FIRST Year Notes-1 Tamil Sec Sem PDF

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Dr. T. SEETHARAMAN, M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., Ph.d., NET.

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN TAMIL


DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES
HINDUSTAN COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE
PADUR - 603 103.

Kjyhkhz;L - ,uz;lhk; gUtk;


myF - 1
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW
1. rpw;wpyf;fpaj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf
my;yJ
rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
my;yJ
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liu tiuf.

Kd;Diu:
Nghpyf;fpaq;fs; mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL ehd;Fk; czh;j;Jk;. ,tw;wpy;
xd;Nwh gyNth Fiwe;Jthpd mit rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; MFk;. ,tw;iw tlnkhopapy;
gpuge;jk; vd;W miog;gh;. gpuge;jk; vd;why; ed;F fl;lg;gl;lJ vd;W nghUs;gLk;.
MfNt> rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspd; Njhw;wj;ijAk; tsh;r;rpiaAk; mjd; tiffisAk; gw;wp
,f;fl;Liuapd; top mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;:
Nrhog; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; FWfpa fhyr; nry;thf;Fila ghz;bah;
Ml;rp ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; nghpa khWjy; vijAk; nra;Jtpltpy;iy. mLj;Jj;
jkpofj;jpd; ngUk;ghyhd gFjpfisg; gpbj;J Mz;l ehaf;fh;fs; flTs; ek;gpf;if
cs;sth;fshfTk; Gfo; tpUk;gpfshfTk; tpsq;fpdh;. mjdhy; ngUq;fhg;gpak;
Kjyhd Nghpyf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;w Kbatpy;iy. khwhfj; jyGuhzq;fs;>
gps;isj;jkpo;> FwtQ;rp Nghd;w rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;w jiyg;gl;ld. gioa
,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fSf;F ciu ,aw;wg;gl;ld. jdpg;ghly;fs; Mq;fhq;Nf Njhw;wk;
ngw;wd. ,tw;wpd; njhFg;Gfshfj; jdp nra;As; rpe;jhkzp> jdpghly; jpul;L>
ngUe;njhif Nghd;wit ntsp te;jd. vdNt rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; kpFjpahfj; Njhd;wp
tsh;e;j fhyKk; ,JNtahfypd; „rpw;wpyf;fpa fhyk;‟ vdTk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffs;:
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; 96 tifg;gLk; vd;W Kjd;Kjypy; gpuge;j kugpay;jhd;
vLj;Jiuj;jJ. ,jid gpd;tUk; ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
gps;isj; ftpKjy; Guhzk; <whfj;
njhz;Z}w; whW vd;Dk; njhifahk;
-gpuge;j kugpay;
fhjy;> tPuk;> ngUik vdg; gy;NtW epiyfspy; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspd; ghLnghUs;
mike;jpUg;gij mwpayhk;. rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; njhz;Z}w;whW tifahfg; gphpf;fg;

1
ngw;wpUe;jhYk; mtw;Ws; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy tiffs; Gyth;fshy; nghpJk; Nghw;wpg; ghl
ngWfpd;wd. mit>
gps;isj;jkpo;
guzp
fyk;gfk;
me;jhjp
Nfhit
cyh
J}J
kly;
rjfk;
FwtQ;rp
gs;S
- Nghd;wit MFk;.
gps;isj;jkpo;:
gps;isf;ftp vdTk;> gps;isg;ghl;L vdTk; ,e;E}y; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
ghl;Lilj; jiytidNah> jiytpiaNah Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;J> ew;whNah>
nrtpypj;jhNah fhg;G Kjypa gj;J gUtq;fl;Fhpa nray;fisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf;
$Wtjhfg; Gyth; ngUkf;fshy; ,t;tpyf;fpak; ghlg;ngWk;. flTs;>Mrphpah;> ts;sy;>
njhz;lh;>Gyth; ,th;fis itj;J ghLtJ tof;fkhFk;. Foe;ijapd; %d;whk; khjk;
Kjy; ghlg;gLk;. xw;iwg; gil khjj;jpy; (3>5>7…….21) khjk; tiu ghlg;gLk;.
Mz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpo;> ngz;ghy; gps;isj;jkpo; vd ,Utif cz;L. gj;J
gUtq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
fp.gp. 12 Mk; E}w;whz;by; xl;lf;$j;jh; ,aw;wpa FNyhj;Jq;fd; gps;isj;jkpo;
jhd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa KOikahd jdpj;j gps;isj;jkpo; E}y;. ,Jtiu 150f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l gps;isj;jkpo; E}y;ffs; Njhd;wpAs;sd.

guzp:
juzpapy; tPuk; epfo;j;jp ntw;wp ngWk; tPuidg; ghLtJ guzpahFk;.
Mid Mapuk; mkhpil ntd;w
khd tDf;F tFg;gJ guzp
vd;gJ ,yf;fz tpsf;fg; ghl;bay; Ew;gh. guzp ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F
njhy;fhg;gpa Gwj;jpiz ,aypy; mikAk; ths; kq;fsk;> fs Nts;tp Nghd;wit
mbg;gilahfyhk;. mtw;wpd; tphpNt ,t;tif ,yf;fpak; vdyhk;. Njhw;Nwhuhy;
ngah; ngWk; xNu rpw;wpy;fpfak; guzp. flTs; tho;j;J Kjy; fsk; ghbaJ tiu
gjpd;%d;W (13) cWg;Gfis cilaJ fypq;fj;Jg;guzp. guzp ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ ,e;E}y;. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; nraq;nfhz;lhh;. guzpf;Nfhh;
nraq;nfhz;;lhh; vd;gJ nfhz;L ,th; jpwik mwpayhk;.
NkYk; jf;fahfg; guzp> ,uzpatijg; guzp> #ud;tijg; guzp> fQ;rtijg;
guzp> ghrtijg; guzp> Nkhftijg; guzp Nghd;wit guzp E}y;fSs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit MFk;.

2
fyk;gfk;:
gytif kyh;fshy; njhFf;fg;ngWk; G+khiy Nghd;W> gytifg; ghf;fshy;
njhFf;fg;ngWk; ghkhiyahFk;. mfg;nghUSk; Gwg;nghUSk; fye;J ghlg;ngWk;
,yf;fpak; fyk;gfk;. fyk;+gfk;; fyk; gd;dpud;L (kuf;fhy;) vdg; nghUs;gLk;. gfk;
- ghjp. fyj;jpy; ghjp MW. Gak; Kjyhfg; J}J<whfg; gjpndl;L cWg;Gfis
cilaJ. Njth;f;F – 100> Kdpth;f;F – 95> murh;f;F – 90> mikr;rh;f;F – 80>
Ntshsh;f;F – 30 vd;w Kiwapy; nra;Al;fs; mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ tpjp.
„fyk;gfj;jpw;F ,ul;ilah;fs;‟ vd;gJ nfhz;L ,ul;ilg; Gyth;fs; Vw;wk; njhpayhk;.
MapDk; fhyj;jhy;> rpwg;ghy; Kjd;ik ngw;Wj; jpfo;tJ ee;jpf;fyk;gfk; MFk;.
,e;E}y; %d;whk; ee;jpth;kd; kPJ ghlg;gl;lJ. “ee;jpf;fyk;gfj;jhy; khz;l fij
ehlwpAk;” vd;gJ NrhNkrh; KJnkhop ntz;gh. mJkl;Lkpd;wp jpy;iyf;fyk;gfk;>
kJiuf;fyk;gfk;> jpUtuq;ff;fyk;gfk;> fr;rpf;fyk;gfk;> jpUf;fht}Y}h;f;fyk;gfk;
Nghd;w Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
me;jhjp:
me;jj;ij Mjpahf itj;Jg; ghLtJ. „me;jk; Kjyhfj; njhLg;g je;jhjp‟
vdf; fhhpif ,yf;fzk; $WfpwJ. gpw nkhopfspy; ,y;yhj mikg;G me;jhjp.
,e;E}y; mikitr; rq;f ,yf;fpak;>Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;> ehyhapuj; jpt;tpa gpuge;jk;
Mfpatw;wpy; fhz KbAk;. Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa me;jhjp mw;Gjj;je;jhjp ,jd;
Mrphpah; fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; Mthh;.
me;jhjp ghLk; jpwd; midtUf;Fk; Mtjd;W. xU rpyNu ,jpy; jpwik
ngw;Ws;sdh;. mt;tifapy; xl;lf;$j;jh; „me;jhjpg; Gyth;‟ vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
NkYk; jpUte;jhjp> jpUtUiz me;jhjp> jpUtuq;fj;je;jhjp> rlNfhgue;jhjp>
jpUf;Fws; me;jhjp Nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit MFk;. kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp
Re;juk; gps;is kl;Lk; 8 me;jhjp ghbAs;shh;.
Nfhit:
cU> jpU> gUtk;>Fyk;> Fzk; Mfpad xj;j jiytDk; jiytpAk; nja;t
mUshy; vjph;g;gl;L fsT epfo;j;jpg; gpd; fw;G epiyapy; ,y;ywk; epfo;j;Jk;
epfo;r;rpfisf; $WtJ NfhitahFk;. Mfg;nghUs; nra;jpfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;likahy; „mfg;nghUs; Nfhit‟ vd;Wk;> Ie;jpiz epfo;r;rpfis
thpirg;gLj;jypd; „Ie;jpizf;Nfhit‟ vd;Wk; miog;gh;. mfj;Jiwf; $Wfisf;
Nfhitg;gLj;jpf; $Wtjhy; ,g;ngah; ngw;wJ. ,t;tpyf;fpak; ghl;Lilj; jiytd;>
fpstpj; jiytd; vd ,U jiyth;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ghl;Lilj;jiytd; ,d;wp
,aw;wg;ngw;w Nfhit mk;gpfhtjpf;Nfhit. Kjypy; Njhd;wpa Nfhit
ghz;bf;Nfhit. Nfhit ghLtjpy; rpwe;jth; xl;lf;$j;jh;.
jQ;irthzd; Nfhit> jpUntq;iff; Nfhit> jpUf;Nfhit> FNyhj;Jq;fs;
Nfhit> ehyhapuf; Nfhit> rPh;f;fhopf;Nfhit> Fsh;j;J}h;f; Nfhit> jpUth&h;f;
Nfhit Nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;f E}y;fshFk;.
cyh:
ghl;Lilj; jiytd; tPjpapy; cyh tUk;NghJ mtidf; fz;L VO gUt
kfspUk; fhjy; nfhz;L kaq;fp thLtjhfg; ghLtJ cyh vd;Dk; rpw;wpyf;fpakhFk;.
,jid cyhg;Gwk;> gtdp cyh vd;Wk; $Wth;.
CnuhL Njhw;wKk; chpj;njd nkhopg
vd;w njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;gh mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpak; cyh ,yf;fpak;.
Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh; ,aw;wpa ;jpUf;ifyha Qhd cyh‟ jkpopy; Njhd;wpa
Kjy; cyh E}yhFk;. ,jid„Mjp cyh‟ vd;Wk;>„nja;tPf cyh‟ vd;Wk; miog;gh;.
cyh ghLtjpy; rpwe;jth; xl;lf;$j;jh; Mthh;. ,tuJ„%tUyh‟ rpwg;G kpFe;jJ.

3
NkYk; jpUth&h; cyh> jpUf;Fw;whyehjh; cyh> jpUf;fhsj;jpehjh; cyh> jkpod;
cyh> fhkuhrh; cyh Nghd;wit cyh ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rpythFk;.
J}J:
jiytp jiytpah; tpufj;jhy; NtjidAw;W xUth; kw;nwhUtUf;Fj; jd;
Jd;gj;ijj; njhptpf;FkhW cah;jpizg; nghUl;fisNah m/wpizg; nghUl;fisNah
J}J tpLtjhfg; ghLtjhFk;.
fhkk; kpf;f fopglh; fpstp
vd;w njhy;fhg;gpa mbapd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpak; J}J.
gzk;>Jfpy;> ney;> tpwyp> jkpo;> trdk;> Gifapiy> nghd;> fhf;if> rt;thJ Mfpad
J}jhf tpLtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rq;f Ey;fspy; ew;wpiz> Iq;FEW}W> mfehE}W
Nghd;wtw;wpy; J}J njhlh;Gila gy nra;Al;fs; cs;sd. mofh; fps;is tpL
J}J> $sg;g ehaf;fd; tpwyp tpL J}J> gz tpL J}J> Kfpy; tpL J}J> khd; tpL
J}J> tz;L tpL J}J Nghd;wd Fwpg;gplj;jf;f J}J E}y;fshFk;. ,tw;wpy; jiy
rpwe;jJ jkpo; tpL J}J MFk;. ,jd; Mrphpah; ahh; vd mwpag;gltpy;iy.
rjfk;:
rjfk; vd;why; 100 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ vd;W nghUs;. ePjpf;
fsQ;rpakhfTk;> tuyhw;Wf; fUT+ykhfTk;> nra;jpg; ngl;lfkhfTk;> fUj;Jr;
Ruq;fkhfTk; ,e;E}y; tpsq;FfpwJ. Kjd; Kjypy; jpUthfj;jpy; „jpUr;rjfk;‟ vd;w
nrhy;yhl;rp ,lk;ngWfpwJ. Gonkhopfs;> goq;fijfs;> Nrhjplf; fUj;Jfs;
Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. Nrho kz;lyr; rjfk;> ghz;b kz;lyr; rjfk;>
njhz;il kz;lyr; rjfk;> nfhq;F kz;lyr; rjfk;> mwg;gspr;Rur; rjfk; Nghd;wit
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rjf E}y;fshFk;.
FwtQ;rp:
ghl;Lilj; jiytd; cyh nrhy;Yk; NghJ fz;L fhjy; nfhz;L jtpf;Fk;
jiytpf;Ff; Fwj;jp Fwp nrhy;tjhf miktJ FwtQ;rp ,yf;fpakhFk;. ,jid
Fwk;> FwtQ;rp ehlfk; vd;Wk; miog;gh;. FwtQ;rp Xh; mf ,yf;fpa E}y;.
Kf;fhyr; nra;jpfisg; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y;.
fl;bDk; foq;fpDk; ntwpnad ,UtUk;
xl;ba jpwj;jhw; nra;jpf; fz;Zk;
vd;w njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;ghtpd; mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpak;. ,ay;>
,ir> ehlfk; vd;w Kj;jkpOk; xUq;Nf nfhz;bUg;gJ FwtQ;rp.
FwtQ;rp ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp. ,jd;
Mrphpah; jpU$luhrg;gf; ftpuhah;. gpw FwtQ;rpfistpl ,J Vw;wKk; vopYk;
nfhz;lJ. FkNurh; FwtQ;rp> mofh; FwtQ;rp> jkpourp FwtQ;rp> ngj;yNfk;
FwtQ;rp> jpUth&h;f; FwtQ;rp> ruNge;jpu G+ghyf; FwtQ;rp Nghd;wit FwtQ;rp
E}y;fSs; rpythFk;.
gs;S:
coth; tho;ifr; rpj;jhpf;Fk; ,yf;fpak; gs;S. kUjepy E}yhff; fUjg;gLk;
rpw;wpyf;fpak;. ,jw;F coj;jpg;ghl;L> gs;S ehlfk;> gs;Nsry; vd;W NtW
ngah;fSk; cz;L. rka fUj;Jf;fisAk;> fijfisAk; Ritahff; $WtJ.
„ney;Y tifia vz;zpdhYk; gs;S tifia vz;z KbahJ‟ vd;w gonkhop
gs;S ,yf;fpaj;jpd; kpFjpiaf; fhl;Lk;. mtw;Ws; jpUth&h;g; gs;S> jpUr;nre;J}h;g;
gs;S> itrpag; gs;S> itahGhpg; gs;S> Fjpiukiyg; gs;S> fdfuhad; gs;S
Mfpait Fwpg;gplj;jitahFk;.

