DHAKA-MAWA-BHANGA HIGHWAY (N-8) IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

RAILWAY OVERPASS AT JURAIN, DHAKA.

PACKAGE: 10 (B)
OWNER: SWO-WEST, BANGLADESH ARMY.

PILE INTEGRITY TEST (PIT) PIER

04
REPORT
PILE: 01~06

SYNERGY DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

House # 9(Ground Floor), Sadek Khan Road, Section # 1
Block # D, Kaderabad Housing, Katasur, Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207
Email id: [email protected], Cell: 01712153814
 PILE INTEGRITY TEST REPORT 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 GENERAL _________________________________________________________ 2

2. SCOPE OF THE WORK ________________________________________________ 2

3.0 DETECTABLE IN-SITU PHENOMENA ____________________________________ 3

4.0 WORKING PROCEDURE _____________________________________________ 3

5.0 SPECIFICATION OF SERVICE PILES TESTED ______________________________ 4

6.0 PIT ANALYSIS______________________________________________________ 4

7.0 ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION CRITERIA _______________________________ 5

8.0 TEST RESULT _______________________________________________________ 5

9.0 OBSERVATIONS ON TEST RESULTS ____________________________________ 6

DISCLAIMER __________________________________________________________ 7
 PILE INTEGRITY TEST REPORT 2

1.0 GENERAL

M/S. SYNERGY DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT was entrusted with the pile integrity test for the constructed
cast-in place bored piles at Pier-04-[PILE 01 TO 06.] location of the proposed DHAKA-KHULNA HIGHWAY (N-8)
IMPROVEMENT PROJECT: JURAIN RAILWAY OVER PASS (CH. 0+892.00) AT JURAIN, DHAKA,
BANGLADESH. The contractor for piling t is DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTIONS LTD. (Partner of DCL-CCECC-
JV).
Pile Integrity Testing (PIT) is a Non-Destructive integrity test method for foundation piles. It is a “Low
Strain” Method (since it requires the impact of only a small hand-held hammer). The evaluation of PIT records is
conducted either according to the Pulse-Echo (or Sonic Echo – a time domain analysis) or the Transient Response
(frequency domain analysis) Procedure. The equipment used for PIT is robust and portable and comprises a light-
weight field computer, transducer, connecting cables and a plastic mallet. Thus, any accessible pile can be tested by
a single operator.

FIGURE 1: PILE INTEGRITY TESTER: PIT-QV

(PILE DYNAMICS INC.; USA)

This report summarizes the result of the low strain dynamic testing on cast in situ R.C.C. bored piles at the
referenced site.. The tests were accomplished with the use of Pile Integrity Tester equipment by Pile Dynamics Inc,
USA.

2. SCOPE OF THE WORK

The scope of the work consisted of the following

(i) To carry out the pile integrity tests
(ii) To comment on the length and quality of pile shaft i.e. quality of concrete, cross section of pile shaft etc.
 PILE INTEGRITY TEST REPORT 3

3.0 DETECTABLE IN-SITU PHENOMENA

▪ Reflections from the toe (in most cases).

▪ Reflections from significant inclusions (5-10% or more of the pile diameter).
▪ Reflections from horizontal cracks.
▪ Reflections from joints, (as for precast concrete piles).
▪ Reflections from increases and decreases in cross-section.
▪ Reflections from changes in soil layers.
▪ Reflections from significant changes in material properties (e.g. variation in concrete consistency).

4.0 WORKING PROCEDURE

Low Strain Integrity Testing may be applied to any concreted pile (e.g. concrete piles, drilled shafts, augered
cast-in-place piles, concrete filled pipe piles). The test requires
the impact of a small hand held hammer on the shaft top and
the measurement of the shaft top motion (acceleration or
velocity). The input compression wave from the hammer is
reflected from pile toe (or a change in cross sectional area or
pile material quality) and returns to the pile top at a time related
to the speed of travel of the wave in the pile material. A stress
wave (sound wave) is introduced into the pile by means of a
hammer blow on the pile head. This stress wave travels at the
speed of sound (c) to the pile toe and reflects back to the pile
head. The response of the pile head, as a result of the
FIGURE 2: PILE LENGTH DETERMINATION TECHNIQUE
hammer blow and reflections, is measured with an
acceleration transducer. The acceleration is integrated and presented as a velocity signal (v) For each pile at least 3
hammer blows are applied to the pile head and the results are presented as 3 traces in a diagram (Fig. 02). To proof
the quality of testing the 3 traces should be similar. The time (T) between the start of the hammer blow and the time
of arrival of the reflection from the pile toe is measured. The pile length (L) is calculated with: L = c.T/2 when the
stress wave velocity (c) is known To present the measuring results the time axis (t) is scaled to a length (depth) (l)
axis with L= c.t/2. Due to shaft friction the toe reflection might be of small magnitude. To make the reflection visible,
the measured signal is amplified. To remove noise from the signals a filter value can be applied.
 PILE INTEGRITY TEST REPORT 4

