STRING

In Java, string is basically an object that represents sequence of char values. An array of characters works same as
Java string. For example:

char[] ch = {'j','a','v','a','t','p','o','i','n','t'};
String s = new String(ch);

is same as:

String s = "javatpoint";
The java.lang.String class implements Serializable, Comparable and CharSequence interfaces.

CharSequence Interface

The CharSequence interface is used to represent the sequence of characters.

String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes implement it. It means, we can create strings in java by using these
three classes.

The Java String is immutable which means it cannot be changed. Whenever we change any string, a new instance is
created. For mutable strings, you can use StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes.

Generally, String is a sequence of characters. But in Java, string is an object that represents a sequence of characters.
The java.lang.String class is used to create a string object.

How to create a string object?

There are two ways to create a string object:

1. By String literal
2. By new Keyword

1. Java String Literal – is created by using double quotes. For example,

a. String s = “welcome”;

Note: String objects are stored in a special memory area known as the ”string constant pool”.

2. By new Keyword

String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable

Example:

public class StringExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="java";//creating string by java string literal
char ch[]={'s','t','r','i','n','g','s'};
String s2=new String(ch);//converting char array to string
String s3=new String("example");//creating java string by new keyword
System.out.println(s1);
System.out.println(s2);
System.out.println(s3);
}}
Output:
java
strings
example
Java String class methods

No Method Description
1 char charAt(int index) returns char value for the particular index

2 int length() returns string length

3 static String format(String format, Object... args) returns a formatted string.

4 static String format(Locale l, String format, Object... returns formatted string with given locale.
args)
5 String substring(int beginIndex) returns substring for given begin index.

6 String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex) returns substring for given begin index and end index.

7 boolean contains(CharSequence s) returns true or false after matching the sequence of

char value.
8 static String join(CharSequence delimiter, returns true or false after matching the sequence of
CharSequence... elements) char value.
9 static String join(CharSequence delimiter, returns a joined string.
Iterable<? extends CharSequence> elements)
10 boolean equals(Object another) checks the equality of string with the given object.

11 boolean isEmpty() checks if string is empty.

12 String concat(String str) concatenates the specified string.

13 String replace(char old, char new) replaces all occurrences of the specified char value.

14 String replace(CharSequence old, CharSequence replaces all occurrences of the specified CharSequence.
new)
15 static String equalsIgnoreCase(String another) compares another string. It doesn't check case.

16 String[] split(String regex) returns a split string matching regex.

17 String[] split(String regex, int limit) returns a split string matching regex and limit.

18 String intern() returns an interned string.

19 int indexOf(int ch) returns the specified char value index.

20 int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) returns the specified char value index starting with
given index.
21 int indexOf(String substring) returns the specified substring index.

22 int indexOf(String substring, int fromIndex) returns the specified substring index starting with given
index.
23 String toLowerCase() returns a string in lowercase.

24 String toLowerCase(Locale l) returns a string in lowercase using specified locale.

25 String toUpperCase() returns a string in uppercase.

26 String toUpperCase(Locale l) returns a string in uppercase using specified locale.

27 String trim() removes beginning and ending spaces of this string.

28 static String valueOf(int value) converts given type into string. It is an overloaded
method.
Java String charAt()
The java string charAt() method returns a char value at the given index number.

The index number starts from 0 and goes to n-1, where n is length of the string. It
returns StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if given index number is greater than or equal to this string length or a
negative number.

Signature= public char charAt(int index)

Parameter = index : index number, starts with 0
Returns = A char value
Specified by = CharSequence interface, located inside java.lang package.
Throws = StringIndexOutOfBoundsException : if index is negative value or greater than this string length.

Java String charAt() method example

public class CharAtExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String name="javatpoint";
char ch=name.charAt(4);//returns the char value at the 4th index
System.out.println(ch);
}}

Output:

StringIndexOutOfBoundsException with charAt()

Let's see the example of charAt() method where we are passing greater index value. In such case, it throws
StringIndexOutOfBoundsException at run time.

public class CharAtExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String name="javatpoint";
char ch=name.charAt(10);//returns the char value at the 10th index
System.out.println(ch);
}}

Output:

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException:

String index out of range: 10
at java.lang.String.charAt(String.java:658)
at CharAtExample.main(CharAtExample.java:4)

Java String charAt() Example 3

Let's see a simple example where we are accessing first and last character from the provided string.

public class CharAtExample3 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Welcome to Javatpoint portal";
int strLength = str.length();
// Fetching first character
System.out.println("Character at 0 index is: "+ str.charAt(0));
// The last Character is present at the string length-1 index
System.out.println("Character at last index is: "+ str.charAt(strLength-1));
 }
}

Output:

Character at 0 index is: W

Character at last index is: l

Java String charAt() Example 4

Let's see an example where we are accessing all the elements present at odd index.

public class CharAtExample4 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Welcome to Javatpoint portal";
for (int i=0; i<=str.length()-1; i++) {
if(i%2!=0) {
System.out.println("Char at "+i+" place "+str.charAt(i));
}
}
}
}

Output:

Char at 1 place e
Char at 3 place c
Char at 5 place m
Char at 7 place
Char at 9 place o
Char at 11 place J
Char at 13 place v
Char at 15 place t
Char at 17 place o
Char at 19 place n
Char at 21 place
Char at 23 place o
Char at 25 place t
Char at 27 place l

Java String charAt() Example 5

Let's see an example where we are counting frequency of a character in the string.

public class CharAtExample5 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Welcome to Javatpoint portal";
int count = 0;
for (int i=0; i<=str.length()-1; i++) {
if(str.charAt(i) == 't') {
count++;
}
}
System.out.println("Frequency of t is: "+count);
}
}

Output:

Frequency of t is: 4
Java String compareTo()
The java string compareTo() method compares the given string with current string lexicographically. It
returns positive number, negative number or 0.

It compares strings on the basis of Unicode value of each character in the strings.

If first string is lexicographically greater than second string, it returns positive number (difference of
character value). If first string is less than second string lexicographically, it returns negative number and
if first string is lexicographically equal to second string, it returns 0.

1. if s1 > s2, it returns positive number

2. if s1 < s2, it returns negative number
3. if s1 == s2, it returns 0

Signature = public int compareTo(String anotherString)

Parameters =anotherString: represents string that is to be compared with current string
Returns = an integer value

Java String compareTo() method example

public class CompareToExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="hello";
String s2="hello";
String s3="meklo";
String s4="hemlo";
String s5="flag";
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s2));//0 because both are equal
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s3));//-5 because "h" is 5 times lower than "m"
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s4));//-1 because "l" is 1 times lower than "m"
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s5));//2 because "h" is 2 times greater than "f"
}}

Output:

0
-5
-1
2

Java String compareTo(): empty string

If you compare string with blank or empty string, it returns length of the string. If second string is empty,
result would be positive. If first string is empty, result would be negative.

public class CompareToExample2{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="hello";
String s2="";
String s3="me";
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s2));
System.out.println(s2.compareTo(s3));
}}
Output:
5
-2
Java String concat
The java string concat() method combines specified string at the end of this string. It returns combined
string. It is like appending another string.

Signature = public String concat(String anotherString)

Parameter = anotherString : another string i.e. to be combined at the end of this string.
Returns = combined string

Java String concat() method example

public class ConcatExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="java string";
s1.concat("is immutable");
System.out.println(s1);
s1=s1.concat(" is immutable so assign it explicitly");
System.out.println(s1);
}}
Output

java string
java string is immutable so assign it explicitly

Java String concat() Method Example 2

Let's see an example where we are concatenating multiple string objects.

public class ConcatExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str1 = "Hello";
String str2 = "Javatpoint";
String str3 = "Reader";
// Concatenating one string
String str4 = str1.concat(str2);
System.out.println(str4);
// Concatenating multiple strings
String str5 = str1.concat(str2).concat(str3);
System.out.println(str5);
}
}

Output:

HelloJavatpoint
HelloJavatpointReader

Java String concat() Method Example 3

Let's see an example where we are concatenating spaces and special chars to the string object.

public class ConcatExample3 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str1 = "Hello";
String str2 = "Javatpoint";
String str3 = "Reader";
// Concatenating Space among strings
String str4 = str1.concat(" ").concat(str2).concat(" ").concat(str3);
 System.out.println(str4);
// Concatenating Special Chars
String str5 = str1.concat("!!!");
System.out.println(str5);
String str6 = str1.concat("@").concat(str2);
System.out.println(str6);
}
}

Output:

Hello Javatpoint Reader

Hello!!!
Hello@Javatpoint
Java String contains()
The java string contains() method searches the sequence of characters in this string. It returns true if
sequence of char values are found in this string otherwise returns false.

Signature = public boolean contains(CharSequence sequence)

Parameter = sequence : specifies the sequence of characters to be searched.
Returns = true if sequence of char value exists, otherwise false.
Throws = NullPointerException : if sequence is null.

