Use the word given in capitals at the end of some lines to form a word that fits in the gap

in the same line.

U1A Memory in children

Most of us don’t have any memories from the first three to four years of our lives. When we do

try to think back to our (31)          memories, it is often unclear whether they are the real EARLY

thing or just (32)          based on photos or stories told to us by others. Pre-schoolers, COLLECT

on the other hand, can remember events that go years back. It’s (33)          whether DEBATE

long-term memories at this early age are truly autobiographical, – that is(34)           PERSON

relevant events that occurred in a specific time and place. Of course, memory(35)           CAPABLE

at these ages are not adult-like – they continue to mature until adolescence. In fact,

(36)          changes in basic memory processes have been put forward as an DEVELOP

(37)          for childhood amnesia, and it’s one of the best theories we’ve got so far. EXPLAIN

It’s important to remember that, even if we can’t explicitly remember (38)          events SPECIFY

from when we were very young, their accumulation nevertheless leaves(39)          traces LAST

that influence our behaviour. The first few years of life are paradoxically (40)           FORGET

and yet powerful in shaping the adults that we become.

U1B Dreams
Dreams occur in all stages of sleep, but they seem to become(31)          fragmented INCREASE

as the night progresses. In general, they appear to be constructed out of a mishmash of prior

experience. Dreams contain (32)          memory fragments: places we’ve been, faces CONNECT

we’ve seen, situations that are (33)          familiar. These fragments can either be pasted PARTIAL

together in a semi-random mess or organized in a structured and (34)          way. REAL

Simply thinking about where these memory fragments are coming from and how they are

connected together may provide an explanation for the (35)          between early and DIFFER

late-night dreams. (36)          of how it happens, it is clear that dreams not only replay RESPECT

memory fragments but also create brand-new, highly (37)          mixtures of memories CREATE

and knowledge. Although we don’t quite understand how dreams achieve this type of innovative

(38)          of material, it seems clear that the (39)          brain is somehow freed COMBINE, SLEEP

of constraints and can thus create whole sequences of free(40)          . ASSOCIATE

U3A Join us to make a difference

We are a charity and (37)          organisation asking individuals to become more PROFIT
(38)          involved with our Net World project which has proved to be one of our most ACT

successful (39)           .If you are interested in helping children develop the INITIATE

(40)          to use computers in some remote areas around the globe, please get CAPABLE

in touch. This is a (41)          educational program for children, therefore it is PRACTICE

(42)          that you already have some knowledge and computer skills. Don’t let ESSENCE

feeling (43)          about travelling to a different country with a different language DOUBT

stop you from getting involved. Please help us to deliver a (44)          project using REVOLUTION

technology to improve literacy of children. Submit your application now!

U3B Planning a charity challenge

When contemplating a fundraising event, you may face an (37)     number of choices. EXCESS

Organising overseas challenges such as climbing Kilimanjaro or trekking the Sahara can

be a useful way for charities to raise money and (38)     in a more creative way; AWARE

however, such events can be (39)     complex to organise. It is crucial that you weigh MASS

up the pros and cons. An idea that (40)     looks great might turn out to be unsuitable INITIATE

for many and (41)     . . You should also consider people’s capabilities in addition to the PRACTICE

costs. Think carefully about your options and (42)     calculate how much you can raise. REAL

Don’t forget to seek (43)     advice for legal issues surrounding the event; you would DEPEND

find it most (44)     when facing any difficulties. VALUE

U5A Online advertising

Internet advertising continues to grow in every market globally, as the high-speed internet

connections become (36)          available and crucially affordable. According to findings INCREASE

from the Global Entertainment and Media (37)          report, although TV advertising LOOK

will remain strong as the industry evolves, internet advertising will(38)          broadcast TAKE

advertising in the USA next year. The rapid growth of online advertising, which seems to be

(39)           ,is viewed as a(40)          for marketers as they find it difficult to fully STOP,BACK

exploit the web. Most companies are reported to be increasing the web proportion of their total

advertising outlay in order to take advantage of the(41)          reach the web offers. PARLLEL

Companies are forced to find new ways of gaining and holding consumers' attention by using

the power of advertising. Some companies will need an (42)          to their marketing HAUL

strategy to set themselves apart from their (43)           .Based on the current trends, it COMPETE

seems that the focus needs to be on(44)          collecting and using data to better EFFICIENCY

identify the right customers, then expanding advertising to better reach them. This method will

not only be effective but may also result in growth in(45)          ways. EXPECT

U5B When an ad goes bad

Most content will offend someone somewhere these days but there is an issue when many

find an ad extremely offensive. Yesterday, a soft drink company suffered a major

(36)           . An advert which was released to celebrate the launch of a new product SET

came up against a great deal of criticism and after a major customer (37)           , CRY

the company had to withdraw it. The advert, which was expected to push sales to an

(38)          level, caused uproar and as a result the company suffered a 9 percent IMAGINE

drop in (39)           . The company apologised for the (40)          offense. TURN, INTEND

‘It is our policy to listen to our consumers. We understand that the message may be

(41)          and this has prompted our decision to withdraw it,’ said the company’s LEAD

CEO in a statement issued yesterday. In an interview with the press he has admitted that

the (42)          from the ad has not been pleasant, and described it as an FALL

(43)          problem for the company. However, the consumer’s remain decidedly DENY