4
Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa gs;S Kf;$lw;gs;S. ,J gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
rpwe;jJ. ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahh; vdj; njhpatpy;iy. 120 tifahd kPdf
; isg;
gw;wp ,e;E}y; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
KbTiu:
,r;rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fs; thapyhf jkpofk; gw;wpa mf;fhy mhpa nra;jpfs;
gytw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ. ,ilf;fhy gpw;fhy tuyhw;Wf; $WfSk;
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. mf;fhyf; ftpijg; Nghf;Fk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
2. fpwpj;jt ,yf;fpa tuyhW Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
my;yJ
fpwpj;jth;fs; jkpo; nkhopf;F Mw;wpa njhz;bid tpsf;Ff
my;yJ
Nkiyehl;L> jkpo;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jth;fspd; jkpo;g; gw;wpid tpthpj;J vOJf.
Kd;Diu:
ek; jkpo; nkhop njd;dpe;jpa ehl;bYs;s midj;J kjj;jpid
rhh;e;jth;fSf;Fk; nghJthd nkhopahfj; jpfo;fpwJ. jkpofj;jpy; Njhd;wpa
kjq;fSk; jkpofj;jpy; GFe;j kjq;fSk; jkpo; nkhopia ed;whf Ngzpg; ghJfhj;J
tsh;j;jd. irth;> itzth;> rkzh;> ngsj;jh; Nghd;Nwhh; rpwe;j jkpo; E}y;fis
,aw;wp jkpod;idf;F tsk; Nrh;j;jdh;. mJkl;Lkpd;wp fpwpj;jth;> ,Ryhkpah;
Nghw;NwhUk; jkpod;idf;F njhz;L nra;jdh;. mth;fSs; fpwpj;jth;fs; jkpo;
nkhopf;F Mw;wpa njhz;biz ehk; ,f;fl;Liuapd; top fhz;Nghk;.
Rkaj;njhz;Lld; jkpo;j;njhz;L:
Nghh;rR
; fy; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jtuhd th];Nfhlfhkh> INuhg;gpahtpypUe;J ,e;jpah
tUtjw;F fly;topiaf; fz;lwpe;jhh;. mjd; gpd;dh; Nghh;rR ; f;fPrpah;> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;>
Mq;fpNyah;> lr;Rf;fhuh; Nghd;Nwhh; ,e;jpahTld; fly; thapyhf thzpgj;jpy;
<Lgl;ldh;. mth;fisj; njhlh;e;J fpwpj;jtg; ghjph;ahh;fs;> jq;fSila fpwpj;jt
rkaj;ijg; gug;Gk; Nehf;fpy; ,e;jpahtpw;F tuj;njhlq;fpdh;. mg;gb te;jth;fs;
jq;fSila rkaj;ijg; gw;wp kf;fsplk; vLj;Jiuf;f ,ayhky; NghfNt> jkpo;
nkhopia ed;whf gapd;wdh;. ,e;epfo;Nt fpwpj;jt rkak; jkpo;ehl;by; gut
mbg;gilf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. ,t;tpjk; rkag;gzp nra;j Nkiyehl;lhh; jkpo;
nkhopf;Fk; njhz;L nra;jdh;. Gjpdk;> rpWfij> ehlfk; Nghd;w ciueil
E}y;fisAk;> mfuhjpfisAk;> ,yf;fz E}y;fisAk; gilj;J jkpOf;Fg; Gj;Japy;
mspj;jdh;. ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpaq;fSk; Vl;by; ,lk;ngWk; mstpw;Fj; jkpo; nkhop>
kf;fs; nkhopahf khw;wg;gl;lJ. Mtzf; fhg;gfk; mikj;Jk; Vl;Lr;Rtb epWtdk;
Vw;gLj;jpAk;> E}yfq;fis Mq;fhq;Nf Njhw;Wtpj;Jk; fy;tpg; Gul;rpiaAk; jkpo;
Nkk;ghl;L topKiwfisAk; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. ,q;qdk; jkpo; ehl;Lf;F te;j
may;ehl;lth;fis md;wp> jkpo; ehl;by; gpwe;j fpwpj;jth;fSk; jkpo;nkhopf;Fj;
njhz;lhw;wpdh;. ,t;tpjk; fpwpj;jtj; jkpo; mwpQh;fis ,U tifahfg; gphpf;fyhk;.
mit>
1. may;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jtj; jkpo; mwpQh;fs;
2. jkpo;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jtj; jko; mwpQh;fs;
may;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jtj; jkpo; mwpQh;fSs; tPukhKdpth;> jj;Jt Nghjf
Rthkp> [p.A. Ngha;> uhgh;l; fhy;Lnty;> rPfd;ghy;F> vy;yp]; Jiu> ,Nudpa]; Iah;
MfpNahh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; Mth;.

5
tPukhKdpth;:
,th; ,j;jhyp ehl;bypUe;J te;j fpwpj;jt rkfFU. ,tUila ,aw;ngah;
fhz;];lhz;bad; N[hrg; ng];fp. fp.gp. 1700 Mk; Mz;L jkpofk; te;jhh;.
me;ehspy; rpwe;j Gytuhf tpsq;fpa Rg;ujPgf; ftpuhahplk; 20 Mz;Lfs; Kiwg;gb
jkpo; nkhopiag; gapd;whh;. jkpo;> tlnkhop> ,yj;jPd>; njYq;F> gpnuQ;R> fpNuf;fk;>
,j;jhyp> ghurPfk;> `Pg;U> Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ed;F Gyik ngw;wth;.
jkpopd; Nkd;ikia vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tifapy; gy mhpa jkpo; E}y;fisg;
gilj;Js;shh;. Ntjpah; xOf;fk;> Ntj tpsf;fk;> Ngfjk; kWj;jy;> Yj;jh;
,dj;jpay;T Qhdf; fz;zhb> thkd; fij Nghd;wit ,th; ,aw;wpa ciueil
E}y;fshFk;. ,jdhy; ,tiuj; jkpo; ciueil ,yf;fpa Kd;Ndhb vd;W $WtJ
nghUe;Jk;. NkYk;> ,tuJ jkpo; E}y;fspy;jhd; Kjd;Kjypy; nghUs; mfuhjp ,lk;
ngw;wJ.
,th; ,aw;wpa fij E}y;fSd; gukhh;j;j FU fij Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,J
jkpo;r; rpWfij ,yf;fpa tsh;r;rpapy; Kjyplk; ngw;wJ. NkYk; Vsd ,yf;fpa Kjy;
E}yhfTk; cs;sJ. njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk; vDk; ,yf;fz E}iyAk; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
,e;E}y; Ie;jpyf;fz E}y;> 370 E}w;ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,yf;fzg; gzpf;fhfr;
nre;jkpo;j; Njrpfh; vd;Dk; gl;lKk; ngw;Ws;shh;. jpUf;Fwspd; mwj;Jg;ghiyAk;>
nghUl;ghiyAk; ,j;jhyp nkhopapy; nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;. 1732 ,y; rJufuhjp vDk;
mfuhjp xd;iw ntspapl;lhh;. ,J jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; mfuhjpahFk;. ,jdhy;
jkpo; mfuhjpapd; je;ij vd;W miog;gh;. VRtpd; tsh;g;Gj; je;ijahfpa J}a
tsdpd; tho;f;ifia ikakhff; nfhz;L Njk;ghtzp vd;Dk; E}iyAk;
,aw;wpAs;shh;. jpUf;fhtY}hf; fyk;gfk;> milf;fy ehafp ntz;fypg;gh>
fUzhk;ghg;gjpfk;> md;id mOq;fy; me;jhjp Nghd;w rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fisAk; ,th;
gilj;Js;shh;.

jj;Jt Nghjf Rthkp:


cah;e;j Fyj;jhiuAk; fpwpj;jtuhf;Fk; vz;zj;NjhL ,j;jhypapypUe;J
jkpofj;jpw;F te;jth;. gpuhkzh; Nghd;W jk; tho;f;if Kiwfis mikj;Jf;
nfhz;lth;. ,th; QhNdhgNjr fhz;lk;> ke;jpukhiy> ePjpr;nrhy;> VRehjh; rhpj;jpuk;>
Mj;Jk eph;zak;> Qhd jPgpig> jj;jtf; fz;zhb Nghd;w gy ciueil E}y;fis
,aw;wpAs;shh;. ,it midj;Jk; kiwe;J Ngha;tpl;ld. jkpo; - Nghh;j;JfPrpa
mfuhjp xd;W njhFj;jth;.
[p.A. Nghg;:
,th; ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. jk;Kila 19Mk; tajpy; jkpofk;
te;jhh; jpUney;Ntyp> rhah;Guk;> ePyfphp> jQ;ir Mfpa ,lq;fspy; rkag;gzp
Mw;wpAs;shh;. ,Wjpapy; Mf;];Nghh;L gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpog; Nguhrphpauhfg;
gzpahw;wpdhh;. jpUf;Fws;> ehybahh;> rptQhd Nghjk;> jpUthrfk;> GwehE}w;wpYk;
Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiyapYk; rpy ghly;fs; ,tuhy; Mq;fpyj;jpy;
nkhopngah;ff
; g;gl;lit MFk;. nkhopngah;g;Gj; Jiwf;F jkpopy; mbf;fy; ehl;batUk;
,tNu.
jkJ fy;yiwapy; „Ngha; xU jkpo; khztd;‟ vd vOjp itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
,wf;Fk; Kd;Ng Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jth;. jpUf;Fwis VRehjhpd; ,ja xsp vd;Wk;>
kiy cgNjrj;jpd; vjpnuhyp vd;Wk; ,th; ghuhl;b Nghw;wpAs;shh;. Royal Asistic
Society ,tUf;F „Ntj rh];jphp‟ vDk; gl;lk; toq;fp rpwg;gpj;jJ. ,q;fpyhe;J Njr
rhpj;jpuk; vDk; E}iy ,th; jkpopy; vOjp ntspapl;Ls;shh;. Elementary Tamil
Grammar vDk; jiyg;gpy; jkpo; ,yf;fzj;ij %d;whfg; gphpj;J ntspapl;lth;.

uhgh;l; fhh;Lnty;:
mah;yhe;jpy; gpwe;j ,th;> rkag;gzp Mw;Wtjw;fhfj; jk;Kila 23Mk;
tajpy; jkpofk; te;jhh;. ,yj;jPd>; JS> n[h;kd;> fpNuf;fk;> ,yj;jPd; Nghd;w gy
nkhopfspy; Gyikg; ngw;wth;. ,th; ,aw;wpa „jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk;‟

6
vDk; E}y; xg;gpyh cah;epiy ngw;Wf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkpo; jdpj;J ,aq;fty;yJ
vd;W cyfj;jhh; Kd;dpiyapy; vLj;Jiuj;jth;. jpuhtpl nkhopfs; xU FLk;g
nkhopfs; vd;gij epiyehl;bath; ,tNu. ,tuJ xg;gpyf;fzg; gzpiag; ghuhl;Lk;
tifapy; nrd;idg; gy;fiyfofKk;>Royal Asiatic Society Mfpa ,uz;L epWtdKk;
,ize;J ,tUf;F ,yf;fpa Nte;jh;> Ntjtpw;gd;dh; vDk; gl;lq;fs; toq;fp rpwg;Gr;
nra;jJ.
ew;fUiz jpahd khiy> jhkiuj; jlhfk;> Qhd ];jhdk; Nghd;w ciueil
E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. ghz;b ehl;bd; JiwKfq;fshd nfhw;if> fhay;>
J}j;Jf;Fb Mfpatw;iw ed;F Muha;r;rp nra;Js;shh;. „ney;iy khtl;l tuyhw;iwr;‟
rpwg;ghf mikj;J murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J ed;nfhilahf Mapuk; nghw;fhRfisg;
ngw;Ws;shh;.
rPfd;ghy;F:
n[h;kd; ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j ,th; 1705,y; jkpofk; te;jhh;. vy;yg;gh vd;gthplk;
Kiwahfj; jkpo;g; gapd;wth;. juq;fk;ghbapy; mr;Rf;$lj;ijAk; mjw;F cjtpahf
fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiyiaAk (nghiwahW) epWtpdhh;. Kjd; Kjyhfj; E}y;fis
mr;rpl;L kf;fSf;F toq;fpdhh;. gpd;G iggpisj; jkpopy; nkhopngah;j;jhh;. jkpo; -
,yj;jpd; ,yf;fzk;> jkpo; ,yj;jPd; mfuhjp Nghd;w Ey;fisAk; ,th;
,aw;wpAs;shh;.
vy;yp]; Jiu:
1796 nrd;idf;F te;j ,th; ,uhkr;re;jpuf; ftpuhahplk; jkpo; gapd;whh;.
tPukhKdpth; jhk; ,aw;wpa Njk;ghtzpia Kad;W Njb ntspaplr; nra;jth;. mhpa
jkpo;r; Rtbfisr; Nrfhpj;Jg; ghJfhj;jth;. jpUf;Fwspy; cs;s Kjy; 13
mjpfhuq;fSf;F Mq;fpyj;jpy; ciunaOjpAs;shh;. nrd;id murhq;ff; fy;tp
rq;fj;ij epWtpdhh;.

,Nudpa]; Iah;:
,th; n[h;kdp ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. Nghg; mth; fspd; ghuhl;ilg; ngw;wth;.
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapypUe;J rkag;gzpahw;wpath;.
kfhtpj;Jthd; Kfit ,uhkD[ ftpuhahplj;jpy; jkpo; fw;whh;. Ntj cjhuzj;
jpul;L> jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;> jkpo; Qhd E}y; Nghd;wit E}y;fis vOjp;As;shh;.
Gjpa Vw;ghl;ilj; jkpopy; nfhLj;jth;.
INuhg;gpah;fspd; rkaj; njhz;lhy;> fpwpj;jt kjk; khwpa jkpoh;fisj; jkpo;f;
fpwpj;jth;fs; vd;W miog;gh;. mthfSd; Nthehafk; gps;is> vr;.V.
fpUl;bzg;gps;is>Ntjehaf rh];jpahh;> rHKNty; gps;is> jQ;ir Mgpufhk; gz;bjh;
Nghd;Nwhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;.
Ntjehafk; gps;is:
jkpoff; fpwpj;Jtj; njhz;lh;fspy; Kjd;ikahdth;. ,th; gpwe;j Ch;
KJFsj;J}h;> ePjpgjp gjtp tfpj;jth;. ,th; vOjpa „gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;
,tUf;F ngUk; Gfiog; ngw;Wj; je;jJ. ,JNt jkpopy; NJhd;wpa Kjy;
ehtyhFk;. rh;trka fPh;j;jid> ePjp E}y;> ngz;kjpkhiy> RFzRe;jhp> Njtkhjh
me;jhjp> jpUtUs; me;jhjp> nghpa ehafp mk;khs; gjpfk;> rj;jpa Ntjf;
fPh;j;jdq;fs; Nghd;w gy E}y;fisAk; gy jdpg;ghly;fisAk; ,th; gilj;Js;shh;.
mJkl;Lkpd;wp jkpo; ehtypd; je;ij vdTk; ,th; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhh;.
kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isath;fspd; njhlh;ghy; jkpo;g;
GyikiaAk; NfhghyfpU~;z ghujpahpd; el;ghy; jkpopirg; GyikiaAk; ngw;whh;.
,th; vOjpa ngz;fy;tp vd;Dk; E}y; ,tUila ciueilr; rpwg;ig
vLj;Jf;fhl;LtJld; ngz;fs; fy;tp fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; Mh;tKk; Kidg;Gk;
fhl;bath; vd;gij vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.