Java String contains() method example

class ContainsExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
String name="what do you know about me";
System.out.println(name.contains("do you know"));
System.out.println(name.contains("about"));
System.out.println(name.contains("hello"));
}}
Output
true
true
false

Java String contains() Method Example 2

The contains() method searches case sensitive char sequence. If the argument is not case sensitive, it
returns false. Let's see an example below.

public class ContainsExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Hello Javatpoint readers";
boolean isContains = str.contains("Javatpoint");
System.out.println(isContains);
// Case Sensitive
System.out.println(str.contains("javatpoint")); // false
}
}
Output
true
false

Java String contains() Method Example 3

The contains() method is helpful to find a char-sequence in the string. We can use it in control structure to
produce search based result. Let us see an example below.

public class ContainsExample3 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "To learn Java visit Javatpoint.com";
if(str.contains("Javatpoint.com")) {
System.out.println("This string contains javatpoint.com");
}else
System.out.println("Result not found");
}
}
Output:
This string contains javatpoint.com
Java String endsWith()
The java string endsWith() method checks if this string ends with given suffix. It returns true if this
string ends with given suffix else returns false.

Signature = public boolean endsWith(String suffix)

Parameter = suffix : Sequence of character
Returns = true or false

Java String endsWith() method example

public class EndsWithExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="java by javatpoint";
System.out.println(s1.endsWith("t"));
System.out.println(s1.endsWith("point"));
}}

Output:

true
true

Java String endsWith() Method Example 2

public class EndsWithExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Welcome to Javatpoint.com";
System.out.println(str.endsWith("point"));
if(str.endsWith(".com")) {
System.out.println("String ends with .com");
}else System.out.println("It does not end with .com");
}
}

Output:

false
String ends with .com
Java String equals()
The java string equals() method compares the two given strings based on the content of the string. If
any character is not matched, it returns false. If all characters are matched, it returns true.

The String equals() method overrides the equals() method of Object class.

Signature = public boolean equals(Object anotherObject)

Parameter = anotherObject : another object i.e. compared with this string.
Returns = true if characters of both strings are equal otherwise false.
Overrides = equals() method of java Object class.

Java String equals() method example

public class EqualsExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="javatpoint";
String s2="javatpoint";
String s3="JAVATPOINT";
String s4="python";
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));//true because content and case is same
System.out.println(s1.equals(s3));//false because case is not same
System.out.println(s1.equals(s4));//false because content is not same
}}
Output
true
false
false

Java String equals() Method Example 2

The equals() method compares two strings and can be used in if-else control structure.

public class EqualsExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "javatpoint";
String s2 = "javatpoint";
String s3 = "Javatpoint";
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2)); // True because content is same
if (s1.equals(s3)) {
System.out.println("both strings are equal");
}else System.out.println("both strings are unequal");
}
}
true
both strings are unequal

Java String equals() Method Example 3

Let's see one more example to test the equality of string present in the list.

import java.util.ArrayList;
public class EqualsExample3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str1 = "Mukesh";
 ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("Ravi");
list.add("Mukesh");
list.add("Ramesh");
list.add("Ajay");
for (String str : list) {
if (str.equals(str1)) {
System.out.println("Mukesh is present");
}
}
}
}
Mukesh is present
Java String equalsIgnoreCase()
The String equalsIgnoreCase() method compares the two given strings on the basis of content of the
string irrespective of case of the string. It is like equals() method but doesn't check case. If any character
is not matched, it returns false otherwise it returns true

Signature = public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String str)

Parameter = str : another string i.e. compared with this string.
Returns = It returns true if characters of both strings are equal ignoring case otherwise false.

Java String equalsIgnoreCase() method example

public class EqualsIgnoreCaseExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="javatpoint";
String s2="javatpoint";
String s3="JAVATPOINT";
String s4="python";
System.out.println(s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2));//true because content and case both are same
System.out.println(s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s3));//true because case is ignored
System.out.println(s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s4));//false because content is not same
}}
Output
true
true
false

Java String equalsIgnoreCase() Method Example 2

Let's see an example where we are testing string equality among the strings.

import java.util.ArrayList;
public class EqualsIgnoreCaseExample2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str1 = "Mukesh Kumar";
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("Mohan");
list.add("Mukesh");
list.add("RAVI");
list.add("MuKesH kuMar");
list.add("Suresh");
for (String str : list) {
if (str.equalsIgnoreCase(str1)) {
System.out.println("Mukesh kumar is present");
}
}
}
}

Output:

Mukesh kumar is present

Java String format()
The java string format() method returns the formatted string by given locale, format and arguments.

If you don't specify the locale in String.format() method, it uses default locale by
calling Locale.getDefault() method.

The format() method of java language is like sprintf() function in c language and printf() method of java
language.

Signature = There are two type of string format() method:

public static String format(String format, Object... args)
and,
public static String format(Locale locale, String format, Object... args)
Parameters = locale : specifies the locale to be applied on the format() method.

format : format of the string.

args : arguments for the format string. It may be zero or more.

Returns = formatted string

Throws = NullPointerException : if format is null.

