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Water quality assessment using macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical

parameters in the riverine system of Iligan City, Philippines.

Article · August 2012

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AES BIOFLUX
Advances in Environmental Sciences -
International Journal of the Bioflux Society

Water quality assessment using

macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical
parameters in the riverine system of Iligan City,
Philippines
1
Annielyn D. Tampus, 1Ermelinda G. Tobias, 1Ruben F. Amparado, 2Lydia
Bajo, and 3Astrid L. Sinco
1
Department of Biological Sciences, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan, Philipines;
2
Department of Chemistry, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan, Philippines;
3
Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. Corresponding
author: A.D. Tampus, [email protected]

Abstract. The water quality in the riverine systems (Mandulog and Iligan) of Iligan City decreases as it
approaches the downstream. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was used to determine which
physico-chemical parameters would influence the assemblage of macroinvertebrates. Results revealed
that Total Suspended Solids (TSS) affect the groups Plecoptera, Tricoptera, Diptera and Simuliidae while
nitrate affects Plecoptera and Gomphidae. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to determine
which physico-chemical parameters describe the sampling sites. Out of the ten physico-chemical
parameters that were determined, only the pH, silicate and nitrate showed significant correlation that
describe the sampling sites. These results indicated that the sampling sites within the two rivers show
similar chemical attributes.
Key Words: Water quality, macroinvertebrates, physico-chemical parameters.

Introduction. Macroinvertebrates or more simply ”benthos” are organisms in the

aquatic environment without a backbone that can be seen with the naked eye. These
animals can be found on rocks, logs, sediment, debris and aquatic plants during some
period in their life. The benthos include crustaceans such as crayfish, mollusks such as
clams and snails, aquatic worms and the immature forms of aquatic insects such as
stonefly and mayfly nymphs. Among the aquatic insects, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and
Trichoptera (EPT), comprise rich assemblages in low and medium order stony cobble
streams. These organisms are sensitive to environmental perturbations and therefore
occur in clean and well-oxygenated waters. Therefore, EPT assemblages are frequently
considered to be good indicators of water quality (Rosenberg & Resh 1993).
Aquatic macroinvertebrates are an important component of the freshwater
communities and a link to the aquatic food chain (Waters 1995). Its species diversity is
controlled by productivity, habitat heterogeneity and biotic interactions (Townsend 1989
as cited by Moretti & Callisto 2005). They are widely used as water quality bio-indicators
due to their long life period (Marques & Barbosa 2001 as cited by Moretti & Callisto 2005)
and they are also sensitive to changes in the ecosystem (Uyanik et al 2005). Moreover,
they are serve as a tool to measure continuous and chronic effects of pollution, stream
degradation from storm water runoff, point source discharges and are thus indicators of
stream recovery (Yandora 1998). They can be collected very easily from most aquatic
systems with inexpensive or homemade equipment.
Objectives of the Study:
1. To determine the assemblage of the macroinvertebrates;
2. To determine the physico-chemical parameters (pH, DO, temperature,
conductivity, TSS, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate and silicate) of the river;

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 3. To calculate the water quality of the sampling sites in terms of Field Biotic Index
(FBI) and Water Quality Index (WQI);
4. To compare the biota and physico-chemical parameters of the sampling sites
according to season;
5. To compare FBI and WQI of the sampling sites according to seasons;
6. To determine which physico-chemical parameter describes the sampling sites.

Material and Method. Iligan City, Philippines is bounded on the north by the 3
municipalities of Misamis Oriental (namely Lugait, Manticao and Opol), on the south by
the 3 municipalities of Lanao del Norte (Baloi, Linamon and Tagoloan) and the 2
municipalities of Lanao del Sur (Kapai and Tagoloan II), on the northeast by Cagayan de
Oro City, on the east by the municipality of Talakag, Bukidnon; and on the west by Iligan
Bay.
Iligan, which has many rivers that run through it, comes from the word ”ilig”,
which means flow. There are two major rivers that are located in the heart of the city
which are the subject of this study. Mandulog is a 50 km river whose headwaters come
from the Kalatungan range in Bukidnon. The other river, Iligan River comes from Lanao
del Sur.
Five sampling sites come from each of these rivers, the Mandulog and Iligan City
rivers (Table 1; Figure 1 & 2). The dip-net, kick-net and handpicking methods were
employed to collect macroinvertebrates from each of the sampling sites and the physico-
chemical parameters were measured in situ.