The pile top velocity is displayed as a function of time with an exponentially increasing magnitude such that
the pile toe reflection is enhanced. The averaged, amplified velocity, averaged for several impacts, is the standard
result of the Pulse Echo Method. The force as a function of time, if available, provides additional information as to the
pile quality near the pile top.
The Transient Response Method result shows the ratio of velocity to force transforms for all relevant
frequencies in a plot called Mobility. It should be shown together with the related low frequency pile stiffness.
Transient Response requires that hammer force is measured.

5.0 SPECIFICATION OF SERVICE PILES TESTED

A total of 06 Nos Service Piles have been tested for integrity, and the design diameter of these piles were 1200mm
and length 35.10 m from Cut off Level.

6.0 PIT ANALYSIS

The acceleration record created from instrumented hammer impact was integrated to velocity and displayed
on the Pile Integrity Tester console and digitally stored for reprocessing. The velocity traces were then investigated
for any reflection from increases or decreases of pile impedance at points below the pile top.
Impedance is defined as EA/C where E and A are the material elastic modulus and cross sectional area,
respectively and C is the stress wave speed. In the majority of piles elastic modulus and wave speed nearly constant.
Thus changes in impedance usually indicate changes of pile cross – sectional area.
An analysis option which is incorporated in the Integrity program is an exponential (with time) amplification
routine. This option is used to amplify wave reflections, which are weak due to pile and soil damping. In certain cases,
the reflections from the pile toe become evident only after such amplification is applied.
A total of 06 Nos Service piles have been tested for integrity, and the design diameter of these piles was
1200mm and length 35.10 m from Cut off Level. Velocity profile for each pile has been plotted using PIT-W Standard
to evaluate the integrity of each pile. PIT-W Standard allows data to be filtered and magnified with an exponential
amplification as a function of time. The analysis in the time domain helps locate the depth of a potential defect. If an
instrumented hammer is used, PIT-W Standard provides output as a force-velocity plot and perform Surface Wave
Analysis, which is recommended for piles of large diameters.
 PILE INTEGRITY TEST REPORT 5

7.0 ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION CRITERIA

▪ Shafts with no significant reflections from locations above the pile toe and with a clear pile toe reflection may
be accepted.
▪ Where no clear toe reflection is apparent, the experienced test engineer shall state to which shaft depth the
test appears to be conclusive.
▪ Where reflections from locations with significant reductions in pile area or pile material strength or stiffness
above the pile toe are observed, the pile has a serious defect.
▪ If the record is complex, the results may be deemed inconclusive.
▪ Construction records (concrete usage, grout pressure records, soil borings) may be valuable in result
interpretations or additional numerical analysis modeling may be used to quantify the record.
▪ The decision to reject and replace, or repair, any defective shaft is at the sole responsibility of the engineer-
of-record for the foundation.

8.0 TEST RESULT

The reflectograms obtained from Pile integrity Test for each pile are illustrated below
SYNERGY DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT 9/9/2018
JROB PIER -04
PIT-W 2009-2
cm/s Pile: 01.01 - 3: # 15
1.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:10:15 PM
0.50

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-0.50 V 0.764 cm/s (0.764)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 01.02 - 3: # 17
3.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:10:01 PM
1.50

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-1.50 V 1.177 cm/s (1.177)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 01.03 - 3: # 18
3.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:10:32 PM
1.50

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-1.50 V 1.515 cm/s (1.514)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 02.01 - 3: # 12
1.60
Pile
9/2/2018 1:11:14 PM
0.80

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-0.80 V 1.092 cm/s (1.092)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 02.02 - 3: # 14
2.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:11:24 PM
1.00

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-1.00 V 1.038 cm/s (1.038)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 02.03 - 3: # 16
1.60
Pile
9/2/2018 1:11:35 PM
0.80

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-0.80 V 1.134 cm/s (1.135)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m

Page 1
SYNERGY DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT 9/9/2018
JROB PIER -04
PIT-W 2009-2
cm/s Pile: 03.01 - 3: # 9
2.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:12:25 PM
1.00

0.00

-1.00
SYNERGY DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
L/D=29 (D=120 cm)
V 1.101 cm/s (1.100)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 03.02 - 3: # 11
4.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:12:45 PM
2.00

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-2.00 V 2.189 cm/s (2.191)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 03.03 - 3: # 13
4.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:12:58 PM
2.00

