARVEST

Leafy type lettuce 20-25 4 30

Headed type lettuce 40 2 60

Tomato, Eggplant 40-50 2 60

Hot /Lady Finger Pepper 40-50 2 60

Bell Pepper 40 2 60

Ampalaya, Upo, Patola 100 Every other bed 60

Arugula, Chinese 5 20 30-45

kangkong, Amaranth

Japanese/American 30-40 2 28
Cucumber

Herbs: Parsley, Sage, 30 3 90-120

Thyme, dill, Sesame leaf

Italian Oregano, Basil 50 2 30-60

Table 2: Maturity Indices

Vegetables Maturity Index Specifics

Cucumber Size, Color 6-8” long, green-dark green

Lettuce # of leaves, Size, Flavor 12-16 leaves, 6-8” tall, sweet

Beans Size, Seed development 5-6”, slight bulge of seeds

Tomato Color, size, firmness Turning, full size, firm

34
 Pepper Color, size, firmness Market defined, full size, firm

Okra Size, color, firmness 4-5” long, light green-green, slightly firm

Cauliflower Size, Florets Around 3” diameter, slightly open florets

Table 3: Feed Percentages Table

Feed Protein Lipids Carbs Vit % Min

Type % % % %
Starter 35 8 50 2 5

Grower 25 8 60 2 5

Finisher 18 15 60 2 5

35
 Table 4: Phase-out Feeding Schedule

Starter 4 week conversion period

WEEK 1 (upon acquisition WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4

and newly weened. 30-45 37-52 days old 44-59 days old 51 - 66 days old
days old)
CF FF CF FF CF FF CF FF SL

75% 25% 50% 50% 25% 75% 0 90% 10%

Week 5 onwards Grower feeds

WEEK 5 58-73 days old WEEK 6 65-80 days old onwards until WEEK
16 142-157 days old
FF SL FF SL

80% 20% 70% 30%

36
 Finisher Feeds

WEEK 17 149 – 164 days old onwards until slaughter

FF SL
50% 50%

37
 Table 6: Aerobic Bokashi Costing

Materials Qty Unit Unit Cost Total Cost

D3 20 Kg P3 P60
CRH 20 Kg P1 P20
Chicken Dung 10 Kg P1 P10
EMAS .2 L P20 P4
Molasses .2 L P15 P3
Water 20 L 0 0
Labor 250 P/Day .5 P125
Sack 1 Pcs P12 P12
Total Weight 70.4 Kg P234
Cost per kg 3.32

38