IllegalFormatException : if format is illegal or incompatible.

Java String format() method example

public class FormatExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String name="sonoo";
String sf1=String.format("name is %s",name);
String sf2=String.format("value is %f",32.33434);
String sf3=String.format("value is %32.12f",32.33434);//returns 12 char fractional part fil
ling with 0

System.out.println(sf1);
System.out.println(sf2);
System.out.println(sf3);
}}
Output
name is sonoo
value is 32.334340
value is 32.334340000000

Java String format() Method Example 2

This method supports various data types and formats them into a string type. Let us see an example.

public class FormatExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str1 = String.format("%d", 101); // Integer value
String str2 = String.format("%s", "Amar Singh"); // String value
String str3 = String.format("%f", 101.00); // Float value
String str4 = String.format("%x", 101); // Hexadecimal value
String str5 = String.format("%c", 'c'); // Char value
System.out.println(str1);
System.out.println(str2);
System.out.println(str3);
 System.out.println(str4);
System.out.println(str5);
}

}
Output
101
Amar Singh
101.000000
65
c

Java String format() Method Example 3

Apart from formatting, we can set width, padding etc. of any value. Let us see an example where we are
setting width and padding for an integer value.

public class FormatExample3 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str1 = String.format("%d", 101);
String str2 = String.format("|%10d|", 101); // Specifying length of integer
String str3 = String.format("|%-10d|", 101); // Left-justifying within the specified width
String str4 = String.format("|% d|", 101);
String str5 = String.format("|%010d|", 101); // Filling with zeroes
System.out.println(str1);
System.out.println(str2);
System.out.println(str3);
System.out.println(str4);
System.out.println(str5);
}
}
Output
101
| 101|
|101 |
| 101|
|0000000101|
 Java String getBytes()
The java string getBytes() method returns the byte array of the string. In other words, it returns
sequence of bytes.

Signature

There are 3 variant of getBytes() method. The signature or syntax of string getBytes() method is given
below:

1. public byte[] getBytes()

2. public byte[] getBytes(Charset charset)
3. public byte[] getBytes(String charsetName)throws UnsupportedEncodingException
Returns = sequence of bytes.

Java String getBytes() method example

public class StringGetBytesExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="ABCDEFG";
byte[] barr=s1.getBytes();
for(int i=0;i<barr.length;i++){
System.out.println(barr[i]);
}
}}

Output:

65
66
67
68
69
70
71

Java String getBytes() Method Example 2

This method returns a byte array that again can be passed to String constructor to get String.

public class StringGetBytesExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "ABCDEFG";
byte[] barr = s1.getBytes();
for(int i=0;i<barr.length;i++){
System.out.println(barr[i]);
}
// Getting string back
String s2 = new String(barr);
System.out.println(s2);
}
}
Output:
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
ABCDEFG
Java String getChars()
The java string getChars() method copies the content of this string into specified char array. There are
4 arguments passed in getChars() method. The signature of getChars() method is given below:

Signature =
public void getChars(int srcBeginIndex, int srcEndIndex, char[] destination, int dstBeginIndex)
Returns = It doesn't return any value.
Throws = It throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if beginIndex is greater than endIndex

Java String getChars() method example

public class StringGetCharsExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
String str = new String("hello javatpoint how r u");
char[] ch = new char[10];
try{
str.getChars(6, 16, ch, 0);
System.out.println(ch);
}catch(Exception ex){System.out.println(ex);}
}}

Output:

javatpoint

Java String getChars() Method Example 2

It throws an exception if index value exceeds array range. Let's see an example.

public class StringGetCharsExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = new String("Welcome to Javatpoint");
char[] ch = new char[20];
try {
str.getChars(1, 26, ch, 0);
System.out.println(ch);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}

Output:

java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: offset 10, count 14, length 20

Java String indexOf()
The java string indexOf() method returns index of given character value or substring. If it is not found,
it returns -1. The index counter starts from zero.

Signature

There are 4 types of indexOf method in java. The signature of indexOf methods are given below:

No. Method Description

1 int indexOf(int ch) returns index position for the given char value

2 int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) returns index position for the given char value and
from index

3 int indexOf(String substring) returns index position for the given substring

4 int indexOf(String substring, int returns index position for the given substring and
fromIndex) from index

Parameters

ch: char value i.e. a single character e.g. 'a'

fromIndex: index position from where index of the char value or substring is retured

substring: substring to be searched in this string

Returns

index of the string

Java String indexOf() method example

public class IndexOfExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="this is index of example";
//passing substring
int index1=s1.indexOf("is");//returns the index of is substring
int index2=s1.indexOf("index");//returns the index of index substring
System.out.println(index1+" "+index2);//2 8