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-2.00 V 1.913 cm/s (1.914)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 04.01 - 3: # 6
3.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:13:40 PM
1.50

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-1.50 V 1.390 cm/s (1.390)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 04.02 - 3: # 8
1.60
Pile
9/2/2018 1:13:50 PM
0.80

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-0.80 V 0.985 cm/s (0.985)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 04.03 - 3: # 10
2.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:14:02 PM
1.00

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-1.00 V 1.162 cm/s (1.162)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m

Page 2
SYNERGY DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT 9/9/2018
JROB PIER -04
PIT-W 2009-2
cm/s Pile: 05.01 - 3: # 3
1.60
Pile
9/2/2018 1:14:42 PM
0.80

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-0.80 V 1.260 cm/s (1.261)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 05.02 - 3: # 5
2.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:14:55 PM
1.00

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-1.00 V 1.283 cm/s (1.283)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 05.03 - 3: # 7
1.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:15:08 PM
0.50

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-0.50 V 0.932 cm/s (0.932)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 06.01 - 3: # 1
2.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:15:51 PM
1.00

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-1.00 V 1.224 cm/s (1.225)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 06.02 - 3: # 2
3.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:16:04 PM
1.50

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-1.50 V 2.032 cm/s (2.033)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m
cm/s Pile: 06.03 - 3: # 4
2.00
Pile
9/2/2018 1:16:17 PM
1.00

0.00

L/D=29 (D=120 cm)

-1.00 V 1.093 cm/s (1.093)
35.10 m (3950 m/s)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 m

Page 3
 PILE INTEGRITY TEST REPORT 6

9.0 OBSERVATIONS ON TEST RESULTS

▪ Pile toe is visible at 35.10-meter depth from pile head with a wave speed of 3950
PILE ID:

m/sec, consistent with good quality concrete.

01

▪ No major change in impedance indicates that, the cross-section of pile is almost

uniform throughout the length.
▪ Pile toe is visible at 35.10-meter depth from pile head with a wave speed of 3950
PILE ID:

m/sec, consistent with good quality concrete.

02

▪ No major change in impedance indicates that, the cross-section of pile is almost

uniform throughout the length.
▪ Pile toe is visible at 35.10-meter depth from pile head with a wave speed of 3950
PILE ID:

m/sec, consistent with good quality concrete.

03

▪ No major change in impedance indicates that, the cross-section of pile is almost

uniform throughout the length.
▪ Pile toe is visible at 35.10-meter depth from pile head with a wave speed of 3950
PILE ID:

m/sec, consistent with good quality concrete.

04

▪ No major change in impedance indicates that, the cross-section of pile is almost

uniform throughout the length.
▪ Pile toe is visible at 35.10-meter depth from pile head with a wave speed of 3950
PILE ID:

m/sec, consistent with good quality concrete.

05

▪ No major change in impedance indicates that, the cross-section of pile is almost

uniform throughout the length.
▪ Pile toe is visible at 35.10-meter depth from pile head with a wave speed of 3950
PILE ID:

m/sec, consistent with good quality concrete.

06

▪ No major change in impedance indicates that, the cross-section of pile is almost

uniform throughout the length.
 PILE INTEGRITY TEST REPORT 7

DISCLAIMER
Professional judgments and observations presented herein were developed by analyzing Reflectograms,
initiated by Pile Integrity /Low Strain Integrity Testing/ Sonic Echo Or Pulse Echo Testing for respected pile.
They are based partly on evaluation of the technical information obtained from the PIT, partly on our general
experience with subsurface conditions in the area and the casted pile which has been tested. Each individual trace
has been inspected on site by the testing engineer. Anomalous readings, which are readily identifiable, are noted on
site. Although, judgement after analyzing PIT data of the respective deep foundation( Cast In-situ Bored Pile/ Driven
Pile) has been obtained and observations has been demonstrated in this report, but it may differentiate with the
behavior expected after Pile Integrity test, due to the following flaws and limitations of the Low Strain Integrity Testing
Procedure.

▪ Major defects are easily detected but minor deficiencies such as loss of cover to steel or small soil inclusions
may not be discovered.
▪ The presence of debris at the pile toe cannot be detected.
▪ Gradual changes in cross section may not be detected.
▪ If the pile is long, has a large length to diameter ratio or is constructed in soil of a high skin friction value,
reflections from lower in the shaft section, including the toe reflection, may be masked or not detectable.
▪ The test equipment can amplify the signal exponentially with time to emphasize the signal reflected along
the pile shaft and from the pile toe and therefore remove the effects of any signal attenuation as it travels
along the pile.