Table 1
The sampling sites along the two rivers systems of Iligan City with its coordinates

No. Sampling Sites GPS Coordinates

1 Kabangahan N 08˚14.727’ E 124˚22.236’
2 Caluda N 08˚14.996’ E 124˚18.463’
3 Kapay N 08˚14.907’ E 124˚18.459’
4 Bayug N 08˚15.097’ E 124˚15.453’
5 Mandulog N 08˚15.152’ E 124˚14.411’
6 Tambacan N 08˚13.659’ E 124˚14.068’
7 Tubod N 08˚13.166’ E 124˚14.527’
8 Abuno N 08˚10.556’ E 124˚15.276’
9 Pindugangan N 08˚11.404’ E 124˚15.827’
10 Tipanoy N 08˚11.745’ E 124˚15.451

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 Figure 1. Map showing the sampling sites in Mandulog River, Iligan City.

Figure 2. Map showing the sampling sites in Iligan (Tubod) River, Iligan City.

Results and Discussion. From the ten sampling sites included in this study, nine groups
of macroinvertebrates and four families were found (Table 2). The number of
macroinvertebrates varied for every sampling site and this could be explained by the
different factors affecting the activity of the rivers. Ephemeroptera (mayflies) are the
greatest number among all the macroinvertebrates in all sampling sites while

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Megaloptera (dragonfly and damselfly nymphs) are the least in number. The insect
orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera (stoneflies) and Tricoptera (caddiesflies) are
collectively known as EPT which means that they are generally pollution-sensitive
(Rosenberg & Resh 1993), they are also good indicators of water quality. They are thus
good for evaluating the balance in the community. These groups are present in the
Kabangahan, Caluda and Kapay sites.

Table 2
Comparison of macroinvertebrate counts according to seasons (wet and dry) using
Kruskal-Wallis Test

Data from Data from

Iligan Rivers Mandulog Rivers
Groups X2
n = 30 n = 30
Mean count Mean count
Ephemeroptera 24.10 10.07 1.51ns
Tricoptera 0.30 4.07 1.01ns
Coleoptera 0.27 0.40 0.10ns
Hemiptera 4.37 1.40 1.55ns
Mollusca 0.87 0.13 0.02ns
Shrimp 0.47 1.97 0.05ns
Diptera 3.50 2.67 3.18+
Plecoptera 7.03 11.60 0.03ns
Psephenidae 0.00 0.57 4.21*
Gomphidae 0.00 0.03 1.00ns
Formicidae 0.17 0.00 1.00ns
Simuliidae 3.13 0.90 0.04ns
Megaloptera 0.23 0.00 1.00ns
n= number of sampling sites; ns= not significant; + significant (0.05< 0.10);  significant (0.01<0.05).

Among the macroinvertebrate groups whose mean count in both riverine systems
showed significance both in the dry and wet seasons were Diptera (3.18) and
Psephenidae (4.21) (Tables 2, 3, 4). Diptera are macroinvertebrates that are represented
by chironomids. Swarms of adult midges (Chironomidae), for example, are conspicuous
and troublesome; but the adult midge lives just long enough, usually less than a day, to
mate and lay eggs. Thus, most of the life cycle happens under water of the larval stage
that is wormlike in appearance; some have adapted to oxygen-poor situations
(www.britannica.com).
In this study, it is noted that Diptera, namely Chironomidae had higher numbers
during the dry season (Giumaraes et al 2009) in Tipanoy, Kabangahan, Abuno and Tubod
sampling sites. The high presence of chironomids suggests potential pollution most
probably because people use the rivers to carry out their daily chores such as washing,
bathing effluent discharges (Agboola & Denloye 2011). The human impacts mostly due to
deforestation, erosion, urban and industrial pollution (Beqiraj et al 2006). The high
abundance of Diptera, particularly in Chironomidae found is affected by the variability of
physical and chemical characters. In contrast, Trichoptera displayed more stable
proportions to the emergences since it can tolerate a wide range of environmental
conditions (Freitag 2005). Moreover, low macroinvertebrate counts were also observed
during the summer months in the downstream area of the two rivers (Mandulog and
Tambacan sampling sites). This could be attributed to the high values of phosphate and
nitrogen ions. These results correspond with the study of Duran (2006) in the Behzat
stream in Turkey. Macroinvertebrates have also been identified and the highest species
number was recorded near tributaries due to the availability of food while the lowest are
in the impacted areas where there are pollution discharges and gravel excavation
(Beqiraj et al 2006).