//passing substring with from index

int index3=s1.indexOf("is",4);//returns the index of is substring after 4th index
System.out.println(index3);//5 i.e. the index of another is

//passing char value

int index4=s1.indexOf('s');//returns the index of s char value
System.out.println(index4);//3
}}
Output
2 8
5
3

Java String indexOf(String substring) Method Example

This method takes substring as an argument and returns index of first character of the substring.

public class IndexOfExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "This is indexOf method";
// Passing Substring
int index = s1.indexOf("method"); //Returns the index of this substring
System.out.println("index of substring "+index);
}

}
Output
index of substring 16

Java String indexOf(String substring, int fromIndex) Method Example

This method takes substring and index as arguments and returns index of first character occured after the
given fromIndex.

public class IndexOfExample3 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "This is indexOf method";
// Passing substring and index
int index = s1.indexOf("method", 10); //Returns the index of this substring
System.out.println("index of substring "+index);
index = s1.indexOf("method", 20); // It returns -1 if substring does not found
System.out.println("index of substring "+index);
}
}
Output
index of substring 16
index of substring -1

Java String indexOf(int char, int fromIndex) Method Example

This method takes char and index as arguments and returns index of first character occured after the
given fromIndex.

public class IndexOfExample4 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "This is indexOf method";
// Passing char and index from
int index = s1.indexOf('e', 12); //Returns the index of this char
System.out.println("index of char "+index);
}
}
Output
index of char 17
Java String isEmpty()
The java string isEmpty() method checks if this string is empty or not. It returns true, if length of string
is 0 otherwise false. In other words, true is returned if string is empty otherwise it returns false.

The isEmpty() method of String class is included in java string since JDK 1.6.

Signature = public boolean isEmpty()

Returns = true if length is 0 otherwise false.
Since 1.6

Java String isEmpty() method example

public class IsEmptyExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="";
String s2="javatpoint";

System.out.println(s1.isEmpty());
System.out.println(s2.isEmpty());
}}
Output

true
false

Java String isEmpty() Method Example 2

public class IsEmptyExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1="";
String s2="Javatpoint";
// Either length is zero or isEmpty is true
if(s1.length()==0 || s1.isEmpty())
System.out.println("String s1 is empty");
else System.out.println("s1");
if(s2.length()==0 || s2.isEmpty())
System.out.println("String s2 is empty");
else System.out.println(s2);
}
}
Output
String s1 is empty
 Java String join()
The java string join() method returns a string joined with given delimiter. In string join method,
delimiter is copied for each elements.

In case of null element, "null" is added. The join() method is included in java string since JDK 1.8.

There are two types of join() methods in java string.

Signature

The signature or syntax of string join method is given below:

1. public static String join(CharSequence delimiter, CharSequence... elements)

and
2. public static String join(CharSequence delimiter, Iterable<? extends CharSequence> elements)
Parameters

delimiter : char value to be added with each element

elements : char value to be attached with delimiter

Returns = joined string with delimiter

Throws = NullPointerException if element or delimiter is null.
Since

1.8

Java String join() method example

public class StringJoinExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String joinString1=String.join("-","welcome","to","javatpoint");
System.out.println(joinString1);
}}
Output
welcome-to-javatpoint

Java String join() Method Example 2

We can use delimeter to format the string as we did in the below example to show date and time.

public class StringJoinExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String date = String.join("/","25","06","2018");
System.out.print(date);
String time = String.join(":", "12","10","10");
System.out.println(" "+time);
}
}
Output
25/06/2018 12:10:10
Java String lastIndexOf()
The java string lastIndexOf() method returns last index of the given character value or substring. If it
is not found, it returns -1. The index counter starts from zero.

Signature

There are 4 types of lastIndexOf method in java. The signature of lastIndexOf methods are given below:

No. Method Description

1 int lastIndexOf(int ch) returns last index position for the given char value

2 int lastIndexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) returns last index position for the given char value and from
index

3 int lastIndexOf(String substring) returns last index position for the given substring

4 int lastIndexOf(String substring, int returns last index position for the given substring and from
fromIndex) index

Parameters

ch: char value i.e. a single character e.g. 'a'

fromIndex: index position from where index of the char value or substring is retured

substring: substring to be searched in this string

Returns = last index of the string

Java String lastIndexOf() method example

public class LastIndexOfExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="this is index of example";//there are 2 's' characters in this sentence
int index1=s1.lastIndexOf('s');//returns last index of 's' char value
System.out.println(index1);//6
}}

Output:

Java String lastIndexOf(int ch, int fromIndex) Method Example

Here, we are finding last index from the string by specifying fromIndex

public class LastIndexOfExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "This is index of example";
int index = str.lastIndexOf('s',5);
System.out.println(index);
}
}