7
vr;.V. fpUl;bzg;gps;is:
,th; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpYs;s nul;bahh;gl;bapy; gpwe;jth;. itztuhfg;
gpwe;J fpwpj;jtuhf khwpath;. Fpwpj;jtuhf khwpa gpd;dh; n`d;wp My;gh;l; vdg;
ngah; ngw;wikahy; vr;.V. fpUl;bzg;gps;is vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. fy;Y}hpapy;
jkpog; Nguhrpahpauhfg; gzpahw;wpath;. [hd; gdpad; vd;gth; ,aw;wpa „The Pilgrim‟s
Progress‟ vd;Dk; E}iyj; jOtp jkpopy; ,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk; vDk; E}iy
,aw;wpAs;shh;. fk;guhkhazr; rhaiyg; ngw;Ws;s ,e;E}iyg; gilj;Js;s ,tiuf;
;fpwpj;jtf; fk;gd;‟ vd;Wk; Nghw;Wth;. ,e;E}ypy; 5 gUtq;fs; cs;sd. Vwj;jhop 400
ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd.. ,tUila kw;nwhU E}y; „fpwpj;Jth;fspd; Njthuk;‟ vd;W
miof;fg;glf;$ba ,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;. NkYk; Nghw;wpj; jpU mfty;> ,ul;rzpaf;
Fws;> ,ul;rzpa rka eph;zak;> ,yf;fz #lhkzp> rpwpj;jtuhd tuyhW Nghd;w
E}y;fisAk; ,th; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
Ntjehaf rh];jphpahh;:
jpUney;Ntypapy; gpwe;J. jQ;irapy; rkag;gzp Mw;wpath;. fpwpj;jtg;
ghly;fs; gy ,aw;wp rhj;jphpahh; vDk; gl;lk; ngw;wth;. ruNgh[p kd;dhpd; mitapy;
Gytuhf tpsq;fpath;. VRehjiug; ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L ngj;yNfk;
FwtQ;rp vDk; E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shh;. NkYk; nrd;idg; gl;bzg; gpuNtrk;> Qhd
jr;rd; ehlfk;> Qhd Vw;wg;ghl;L> Qhdf;Fk;gp> Mjpahde;jk;> guhgud; khiy> tz;z
rKj;jpuk;> n[gkhiy> Qhd cyh> Qhd me;jhjp> jpahdg; Gyk;gk;> mwpthde;jk;>
Nghpd;gf; fhjy; Nghd;w 50 Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
rhKNty; gps;is:
njhy;fhg;gpaj;ijAk; ed;D}iyAk; xg;gpl;L ;njhy;fhg;gpa ed;D}y;‟ vd;w
E}iy ,aw;wpath;.
jQ;ir Mgpufhk; gz;bjh;:
jQ;irapy; tho;e;j ,th; ,irj;jkpOf;Fg; Gj;Japh; nfhLj;jth;. fUzhde;jh;
vd;w Jwtpapd; njhlh;ghy; jkpo; kUj;Jt Kiwfis mwpe;Jnfhz;L jhKk; xU
rpwe;j kUj;Jtuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fis Muha;e;J may;ehl;L
,irf;Fk; jkpo;ehl;L ,irf;Fk; cs;s xw;Wik Ntw;Wik fz;lwpe;J „fUzhkpUj
rhfuk;‟ vd;Dk; E}iy gilj;jth;. ve;ehl;lthplj;Jk; ,y;yhj jkpopir 8000
Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ijaJ vd;W epWtpdhh;. jkpoh; gad;gLj;jpa „aho;‟ vd;w
,irf;fUtpia Kad;W nra;J jkpopiria tsh;j;jhh;. ,tUila kfd; M.
tuFz ghz;badhh; „ghzh; iftop‟ vDk; vOjpAs;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

KbTiu:
,t;tpjk; may;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jtUk; ek;ehl;Lf; fpwpj;jtUk; Mw;wpa gzp
Nghw;Wjw;FhpajhFk;. Nkiyehl;L Kiwapy; jkpofuhjp njhFj;J cjtp Ghpe;jdh;
rpyh;. J}a;ikahd jkpo; trd eilapy; mwpT E}y; ,aw;wpj; njhz;L Ghpe;jdh; rpyh;.
,t;thW fpwpj;jth; gyh; nra;j njhz;bd; gadhfj; jkpo; nkhop 20Mk; E}w;whz;by;
rpwg;Gw;Wj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.
3. ,Ryhkpa ,yf;fpak; Fwpj;J fl;Liu vOJf.
my;yJ
,Ryhkpa mwpQh;fspd; jkpo;g;gzp Fwpj;J tpthpf;f
Kd;Diu:
gpw kjj;jth;fisg; NghyNt ,Ryhkpah;fSk; jkpo;nkhopf;F jk;khy; ,ad;w
mstpw;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpAs;sdh;. fp.gp. 14Mk; E}w;whz;by; jkpofj;jpy; khypf;fhG+h;

8
gilnaLg;G epfo;e;jJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,Ryhkpa r%fj;jpdh;
jkpofj;jpy; gutj; njhlq;fpdh;. jkpoh;fs; gyh; kjk; khwp ,Ryhkpa kjj;jpw;Fr;
nrd;wdh;. mg;gb kjk; khwpa #o;epiyapYk; jkpio nkhopia kwf;ftpy;iy.
jq;fspd; kjk; njhlh;ghd fijfisAk; nra;jpfisAk; fUj;JfisAk; jkpo; nkhop
%yk; gug;gj; njhlq;fpdh;. xU ehl;L kf;fs; nkhopia jtph;j;J xU nfhs;ifia
typAWj;JtJ vd;gJ Kbahj fhupak;. ,jdhy; jkpoh;fspd; jha;nkhop thapyhf
jk; fUj;Jfis ntspapLtNj rhp vdf; fUjp jkpohy; ,RyhkpaKk; ,Ryhkpaj;jhy;
jkpOk; jiof;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,tw;iwf; fl;Liuapd; thapyhf fhz;Nghk;.
ckWg;Gyth;:
,th; vl;ilaGu muritapy; Gytuhf tpsq;fpath;. fbifKj;Jg; Gythplk;
Kiwahfj; jkpo;g; gapd;wth;. ts;sy; rPjhf;fhjpapd; Ntz;LNfhs;gb rPwhg;Guhzk;
vd;Dk; ,yf;fpaj;ij gilj;jhh;. ,e;E}y; egpfs; ehafj;jpd; thof;if tuyhw;iw
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. ,Ryhkpa jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Kjd;ikahdjhf ,e;E}y;
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. mJkl;Lkpd;wp %d;W fhz;lq;fisAk; 5026 ghly;fisf; nfhz;L
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. nrj;Jk; nfhil nra;j rPjf;fhjp kiuf;fhah; ez;gh; mg;Jy;
kiuf;fhah; Kd;dpiyapy; rPwhg;Guhzj;ij muq;Nfw;wpdhh;. ,th; NkYk;
rPjf;fhjpNfhit> KJnkhop khiy> rPjf;fhjp jpUkz tho;j;J> nehz;b ehlfk;
Nghd;w E}y;fisAk; gilj;Js;shh;

Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpG:


,th; ,aw;ngah; Ry;jhd; fhjpW nyg;ig Mypk;. Gpwe;j Ch; Fzq;Fb
my;yJ fhay;gl;bdk;. ,tUila ghly;fs; k];jhd; rhfpG jpUg;ghly;fs; vd;Nw
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. jhAkhdth; ghly;fSf;Fk; ,thpd; neUq;fpa njhlh;G cs;sd.
,tUila ghly;fisj; njhFj;jth; rPakq;fyk; mUzhr;ry Kjypahh;. mj;jh;
tzpfk; nra;j ,th; jpUkzj;jd;Nw kzk; nra;ahky; Jwtpahdh;. ,th; ,aw;wpa
ghly;fs; „k];jhd; rhfpG ghly;fs;‟ vdg;gLk;. ,tUila ghly;fs; rkak; fle;j
epiyapy; midtiuAk; tpUk;gpg; gapYkhW nra;a ty;yit. guhguf;fz;zp>
vf;fyhf; fz;zp> ee;jP];tuf; fz;zp> kNdd;kzpf; fz;zp> rjfk;> Mde;jf; fspg;G>
Nghd;w E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;. itzt rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;j ftpQh;fs; jk;
ghly;fspy; tlnrhw;fisf; fye;J ghbaJ Nghd;W> ,tuJ ghly;fspy; muG nkhopr;
nrhw;fs; fye;J tUfpd;wd.

tz;zf;fsQ;rpag; Gyth;:
,th; ,uhkehjGuj;ij mLj;Js;s kPry; vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;jth; `kPJ
,g;uhfPk; vDk; ,aw;ngah; nfhz;l ,th; tz;zg;ghly;fs; ghLtjpy; rpwe;jth;. eh$h;
kf;fs; ,tiu kP:ry; tz;zf; fsQ;rpag; Guth; vd;W miog;gh;. kJiu Mjpdj;Jj;
jk;gpuhidf; FUthff; nfhz;L jkpo;> kiyahdk;> tlnkhop Mfpa nkhopfisg;
gapd;wth;. ,th; ,aw;wpa ,uhr ehaf Guhzk; vd;gJ 2240 tpUj;jg;ghf;fis
cilaJ. ,e;E}y; ckWg;Gyth; ,aw;wpa rPuhg;Guhzj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
vOjg;gl;ljhFk;. NkYk; nkhifjPd; Guhzk;> mypghJ~h ehlfk;> jPd; tpsf;fk;>
Riykhd; egpapd; fij> Fj;G ehafk; Nghd;w E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
nra;F jk;gpg; ghtyh;:
,th; ehfh;Nfhtpiy mLj;Js;s ,yq;fil vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;jth;. ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;by; Kw;gFjpay; tho;e;j ,g;Gyth; „rjhtjhdp‟ vd;Dk; rpwg;G;g gl;lk;
ngw;wth;. rPwhg;Guhzj;jpw;F ciu vOjpath;. mUl;gpufhr ts;syhUf;F
cWJizahf ,Ue;jth;. ts;syhUf;F vjpuhd fjpiuNtw; gps;isAk; MWKf
ehtyUk; mUl;ghit kUl;gh vd;W $wpdh;. ,jw;F vjph;g;Gj; njhptpj;J kUl;gh
kWg;G> mUl;gh MFk; vd;W vLj;Jf;$wp ts;syhuhy; rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lth;.
~k; Rj;jhrpk; Nfhit> jpUeh$h;j; jphpge;jhjp> fy;tj;J ehafk;> ,d;dpirg;
ghkhiy> jpUNfhl;lhw;Wg; gps;isj; jkpo;> ehiff;Nfhit> ePjp ntz;gh> mofg;gf;
Nfhit> gjpw;Wg; ge;jhjp> ehaf khd;kpak;> Nghd;w E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.

9
jkpo;j;njd;wy; jpU.tp.f. ,tUila gy;tifj;jpwikia fz;L ntFthfg;
ghuhl;As;shh; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,th; ,we;j NghJ ftpkzp mth;fs; ghba
ghly; ,tUila rpwg;gpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjhf mike;Js;sJ.
Xut jhdk; xUE}W nra;jpe;jg;
ghhpy; Gfo;gilj;j gz;bjidr; - rPhpa
nre;jkpo;r; nry;tidr; nra;Fjk;gpg; ghtyid
ve;jehs; fhz;Nghk; ,dp.
fhrpk; Gyth;:
.,th; „tuftp‟ vd;W gyuhy; Gfog;gl;lth;. Gpwe;j Ch; fhay;gl;bdk;.
Mrphpah; jpUtbf; ftpuhah;. jpUg;GfOf;F ,izahfg; jpUg;Gfo; ,aw;wpath;. egpfk;
ehafk; „gfUk;‟ vd mb vLj;Jf;nfhLf;f „gfUk; cUtpyp‟ vdj; njhlq;fpj;
jpUg;Gfo; E}y; ghbdhh; vd;W $Wth;. ,th; jk;ik „kJuftpuhrd;‟ vd;D mioj;Jf;
nfhz;lth;. ,tUila E}y; jpUg;Gfo; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
rt;thJg; Gyth;:
,th; ,isahd;Fbf;F mUfpYs;s vkNdRtuk; vd;Dk; Chpy; gpwe;jth;.
Mrphpah; NrhkRe;ju Njrpfh;. ,uFehjNrJgjpapd; mitf;fsg; Gytuhf tPw;wpUe;jth;.
rkurftp ghLtjp jpwik ngw;wth;. NrJkd;dhpd; mk;ik Neha; ePq;f ,uhr
,uhN[];thp kPJ gQ;ruj;jpd; khiy ghbdhh; vd;W $Wth;. VfjpUg;Gfo;> KifapjPd;
Mz;lth; gps;isj;jkpo;> ehiff;fyk;gfk; Nghd;w E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
Fyhk; fhjpW ehtyh;:
,th; ehifapy; gpwe;jth;. kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isiaf;
FUthff; nfhz;L fy;tp gapd;wth;. gpdhq;fpy; tpj;ah tprhapzp vDk; ,jo;
elj;jpath;. kJiuf;Nfhit> muGj;jkpo; mfuhjp> ekpfs; ehafj;jpd; kPJ
Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> jpUkf;fhj; jpUte;jhjp> eh$h;f;fyk;gfk;> eh$h;gG
; uhzk;>
gjhapUf;fyk;gfk;> kjPdhf;fyk;gfk;> rPwhg;Guhz trdk;> ckW gh~htpd; Gj;j
rhpj;jpuk;> rKj;jpu khiy> fd;[{y; fwhkhj;J Nghd;w E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.

Nrfdh nyg;ig:
19Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. fhay;gl;bdj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. ,tUila
,aw;ngah; nra;F mg;Jy; fhju; eapdhh; nyg;ig. jkpo;> tlnkhop> ghh;rp> mugp
Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ed;F Gyikg; ngw;wth;. ,th; Gyth; ehafk;> etPd mfj;jpah;
vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;. ,tUila Kifj;jPd; Guhzk; vd;Dk; E}y; <uhd; ehl;L
tuyhw;Wf; fij> fij epfo;e;j fhyk; fp.gp. 12Mk; E}w;whz;L. nkhj;jk; 1343
ghly;fs; cs;sd. ,iw tho;j;J> ehl;Lg;glyk;> efug;glyk; Mfpad nfhz;L ngUk;
fhg;gpakhf tpsq;FfpwJ. NkYk; Gjh`; Guhzk;> ehifae;jhjp> kf;fhf; fyk;gfk;>
Rth;f;fePjp> jpUf;fhuzg; Guhzk;> Nfhj;jpukhiy> Fj;G ehafk;> jpUkzp khiy
Nghhd;w E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
rh;f;fiug; Gyth;:
,th; rt;thJg; Gythpd; cwtpdh; Mthh;. fhyk; fp.gp. 17Mk; E}w;whz;L.
NrJ rkj;jhdj;jpd; Gytuhf tPw;wpUe;jth;. ,aw;wpa E}y; ikjPdj;je;jhjp.
iraJ KifjPd; ftpuhah;:
,th; je;ij Kfk;kJ `{ird;. ke;jpuk;> trpak; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ty;yth;.
,th; ,aw;wpa E}y; KifapjPd; Mz;lth; gps;isj;jkpo; Mfk;.

10
fy;tp fsQ;rpag; Gyth;:
,th; ,aw;wpait rpd;dr; rPwhg;Guhzk;> rpj;jpuf; ftpjpul;L Mfpad.
mypahh; Gyth;:
,th; ,aw;wpait ,e;jpuhad; gilg;Nghh;;> ,Gdp Mz;lhd; gilg;Nghd;
Mfpad.

Kfk;kJ cird;:
,th; 258 Fwl;ghf;fisf; nfhz;l ngz;Gj;jp khiy vd;Dk; E}y; gilj;jth;.
khjhW rhfpG:
,th; rheh vd;Dk; fhg;gpak; ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
KbTiu:
,t;tpjk; ,Ryhkpah;fs; ,aw;wpa jkpo; E}y;fs; gy. ,th;fshy; GJg;GJ
,yf;fpaq;fs; jkpo; nkhopapy; Njhd;wps. ,f;fhyj;jpYk; ek;kpilNa gy ,Ryhkpa
mwpQh;fs; gyh; Gyikg; ngw;wtuha; tpsq;fpj; jkpo;j; njhz;L nra;J tUfpd;wdh;.
ftpij> ciueil> etPdk; Nghd;w midj;J JiwfspYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fp jkpo;g;gzp
Mw;wp tUtJ ghuhl;LFhpajhFk;.

myF - 2
1. ee;jpf;fyk;gfk;
,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. rpw;wpyf;fpak; vd;why; vd;d?
mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL ,tw;wpy; xd;Nwh gyNth Fiwe;J tUtJ
rpw;wpyf;fpak; vdg;gLk;.
2. fyk;gfk; vd;why; vd;d?
gytif ghf;fisAk; fye;J ghlg;ngWk; rpw;wpyf;fpak; fyk;gfk; MFk;.
3. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; fyk;gf E}y; vJ?
jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; fyk;gf E}y; ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; MFk;.
4. ee;jpf;fyk;gfj;jpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ahh;? (etk;gh; 2015)
ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; njs;shW vwpe;j %d;whk;
ee;jpth;kd; Mthd;.
5. ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; mike;Js;s cWg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; mike;Js;s cWg;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if gjpndl;L
MFk;.
6. “ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jhy; khz;l fij ehlwpAk;” - ,t;tb ,lk;ngw;w E}y; vJ?
“ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jhy; khz;l fij ehlwpAk;” ,t;tb ,lk;ngw;w E}y;
NrhNkrh; KJnkhop ntz;gh MFk;.

11
7. “fs;shUk; nrQ;nrhy; fyk;gfk; nfhz;L fhak; tpl;l njs;shiw ee;jp” -
,t;tb ,lk;ngw;w E}y; vJ?

