INDUSTRIAL ARTS
MEASURING TOOLS
Protractor
Protractors are small, usually plastic, tools that are
used to measure the degree of an angle. Since you are
depending on the human eye to read the protractor, there
is room for error. If you need to be precise, use a digital
measuring tool.
Ruler
Rulers are usually 12 inches long, though you can find them longer and shorter. They are marked
to measure inches on one side and centimeters on the other side.
Framing Square
Framing squares are L-shaped and are used to draw straight lines on
material that you want to cut. They also have 90º angles, so you can make
sure that square items will fit in the square box with the same-shaped
corners.
Tape Measure
A tape measure is a thin metal tape that is marked to measure
per inch. It is flexible, so it can measure just about anything. Tape
measures come in a lot of different sizes, but once you get over 25 feet,
it can become hard to get them to recoil back inside the tool.
Drafting Triangles
Drafting Triangles are precision tools for drawing lines at specific angles. They are used with a
T-square to drawing vertical and angled lines. A draftsman’s triangle always has one right angle
90°.
30/60/90 triangles draw 90° vertical plus 30° and 60° angled lines.
45/90 triangles draw 90° vertical and 45° angled lines
Adjustable triangles draw 90° vertical plus various angled lines
T-square
A T-square is a technical drawing instrument used by draftsmen primarily as a guide for
drawing horizontal lines on a drafting table. It may also guide a set square to draw vertical or
diagonal lines. Its name comes from its resemblance to the letter T. T-squares come in varying
sizes, common lengths being 18 inches (460 mm), 24 inches
(610 mm), 30 inches (760 mm), 36 inches (910 mm) and 42 inches
(1,100 mm)
T-squares are also used to measure and cut drywall.
Drywall T-squares are typically made of aluminium and
have a 48-inch (1,200 mm) long tongue.
Higher-end table saws are often equipped with T-square
fences. These table saw fences are attached to a rail only on
the front side of the table unlike traditional fences which
clamp to both the front and the rear of the table.
A T-square has two components—the long shaft called the
"blade" and the short shaft called the "stock" or "head". The
T-square usually has a transparent edge made of plastic
which should be free of nicks and cracks in order to provide smooth, straight lines.
Standard unit of Measurement
Length
Inches/Feet/Yard
Small units of length are called inches.
The last joint of your finger or thumb is about 1 inch (depending on how big your fingers are!).
Lots of things are measured in inches from rainfall to paper length.
Measuring in inches gives us a way for everyone to understand the size of something.
When we have 12 inches together, it is known as a foot.
1 foot = 12 inches
A long time ago, people used their feet to measure things. But everyone has different sized feet
so it did not work very well.
Using 12 inches put together to make one foot lets everyone have an accurate picture of what
exactly a "foot" of length is.
When 3 feet are together, this is called a yard. (This isn't the same thing as a lawn, though they
are both referred to as a "yard"!)
1 yard = 3 feet
The length of this guitar is about 1 yard.
Measure of Lengths
10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)
10 centimeters = 1 decimeter (dm) = 100 millimeters
100 centimeter = 1 meter (m) = 1,000 millimeters
1000 meters = 1 kilometer (km)
How to convert inches to meters
1 inch is equal to 0.0254 meters:
1″ = 0.0254m
Free Hand Sketching
What is Free Hand Sketching?
Free hand drawing is also used to quickly present an idea in a graphical form to non-technical
peoples. Free Hand Sketching is such a drawing which is drawn without measuring instruments.
This drawing is drawn with the help of pencil and eraser only.
Free-Hand Sketching Instruments.
Following instruments are needed for the drawing of free hand sketching.
1. Soft Lead Pencil.
2. Eraser.
3. Sharpener.
4. Drawing Sheet.
5. Graph Sheet.
Principles of Free Hand Sketching.
Following principles should be followed for free hand sketching:
1. The object should be seen thoroughly and pondered over its objectives and concepts.
2. More detailed aspect is considered for selection of a view.
3. Space is specified on a drawing sheet according to the sizes of views.
4. Firstly, the dim lines are drawn so that extra lines may be erased easily.
5. Scale and ruler are not used in drawing, although, ratio and proportion of different parts of an
object are considered.
6. Firstly, horizontal lines are drawn then vertical lines are drawn, and arcs and circles are drawn
lastly.
7. After completing the diagram, a clear scale is written in some suitable manner.
Sketching of Lines in Free Hand Drawing.
1. Sketching of Straight Lines.
The line is the most important part of free hand drawing as sketching is done by different lines.
Straight lines can be divided into different lines such as oblique, horizontal, and vertical lines.
Drawing straight lines for the first time is a difficult task. Mostly result in curved and arcs.
This happens due to the forearm when remaining in the fixed position.
So, when drawing the straight lines, moving your forearm is important. Basically, when drawing
horizontal straight lines.
The distance between your hand and pencil tip should be 40 mm minimum, and your hand
should rest on the edge of the paper.
Straight lines are drawn with the thumb and index fingers.
The most important part of sketching straight lines is that your movement should be in a
controlled manner.
You can also draw oblique lines by just changing the position of your arm.
The easiest way to draw long straight lines is by sketching short lines and then connecting it with
one another.
(i). Sketching of Vertical Lines.
A vertical line is drawn from the top to the bottom of the drawing sheet.
It takes a lot of practice to draw vertical lines.
However, you can draw vertical lines using the edge of a paper as a guide and your hand as a
scale. (as shown in below figure).
(ii). Sketching of Horizontal Lines.
When sketching horizontal lines, your hand and forearm should turn at the elbow, and the edge
of your hand should slide horizontally on the paper.
When drawing a horizontal line, you should first try drawing a line in the air to see how the line
goes.
Then apply a little pressure on the pencil tip and draw a horizontal line lightly.
(iii). Sketching of Oblique Lines.
The oblique lines are drawn from the one corner of the page to the other diagonally.
Usually, the right-handed people draw sloping or oblique lines from the bottom left to the top
right of the paper.
However, the sketching can be made much easier by just rotating the paper into a position where
you are going to draw an oblique line.
2. Sketching of Rectangles.
A rectangle is a common shape in technical drawings. To draw rectangles via free hand
sketching different techniques are used.
They can be drawn in several ways, but the easiest way to draw a rectangle is by drawing vertical
or horizontal lines and rotating the paper at 90 degrees angle.
3. Sketching of Curved Lines.
Curved lines in the drawing can be arcs, circles, etc.
To draw a circle, first of all, you should draw a center line and mark it with radii.
Shape the radii points into a box, inside in which you can draw a circle.
First of all, sketch the top-left part of the circle (rotate the pencil in an anti-clockwise direction)
then draw the bottom-right part of the circle (rotate the pencil in a clockwise direction).
Types of Projection
Letter Shapes
1. You can think of each letter as being formed on a 6 x 6 grid.
2. Most letters are 5 units wide by 6 units tall
3. T O M Q V A X and Y are all 6 units by 6 units
4. Letter W is 8 units wide and 6 units tall
5. Letter I and numeral 1 are only the width of a single stroke