Output:

3
Java String lastIndexOf(String substring) Method Example

It returns the last index of the substring.

public class LastIndexOfExample3 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "This is last index of example";
int index = str.lastIndexOf("of");
System.out.println(index);
}
}

Output:

19

Java String lastIndexOf(String substring, int fromIndex) Method Example

It returns the last index of the substring from the fromIndex.

public class LastIndexOfExample4 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "This is last index of example";
int index = str.lastIndexOf("of", 25);
System.out.println(index);
index = str.lastIndexOf("of", 10);
System.out.println(index); // -1, if not found
}
}

Output:

19
-1
Java String length()
The java string length() method length of the string. It returns count of total number of characters. The
length of java string is same as the unicode code units of the string.

Signature = public int length()

Specified by = CharSequence interface
Returns = length of characters

Java String length() method example

public class LengthExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="javatpoint";
String s2="python";
System.out.println("string length is: "+s1.length());//10 is the length of javatpoint strin
g
System.out.println("string length is: "+s2.length());//6 is the length of python string
}}
Output

string length is: 10

string length is: 6

Java String length() Method Example 2

public class LengthExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Javatpoint";
if(str.length()>0) {
System.out.println("String is not empty and length is: "+str.length());
}
str = "";
if(str.length()==0) {
System.out.println("String is empty now: "+str.length());
}
}
}
String is not empty and length is: 10
String is empty now: 0
Java String replace()
The java string replace() method returns a string replacing all the old char or CharSequence to new
char or CharSequence.

Since JDK 1.5, a new replace() method is introduced, allowing you to replace a sequence of char values.

Signature

There are two type of replace methods in java string.

public String replace(char oldChar, char newChar)

and
public String replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence replacement)

The second replace method is added since JDK 1.5.

Parameters

oldChar : old character

newChar : new character

target : target sequence of characters

replacement : replacement sequence of characters

Returns = replaced string

Java String replace(char old, char new) method example

public class ReplaceExample1{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="javatpoint is a very good website";
String replaceString=s1.replace('a','e');//replaces all occurrences of 'a' to 'e'
System.out.println(replaceString);
}}
Output
jevetpoint is e very good website

Java String replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence replacement) method example

public class ReplaceExample2{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="my name is khan my name is java";
String replaceString=s1.replace("is","was");//replaces all occurrences of "is" to "was"
System.out.println(replaceString);
}}
Output
my name was khan my name was java

Java String replace() Method Example 3

public class ReplaceExample3 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "oooooo-hhhh-oooooo";
String rs = str.replace("h","s"); // Replace 'h' with 's'
System.out.println(rs);
 rs = rs.replace("s","h"); // Replace 's' with 'h'
System.out.println(rs);
}
}
oooooo-ssss-oooooo
oooooo-hhhh-oooooo
Java String replaceAll()
The java string replaceAll() method returns a string replacing all the sequence of characters matching
regex and replacement string.

Signature = public String replaceAll(String regex, String replacement)

Parameters

regex : regular expression

replacement : replacement sequence of characters

Returns = replaced string

Java String replaceAll() example: replace character

Let's see an example to replace all the occurrences of a single character.

public class ReplaceAllExample1{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="javatpoint is a very good website";
String replaceString=s1.replaceAll("a","e");//replaces all occurrences of "a" to "e"
System.out.println(replaceString);
}}
Output
jevetpoint is e very good website

Java String replaceAll() example: replace word

Let's see an example to replace all the occurrences of single word or set of words.

public class ReplaceAllExample2{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="My name is Khan. My name is Bob. My name is Sonoo.";
String replaceString=s1.replaceAll("is","was");//replaces all occurrences of "is" to "was"
System.out.println(replaceString);
}}
Output
My name was Khan. My name was Bob. My name was Sonoo.

Java String replaceAll() example: remove white spaces

Let's see an example to remove all the occurrences of white spaces.

public class ReplaceAllExample3{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="My name is Khan. My name is Bob. My name is Sonoo.";
String replaceString=s1.replaceAll("\\s","");
System.out.println(replaceString);
}}
Output
MynameisKhan.MynameisBob.MynameisSonoo.
Java String split()
The java string split() method splits this string against given regular expression and returns a char
array.

Signature

There are two signature for split() method in java string.

public String split(String regex)

and,
public String split(String regex, int limit)
Parameter

regex : regular expression to be applied on string.

limit : limit for the number of strings in array. If it is zero, it will returns all the strings matching regex.