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 Table 3
Comparison of macroinvertebrate counts during the dry season using Kruskal-Wallis Test

Data from Data from

Iligan Rivers Mandulog Rivers
Groups X2
n = 15 n = 15
Mean count Mean count
Ephemeroptera 24.27 7.07 2.43ns
Tricoptera 0.20 0.00 1.00ns
Coleoptera 0.47 0.33 0.311ns
Hemiptera 4.00 1.20 0.96ns
Diptera 5.60 5.33 0.82ns
Plecoptera 14.07 23.20 0.15ns
Psephenidae 0.00 1.13 4.44*
Gomphidae 0.00 0.07 1.00ns
Formicidae 0.33 0.00 1.00ns
Simuliidae 6.27 1.80 0.18ns
Megaloptera 0.47 0.00 1.00ns
n= number of sampling sites; ns= not significant; + significant (0.05< 0.10);  significant (0.01 <   0.05).

Water penny are aquatic beetles under the family Psephenidae which are around 6 to 10
millimeters in length (Arnett et al 2002) where it showed significance at α=0.05 (Table
3). The presence of water penny larvae in an aquatic ecosystem can be used as a test for
the quality of the water since it belongs to the sensitive category. These beetles cannot
live in habitats where rocks acquire a thick layer of algae, fungi or inorganic sediment.
Therefore, their presence along with other diverse phyla signifies good quality water.

Table 4
Comparison of macroinvertebrate counts during the wet season using Kruskal-Wallis Test
Data from Data from
Iligan Rivers Mandulog Rivers
Groups X2
n = 15 n = 15
Mean count Mean count
Ephemeroptera 23.93 13.07 0.01ns
Tricoptera 0.40 8.13 3.08+
Coleoptera 0.13 0.47 0.01ns
Hemiptera 4.73 1.60 0.81ns
Mollusca 1.73 0.27 0.07ns
Shrimp 0.93 3.93 0.02ns
Diptera 1.40 0.00 5.74*
n= number of sampling sites; ns= not significant; + significant (0.05< 0.10);  significant (0.01<0.05).

Macroinvertebrates are widely used as indicators of ecological condition because of their

variety of responses to human disturbances. Their assemblage may also be affected by
changes in water chemistry such as reduced dissolved oxygen levels (McKayy & King
2006) and by flow alteration caused by increased water temperatures (Rader & Belish
1999).
The FBI (Hilsenhoff 1987) is based on family level identification of stream
arthropods including insects, amphipods and isopods. It is not as sensitive as species-
based indices but it has an advantage for rapid stream assessment. The FBI is a
quantitative measure that requires counting of individuals in each family. It is based on
the scale of 10 and high values indicate high pollution intolerance while lower values
indicate low pollution intolerance.

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Table 5 shows the FBI (Hilsenhoff 1987) and WQI scores with its interpretations in the
two major rivers in Iligan City. Water quality in Abuno sampling site shows excellence
implies a no apparent organic pollution. On the other hand, Kabangahan, that Caluda,
Kapay, Mandulog, Pindugangan and Tipanoy sampling sites have very good water quality
indicative of possible slight organic pollution. Bayug and Tubod sampling sites however,
have only good water quality indicating some organic pollution while the Tambacan site
reveals a fairly significant organic pollution in all the sampling months.