“fs;shUk; nrQ;nrhy; fyk;gfk; nfhz;L fhak; tpl;l njs;shiu ee;jp”


,t;tb ,lk;ngw;w E}y; njhz;il kz;lyr; rjfk; MFk;.
8. fyk;gfj;jpy; ghlk; mikAk; tpjpKiwapid vOJf. (Vg;;uy; 2015)
fyk;gfj;jpy; ghlk; mikAk; tpjpKiwfs;:
flTs; - 100> Kdpth; - 95> murh; - 90> mikr;rh; - 70> tzpfh; - 50>
Ntshsh; - 30.
9. ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; jiytpaplk; vij J}J tpLj;jhd;?
ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; jiytpaplk; Nkfj;ijj; J}J
tpLj;jhd;.
10. ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if 144 MFk;.
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
11. ee;jpf; fyk;gfk; Njhd;wpa gpd;dzp (tuyhW) tpthp.
ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; njs;shW vwpe;j %d;whk;
ee;jpth;kd; Mthd;. ,td; fhQ;rpGuj;ijj; jiyefuhff; nfhz;L Ml;rp
Ghpe;jtd;. ,k;kd;ddpd; fhyk; fp.gp. 847 –fp.gp. 872 vd;gjhy; ,e;E}ypy; fhyk;
fp.gp. 9Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;W mwpag;gLfpwJ. fhQ;rp> khky;yGuk;> kapyhg;G+h;
Nghd;w efuq;fisg; gw;wp ,e;E}ypy; rpwg;ghff; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. nrhw;Rit>
nghUl;Rit> fw;gid tsk; epiwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;w ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahh;
vd njhpatpy;iy. ee;jpth;kdplk; ,Ue;J muirf; ifg;gw;Wk; Nehf;fj;jpy;
mtDila jk;gpahy; „mwk; ghLjy;‟ vDk; Kiwapy; ,e;E}ypy; ghly;fs;
mike;Js;sd. mwk; itj;Jg; ghba E}ypd; ghliyf; Nfl;l ee;jp th;kd;
mg;ghlypy; jk; kdijg; gwpnfhLj;J ghly; KOikAk; Nfl;f tpUg;gk;
nfhz;lhd;. E}y; KOtijAk; Nfl;lhy; jhd; ,we;J tpLNthk; vd;gij
mwpe;Jk; jkpo; nkhop kPJ nfhz;Ls;s gw;why; capiuAk; nghUl;gLj;jhky;>
vhpAk; ge;jypd; fPNo mkh;e;J mg;ghliyf; Nfl;L capiuj; Jwe; jhd; vd;W
fij $wg;gLfpwJ. ,t;tuyhw;iwg; gpd;gw;wpr; rptQhd Kdpth; „NrhNkrh;
KJnkhop ntz;gh‟tpy;>
ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;;jhy; khz;lfij ehlwpAk;
vd;W ghbAs;shh;. NkYk; „njhz;il kz;lyr; rjfr; nra;As;‟>
fs;shUQ; nrQ;nrhw; nfhz;L fhak;tpl;l
njs;shiw ee;jpnaDe; njhz;ilkhd;
vd;Wk; ,jid $Wk;.
12. ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; ghl;Lilj; jiytdpd; tPur;rpwg;G gw;wp vOJf. (Vg;uy;
2015)
jpUkfspd; nry;tj;ijAk;> epykfspd; Ml;rp chpikiaAk; nghJ
vd;gJ ,y;yhky; jdf;F kl;LNk chpikahdJ vdf; fUjp> nghd;dhy;
nra;ag;gl;l mzpfyd;fis mzpe;j ee;jp th;kNd!
Njhs; Jiz ahf khnts; shw;W
Nktyh;f; fle;j mz;zhy; ee;jpepd;
cd; Njhs;fisf; Jizahff; nfhz;L nts;shW vDkplj;jpy;
giftiu ntd;w nghpatNd!
12
jpUtU neLq;fz; rptf;F khfpy;
nrUeh; NrUk; gjprptf; Fk;Nk
cd; mofpa ePz;l fz;fs; rptf;Fkhdhy; gifthpd; ehL; jPg;gw;wp
vhpAk;. cd; xsp nghUe;jpa GUtk; Jbf;Fkhdhy; cd;id tzq;fhj
gifaurh;fspd; ,lg;Gwk; Jbf;Fk;.
Fw;wkw;w ths; ciwapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lhy;> giftuJ kidtpapd;
mzpfyd;fs; ePf;fg;gLk;. rq;F Koq;fpdhy; cd;NdhL xd;W Nruhj
kd;dh;fspd; cs;sk; gijgijf;Fk;. cd; nghpa ahidfs;
myq;fhpf;fg;gLkhdhy; cd;NdhL Nghh; GhpAk; gifth;fspd; clypy; ,uj;jk;
cz;lhFk;.
13. ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; jiytp fhh;g;gUtk; fz;L tUe;Jk; epiyiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(etk;gh; 2015)
ehs;NjhWk; rptngUkhid kwthj cs;sj;ijf; nfhz;ltDk;>
ntw;wpia cwthff; nfhz;l ee;jpAk; Mfpa ,k;kd;ddpd; ChpNy>
Ftis kyh;fspNy cs;s Njid tpUk;gp cz;Zk; tz;LfNs! ePh;f;
FkpopapYk; ePh;r; RopapYk; tpisahLfpd;w Jk;gpfNs!
mtdp kionga; Fsph;fhyk; te;jNj
mtUk; mtjp nrhdehSk; te;jNj
,t;Tyfj;jpy; kio nga;Ak; fhh;fhyKk; te;Jtpl;lJ. vd; jiyth;
jpUk;gp tUtjhfr; nrhd;d ehSk; te;Jtpl;lJ. ,jdhy; vdf;F ftiy
kpfg; nghpajha;tpl;lJ.
ftiy nghpJ gopfhuh; te;jpyhh;
fzt UwT fijaha; Kbe;jNj
gopiar; nra;gtuhd vd; jiyth; ,d;Dk; tutpy;iy. NkYk; vd;
jiythpd; el;Gf; fijahfNt Kbe;J tpl;lJ vd;W jiytp> fhh;g;gUtk;
te;jijj; njhlh;e;J jiyth; tuhjijf; Fwpj;Jg; Gyk;gpdhs;.
14. ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; jiytidg; gphpe;j jiytpapd; Nghjhf; fhyj;ij tpthp.

NjhopNa vd; jhAk; gpw Njhopah;fSk; vd;Dld; NghhpLk; fhyk;. Mdp


khjk; fle;J Mb khjk; KbAk; ,Wjpapy; tUtJ fhh; fhyj;jpw;Fhpa Mtzp
khjf; fhyk;.
Gd;idfSk; gpr;rpfSk; jq;fspd; kfpo;e;J
nghw;gts tha;jpwe;J G+r;nrhhpAq; fhyk;
Gd;id kuq;fSk; gpr;rp vd;Dk; G+f;fSk; jq;fSf;Fs; kfpo;r;rpaile;J
nghd; Nghd;w thiaj; jpwe;J ey; kzk; tPRk; fhyk;. nre;new; gaph;fisf;
nfhz;l tay;fspy; gwitf; $l;lq;fs; #oe;J fhzg;glf;$ba fhQ;rpGuj;ij
MSk; nfhilahsp vdg; ngah; ngw;w ee;jpg; gy;ytid Nruhjf; fhyk;.
vd;idath; mwkwe;J NghdhNu Njhop
apse;jiyfz; NlepyT gpse;njhpAq; fhyk;
vd;Dila vspikahd Njhw;wj;ijf; fz;L re;jpud; kpFe;j xsp tPrp
vhpfpd;w fhyk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy;> vd;id jiyth; KOtJkhf kwe;J Ngha;
tpl;lhNu ,jw;F ehd; vd;d nra;Ntd; vd;W jiytp $wpdhs;.
15. ee;jpf; fyk;gfj;jpy; tpidKw;wp tUk; jiytd; Nkfj;ij vt;thW J}J
tpLj;jhd;?
XLfpd;w Nkfq;fhs; Xlhj Njhpy;ntWk;

13
$L tUFnjd;W $Wq;Nfhs; - ehbNa
vd; Kd;ghf thdpNy XLfpd;w Nkfq;fNs! ePq;fs; xOf;fj;jpy; rpwe;j
,uhkdhd ee;jpkd;ddpd; efuj;jpNy cs;s> ey;y new;wpia cila vd;
kidtpia ePq;fs; fz;lhy;> cq;fSf;F ,izahf Xlhj ,j;Njhpy; capuw;w
ntw;Wlk;G tUfpwJ vd;W $Wq;fs; vd;W jiytd; Nkfj;jplk; J}J
tpLj;jhd;.
16. ee;jpth;kd; ,wg;gpd;NghJ Gyth; ghba ifaWepiy ahJ?
thDW kjpia mile;jJ tjdk;
kwpfly; GFe;jJd; fPh;j;jp
vd; je;ij Nghd;W tpsq;Fk; ee;jp kd;dNd! cd; Fsph;rr
; pg; nghUe;jpa
jd;ik thdj;jpy; cs;s re;jpuidr; nrd;wile;jJ; cd; ngUik miy
nghq;Ffpd;w flyhy; #og;gl;l ,t;Tyif #o;e;jJ; cd;Dila Nfhgk;
fhl;by; thOfpd;w Gypaplj;Nj nrd;wile;jJ; cdJ nfhilj;jd;ik fw;gf
kuj;ij mile;Jtpl;lJ.
NjDW kyuhs; mhpaplk; GFe;jhs;
nre;joy; mile;Jd; Njfk;
cd;dplj;jpYs;s jhkiu kyhpy; tPw;wpUg;gtshd jpUkfs; (kfhyl;Rkp)
jpUkhyplk; nrd;wile;jhs;; cd; cly; nfhOe;Jtpl;L vhpfpd;w neUg;gpNy
GFe;jJ; cd;idNa rhh;e;jpUe;j ehDk; vd; tWikAk; ,dp ve;j ,lj;ij
nrd;W milNthk; vd;W Gyth; jk;Kila tUj;jj;ij Kd; itf;ffpwhh;.

2. Kj;njhs;shapuk;
,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Kj;njhs;shapuk; vf;fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ?
Kj;njhs;shapuk; rq;f kUtpa fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ.
2. rq;ffhy mfg;Gw kuGfis mbnahl;b vOjg;gl;l xNu E}y; vJ?
rq;ffhy mfg;Gw kuGfis mbnahl;b vOjg;gl;l xNu E}y;
Kj;njhs;shapuk; MFk;.
3. Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; jw;Nghj fpilf;Fk; ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
(etk;gh; 2015)
Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; jw;NghJ fpilf;Fk; ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if 130
MFk;.
4. Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; NruUf;Fhpa ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; NruUf;Fhpa ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if 23 MFk;.
5. Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; NrhoUf;Fhpa ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; NrhoUf;Fhpa ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if 46 MFk;.
6. Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy. ghz;baUf;Fhpa ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; ghz;baUf;Fjhpa ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if 61
MFk;.
7. Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; ahidapd; kwk; Fwpj;J vOJf. (Vg;uy; 2015)
typik tha;e;j Njhs;fisAila fps;sp tstDila Mz;
ahidapdJ je;jq;fs;> nfhbia cila kjpy; kPJ gha;e;jjhy; Kwpe;jd;
fhy;fspy; mike;j efq;fs; gif kd;dh;fspd; Kbia ,lwpajhy; Nja;e;J
Nghapd.
8. Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; Nrudpd; ehL Fwpj;J vOJf.

14
,iy Nghd;w tbtj;ij cila NruDila ehL> Fioe;j NrWila
tay;fspy; rpte;j Mk;gy; kyh;fs; G+f;fTk;> ePh; jPg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ vd;W
gae;J gwitf; $l;lq;fs; jk; rpwFfshfpa iffshfpa rpwFfshy; jk;
FQ;Rfis mizj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Muthu Xirapidf; nfhz;lJ.
9. Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; ghz;badpd; Gfo; gw;wp vOJf.
ghz;ba ehl;bd; kz;Zf;Fs; nghd; mfg;gLk;; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk;
vd;Dk; Kj;jkpOk; Ch;fspy; mfg;gLk;; gif Nte;jh;fspd; khh;gfq;fspy;
typik nghUe;jpa ghz;ba kd;dDila $h;iikahd Ntypd; EdpgLk;.
10. Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; $w;wf; fzpr;rpNahd; ahh;?
Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; $w;wf; fzpr;rpNahd; rptngUkhd;
Mthh;.
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
11. Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; Nru kd;ddpd; Gfopid vLj;Jiuf;f. (etk;th; 2015)
thdpw;F itafk; Nghd;wJ thdj;J
kPdpw; fizahh; kwkd;dh; - thdj;J
kPdN
; rh; kjpaidahd; tpz;Zah; nfhy;ypah;
Nfhd;Nrud; Nfhijnad;ghd;.
thDyfj;jpw;F <lhf kz;Zyfk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. tpz;kPdf
; Sf;F
,izahf tPuk; nghUe;jpa kd;dh;fs; mike;Js;sdh;. thdj;jpy; cs;s
tpz;kPdf; Sld; ,ize;J fhzg;gLk; re;jpuidg; Nghd;W cs;std; Nrud;
Nfhij vd;gtd;. ,td; thdsT cah;e;J fhzg;gLk; nfhy;yp kiyia
rpwg;ghf murhl;rp Ghpe;J tUgtd; Mthd;.
12. Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; Nrhodpd; nfhilj; jd;ikia vOJf. (Vg;uy; 2015)
me;jzh; MnthL nghd;ngw;whh; ehtyh;
ke;juk; Nghy; khz;l fspW Ch;e;jhh; - ve;ij
,yq;F ,iyNty; fps;sp ,Nutjpehs; vd;Ndh
Rpyk;gpjd; $boe;j thW.
fps;sp vDk; Nrho kd;dd; vd; je;ijiag; Nghd;W tpsq;Ffpd;wtd;.
,td; jd; ifapy; ,iy Nghd;w tbtj;jpy; mike;j Ntiy MAjkhff;
nfhz;ltd;. jhd; gpwe;j ,Nutjp el;rj;jpuk; nghUe;jpa ed;dhspy;>
me;jzh;fs; gRf;fSld; nghd;idAk; mk;kd;ddplkpUe;J nfhilahfg;
ngw;Wr; nrd;wdh;; ehtd;ikapy; rpwe;j Gyth;fs; ke;ju kiyiag; Nghd;W
fhzg;gLk; khl;rpikg; nghUe;jpa Mz; ahidfisf; nfhilahfg; ngw;W>
mjd; kPJ mkh;e;J Ch;e;J nrd;wdh;. mj;jifa ey;y ehspy; rpye;jpg; G+r;rp
kl;Lk; jd;Dila $l;il ,oe;jJ.
13. Nrhodpd; Nghh;f;fsKk; - ahid Nghh; Ghpe;j tpjj;ijAk; tpsf;Ff.
Nghh;f;fsk;
Kbj;jiy nts;Nshl;L %isnea; ahfj;
jbj;j Fly;jphpah khl;b – vLj;njLj;Jg;
Ngva; tpsf;F maUk; ngw;wpj;Nj.
nrk;gpad; vDk; kd;ddpd; guk;giuapy; te;J cjpj;j Foe;ijahfpa
NrhoNte;jd; Nghh; nra;j Nghh;f;fsk;> Kbia cila jiyf;Fhpa
ntz;ikahd kz;ilNahl;il mfyhff; nfhz;L> %isia nea;ahfg;
nga;J> Fliyj; jphpahf khl;b vLj;J vLj;J mq;fpUf;Fk; Nga;fs;
tpsf;Nfw;Wk; jd;ikiag; nfhz;lJ.
ahidapd; tPuk;
nfhbkjpy; gha;e;J ,w;w NfhLk; murh;
Kb ,lwpj; Nja;e;j efKk; - gpb Kd;G
nghy;yhik ehzpg; Gwq;fil epd;wNj.