Returns = array of strings

Throws = PatternSyntaxException if pattern for regular expression is invalid
Since 1.4

Java String split() method example

The given example returns total number of words in a string excluding space only. It also includes special
characters.

public class SplitExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="java string split method by javatpoint";
String[] words=s1.split("\\s");//splits the string based on whitespace
//using java foreach loop to print elements of string array
for(String w:words){
System.out.println(w);
}
}}
Output
java
string
split
method
by
javatpoint

Java String split() method with regex and length example

public class SplitExample2{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="welcome to split world";
System.out.println("returning words:");
for(String w:s1.split("\\s",0)){
System.out.println(w);
}
System.out.println("returning words:");
for(String w:s1.split("\\s",1)){
System.out.println(w);
}
System.out.println("returning words:");
 for(String w:s1.split("\\s",2)){
System.out.println(w);
}

}}
Output
returning words:
welcome
to
split
world
returning words:
welcome to split world
returning words:
welcome
to split world

Java String split() method with regex and length example 2

Here, we are passing split limit as a second argument to this function. This limits the number of splitted
strings.

public class SplitExample3 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Javatpointtt";
System.out.println("Returning words:");
String[] arr = str.split("t", 0);
for (String w : arr) {
System.out.println(w);
}
System.out.println("Split array length: "+arr.length);
}
}
Returning words:
Java
poin
Split array length: 2
 Java String startsWith()
The java string startsWith() method checks if this string starts with given prefix. It returns true if this
string starts with given prefix else returns false.

Signature = The syntax or signature of startWith() method is given below.

1. public boolean startsWith(String prefix)
2. public boolean startsWith(String prefix, int offset)
Parameter = prefix : Sequence of character
Returns = true or false

Java String startsWith() method example

public class StartsWithExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="java string split method by javatpoint";
System.out.println(s1.startsWith("ja"));
System.out.println(s1.startsWith("java string"));
}}

Output:

true
true

Java String startsWith(String prefix, int offset) Method Example

This is overloaded method of startWith() method which is used to pass one extra argument (offset) to the
function. This method works from the passed offset. Let's see an example.

public class StartsWithExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Javatpoint";
System.out.println(str.startsWith("J")); // True
System.out.println(str.startsWith("a")); // False
System.out.println(str.startsWith("a",1)); // True
}
}

Output:

true
false
true
Java String substring()
The java string substring() method returns a part of the string.

We pass begin index and end index number position in the java substring method where start index is
inclusive and end index is exclusive. In other words, start index starts from 0 whereas end index starts
from 1.

There are two types of substring methods in java string.

Signature
public String substring(int startIndex)
and
public String substring(int startIndex, int endIndex)

If you don't specify endIndex, java substring() method will return all the characters from startIndex.

Parameters
startIndex : starting index is inclusive

endIndex : ending index is exclusive

Returns = specified string

Throws = StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if start index is negative value or end index is lower
than starting index.

Java String substring() method example

public class SubstringExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="javatpoint";
System.out.println(s1.substring(2,4));//returns va
System.out.println(s1.substring(2));//returns vatpoint
}}

Output:

va
vatpoint

Java String substring() Method Example 2

public class SubstringExample2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1="Javatpoint";
String substr = s1.substring(0); // Starts with 0 and goes to end
System.out.println(substr);
String substr2 = s1.substring(5,10); // Starts from 5 and goes to 10
System.out.println(substr2);
String substr3 = s1.substring(5,15); // Returns Exception
}
}
Javatpoint
point
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.StringIndexOutOfBoundsException: begin 5, end 15,
length 10
Java String toCharArray()
The java string toCharArray() method converts this string into character array. It returns a newly created
character array, its length is similar to this string and its contents are initialized with the characters of this string.

Signature The signature or syntax of string toCharArray() method is given below

public char[] toCharArray()
Returns character array

Java String toCharArray() method example

public class StringToCharArrayExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="hello";
char[] ch=s1.toCharArray();
for(int i=0;i<ch.length;i++){
System.out.print(ch[i]);
}
}}

Output:

hello

Java String toCharArray() Method Example 2

Let's see one more example of char array. It is useful method which returns char array from the string without
writing any custom code.

public class StringToCharArrayExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Hey zup";
char[] ch = s1.toCharArray();
int len = ch.length;
System.out.println("Char Array length: " + len);
System.out.println("Char Array elements: ");
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
System.out.println(ch[i]);
}
}
}

Output:

Char Array length: 21

Char Array elements:
H
e
y

z
u
p
 Java String toLowerCase()
The java string toLowerCase() method returns the string in lowercase letter. In other words, it converts all
characters of the string into lower case letter.

The toLowerCase() method works same as toLowerCase(Locale.getDefault()) method. It internally uses the default
locale.

Signature

There are two variant of toLowerCase() method. The signature or syntax of string toLowerCase() method is given
below:

1. public String toLowerCase()

2. public String toLowerCase(Locale locale)

The second method variant of toLowerCase(), converts all the characters into lowercase using the rules of given
Locale.

