ABES ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD

ECE Department

Project report

On

IR SENSOR USING LM358 IC

ABHIJEET SINGH
1603231186
 CONTENTS

1. ABSTRACT
2. REVIEW
2.1 PCB 03
2.2 RESISTOR 03
2.3 IR LED 04
2.4 PHOTODIODE 05
2.5 PRESET 06
2.6 LM358 07
2.7 WORKING PRINCIPLE 08
2.8 IR CRICUIT SENSOR 09
2.9 CONCLUSION 10
3.0 REFRENCES 11
1. ABSTRACT
Infrared technology addresses a wide variety of wireless applications. The main areas are
sensing and remote controls. In the electromagnetic spectrum, the infrared portion is divided
into three regions: near infrared region, mid infrared region and far infrared region.
The wavelengths of these regions and their applications are shown below.
• Near infrared region — 700 nm to 1400 nm — IR sensors, fiber optic
• Mid infrared region — 1400 nm to 3000 nm — Heat sensing
• Far infrared region — 3000 nm to 1 mm — Thermal imaging
The frequency range of infrared is higher than microwave and lesser than visible light.
For optical sensing and optical communication, photo optics technologies are used in the near
infrared region as the light is less complex than RF when implemented as a source of signal.
Optical wireless communication is done with IR data transmission for short range applications.
An infrared sensor emits and/or detects infrared radiation to sense its surroundings.
The working of any Infrared sensor is governed by three laws: Planck’s Radiation law,
Stephen – Boltzmann law and Wien’s Displacement law.
Planck’s law states that “every object emits radiation at a temperature not equal to 00K”.
Stephen
– Boltzmann law states that “at all wavelengths, the total energy emitted by a black body is
proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature”. According to Wien’s
Displacement law, “the radiation curve of a black body for different temperatures will reach its
peak at a wavelength inversely proportional to the temperature”.
The basic concept of an Infrared Sensor which is used as Obstacle detector is to transmit an
infrared signal, this infrared signal bounces from the surface of an object and the signal is
received at the infrared receiver.
sed There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared detection system: an infrared
source, a transmission medium, optical component, infrared detectors or receivers and signal
processing. Infrared lasers and Infrared LED’s of specific wavelength can be used as infrared
sources. The three main types of media used for infrared transmission are vacuum, atmosphere
and optical fibers. Optical components are used to focus the infrared radiation or to limit the
spectral
radiation. Infrared receivers can be photodiodes, phototransistors etc. some important
specifications of infrared receivers are photosensitivity, detectivity and noise equivalent
power. Signal processing is done by amplifiers as the output of infrared detector is very small.

2.1 PCB Connection

A zero printed circuit board, or PCB, is used for Electronics and Communication support and
electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces
etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.
The PCB is printed circuit board having circuit made with cooper layer on
the plate there are various steps to design a PCB for that the basic thing required is circuit. So,
the circuits required for the system.

2.2 Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance
as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across
the resistor's terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the
intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance.

V= IR
where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the
potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of
the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is
constant, independent of the current.
38
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and
are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds.

Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can
also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.
 RESISTOR

2.3 IR LED
An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared
rays in the range of 760 nm wavelength. Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or
aluminum gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers, are commonly used as sensors.

IR LED

The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see the
infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is working or
not, unlike a common LED. To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be
used. The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit.

2.4 Photodiode
A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either
current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. The common, traditional solar cell
used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode.

Photodiode

Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either
exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fiber
connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes designed for
use specifically as a photodiode use a PIN junction rather than a p-n junction, to increase the
speed of response. A photodiode is designed to operate it.
2.5 PRESET

A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying resistance
in a circuit. The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can
be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The resistance does not vary linearly
but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. Such variable resistors are commonly
used for adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor.

The variable resistance is obtained across the single terminal at front and one of the two other
terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front leg. So
whenever only the back terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor. Presets are
specified by their fixed value resistance.

PRESET
2.6 LM358

The LM358 is a low power dual operational amplifier integrated circuit originally introduced
by National Semiconductor.[1] It is used in detector circuits.
The abbreviation LM358 indicates an 8-pin integrated circuit, comprising two operational
amplifiers at low power. The LM358 is designed for general use as amplifiers, high-pass filters,
low band pass filters, and analog adders.

LM358 IC
2.7 Principle of Working

The principle of an IR sensor working as an Object Detection Sensor can be

explained using the following figure. An IR sensor consists of an IR LED and an IR
Photodiode; together they are called as Photo – Coupler or Opto – Coupler.

When the IR transmitter emits radiation, it reaches the object and some of the
radiation reflects back to the IR receiver. Based on the intensity of the reception by
the IR receiver, the output of the sensor is defined.
2.8 Obstacle Sensing Circuit or IR Sensor Circuit

A typical IR sensing circuit is shown below.

It consists of an IR LED, a photodiode, a potentiometer, an IC Operational amplifier

and an LED.
IR LED emits infrared light. The Photodiode detects the infrared light. An IC Op – Amp
is used as a voltage comparator. The potentiometer is used to calibrate the output of
the sensor according to the requirement.
When the light emitted by the IR LED is incident on the photodiode after hitting an
object, the resistance of the photodiode falls down from a huge value. One of the
input of the op – amp is at threshold value set by the potentiometer. The other input to
the op- amp is from the photodiode’s series resistor. When the incident radiation is
more on the photodiode, the voltage drop across the series resistor will be high. In the
IC, both the threshold voltage and the voltage across the series resistor are
compared. If the voltage
across the resistor series to photodiode is greater than that of the threshold voltage,
the output of the IC Op – Amp is high. As the output of the IC is connected to an LED,
it lightens up. The threshold voltage can be adjusted by adjusting the potentiometer
depending on the environmental conditions.
The positioning of the IR LED and the IR Receiver is an important factor. When the IR
LED is held directly in front of the IR receiver, this setup is called Direct Incidence. In
this case, almost the entire radiation from the IR LED will fall on the IR receiver.
Hence there is a line of sight communication between the infrared transmitter and the
receiver. If an object falls in this line, it obstructs the radiation from reaching the
receiver either by reflecting the radiation or absorbing the radiation.
CONCLUSION

There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared detection system: an infrared source, a
transmission medium, optical component, infrared detectors or receivers and signal processing.
Infrared lasers and Infrared LED’s of specific wavelength can be used as infrared sources. The
three main types of media used for infrared transmission are vacuum, atmosphere and optical
fibers. Optical components are used to focus the infrared radiation or to limit the spectral
response. Optical lenses made of Quartz, Germanium and Silicon are u to focus the infrared
radiation. Infrared receivers can be photodiodes, phototransistors etc. some important
specifications of infrared receivers are photosensitivity, detectivity and noise equivalent
power. Signal processing is done by amplifiers as the output of infrared detector is very small.

3.1 REFERENCES

1. http://www.semico.com
2. Heath, Steve (2003). Embedded systems design. EDN series for design engineers (2
ed.). Newnes. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9780750655460
3. http://www.youtube.com