15
fy; Nghd;w typik tha;e;j Njhs;fisg; ngw;wtd; Nrho kd;dd;.
,tDila Mz;ahidapdJ je;jq;fs;> nfhbiaAila kjpy; kPJ gha;e;jjhy;
Kwpe;J Nghapd; mjd; fhy;fspy; mike;j efq;fs; gif murh;fspd;
Kbfis ,lwpajhy; Nja;e;J Nghapd; ,f;fhuzj;jpdhy; jPikfs; Vw;glNt
jd; ,izahd ngz; ahidapd; Kd;G epw;f ntl;fkile;J ntspNa cs;s
fjTf;F Kd;G kiwe;J epd;wJ.
gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
14. Kj;njhs;shapuj;jpy; %Nte;jh;fspd; rpwg;Gfis tpthp.
Kd;Diu:
Kj;njhs;shapuk; nrk;nkhop E}y;fs; ehw;gj;njhd;wpy; xd;whf
mike;Js;sJ. rq;ffhy mfg;Gw kuGfis mbnahl;b vOjg;gl;l xNu E}y;.
mfk; rhh;e;J 75 ghly;fSk; Gwk; rhh;e;J 55 ghly;fSk; mike;Js;sd.
jkpofj;ij Ml;rpg; Ghpe;j %Nte;jh;fisg; gw;wp 900 ghly;fisf;
nfhz;L(3x900=2700) nkhj;jk; 2700 ghly;fs; ,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
Mdhy; ,d;W ekf;F 130 ghly;fs; kl;LNk fpilf;fpd;wd. Nru Nrho ghz;ba
kd;dh;fisg; gw;wpa fw;gid nghjpe;J gilf;fg;ngw;wpUg;gJ. ,e;E}yhrphpah;
,d;dhh; vd;W mwpa ,aytpy;iy.
ghz;badpd; Gfo;:
ghh;gLg nrk;nghd; gjpgLg Kj;jkpo;E}y;
ePh;gLg ntz;rq;Fk; epj;jpyKk; - rhuy;
ghz;ba ehl;bd; G+kpf;Fs; nrk;nghd; fpilf;Fk;. ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk;
vDk; Kj;jkpOk; Ch;fspy; mfg;gLk;. ntz;ikahd rq;FfSk;> Kj;JfSk;
J}a;ikahd ePhpy; ekf;F fpilf;Fk;. kiyr;rhuy;fspy; ahidfs; fhzg;gLk;.
khiy mzpe;j gifauh;fspd; khh;gfq;fspy; typikahd ghz;ba
Nte;jDila $h;ikahd Nty; EdpgLk;.
ghz;badpd; jpiw:
Nekp epkph;Njhs; epyTjhh;j; njd;dtd;
fhkh; neLq;Filf; fhtyd; Mizahy;
Njh;r;rf;fuj;ij epkph;j;jf; $ba typikahd Njhs;fspy; xsp nghUe;jpa
khiyazpe;jtd; ghz;bad;. ,td; mofpa ntz;nfhw;wf; Filapid
cilatd;. ,tDila Mizahy; nghd;dhyhd Mfpa mofpa
mzpfyd;fis mzpe;j fz;zpikf;fhj Njth;fs;> ,k;kz;ZyfkhdJ
ghz;badpd; cilik vdf; fUjp jq;fspd; jpUtbfshy; kpjpf;f khl;lhh;fs;.
Ftisapd; gz;G:
fhh;eW ePyk; fbf;faj;J itfYk;
ePh;epiy epd;w jtk;nfhNyh - $h;EidNty;
$h;ikahd NtypidAk; tz;Lfs; nkha;ff; tpsq;Fk; kyh;
khiyapidAk; jhTk; FjpiuiaAk; cila ghz;badplk; cs;s gz;G>
fUikAk; eWkzKk; nfhz;l Ftis kyh; eWkzk; nghUe;jpa Fsj;jpy;
jpde;NjhWk; ePhpy; epiyj;J jd; jz;lhfpa fhyhy; epd;w jtj;jpd; gaNdh?
Nrhodpd; ahid:
nfhbkjpy; gha;e;jpw;w NfhLk; murh;
Kbaplwpj; Nja;e;j efKk; - gpbKd;G
fy; Nghd;w typikahd Njhs;fis cilatd; Nrho kd;dd;.
,tDila Mz; ahidapdJ je;jq;fs; nfhbAila kjpy; kPJ gha;e;jjdhy;
Kwpe;J Nghapd; mjd; fhy;fspy; cs;s efq;fs; gifaurh;fspd; Kbapid
,lwpajhy; Nja;e;J Nghapd; ,jd; fhuzj;jhy; mofpoe;J jd; ,izahd
ngz; ahidapd; Kd; epw;f ehzkile;J ntspNa cs;s fjTf;F Kd;G
kiwe;J epd;wJ.
Nrhodpd; Nghh;f;fsk;:
Kbj;jiy nts;Nshl;L %isnea; Mfj;
jbj;j Flh;jphpah khl;b – vLj;njLj;Jg;
nrk;gpad; vDk; kugpy; cjpj;jtd; Nrho Nte;jd;. ,td; nra;j
Nghh;f;fsk; KbiaAila jiyf;Fhpa ntz;ikahd kz;ilNahl;il

16
mfyhfTk;> %isia nea;ahfTk;> jbj;j Fliyj; jphpahfTk; nfhz;L
mq;fpUf;Fk; Nga;fs; tpsf;Nfw;Wk; jd;ikapidf; nfhz;lJ.
Nrhodpd; nfhil:
me;jzh; MnthL nghd;ngw;whh; ehtyh;
ke;juk;Nghy; khz;l fspW}h;e;jhh; - ve;ij
fps;sp vDk; Nrho kd;dd; vd; je;ijiag; Nghd;wtd;. mtd; ,iy
Nghd;w tbtpy; mike;J Ntiy ifapy; Ve;jpatd;. jhd; gpwe;j ,Nutjp
el;rj;jpuk; nghUe;jpa ed;dhspy;> ghh;g;gdh;fs; gRf;fSld; nghd;id
mk;kd;ddplkpUe;J nfhilahfg; ngw;Wr; nrd;wdh;; ehtd;ikkpf;f Gyth;fs;
ke;jpu kiyiag; Nghd;W fhzg;gLk; ahididf; nfhilahfg; ngw;W>
mtw;wpd; kPJ Ch;e;J nrd;wdh;; me;j ed;dhspy; rpye;jp kl;Lk; jd; $l;il
,oe;jJ.
Nrudpd; Gfo;:
thdpw;F itafk; Nghd;wJ thdj;J
kPdpw;F midahh; kwkd;dh; - thdj;J
thDyfj;jpw;F ,izahf kz;Zyfk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. tpz;kPdf ; Sf;F
<lhf tPuk; nghUe;jpa murh;fs; mike;Js;sdh;; thdj;jpy; ,ize;Js;s
tpz;kPdf
; Sld; nghUe;jp fhzg;gLk; epyit Nghd;W fhzg;gLgtd; Nrud;
Nfhij. ,td; thdsT cah;e;J fhzg;gLk; nfhy;yp kiyia Ml;rp Ghpe;J
tUgtd;.
Nrudpd; ehL:
ms;sy; godj; juf;fhk;gy; tha;mtpo
nts;se;jPg; gl;lnjd nthP,g; - Gs;spdk;jk;
,iy Nghd;w Ntw;giliaf; nfhz;lJ NrudJ ehL. tay;fspy;
Fioe;j NrW fhzg;gLfpwJ. mq;F Mk;gy; kyh;fs; kyuTk;
nts;sk; jPg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ vd gae;J gwitf; $l;lq;fs; jk; iffs; vDk;
rpwFfshy; jk; FQ;Rfis mizj;jf; nfhs;Sk; Muthu xypapidf;
nfhz;ljhf cilaJ.
rptDk; NruDk;:
Vw;W Ch;jpahDk; ,fy;ntk;Nghh; thdtDk;
Mw;wYk; Ms;tpidAk; xj;J xd;wpd; - xt;thNu
fhisia Ch;jpahf cila rptngUkhDk;> giftiu nty;yf;$ba
NruDk; Mw;wyhYk; Ms;fpd;w nrayhYk; ,UtUk; xd;whf ,Ug;gpDk;> xU
NtWghL cs;sJ. vkidg; Nghd;W mopf;Fk; kOg;gilia cila ,iwtd;
rptngUkhDf;F %d;W fz;fs; cs;sd. Mdhy; ek;Kila Nru kd;dDf;F
fz;fs; ,uz;L MFk; vd;W ngz;fs; $wpdh;.
KbTiu:
,t;tpjk; Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba kd;dh;fisg; gw;wp Kj;njhs;shapuk; jk;
fw;gid tsj;jhy; Gfo;> tPuk;> rpwg;G> nfhil Nghd;wtw;why; tUzpj;Js;sJ.
3.jkpo; tpL J}J (Kjy; 36 fz;zpfs;)
,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

17
1. J}jpd; ,yf;fzk; $Wf. (etk;gh; 2015)
fhjy; Jauk; fhuzkhf Xh; Mz; my;yJ xU ngz;> jhd; fhjy;
nfhz;l ngz; my;yJ MZf;Fj; J}J mDg;Gtjhf miktJ J}jpd;
,yf;fzkhFk;
2. J}J ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngah;fs; ahit?
J}J ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk; NtWngah;fs;:
1. J}j fhtpak; 2. re;Njrk;
3. J}J tpLtjw;Fhpa gj;J nghUl;fs; ahit?
J}J tpLtjw;Fhpa gj;J nghUl;fs;:

1. md;dk;> 2. kapy;> 3. fps;is> 4. Nkfk;> 5. tz;L> 6.ghq;fp> 7. Fapy;>


8. Ngij> 9. neQ;rk;> 10. njd;wy;.
4. J}J Ey;fSs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
1. trdtpL J}J> 2. ney;tpL J}J> 3. gztpL J}J> 4. khd;tpL J}J
2. tpwyptpL J}J> 6. Jfpy;tpL J}J.
5. Kjy; J}J E}y; vJ?
Kjy; J}J E}y; ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh; ,aw;wpa neQ;RtpL J}J MFk;.
6. jkpo; tpL J}J gw;wp vOJf. (Vg;uy; 2015)
jkpo; tpL J}J J}J tifiar; rhh;e;j rpw;wpyf;fpak;. kJiu
nrhf;fehjh; kPJ fhjy; nfhz;l ngz; xUj;jp jd; fhjiy mth;ghy;
mwptpg;gjw;fhfj; jkpioj; J}jhf mDg;GtJ. ,jidg; ghba Gyth; ,d;dhh;
vdj; njhpatpy;iy.
7. jkpo; tpL J}J ,e;E}iy Kjypy; mr;rpy; ntspapl;lth; ahh;?
jkpo; tpL J}J ,e;E}iy Kjypy; mr;rpy; ntspapl;lth; c.Nt.
rhkpehijah; Mthh;.
8. jkpo; tpL J}jpy; mike;Js;s fz;zpfspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?
jkpo; tpL J}jpy; mike;Js;s fz;zpfspd; vz;zpf;if 268 MFk;
9. jkpo; tpL J}jpy; jiytp ahhplk; jkpioj; J}jhf mDg;Gfpwhs;?
jkpo; tpL J}jpy; jiytp kJiuapy; Nfhtpy; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
rptngUkhdplk; jkpioj; J}jhf mDg;Gfpwhs;.
10. Mltd; tpLj;j J}J E}y; vJ?
Mltd; tpLj;j J}J E}y; tpwyptpL J}J MFk;.
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
11. jkpo; nkhopapd; gpwg;gpidj; jkpo;tpL J}J vt;tpjk; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ?
gQ;rpglh E}Ny gyh;neUlhg; ghNtfPz;
mQ;rpaOf; Nfwh tpaw;fiyNa – tpQ;Repwe;

18
neUq;fpa nkd;ikahd gQ;rpdhy; E}w;fg;glhj E}Ny vd;Wk;> midtuhYk;
neUlg;glhj ftpNa vd;Wk;> fpope;J Fiwe;J khRglhj jd;ikAs;s fiyNa vd;Wk;
epwk; Njhahj nrk;ikahd jkpNo vd;Wk; eP fhzg;gLfpd;wha;.
Njhahj nre;jkpNo nrhy;Ny Uothfe;
jPahJ nrhy;tpisAQ; nra;ANs – tPah
nrhw;fis VuhfTk; nfhz;L> mtw;iw cOfpd;w Gytd; kdk; fUjhJ
nrhy;iy tpistpf;Fk; ,dpa nra;AshfTk; eP tpsq;Ffpd;wha;.
xUFyj;Jk; thuh caph;f;Fapuha; epd;wha;
tUFyNkhh; Ie;jhAk; te;jha; - ,Uepyj;Jg;
eP ve;j xU Fyj;jpYk; gpwthkYk; ,wthkYk; capUf;Fapuha; epd;fpd;wha;.
te;j Fyq;fs; Ie;jhfTk; tsh;e;J tUfpd;wha;. (Ie;J Fyq;fs;: ntz;gh> Mrphpag;gh>
fypg;gh> tQ;rpg;gh kw;Wk; kUl;gh)
eP ,e;jg; G+kpapy; Gz;zpak; tha;e;j ce;jpapy; fhw;Wj; jq;fp> gpd;dh; thf;F
vDk; #s; nfhz;L> jiy> fOj;J> khh;G> %f;F Mfpa ehd;F ,lj;jpYk; nghUe;jp>
cjL> ehf;F> gy;> Nky;tha; Mfpatw;wpd; Jizahy; tbtk; ngw;W> KjnyOj;J
Kg;gjhfTk; rhh;ngOj;J ,UE}w;W ehw;gjhfTk; gpwg;ngLj;jha;. ,t;tpjk; jkpo;
nkhop gpwe;jij jkpo;tpL J}J vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
12. jkpo;nkhop vt;tpjk; gs;spapy; tsh;e;J rpwg;Gw;wJ?
jkpo;tpL J}J thapyhfj; jkpopid ,sq;Foe;ijahf> gs;spg; gUtj;jpYk;
jpUkz gUtj;jpYk; fz;L tUzpj;jr; nra;jpia Mrphpah; $wpAs;shh;.
vd;Kjyh fg;gfU kPuh nwDk; gUtk;
kz;KjNyhh; nra;J tsh;f;Fehs; - fz;kzpNghw;
gs;spf;$ lj;jirahk; gw;gynjhl; bw;fplj;jpj;
js;spr; rpwhh;$bj; jhyhl;b – cs;spyF
jkpo; nkhopNa! eP ,g;G+kpapy; gpwe;J vz;> ngah;> Kiw> gpwg;G> cUtk;>
khj;jpiu> Kjy;> ,il><W> Nghyp> gjk;> Gzh;r;rp vd;W gd;dpuz;L gFjpfshf
cUthf;fp> ,k;kz;Zyfpy; gpwe;j Kjd;ikahd rhd;Nwhh;fshy; tsh;f;Fk; fhyj;jpy;
ghlk; fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; Mrphpah;fSf;Ff; fz;kdp Nghd;W tpsq;fp> gs;spf;$lj;jpy;
mirahk; gw;gy njhl;by;fspy; cd;id gLf;f itj;J> rpWth;fs; xd;W $b
cd;idj; jhyhl;bdh;.
kQ;rs; Fspg;ghl;b ikapl;L Kg;ghYk;
kpQ;rg; Gfl;lkpf tsh;e;jha; - kQ;riuNa

gd;dpnahU gj;Jg; gUtkpl;L ePtsh;e;jha;


cd;id tsh;j;Jtpl nthz;ZNkh – Kd;Nd
kQ;rs; nfhz;L ed;whfj; Nja;j;Jf; fOtp ikapl;L Kg;ghYk; Gfl;l eP
tsh;e;jha;. gps;isfisNa gj;J gUtq;fshf;fp tsh;fpd;wha;. mg;gbg;gl;l jd;ik
tha;e;j cd;id NtW xUtuhy; tsh;j;J tplKbANkh? tsh;f;fKbahjd;Nwh?
Kjypy; epidf;Fk; fy;tp midj;Jk; cd;dplk; cs;sd vd czh;e;J cd;idg;
gbg;gh;. mj;jifa cdf;Ff; fw;gpg;gth; xUtUk; cz;Nlh? xUtUk; ,y;iy.

19
13. jkpo;tpL J}jpy; nja;t tzf;fKk; irt rka Fwth; gw;wpAk; vOJf. (my;yJ)
jkpo;nkhop %yKjyhf tpsq;fpaij jkpo;tpL J}J thapyhf tpsf;Ff.
rPh;nfhz;l $lw; rptuhr jhdpGuj;
Njh;nfhz;l rq;fj;jpUe;NjhUk;--Nghh;nfhz;
Nkd;ik nghUe;jpa $ly; vDk; rptuhrjhdpGuj;ij fhj;J epd;wtDk; moF
epiwe;j rq;fj;jpy; Gytuha; tPw;wpUe;jtDkhfpa rptngUkhDk;>
birAe; jkpounrd; Nwj;njLg;gj; jpf;F
tpiraQ; nrYj;jpa kpd;Dk;--eirAwNt
jpirfs; NjhWk; nrd;W Nghhpl;L ntw;wpg; ngw;W „jkpourp‟ vd;W midtUk;
tho;j;jpj; Jjpf;f jd; ntw;wpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;j ngz;zurpahfpa ghh;tjp NjtpAk;>
Mh;tj;ij cz;lhf;Fk; jpUj;jkhd rptQhdj;njhFjpapd; Rtbfspy; xd;iwf; ifapy;
vLj;j fzgjpAk;> xU fhyj;jpy; kJiur; rq;fg; Gyth;fspd; vjpNu mkh;e;J
rptQhdj;jpul;bd; rpwg;ig czh;j;jpa Ntw;gilia cila KUfg;ngUkhDk;>
kd;D% thz;by; tlfiyAe; njd;fiyAk;
md;idKiyg; ghyp dwpe;NjhUk;--Kd;dNu
tPl;iltpl;L mfyhj %d;W tajpy; tlnkhop kw;Wk; njd;nkhop E}y;fis
md;idahfpa ghh;tjpak;ikahh; Cl;ba mwpNthL fye;j Kiyg;ghypd; top mwpe;j
jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk;>
%d;Wtpop ahh;Kd; KjiyAz;l gps;isiag;gpd;
<d;Wjur; nrhy;yp dpire;NjhUe;--Njhd;wd;ad;khy;
%d;W tUlq;fSf;Fg; Kd;G Kjiy cz;l gps;isia rptngUkhd; Kd;
ftp ghb> capUld; ngw;Wj; jUk;gb jkpohy; ciuj;j Re;juUk;> gpuk;kDk; jpUkhYk;
Njbf; fhz Kbahj rptngUkhd; jpUtbiaj; jpUey;Y}h; vDk; Chpy; gjpfk; ghb
jk; Kbahfg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l jpUehTf;furUk;> jk; rilapy; thrk; epuk;gpa
jhok;G+itr; #lhjtuhfpa rptngUkhd; Xiyia thhpr;Nrh;j;Jg; jk; gl;Nlhiyapy;
vOjpf; nfhs;Sk;gb nra;As; ,aw;wpa khzpf;fthrfUk; eP md;Nwh jkpNo! ,t;tpjk;
jkpo; gy;NtW tbq;fspy; epd;W %yKjyhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs
14. jkpo;nkhopapd; rpwg;gpidj; jkpo; tpL J}J top epd;W tpsf;Ff
(my;yJ)
jkpopd; ngUikfshfj; jiytp Fwpg;gpLk; nra;jpfis jkpo; tpL J}J
nfhz;L tpthpf;f.
(my;yJ)
jkpo; tpL J}jpy; fhzyhFk; rpwg;gpidj; njhFj;Jiuf;f. (Vg;uy; 2015)