Table 5
Field Biotic Index (Hilsenhoff 1987) mean readings in ten sampling sites in the two major
rivers in Iligan City

FBI WQI
Sampling sites
Wet Dry Implication Wet Dry Implication
Possible slight organic
Kabangahan 3.8 3.2 58 54 medium
pollution
Possible slight organic
Caluda 3.8 3.8 62 57 medium
pollution
Possible slight organic
Kapay 4.3 2.5 61 57 medium
pollution
Bayug 4.4 5.3 Some organic pollution 56 55 medium
Possible slight organic
Mandulog 4.5 4.3 59 56 medium
pollution
Fairly significant organic
Tambacan 6.1 5.6 61 57 medium
pollution
Possible slight organic
Tubod 6.3 3.5 60 48 medium
pollution
No apparent organic
Abuno 2.9 3.6 62 49 medium
pollution
Possible slight organic
Pindugangan 3.7 3.9 61 54 medium
pollution
Possible slight organic
Tipanoy 4.8 4.0 62 54 medium
pollution

The midstream and downstream portion where the other sampling sites are located are
vulnerable to various urban impacts, such as erosion, release of domestic, industrial and
agricultural effluents, and deforestation as well (Guimaraes et al 2009). The sampling
sites that were most likely impacted were characterized by the presence of silted banks
with little or no vegetation in the riverbanks, the presence of household wastes,
agricultural wastes and constructions, among others. These observations in some
sampling sites contribute to the reduction of the lotic system functioning like the
maintenance of biological diversity (Brown 2007).
Based on WQI which uses the online calculator, all sampling sites fall within the
medium category wherein seven out of nine physico-chemical factors were used such as
pH, DO, temperature, TSS, TDS, PO4-P and NO3-N to calculate the WQI (Table 5). These
results may be attributed to some of the non-point sources of pollution in the two areas.
Thus, the number of areas in which the absence of pollution is possible is decreasing,
making this a wake-up call for us to continually guard and protect the rivers.
Table 6 shows the comparison of FBI and WQI between the Iligan and Mandulog
Rivers according to season. The results reveal that the two rivers show a significance with
the WQI at -2.37 at 0.01<0.05 only during the dry season. Water quality along the two
rivers is best identified when the physico-chemical parameters were used rather than the
macroinvertebrate counts. This clearly conveys that the two rivers are polluted. It is
during the dry season that most of the activities of the people living near the rivers are at
a peak while during the wet season most of the water is washed out to the sea.

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 Table 6
Comparison of FBI and WQI between Iligan and Mandulog Rivers when grouped according
to seasons using T- Test

Data from Data from

Iligan Rivers Mandulog Rivers
Season Index T value
n Mean n Mean
Combined data of FBI 4.12 3.86 0.68ns
dry and wet 30 30
seasons WQI 56.70 57.57 -0.44ns

Data from dry FBI 3.48 3.54 -0.10ns

15 15
season WQI 52.27 55.80 -2.37*

Data from wet FBI 4.76 4.18 1.50ns

15 15
season WQI 61.13 59.33 0.56ns
FBI - Field Biotic Index; WQI - Water Quality Index; n= number of sampling sites; ns= not significant;
 significant (0.01<0.05).

Figure 3 shows the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to determine which

physico-chemical parameters would influence the assemblage of macroinvertebrates.
Results reveal that Total Suspended Solids (TSS) affect the groups Plecoptera,
Tricoptera, Diptera and Simuliidae while nitrate affects Plecoptera and Gomphidae (Table
7). Tricoptera and Plecoptera are organisms that are sensitive to the conditions of the
waters such that any changes in the concentrations of the chemical components of the
water, which would affect its assemblage. Organic pollution generally reduces
invertebrate diversity dramatically, resulting in a community dominated by Chironomidae
(Diptera) and Oligochaetes (Wright 1995). Phosphorus concentration would also affect
variation in mcroinvertebrate communities (Pinel-Alloul et al 1996).