(44)          by the message. The ad has racked up views online as media HEART

(45)          continue to document the controversy. LET

U7A Graffiti
Graffiti is a medium for voices of social change, an (37)          of community desire or political EXPRESS

protest. While in most countries without the permission of the property owner it is an (38)           OFFEND

of criminal damage and is prosecuted, there are places where it is acknowledged as Street art and can

be a (39)          for local and international visitors. FASCINATE

The work takes many shapes and forms – from simple tags of (40)           , to beautiful scenes IDENTIFY

or controversial ones that serve as an (41)          of political activities. The internet has made INDICATE

these works more (42)           and many examples can be found online. One of the most famous ACCESS

locations in the world is Melbourne whose (43)          with street art scene are also available in PASS

a feature (44)          .Controversies surrounding graffiti continue to create heated DOCUMENT

disagreement amongst law enforcement officials among others.

U7B Union announces strike

Thousands of supermarket employees showed(37)          by taking to the streets to protest UNITE

against the dismissal of fifty workers. The main(38)          is that the company compromises ACCUSE

workers’ safety. Among the(39)          raised was an allegation that the company dismissed GRIEVE

those employees for participating in a protest against changes to their shifts and working hours. A TV

news program depicted protesters laughing and smiling for the cameras giving the (40)           IMPRESS

they are having a good time and sending out the message ‘If you don't take the issues seriously, you

can't expect us go back to work’. The protest is gathering pace and the workers believe the bigger it gets

the more likely the company is to succumb under(41)          . ‘There is a plan for holding various PRESS

marches in several towns which would result in (42)          of nearly half of the branches,’ a CLOSE
speaker said. t is (43)          , what the outcome would be, but as a solution‚ the workers are DEBATE

demanding the (44)          of the employees. INSTATE

U9A Complete the text with the correct form of the words in brackets.

Up your game
As a leader you should be seeking to expand your leadership repertoire, build high-(16)          (perform) teams
and master (17)          (negotiate) skills.

It is imperative in a leadership role that you can communicate (18)          (effect). Excellent communication
skills differentiate between a poor leader and an exceptional one.

The ability to work (19)          (collaborate) also becomes extremely important as you assume more
(20)          (responsible). To get high performance from a team a leader needs to cultivate an environment of
collaboration and trust irrespective of their title or position,(21)          (coordinate) efforts helps to solve
problems and accomplish goals.

When (22)          (implement) new ideas, it is critical to build the confidence of employees, avoid
(23)          (negative) to create a positive environment and use (24)          (recognise) as a motivator.

Never (25)           (estimate) the need for a great leader; it’s much more than just a title.

U9A Aspirations versus reality

A recent study which investigated young people’s career aspirations          and the reality of

the job market in the UK, revealed their attitudes to future careers and current advice. The

findings of the research are concerning but not entirely (37)          .The report discusses EXPECT

a (38)           between the types of careers young people would like to pursue, and the MATCH

existing job opportunities in the labour market. It reports that teenagers have a low

(39)           of the range of jobs available to them– the majority of jobs were entirely AWARE

(40)           by respondents. Teenagers are also (41)          about the best way to LOOK, INFORM

get a good job; considering good exam result as the best route to a good career. Another issue

highlighted by the report was a lack of certainty, with a third of respondents being (42)            DECIDE

about the area they wanted to work in. The report emphasises that young people need to be better

exposedto employers and the workplace through (43)           work experience; hearing from TAKE

employers about available jobs and getting inspired to work in previously (44)           areas. IMAGINE

U9B Up your game

As a leader you should be seeking to expand your (16)          (lead) repertoire, build great teams, and delegate
tasks (17)          (effect). It is also crucial that you have excellent communication skills to prevent
(18)          (understand).

As John Baldoni describes in his book ‘(19)          (lead) by Example’, leaders are those who make things
happen; something they achieve by acting the part after (20)          (set) the right example. It is important that
you demonstrate your resilience by tackling tough issues.

Take (21)          (initiate), but be humble because leading is a team activity. Be a leader who aspires to take on
(22)          (responsible), but is authentic and earns credibility by working (23)          (collaborate) with
employees as well as sharing credit with them for any success.

Managers who put their team first,(24)          (respect) of circumstances, by supporting, nurturing and
developing them become leaders whose (25)           (person), character, knowledge and skills will be
recognised and accepted.
U9B Job fairs
Many job seekers tend tooverlookjob fairs because they are viewed ascompetitive

and confusing due to the number of recruiters.There's also a common (37)           that the UNDERSTAND

best companiesdon'trecruit at career fairs. On the contrary, many companies prefer to refer

candidates to job fairs. Job fairs (38)          job seekers to meetwithpotential employers, ABLE

gain advice to secure futureemployment andbuild (39)          contacts.So if you decide to PROFESSION

go to one, it is best to select companies you would like to target in advance and visit theirwebsites

to get somebasicinformation like theirannual (40)           andnumber of employees.Check TURN

your CV, to make sure it effectively (41)           your educational background and skills, and PRESENT

(42)           your interviewtechniques.If you are planning to apply to companies from multiple SHARP

sectors, carry two CVs with different career (43)            . It’s best to arrive early as recruiters OBJECT

are more attentive at the start of the day.Remember to focus on what you can offer as youmay be

the(44)           change they are looking for. FRESH