Kd;Diu:
„jkpo; tpL J}J‟ J}J tifapidr; rhh;e;j xU rpw;wpyf;fpakhFk;. kJiuapy;
Nfhtpy; nfhz;bUg;gtuhf ,iwtd; rptngUkhd; kPJ fhjy; nfhz;l xU ngz; jd;
fhjiyj; njhptpf;Fk;gb jkpioj; J}jhf mDg;Gfpwhs;. mj;jifa jkpopd;
ngUikapidj; jkpohf mkh;e;jpUe;jth;fs;> rpwg;Gr; nra;jth;fs;> tho;T mspj;jth;fs;

20
,th;fspd; top epd;W vLj;Jiuj;J Ntz;bdhs;. ,tw;iw tpsf;Fk; tifapy;
,f;fl;Liuia ehk; ,q;F fhz;Nghk;;.
%ynkhopaha; tpsq;fpdha;:
rPh;nfhz;l $lw; rptuhr jhdpGuj;
Njh;nfhz;l rq;fj;jpUe;NjhUk;--Nghh;nfhz;
rpwg;Gj; jd;ik tha;e;j $ly; vDk; ngah; nfhz;l rptuhrjhdpiaf; fhj;J>
mofpa rq;fj;jpy; Gytuhf mkh;e;jpUe;j Gytuhfpa rptngUkhDk;> gy
jpirfs;NjhWk; nrd;W Nghh; Ghpe;J ntw;wp thif #b „jkpourp‟ vd;W gyuhYk;
ghuhl;lg;ngw;w ghh;tjp NjtpAk;> Mh;tj;ij cz;lhf;ff;$ba rptQhdj;njhFjpapd;
Vl;Lr; RtbapypUe;J Xh; Vl;bidf; ifapy; Ve;jpa tpehafUk;> kJiuia Ml;rpg;
Ghpe;J tUk; fhyj;jpy; rq;fg; Gyth;fspd; vjpNu mkh;e;J rptQhdj;jpul;bd; rpwg;ig
vLj;Jiuj;j Nty;gilia ifapy; Ve;jpa KUfg;ngUkhDk; jkpNo ePNah md;Nwh!
kd;D% thz;by; tlfiyAe; njd;fiyAk;
md;idKiyg; ghyp dwpe;NjhUk;--Kd;dNu
tPl;iltpl;L mfyhj %d;W tajpy; tlnkhop kw;Wk; njd;nkhop E}y;fis
md;idahfpa cikak;ikahh; Cl;ba mwpNthL fye;j Kiyg;ghypd; top mwpe;j
jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk;> %d;W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G Kjiy cz;l gps;isia
rptngUkhd; Kd; ftp ghb> capUld; ngw;Wj; jUk;gb jkpohy; ciuj;j Re;juUk;>
gpuk;kDk; jpUkhYk; Njbf; fhz Kbahj rptngUkhd; jpUtbiaj; jpUey;Y}h;
vd;Dk; Chpy; gjpfk; ghb jk; Kbahfg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l jpUehTf;furUk;> jk;
rilapy; thrk; epuk;gpa jhok;G+itr; #lhjtuhfpa rptngUkhd; Xiyia
thhpr;Nrh;j;Jg; jk; gl;N
; lhiyapy; vOjpf; nfhs;Sk;gb nra;As; ,aw;wpa
khzpf;fthrUk; eP md;Nwh jkpNo!
,yf;fzkha;j; jpfo;fpd;wha;:
Xy;fhg; ngUe;jkpo;%d; NwhjpaUz; khKdpAk;
njhy;fhg; gpankhope;j njhd;KdpAk;--ky;fhr;nrhw;
jilapd;wp ngUik kpFe;j jkpo; %d;iwAk; ,t;Tyfpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;j FW
Kdpahd mfj;jpaDk;> njhy;fhg;gpak; vDk; ,yf;fzj;ij vLj;jiujj;j gioa
Kdptdhfpa njhy;fhg;gpaUk;> ghlypd; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;L ,iwtdplj;jpy; nry;Yk;
caph;fisg; gd;dpnuz;L E}w;ghthy; vLj;Jiuj;j J}a;ik cilatuhfpa nka;fz;l
NjtUk; ePad;Nwh jkpNo!
ngha;abikapy;yhg; Gyth;fsha;j; jpfo;e;jha;:
jPjpy; ftpijj; jpUkh spifj;Njth;
Mjp Kdpt uidNthUQ;--rhjpAWk;
,uz;L fz;fshf tpsq;Fk; Fw;wkw;w ftpijg; ghLk; jpUkhspj; Njth; cl;gl
xd;gJ NgUk;> Fyk; kw;Wk; #o;rr ; p ,itfshy; caph;fisr; rhh;e;jpUf;Fk; tpidfs;
midj;Jk; jhk; $wpa jpUke;jpuk; vDk; E}yhy; mfw;wpa jpU%yUk;> ,dpa jkpohy;
ngha;abik ,y;yhj Gyth; vd;W Gyth;fshy; Gfo;e;J $wg;gl;l cz;ikj;
njhz;lh;fshfpa rq;fg; Gyth;fSk;> ,dpa nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l fow;wwpthUk;>
nja;tnkhopg; Gytuhfpa jpUts;StUk;> Muha;tjw;F rpwe;j gbg;gwptpy;yhj
%lh;fSf;Fr; rpq;fk; Nghd;w fy;tp Nfs;tpfspy; vy;yhUkhf eP ,Ue;jikahy; jkpNo
cd;idf; fz;L Nghw;wp vd; Fiwfs; ePq;f cd;Dila kyh;g;ghjq;fis
milf;fykhff; nfhz;L Nghw;Wfpd;Nwd;.
jkpopd; Njhw;wk;:

21
Gz;zpaQ;Nr Ue;jpg; Gyj;Nj tspjhpj;Jf;
fz;zpa thf;fhq; fUg;gkha;--ez;zpj;
ngUik nfhz;l ,g;G+kpapy; Gz;zpak; tha;e;j ce;jpaplj;jpy (njhg;Gs;)
fhw;Wj; jq;fp gpd;dh; thf;F vDk; fUf;nfhz;L> jiy> fOj;J> %f;F> khh;G Mfpa
ehd;F ,.lj;jpYk; rhh;e;J cjL> ehf;F> gy;> mz;zk; Mfpatw;wpd; cjtpNahL
tbtk; ngw;W jiyapypUe;J kPz;L KjnyOj;J Kg;gjhfTk; rhh;ngOj;J ,UE}w;W
ehw;gjhfTk; eP gpwg;ngLj;jha;.
gs;spapy; tsh;e;jha;:
vz;Kjyh fg;gfU kPuh nwDk; gUtk;
kz;KjNyhh; nra;J tsh;f;Fehl;--fz;kzpNahL
,t;tpjk; eP gpwe;jjw;F Nky; vz;> ngah;> Kiw> gpwg;G> cUtk;> khj;jpiu>
Kjy;> ,il><W> ,ilepiy> Nghyp> gjk;> Gzh;r;rp vdg; gd;dpnuz;L gFjpfisr;
mikj;J> ,k;kz;Zyfpy; gpwe;j rhd;Nwhh; cd;id tsh;j;J tUk; NghJ
Mrphpah;fSf;F fz;kzp Nghd;W tpsq;fpdha;. gs;spapy; mir vDk; njhl;bypy;
gLf;f itj;J> rpWth;fs; xd;W Nrh;e;J js;sp jhyhl;bdh;. gpd;G kQ;rs; Nja;j;J
fOtp> ikapl;L Kg;ghYk; kpFjpahff; nfhLf;f eP tsh;e;jha;. ike;jh;fisNa
gj;Jg; gUtkhf mikj;J eP tsh;fpd;wha;. ,g;gbg;gl;l jd;ik tha;e;j cd;id
NtW ahuhy; tsh;f;f KbAk;.
khg;gps;isaha;j; jpfo;e;jha;:
nra;Al;nrhd; dhd;FKah; nre;jkpo;nrhy; Nyhh;ehd;Fk;
nka;Al; nghUNso; tpjj;jpizAk;--ikapNy Oj;J
moF nghUe;jpa nra;ASf;Fhpa nrhw;fs; ehd;Fk;> Nkd;ik nghUe;jpa
nre;jkpo;r; nrhw;fs; ehd;Fk; VO tifahd jpizfSk; vOj;J Kjyhfpa ahg;gpd;
cWg;Gfs; vl;Lk;> mzpfs; Kg;gj;ije;Jk; NguoF nfhz;l khg;gps;isahf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. nrg;gNyhir> mftNyhir> Js;syNyhir> J}q;fNyhir Mfpa
gz;fs; gl;lj;J Njtpauhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Ie;J fUtpfs; ngw;w E}w;W %d;W
gz;fSk; kzg;ngz;zhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. xd;gJ Ritfs; vd;Dk; kf;fisg;
ngw;nwLj;jha;> ngUik kpFe;j tho;tpid mile;Js;sha;> gz;fs; Kjyhd
ngz;fNshLk; gps;isfNshLk; ehlfk; vDk; nfhYtpy; tPw;wpUf;fpd;wha;. gjpndl;L
tifahd rpwg;Gfshfpa tho;tpid Nehf;fp ,d;Gw;wha;.
KbTiu:
,g;gbg;gl;l rpwg;Gfisf; nfhz;l jkpNo eP nry;yhj ,lk; jhd; cz;Nlh?
vd;W jkpo; nkhopapd; rpwg;gpid cUtfg;gLj;jp tUzpj;jJf; $wpAs;s fUj;jJfs;
,q;F Nghw;wf;$bajhFk;.

myF - 3
1. jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp (Fwj;jp kiytsk; $Wjy;)
,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. FwtQ;rp vd;why; vd;d? (etk;th; - 2015)

22
FwtQ;rp vd;gJ Fw+tQ;rp vd;W gphpAk;. tQ;rp vd;why; ngz; ngz;
vd;W nghUs;. FwtQ;rp vd;gJ Fwth; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;j tQ;rpf;nfhb
Nghd;w ngz; vd;W nghUisf; nfhLf;Fk;.
2. FwtQ;rp ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngah;fs; ahit?
FwtQ;rp ,yf;faj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngah;fs; FwtQ;rp ehlfk;>
FwtQ;rp ehl;bak; MFk;.
3. FwtQ;rp E}y;fSs; Kjd;ikahdJ vJ?
FwtQ;rp E}y;fSk; Kjd;ikahdJ jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp MFk;.
4. jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapd; rpwg;ig vOJf. (Vg;uy; 2015)
jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp jkpo;r; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;. jkpo;ehl;bd;
njd;Nfhbapy; njd;fhrpf;F mUfpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; Fw;whyk; vDk; Chpd;
rpwg;igg; Gfo;e;J mq;Fs;s <ruhd Fw;whyehjiug; Nghw;wp> nja;tf; fhjy;
gw;wpaf; fw;gidia mikj;Jg; ghlg;ngw;w E}y; MFk;.
5. jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; jphp$luhrg;gf; ftpuhah;
Mthh;.
6. jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ahh; Kd;dpiyapy; muq;Nfw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ?
jpUf;Fw;whyr; FwtQ;rp ,iwtd; jpUf;Fw;whyehjhpd; Kd;dpiyapy;
muq;Nfw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

7. jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ahh;?


jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytd; ,iwtd; rptngUkhd;
Mthh;.
8. jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytp ahh;?
jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapd; ghl;Lilj; jiytp tre;jty;yp Mths;.
9. jphp$luhrg;gf; ftpuhah; ahUila mitapy; Gytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;?
jphp$luhrg;gf; ftpuhah; tlfiu murdhd rpd;dzQ;rhj; Njthpd;
mitf;fsg; Gytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;.
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
10. Fw;whykiyapd; rpwg;gpidf; Fwj;jp vt;tpjk; tUzpj;Js;shh;?
Koq;Fjpiug; GdyUtp foq;nfdKj; jhLk;
Kw;wk;vq;Fk; gue;Jngz;fs;
rpw;wpiyf; nfhz;NlhLk;
Kof;fkpLk; miyfisf; nfhz;l ePh;tPo;r;rp jhd; foq;fhLtJ Nghd;W>
Kj;Jfisr; xJf;fpr; nry;Yk;. mt;tUtp fhdth; thOk; kidfspd; Kw;wq;fspy;
vy;yhk; gutpr; nrd;W> ngz;fspd; kzy; tPLfis mopj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;Yk;.
kiyr;rhuy;fspy; fpoq;Ffisj; Njhz;b vLj;Jk; Njdpid mopj;Jk; kiy
tsq;fisg; ghbf;nfhz;Nl $j;jhLNthk;. fspw;W ahidapd; nfhk;Gfis (je;jk;)
xbj;Jf; nfhz;L te;J> cyf;ifahff; nfhz;L tWj;j; jpidapid cuypypl;L
,bg;Nghk;.
nrOq;Fuq;F Njkhtpd; goq;fisg;ge; jbf;Fk;
Njdyh;rz; gfthrk;

23
thDyfpy; ntbf;Fk;
Fuq;Ffs; khkuj;jpd; ,dpikahd gow;fisg;; ge;jhLtJ Nghd;W mbj;J
tpisahLk;. Njd; ngUfpapUf;Fk; nrz;gf kyh;fspd; thrk; NjtUfyj;jpy; Ngha;g;
guTk;. fUizNahL mbath;fSf;F toq;Fk; nfhilj; jd;ikapidf; nfhz;l
Njthjp Njtuhfpa FWk;gyh kuj;jbapy; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; jpUf;Fw;whyehjUf;F
chpajhd vy;yh tsKk; ngUfpf; fhzg;gLfpd;w ,j;jpUf;Fw;whykiyNy
vq;fSf;Fhpa kiyahFk; vd;W Fwj;jp jd; ehl;L tsj;ij tUzpj;jhs;.
11. jpUf;Fw;wyhf; FwtQ;rpapd; rpwg;gpid tpthp.
jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp 96 tif rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fSs; xd;W. Fw;why
kiyapy; Nfhapy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Fw;whyehjiug; Nghw;wpf; $Wk; tifapy;
kiytsj;jpd; rpwg;gpid vLj;Jiug;gJ ,t;tpyf;fpak; MFk;. ,jw;F „FwtQ;rp
ehlfk;‟ vd;W NtW ngaUk; cz;L. ,f;FwtQ;rp E}ypy; Kjd; Kjyhf miktJ
jpUf;Fw;whyehjhpd jpUTyhthFk;. mt;Tyhtif; fz;L tre;jty;yp fhjy;
nfhs;tJ> Njhopiaj; J}J mDg;GtJ> Njhop Fwj;jpia(rpq;fp) miog;gJ> mts;
tre;jty;ypapd; if ghh;j;J Fwp nrhy;tJ> Fwj;jpf;Fj; jiytp ghpR nfhLg;gJ>
rpq;fd; Fwj;jpiaj; Njb tUtJ> ele;j epfo;Tfisf; Fwj;jp rpq;fDf;F ciug;gJ>
gpd;G ,UtUk; Nrh;e;J ,iwtidAk; Fw;why kiyapd; rpwg;gpidAk; ghLtNj
,e;E}ypd; Kf;fpa gFjpfshf mikfpd;wd. FwtQ;rp mf ,yf;fpa E}yhf
mike;jhYk; jiytd; jiytp ngah; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. re;j eaj;NjhL $ba rpwe;j
ghly;fs; jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapy; cs;sd. cjhuzkhf tre;jty;yp ge;jhLk;
tpjj;ijg;gw;wp vLj;Jiuf;Fk;>
nrq;ifapy; tz;L fypd;fypd; vd;W
nrak; nrak; vd;whl - ,il
rq;fjk; vd;W rpyk;G Gyk;nghL
jz;il fye;jhl - ,U
nfhq;if nfhLk;gif ntd;wdk; vd;W
Fioe;J Fioe;jhl - kyh;g;
igq;nfhb eq;if tre;j
rTe;jhp ge;J gapd;wdNs
vd;w ghliy ehk; ,q;Ff; $wyhk;. fw;gid tsKk; ,aw;if tsKk; epiwe;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ. mJkl;Lkpdw; fhl;L tpyq;Ffs; nrbnfhbfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; kpf
mjpf mstpy; ,e;E}ypy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
12. jpUf;Fw;wyhf; FwtQ;rpapy; Fwj;jp jq;fs; kiytsj;jpid vLj;jiuf;Fk;
tpjj;jpidr; rhd;Wld; tpthp. (Vg;uy; - 2015)
(my;yJ)
jpUf;Fw;wyhf; FwtQ;rpapy; kiy tsj;jpid Mrphpah; tUzpf;Fk;
tpjj;jpidg; gw;wp fl;Liu tiuf.
Kd;Diu:
jpUf;Fw;wyhf; FwtQ;rp jkpo;r; rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspy; xd;W. ,jd; Mrphpah;
jphp$luhrg;gf; ftpuhah;. cyh tUfpd;w jiytidf; fz;L jiytp fhjy;
nfhs;fpwhs;. ,jdhy; jd; moiff; ,of;fpwhs;. jd; fhjy; epiwNtWkh? vd;W
mt;topahf te;j Fwj;jpaplk; FwpNfl;fpwhs;. mg;nghOJ Fwj;jp Fwp $Wtjw;F