Returns string in lowercase letter.

Java String toLowerCase() method example

public class StringLowerExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="JAVATPOINT HELLO stRIng";
String s1lower=s1.toLowerCase();
System.out.println(s1lower);
}}

Output:

javatpoint hello string

Java String toLowerCase(Locale locale) Method Example 2

This method allows us to pass locale too for the various langauges. Let's see an example below where we are getting
string in english and turkish both.

import java.util.Locale;
public class StringLowerExample2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s = "JAVATPOINT HELLO stRIng";
String eng = s.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH);
System.out.println(eng);
String turkish = s.toLowerCase(Locale.forLanguageTag("tr")); // It shows i without dot
System.out.println(turkish);
}
}

Output:

javatpoint hello string

javatpo?nt hello str?ng
 Java String toUpperCase()
The java string toUpperCase() method returns the string in uppercase letter. In other words, it converts all
characters of the string into upper case letter.

The toUpperCase() method works same as toUpperCase(Locale.getDefault()) method. It internally uses the default
locale.

Signature

There are two variant of toUpperCase() method. The signature or syntax of string toUpperCase() method is given
below:

1. public String toUpperCase()

2. public String toUpperCase(Locale locale)

The second method variant of toUpperCase(), converts all the characters into uppercase using the rules of given
Locale.

Returns string in uppercase letter.

Java String toUpperCase() method example

public class StringUpperExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="hello string";
String s1upper=s1.toUpperCase();
System.out.println(s1upper);
}}

Output:

HELLO STRING

Java String toUpperCase(Locale locale) Method Example 2

import java.util.Locale;
public class StringUpperExample2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s = "hello string";
String turkish = s.toUpperCase(Locale.forLanguageTag("tr"));
String english = s.toUpperCase(Locale.forLanguageTag("en"));
System.out.println(turkish);//will print I with dot on upper side
System.out.println(english);
}
}

Output:

HELLO STR?NG
HELLO STRING
Java String trim()
The java string trim() method eliminates leading and trailing spaces. The unicode value of space character is
'\u0020'. The trim() method in java string checks this unicode value before and after the string, if it exists then
removes the spaces and returns the omitted string.

The string trim() method doesn't omits middle spaces.

Signature = public String trim()

Returns string with omitted leading and trailing spaces

Java String trim() method example

public class StringTrimExample{

public static void main(String args[]){
String s1=" hello string ";
System.out.println(s1+"javatpoint");//without trim()
System.out.println(s1.trim()+"javatpoint");//with trim()
}}
hello string javatpoint
hello stringjavatpoint

Java String trim() Method Example 2

This example demonstrate the use of trim method. This method removes all the trailing spaces so the length of string
also reduces. Let's see an example.

public class StringTrimExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 =" hello java string ";
System.out.println(s1.length());
System.out.println(s1); //Without trim()
String tr = s1.trim();
System.out.println(tr.length());
System.out.println(tr); //With trim()
}
}
Output:
22
hello java string
17
hello java string

Java String valueOf()

The java string valueOf() method converts different types of values into string. By the help of string valueOf() method, you can
convert int to string, long to string, boolean to string, character to string, float to string, double to string, object to string and char
array to string.
 Signature

The signature or syntax of string valueOf() method is given below:

1. public static String valueOf(boolean b)

2. public static String valueOf(char c)
3. public static String valueOf(char[] c)
4. public static String valueOf(int i)
5. public static String valueOf(long l)
6. public static String valueOf(float f)
7. public static String valueOf(double d)
8. public static String valueOf(Object o)

Returns

string representation of given value

Java String valueOf() Complete Examples

Let's see an example where we are converting all primitives and objects into strings.

public class StringValueOfExample5 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
boolean b1=true;
byte b2=11;
short sh = 12;
int i = 13;
long l = 14L;
float f = 15.5f;
double d = 16.5d;
char chr[]={'j','a','v','a'};
StringValueOfExample5 obj=new StringValueOfExample5();
String s1 = String.valueOf(b1);
String s2 = String.valueOf(b2);
String s3 = String.valueOf(sh);
String s4 = String.valueOf(i);
String s5 = String.valueOf(l);
String s6 = String.valueOf(f);
String s7 = String.valueOf(d);
String s8 = String.valueOf(chr);
String s9 = String.valueOf(obj);
System.out.println(s1);
System.out.println(s2);
System.out.println(s3);
System.out.println(s4);
System.out.println(s5);
System.out.println(s6);
System.out.println(s7);
System.out.println(s8);
System.out.println(s9);
}
}

Output:

true
11
12
13
14
15.5
16.5
java
StringValueOfExample5@2a139a55