Table 7
Summary statistics of species response to the environmental variables that significantly
describe the macroinvertebrate groups as represented by F value and beta coefficient
generated from General Linear Models (GLM) derived from ordination using Canonical
Correspondence Analysis (CCA)

TSS Nitrate
Groups
F value Beta coefficient F value Beta coefficient
Ephemeroptera 0.03ns - 0.42ns -
Tricoptera 5.33** -3.74 0.19ns -
Coleoptera 0.07ns - 0.37ns -
Hemiptera 0.04ns - 1.80ns -
Mollusca 2.38ns - 0.02ns -
Shrimp 3.65+ -2.21 0.16ns -
Diptera 10.36** 4.72 2.91+ 1.40
Plecoptera 15.83** 20.39 0.72ns -
Psephenidae 3.27+ 0.62 0.62ns -
Gomphidae 0.01ns - 25.52** 0.07
Formicidae 1.25ns - 0.16ns -
Simuliidae 10.63** 4.81 1.99ns -
Megaloptera 1.74ns - 0.10ns -
TSS - Total Suspended Solids; ns - not significant; + significant (0.05<0.10);  highly significant (0.01).

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 j

1.0
Nitrate

g
k i f
h a b
c d e

m
l
-0.4

TSS

-1.0 0.4

Figure 3. Ordination biplot of environmental variables and macroinvertebrate groups

using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). In the graph are included the
environmental variables which significantly describe the macroinvertebrate groups (a-
Ephemeroptera, b-Trichoptera, c-Coleoptera, d-Hemiptera, e-Mollusca, f-Shrimp, g-
Diptera, h-Plecoptera, i-Psephenidae, j-Gomphidae, k-Formidae, l-Simuliidae, m-
Megaloptera) in Iligan and Mandulog Rivers.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to determine which physico-chemical

parameters describe the sampling sites. Out of the ten physico-chemical parameters that
were determined in this study, only the pH, silicate (Axis 1) and nitrate (axis 2) show
significance (Figure 4 and Table 8). These results indicate that the sampling sites within
the two rivers show similar chemical attributes.
The physico-chemical parameters are significant attributes of the river systems
and its measurements would provide a status of the water quality. During the dry
season, high values of the nitrite and silicate was recorded but nitrate showed lower
values. The results would imply that the activities along the rivers contribute to its
nutrient concentration (Guldin 1989). These activities include the washing of clothes,
bathing, and planting of some crops along the riverbanks as well as sewage and manure.

Table 8
Summary statistics for the environmental variables that significantly contribute to axis 1
and axis 2 as represented by F value and beta coefficient generated from General Linear
Models (GLM) derived from ordination using Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

Environmental Axis 1 Axis 2

variables F value Beta coefficient F value Beta coefficient
Nitrate 0.15ns - 561.37** 1.25
ns
pH 6.42** 0.17 0.95 -
Silicate 271.02** -131.14 0.01ns -
ns-not significant;  highly significant (  0.01)

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 1.2
Nitrate

Silicate

pH
-0.6

-1.5 1.0

Figure 4. Ordination biplot of environmental variables and sampling sites using Principal
Component Analysis (PCA).

Conclusions. It is therefore concluded in this study that water quality along the two
rivers is most properly identified when the physico-chemical parameters is used together
with the macroinvertebrate counts. It clearly conveys that the two rivers are polluted and
pollution decreases as it approaches the downstream portions of the rivers. It is during
the dry season that most of the activities of the people living near the rivers are at peak
while during the wet most of the water are washed out going to the sea. The researchers
would like to recommend that there should be a continuous monitoring of the riverine
systems of Iligan City; information dissemination at the rivers location through seminars
and symposia; a closed season for quarrying activities in the river that the present
communities to be able to regenerate; tree planting activities along the riverbanks to
minimize erosion that is being done by natural calamities like flooding.

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Received: 04 August 2012. Accepted: 26 August 2012. Published online: 30 August 2012.
Authors:
Annielyn D. Tampus, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State
University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, Iligan 9200, Philippines, [email protected]
Ermelinda G. Tobias, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State
University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, Iligan 9200, Philippines, [email protected]
Ruben f. Amparado, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State
University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Tibanga, Iligan 9200, Philippines, [email protected]
Lydia M. Bajo, Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan
Institute of Technology, Tibanga, Iligan 9200, Philippines, [email protected]
Astrid L. Sinco, Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cagayan de Oro 9000, Philippines,
[email protected]
How to cite this article:
Tampus A. D., Tobias E. G., Amparado R. F., Bajo L., Sinco A. L., 2012 Water quality assessment using
macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical parameters in the riverine system of Iligan City, Philippines. AES
Bioflux 4(2):59-68.

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