24
Kd;dhy; jq;fSila ehl;L tsj;ijAk; ,aw;if vopiyAk; jiytpaplk;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhs;. mtw;iwg; gw;wp ehk; ,f;fl;Liuapd; top mwpNthk;.
$dypsk; gpiwKbj;j Ntzpayq;fhuh;:
thduq;fs; fdpnfhLj;J ke;jpnahL nfhQ;Rk;
ke;jprpe;J fdpfSf;F thd;ftpfs; nfQ;Rk;
fhdth; tpopnawpe;J thdtiu miog;gh;
fkdrpj;jh; te;jte;J fharpj;jp tpisg;ghh;
Mz;Fuq;Ffs; gytifahd goq;fisg; gwpj;Jf; nfhz;L te;J nfhLj;J jd;
,izahd ngz; Fuq;FfNshL nfhQ;rpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mg;NghJ ngz; Fuq;Ffs;
fPNo rpe;Jfpd;w fdpf;fSf;fhf Njth;fs; nfQ;Rthh;fs;. NtLth;fs; jk; fz;fshy;
cw;W Nehf;fp thdth;fis miog;ghh;fs;. rpj;jh;fs; gyUk; ,q;F te;J fharpj;jp
%ypiffis tpistpg;ghh;fs;. NjdUtp miyfs; NkNy vOe;J thdpd; topahf
xOfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mjdhy; #hpadpd; Njh;r;rf;fuq;fSk; Fjpiuapd; fhy;fSk;
tof;fp tpOk;. tise;j ,sk; gpiwia rilapy; mzpe;j mofpid cilatuhd
Fw;whyehjhpd; mj;jifa tsikkpFk; kiyNa vq;fSila kiyahFk;.
toq;Fnfhil kfuhrh;:
Koq;Fjpiug; GdyUtp foq;nfdKj; jhLk;
Kw;wk;vq;Fk; gue;Jngz;fs;
rpw;wpiyf; nfhz;NlhLk;
Kof;fkpLfpd;w miyfisf; nfhz;lJ ePh; tP;o;r;rp. mJ foq;fhLtJNghd;W>
Kj;Jfis nghope;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. NkYk; fhdth; ,y;yq;fspd;
Kw;wq;fspnyy;yhk; gutpr; nrd;W mq;Fs;s rpw;wpy;fis mt;tUfp ePuhdJ mbj;Jf;
nfhz;L nry;Yk;. kiyr;rhuy;fspy; fpof;Ffisj; Njhz;b vLj;Jk;> Njd; mopj;Jk;
kiytsq;fisg; ghb ebg;Nghk;. ahidfspd; nfhk;Gfis xbj;Jf; cyf;ifahf;
nfhz;L> tWj;j jpidapid cuypypl;L ,bg;Nghk;. Fuq;Ffs; ,dpa khk;goq;fis
ge;jhff; nfhz;L tpisahbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Njd; ngUfp tUk; nrz;gf
kyh;fspd; thrk; thDyfpy; nrd;W guTk;. mUNshL mbath;fSf;F toq;Fk;
nfhilj; jd;ik nfhz;l> FWk;gyhtbapdpy; Nfhtpy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; <ruhd
Fw;whyehjUila jphp$l kiyNa vq;fs; kiyahFk;.
ePLgyh<rh; fapyhrfphp thrh;:
MLku tPDkzp Nfhbntapy; vwpf;Fk;
mk;Gypiaa; ftsnkd;W Jk;gptop kwpf;Fk;
NtLth;fs; jpidtpiuf;fr; rhLGde; NjhWk;
tpe;ij mfpy; Fq;FkKQ; re;jdKk; NjhWk;
MLk; ehfg;ghk;Gfs; ff;Ffpd;w etuj;jpdq;fs; Nfhb Nfhbahf xspgug;gpf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ntz;zpyitj; jhk; cz;Zfpd;w czTf; ftsnkd;W fUjp
ahidfs; mjd; topapid kiwf;Fk;. fhdth;fs; jpidg;gaph;fis tpijg;gjw;fhf
epyj;jpidg; gz;gLj;jp neUg;gpl;L mopf;Fk;NghJ> tpag;G jUk;gb mfpy;> re;jdk;>
Fq;Fkk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; thrk; vq;Fk; gutpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. fhl;bd; vg;gFjpapYk;
tiuahLfs; Js;sp Fjpj;J Xbf;nfhz;bf;Fk;. fhfKk; neUq;fhj cah;e;j
kiyAr;rpapy; Nkff; $l;lq;fs; gbe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;. FWk;gyhtbapd; <rh;>
fapyha kiyapidj; jdf;F ,Ug;gplkhf; nfhz;lth;. mth; epiyahf
ciwe;jpUf;Fk; jphp$l kiyNa ehq;fs; tho;fpd;w kiyahFk;.

25
Jq;fh;jphp $lkiy vq;fs; kiy:
fapiyvDk; tlkiyf;Fj; njw;Fkiy mk;Nk
fdfkfh NkUvd epw;Fkiy mk;Nk
rapykiy njd;kiyf;F tlf;Fkiy mk;Nk
Rfykiy Ae;jdf;Fs; mlf;Fkiy mk;Nk
fapiykiy vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpd;w tlf;F jpirapYs;s kiyf;F ,izahf
njw;F jpirapNy cs;s kiy vq;fs; jphp$l kiy. nghd;dpwkhf ,Uf;Fk; kfh
NkU vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; cah;e;J epw;Fk; kiy. rptrapy kiy vd;W
nrhy;yg;gLk; njd;jpiyapYs;s kiyf;F tljpirapy; ,Uf;Fk; kiy ,e;j kiy.
midj;J kiyfSk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; rpwg;Gfis vy;yhk; jdf;Fs;Ns mlf;fpf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; kiy ,e;j kiy. tapuq;fSk; khzpf;fq;fSk; tpisfpd;w kiy
,e;j kiy. thdj;jpy; cs;s fjputd; kiyf; Fiffs; thapyhf Eioe;J xsp
nfhLf;Fk; kiyAk; ,e;j kiy. jpUg;ghw;flypNy ghk;gizapd; kPJ Japy;gtuhd
jpUkhYk; jd; fz; tpopj;Jf; nfhz;ltuhfp> cyfnky;yhk; Njbj; jphpfpd;w rpwg;G
nghUe;jpatuhfpa jpUf;Fw;whyehjhpd; jphp$l kiyNa vq;fs; kiy MFk;.
jphp$l kiynaq;fs; nry;tkiy:
nfhy;ypkiy vdf;fpisa nry;ypkiy mk;Nk
nfhOeDf;Ff; fhzpkiy goepkiy mk;Nk
vy;YyTk; tpe;ijkiy ve;ijkiy mk;Nk
,kakiy vd;Dila jikad;kiy mk;Nk
nfhy;ypkiy vd; jq;ifahfpa nry;yp vd;gtSf;F chpa kiyahFk;. vd;
nfhOeDf;F (fztd;) chpikahd kiy goepkiyahFk;. #hpad; gbe;J nry;Yk;
tpe;jpakiy vd; je;ijf;F chpa kiyahFk;. ,kaiy vd;Dila mz;zDf;Fhp;a
kiyahFk;. nrhy;tjw;F mUik cilajhd Rthkp kiy vd;Dila khkpapd;
kiyahFk;. jd; Njhopapd; kiy ehQ;rpy; ehl;bYs;s cs;s Nts;tp kiyahFk;.
Nkff; $l;lq;fs; KoTfisg; Nghd;W ,b Kof;fpidr; nra;a> mjw;F Vw;whw;Nghd;W
kapypdq;fs; Mbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; jphp$l kiyNa vq;fSila kiyahFk;.
gukh;jphp $lkiy gioakiy:
xUFyj;jpy; ngz;fs; nfhNlhk; xUFyj;jpw; nfhs;Nthk;
cwTgpbj; jhYk;tpNlhk; Fwth;Fyk; ehq;fs;
ntUtptUe; jpidg;Gzj;jpw; ngUkpUfk; tpyf;fp
Ntq;ifaha; ntapy;kiwj;j ghq;Fjidf; Fwpj;Nj
vq;fs; Fyj;ijj; jtpu NtnwhU Fyj;jpy; ngz; nfhLf;fTk; khl;Nlhk;> ngz;
vLf;fTk; khl;Nlhk;. vq;fs; rhjpapdiu xUth; cwthf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhy;> ehq;fs;
mt;Twit ve;j #o;epiyapYk; tplkhl;Nlhk;. mg;gbg;gl;l Fwth; Fyj;jth; ehq;fs;.
gak;nfhz;L eLq;Fk;gb jpidg;Gdj;jpy; te;j nghpa ahidia vq;fsplkpUe;J
tpyf;fp> Ntq;if kuj;jpd; epoy; Nghd;W epd;W vq;fSf;F cjtpfs; gy Ghpe;j>
,yQ;rp Ntyth;f;F (KUfd;) vk; Fyj;jpNy gpwe;j xUj;jid kzk; Kbj;J
itj;Njhk;. mjw;F gy kiyfis ehq;fs; rPjdkhff; nfhLj;Njhk;. mj;jifa
ngUikapid nfhz;l vq;fspd; kiyahdJ> ,iwtdhfpa Fw;whyehjh;f;F chpa
jphp$l kiyahfpa gioa kiyahFk;.
KbTiu:

26
,t;thW Fwj;jp ,iwtdhd jphp$lehjhpd; jpUf;Fw;w;hy kiyapd; rpwg;gpidg;
gythwhfg; Gfo;e;J ciuf;fpwhs;. mJkl;Lkpd;wp Mrphpah; jphp$luhrg;gf; ftpuhah;
jk;Kila ftpj;jpwikapdhYk; fw;gid tsj;jpdhYk; re;j eaj;jhYk; ,g;ghly;fis
,aw;wp fw;gjw;F ,d;gj;ijj; J}z;Lfpwhh;.
2.Kf;$lw;gs;S (ehl;L tsk;)
,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. „gs;S‟ ,yf;fpak; Fwpj;J vOJf (Vg;uy; - 2015)
rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffSd; gs;S .,yf;fpaq;fSk; mlq;Fk;. “gs;S
tifia vz;zpdhYk; vz;zyhk; gs;S tifia vz;z KbahJ” vDk;
gonkhop ,t;tpyf;fpaj;jpd; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jk;. Ntshz;ikj; njhopy;
nra;Ak; gs;sh;fspd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iwr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wtjhy; gs;S
vdg;ngah ngw;wJ.
2. gs;S ,yf;fpak; vt;tifiar; rhh;e;jJ?
gs;S ,yf;fpak; ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpa tiffspy; Vry; tifiar;
rhh;e;jJ.
3. gs;S ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?
kUj epy kf;fshfpa coth; coj;jpauJ tho;tpy; epfOk; epfo;Tfis
vspikahd eilapy; eak;gl vLj;Jiug;gNj ,t;tpyf;fpaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
4. gs;S ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngah;fs; ahit?
gs;S ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngah;fs; coj;jpg;ghl;L>
gs;Nsry;> gs;S ehlfk; Nghd;witahFk;.
5. Kjypy; Njhd;wpa gs;S ,yf;fpak; vJ?
Kjypy; Njhd;wpa gs;S ,yf;fpak; Kf;$lw;gs;S MFk;. ,e;E}ypd;
Mrphpah; ahh; vdj; njhpatpy;iy.
6. Kf;$lypy; $Lk; MWfs; ahit?
Kf;$lypy; $Lk; MWfs; jz;nghUie MW> rpw;whW> Nfhjz;luhk
MW Nghd;witahFk;.
7. Kf;$ly; ,d;W vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
Kf;$ly; ,d;W rPtyg;Nghp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
8. Kf;$lw;gs;Stpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s gs;sdpd; ngah; vd;d?
Kf;$lw;gs;Stpy; ,lk;ngw;w gs;sdpd; ngah; tbtoff; FLk;gd;.
9. M#h; tlfiu ehl;bd; tsj;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLf. (etk;gh; 2015)
kpf caukhf tshe;Js;s njd;id kuq;fs; jk; ,sePh;fis> mUfpy;
cs;s fKF kuq;fs; jhq;fpf; nfhz;L> jk; fha;fis> mUfpy; cs;s
khkuq;fs; Rkf;ff; nfhLf;Fk;. mg;gbg;gl;l tsj;jpid cilaJ M#h;
tlfiu ehL.
10. ,isa gs;spapd; ehl;L tsj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf. (Vg;uy; 2015)
mofpa jhkiu kyuhdJ jd; jiyia ePl;b tug;gpNy tsh;e;Js;s
gRikahd ,Q;rpapd; riliaj; njhLk;. me;j ,Q;rp jk; mUfpy; cs;s
kQ;rspd; fOj;ij nky;yj; jOTk;. ,g;gbg;gl;l tsj;ij cilaJ
rPtykq;ifj; njd;fiu ehL.
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
11. Kf;$lw;gs;Sapy; M#h; tlfiu ehl;bd; tsk; vt;tpjk; tUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?
my;yJ
%j;jgs;sp jd; M#h; tlfiu ehl;bd; tsk; gw;wp $wpa nra;jpfis
tpsf;Ff.
Nkil Nawpj;jd; fhiyg; gTQ;R
tphpj;j gPyp kap nyl;bg; ghhf;Fk;
Ngil khq;Fapy; tha;nfhz;L Nrty;

27
gpse;j tha;jidg; Ngrhky; %lf;
tre;j fhyk; njhlq;fptpl;lJ me;j kfpo;r;rpapy; Nkl;bd; Nky; Vwp epd;W jd;
fhy;fis vLj;J itj;J> kapy; jd; Njhifia tphpj;J thdj;ijg; ghh;j;J
kfpo;r;rpAld; Mlj;njhlq;fpaJ. tre;j fhyk; njhlq;fpaNjh? vd;gij jd; Fuy;
thapyhf $tpf; Nfl;f epidj;j khkuj;jpNy ,Ue;j ngl;ilf; Fapy; xd;W> me;j
kapypd; mofhd eldj;ijf; fz;L cz;ikawpe;J jd; gpse;j thia mg;gbNa
%bf;nfhz;lJ.

fiwgl; Ls;sJ ntz;fiyj; jpq;fs;


flk;gl; Ls;sJ fk;gj;J Ntok;
rpiwgl; Ls;sJ tpz;nzOk; Gs;S
jphpgl; Ls;sJ nea;gLe; jPgk;
ntz;ikahd fiyfis cila re;jpud;jhd; fiwgl;Lf; fhzg;gLNk jtpu
kf;fs; jk; cs;sq;fspy; ve;j tpjf; fiwAk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. fk;gj;jpNy
fl;bapUf;Fk; ahidfs; flkhfpa kjk; nfhz;L fhzg;gLNk jtpu kf;fs; ahtUk;
fld;gl;L tho;tJ fpilahJ.
kPJah;e; jpLk; njq;fps ePiu
kpile;j G+fk; Rke;Jjd; fhiar;
#j nkhd;wpr; Rkf;ff; nfhLf;Fk;
#jk; jd;fdp J}q;fjk; gyhtpy;
kpf cah;e;J fhzg;gLk; njd;id kuk; jd; ,sePh;fis> mjw;F ,izahf
tshe;Js;s fKFfs; jhk; jhq;fpf;nfhz;L> jk; fha;fisj; jk; mUNf cs;s
khkuq;fs; Rke;Jf; nfhz;bUf;ff; nfhLf;Fk;. me;j khkuq;fNsh jk; khq;fdpfis
mUfpy; cs;s gyhkuj;jpy; Nrh;j;JtpLk;. gyhf; fdpNah mjid mLj;jpUf;Fk;
thioapd; kPJ rha;e;jpUf;f> mjd; fhuzkhf mit tise;J jk; Fiyfisr;
rha;f;Fk;. ,g;gbg;gl;l tsk; nfhz;lJ M#h; tlfiu ehL vd;W Kf;$lw;gs;S
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
12. rPtykq;if njd;fiu ehl;bd; tsj;ij Kf;$lw;gs;S vt;thW tUzpj;Js;sJ?
my;yJ
,isags;sp njd;fiu ehl;bd; tsj;ij vt;thW tUzpj;Js;shh;?
ntd;wy; NyhtpL Ntndd NtapU
Ntoq; $b kpjpf;Fil jhtf;
Fd;w yhe;ju kpy;iynad; whlth;
nfhk;g dhh;Kiyf; Fd;wpy; gJq;f
thdj;jpy; Njhd;wp ntz;ikahd Filia tphpj;jhw; Nghd;W vOe;j epythfpa
gifapid „ntw;wp nfhz;ly;yNth tpLNtd;‟ vd;W Mztj;Jld; ,U ahidfs;
xd;Wf;$b me;j kjpf;Filapd; Nky; jhtpr; nry;tJ Nghd;W> thdpy; ,Uz;l
Nkfq;fs; jpuz;L epyit kiwj;jd. mtw;iwf; fz;L kdk; fyq;fpa Mlth;fs;
jhk; xspe;J nfhs;tjw;Ff; Fd;WfSk; nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;fhJ vd;W fUjp> mjid
xJf;fptpl;L G+q;nfhb Nghd;w jk; fhjypahpd; khh;gfq;fspy; gJq;Fth;.

28
fhaf; fz;lJ #hpa fhe;jp
fyq;ff; fz;lJ ntz;japh;f; fz;lk;
khaf; fz;lJ ehopif thuk;
kWff; fz;lJ thd;Rop nts;sk;
#hpadpd; ntk;ikahfpa ntapy; fha;tijf; fhzyhNk jtpu> kf;fsps; tapW
fha;fij vt;tplj;jpYk; ghh;f;f KbahJ ntz;ikahd japh;j; Jz;Lfs; fyq;fpf;
fhzg;gLNk jtpu> kf;fs; ahtUk; kdk; fyq;Fgijf; fhz KbahJ. ehopif
thuk; kha;e;J Nghff; fhzyhNk md;wp> kf;fs; grpahy; kha;tij vd;Wk; fhz
KbahJ. Nkfq;fs; Rod;W ,bj;Jg; nghopAk; kio nts;sj;ijf; fhzyhNk jtpu>
kf;fs; kWfp thLtij vq;Fk; fhz KbahJ.
gq;f ae;jiy ePl;bf; jPz;Lk;
gr;ir ,Q;rpapd; ghh;ril jPz;Lk;
jq;Fk; ,Q;rpAk; kQ;rl; fOj;ijj;
jltp nks;sj; njhLk; me;j kQ;rs;
jhkiu kyh; jd; jiyia ePl;b tug;gpy; tsh;e;Js;s ,Q;rpapd; gRikahd
nghpa rilapidj; jltptpLk.;. me;j ,Q;rp jk; mUfpy; ,Uf;Fk; kQ;rspd;
fOj;ij nky;yj; jOtpathW njhLk;. me;j kQ;rs; jk;kUNf mire;Jf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; nre;new; gapUld; mstshtp epw;Fk;. me;jr; nre;ney;Nyh mjid
mLj;J tsh;e;jpUf;Fk; nrq;fUk;Gf;Ff; iff; nfhLf;Fk;. ,t;tpjk; njd;fiu ehl;bd;
tsk; tUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
13. Kj;jgs;spf;Fk; ,isags;spf;Fk; ,ilNa epfo;e;j ciuahlypd; jpwj;ij
tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ)

%j;jgs;sp jd; M#h; tlfiuehl;bd; tsj;ijAk; ,isags;sp jd;


rPtykq;if njd;fiu ehl;bd; tsj;ijAk; vq;qdk; tUzpj;Jf; $wpAs;sdh;.
(my;yJ)
Kf;$lw;gs;Stpy; ,lk;ngWk; ehl;L tsj;jpidr; rhd;Wld; tpthpf;f. (Vg;uy;
2015)
Kd;Diu:
rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffSs; gs;S ,yf;fpaKk; xd;W. Ntshz;ikj; njhopiy
Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L nra;Ak; gs;sh;fspd; tho;f;ifia ,e;E}y; rpwg;ghff;
$Wtjhy; gs;S vdg;ngah; ngw;wJ. ,g;gs;S ,yf;fpaq;fSs; Kf;$lw;gs;S
Kjd;ikahfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ. ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngWk; gs;sdpd; ngah; tbtoff;
FLk;gd;. mtDf;F ,U kidtpah;. ,t;tpUtUf;Fk; ,ilNa epfOk; G+ry;fSk;
rz;il rr;ruTfSk; gpd;dh; rkhjhdq;fSk; E}y; KOtjpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,t;thW ,t;tpUtUf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gLk; ciuahlypd; thapyhf jq;fs; ehl;L
tsj;jpid vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wdh;. mtw;iw tpsf;Ftjhf ,f;fl;Liu mike;Js;sJ.
tre;jfhyk; njhlq;fpaJ:
Nkil Nawpj;jd; fhiyg; gTQ;R
tphpj;j gPyp kap nyl;bf; ghh;f;Fk;
29
Ngil khq;Fapy; tha;nfhz;L Nrty;
gpse;j tha;jidg; Ngrhky; %lf;
tre;j fhyk; njhlq;fptpl;lJ me;j kfpo;r;rpapy; Nkl;bd; Nky; Vwp epd;W jd;
fhy;fis vLj;J itj;J> kapy; jd; Njhifia tphpj;J thdj;ijg; ghh;j;J
kfpo;r;rpAld; Mlj;njhlq;fpaJ. tre;j fhyk; njhlq;fpaNjh? vd;gij jd; Fuy;
thapyhff; $tpf; Nfl;f epidj;j khkuj;jpNy ,Ue;j ngl;ilf; Fapy; xd;W m;ej
kapypd; mofhd eldj;ijf; fz;L cz;ikawpe;J jd; gpse;j thia mg;gbNa
%bf;nfhz;lJ. Nfhil fhyk; fle;Jtpl;ljdhy; Vw;gLk; kq;fy milahsq;fis
ciladthd> Nkfq;fs; Fsph;e;j kioia nga;jd. ,jdhy; kioj;Jspfs; kz;zpy;
tPo;e;jjpdhy; eWkz thrk; vq;Fk; gutj;njhlq;fpaJ. ,jidf; fz;L ehl;L kf;fs;
midthpd; cs;sj;jpy; kfpo;r;rp nghq;fpaJ. ,j;jifa tsKilaJ M#h; tlfiu
ehL vd;W %j;jgs;sp jd; ehl;Ltsj;ij vLj;Jf; $wpdhs;.
Epytpid kiwj;jy;:
ntd;wy; NyhtpL Ntndd NtapU
Ntoq; $b kpjf;Fil jhtf;
Fd;w yhe;ju kpy;iynad; whlth;
nfhk;g dhh;Kiyf; Fd;wpy; gJq;f
thdj;jpy; Njhd;wp ntz;ikahd Filia tphpj;jhw; Nghd;w vOe;j epythfpa
gifapid „ntw;wp nfhz;ly;yNth tpLNtd;‟ vd;W Mztj;Jld; ,U ahidfs;
xd;Wf;$b me;j kjpf;Filapd; Nky; jhtpr; nry;tJ Nghd;W thdpy; ,Uz;l
Nkfq;fs; jpuz;L epyit kiwj;jd. mtw;iwf; fz;L kdk; fyq;fpa Mz;fs; jhk;
xspe;J nfhs;tjw;F Fd;WfSk; nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;fhJ vd;W fUjp mjid
xJf;fptpl;L G+q;nfhb Nghd;w jk; fhjypahpd; khh;gfq;fspy; gJq;Fth;. mt;thW
,isNahiu ,izj;J itj;Jk; jd;ik cilaJ ,sNtdpy;. Gwhf;fSf;Fk;
khkuj;jpy; cs;s Fapy;fSf;Fk; tre;jfhyk; Njhd;wpaij mwptpf;Fk; nghUl;L
njd;wy; fhw;whdJ Xb tUfpd;wJ. ,jidf; fz;L midj;J caphpdq;fSk;
kfpo;r;rp nts;sj;jpy; jpisf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa rpwg;gpid cilaJ rPty kq;if
njd;fiu ehL vd;W ,isags;sp jd; ehl;L tsj;ijj; njhptpj;jhs;.
kjk; (flk;) nfhz;l ahid:
fiwgl; Ls;sJ ntz;fiyj; jpq;fs;
flk;gl; Ls;sJ fk;gj;J Ntok;
rpiwgl; Ls;sJ tpz;nzOk; Gs;S
jphpgl; Ls;sJ nea;gLe; jPgk;
ntz;ikahd fiyfis cila re;jpud;jhd; fiwgl;Lf; fhzg;gLNk jtp>
kf;fs; jk; cs;sq;fspy; ve;j tpjf; fiwAk; fhzg;gLtjpy.iy. fk;gj;jpNy
fl;bapUf;Fk; ahidfs; flkhfpa kjk; nfhz;L fhzg;gLNk jtpu> kf;fs; ahtUk;
fld;gl;L tho;tJ fpilahJ. thdj;jpy; gwf;Fk; gwitfs; rpiwg;gl;L ,Uf;FNk
jtpu> kf;fs; ahtUk; rpwigl;Lg;gl;L tho;tJ fpilahJ. kf;fspd; ,y;yq;fspy;
,Uf;Fk; mk;kpfs; ed;whf nfhj;jpf; Fiwgl;bUf;ff; fhzyhNk jtpu> mth;fspd;
tho;f;ifj; juk; Fiwgl;L ,Ug;gijf; fhz KbahJ. nfhbfSk; G+q;nfhk;GfSk;
Fiofis cilajhf ,Uf;FNk jtpu> kf;fs; ahtUk; Fioe;J Fk;gpl;L tho;tJ
fpilahJ. ,j;jifa tsKilaJ vq;fSila M#h; ehL vd;W %j;jgs;sp jd;
ehl;L tsj;ijg; Nghw;wpf; $wpdhs;.
japh;f;fz;lk; fyq;fpapUj;jy;:

30
fhaf; fz;lJ #hpa fhe;jp
fyq;ff; fz;lJ ntz;japh;f; fz;lk;
khaf; fz;lJ ehopif thuk;
kWff; fz;lJ thd;Rop nts;sk;
#hpadpd; ntg;gkhfpa ntapy; fhz;gijg; ghh;f;fyhNk md;wp> kf;fspd; tapW
fha;tijf; fhz KbahJ. ntz;ikahd japh;j; Jz;Lfs; fyq;fpf; fhzg;gLNk
jtpu> kf;fs; ahtUk; kdk; fyq;Ftijf; fhz KbahJ. ehopif thuk; kha;e;J
Nghff; fhzyhNk jtpu> kf;fs; grpahy; kha;tijf; fhz KbahJ. Nkfq;fs;
Rod;W ,bj;Jg; nghopAk; kio nts;sj;ijf; fhzyhNk jtpu> kf;fs; kWfp
thLtijf; fhz KbahJ. new;fjph;fs; jiy rha;j;J fplg;gijf; fhzyhNk jtpu>
kf;fs; jiyrha;e;J fpilg;gijf; fhz KbahJ. jhgj epiyapdh; jdpj;J
,Ug;gijf; fhzyhNk jtpu> fztd; kidtp jdpj;J tho;tijf; fhz KbahJ.
,j;jifa tsKilaJ rPtykq;ifj; njd;fiu ehL vd;W ,isags;sp jd; ehl;L
tsj;ij vLj;Jiuj;jhs;.
,sePiu fKF kuk; Rkj;jy;:
kPJah;e; jpLk; njs;fps ePiu
kpile;j G+fk; Rke;Jjd; fhiar;
#j nkhd;wpr; Rkf;ff; nfhLf;Fk;
#jk; jd;fdp J}q;jfk; gyhtpy;
kpf cah;e;J fhzg;gLk; njd;id kuk; jd; ,sePh;fis> jdf;F ,izahf
tsh;e;Js;s fKFfs; jhk; jhq;fpf;f nfhz;L> jk; fha;fisj; jk;kUNf cs;s
khkuq;fs; Rke;Jf; nfhz;bUf;f nfhLf;Fk;. me;j khkuq;fNsh jk; khq;fdpfis
jk;kUNf cs;s gyhkuj;jpy; Nrh;j;JtpLk;. gyhf; fdpNah mjid mLj;jpUf;Fk;
thioapd; kPJ rha;e;jpUf;f> mjd; fhuzkhf mit tise;J jk; Fiyfisr;
rha;f;Fk;. mg;NghJ> mjd; gf;fj;jpy; cs;s khJsf;nfhk;G me;j thiof;
Fiyfisj; jhq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; ,g;gb kuq;fs; ahTk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W cjtpahf
,Uf;Fk; tsKilaJ vqfs; M#h; tlfiu ehL vd;W %j;jgs;sp jq;fspd; ehl;L
tsj;jpid mofhf tUzpj;jhs;.
nre;new;gaph; nrq;fUk;Gf;Ff; ifnfhLj;jy;:
gq;f ae;jiy ePl;bf; Fuk;gpdpy;
gr;ir ,Q;rpapd; ghh;rilj; jPz;Lk;
jq;Fk; ,Q;rpAk; kQ;rl; fOj;ijj;
Jltp nks;sj; njhLk; me;j kQ;rs;
jhkiu kyh; jd; jiyia ePl;b tug;gpy; tsh;e;Js;s ,Q;rpapd; gRikahd
nghpa rilapidj; jltptpLk;. me;j ,Q;rp jk; mUfpy; ,Uf;Fk; kQ;rspd; fOj;ij
nky;yj; jOtpathW njhLk;. me;j kQ;rs; jk;kUNf mire;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
nre;new; gapUld; mstshtp epw;Fk;. me;jr; nre;ney;Nyh mjid mLj;J tsh;e;J
fhzg;gLk; nrq;fUk;Gf;Ff; iff; nfhLf;Fk;. ,t;thW xt;nthd;Wk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
Mjuthf tsh;fpd;w nrOikiaf; nfhz;lJ vq;fs; rPtykq;fifj; njd;fiu ehL
vd;W ,isags;sp jd; ehl;L tsj;ij vLj;Jiuj;jhs;.
KbTiu:

31
,t;thW %j;jgs;sp ,isags;sp Mfpa ,UtUk; jq;fspd; ehl;L tsj;ij
mofhf vLj;Jiuj;jdh;. NkYk; ,e;E}ypd; thapyhf gwitfspd; Mde;jj;ijAk;
kf;fspd; kdepiyiaAk; ,aw;ifapd; vopy; Xtpaj;ijAk; fhz KbfpwJ.
3.,NaRgpuhd; gps;isj;jkpo; (nrq;fPiug; gUtk; Kjy; 5 nra;As;fs;)
,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. gps;isj;jkpo; gw;wp vOJf. (etk;th; - 2015)
ghl;Lilj; jiytidNah> jiytpiaNah Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;J
ew;whNah nrtpypj;jhNah fhg;G Kjypa gj;J gUtq;fSf;Fhpa
nray;ghLfisr; rpwg;ghfg; Gyth; ngUkf;fshy; vLj;Jf; $WtJ
gps;isj;jkpo; MFk;. flTs;>Mrphpah;> ts;sy;> jiyth; Nghd;Nwhiu itj;Jg;
ghLtJ tof;fkhFk;.
2. gps;isj;jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngah;fs; ahit?
gps;isj;jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW ngah;fs; gps;isf;ftp>
gps;isg;ghl;L MFk;.
3. gps;isj;jkpo; vj;jidg; gUtq;fisg; nfhz;lJ?
gps;isj;jkpo; gj;Jg; gUtq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
4. Kjypy; Njhd;wpa gps;isj;jkpo; E}y; vJ?
Kjypy; Njhd;wpa gps;isj;jkpo; E}y; xl;lf;$j;jh; ,aw;wpa
FNyhj;Jq;fs; gps;isj;jkpo; E}y; MFk;.

5. gps;isj;jkpo; E}y;fs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.

1. kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;> 2. Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp gps;isj;jkpo;


3. Nrf;fpohh; gps;isj;jkpo;> 4. mKjhk;gpif gps;isj;jkpo;.
6. „,NaRgpuhd; gps;isj;jkpo;‟ ,e;E}ypd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
,NaRgpuhd; gps;isj;jkpo; E}ypd; Mrphpah; mUs; nry;yJiu Mthh;.
7. mUs; nry;yJiu ,aw;wpa E}y;fisg; gl;baypLf. (Vg;uy; - 2015)
mUs; nry;yJiu ,aw;wpa E}y;fs;:
1. milf;fy md;id Gfo;
2. Ntshq;fd;dp gjpw;Wg;gj;J
3. kidkhl;rp tz;zk;
4. tptpypaKk; jkpopaf;fKk;
8. mUs; nry;yJiuapd; Mrhd; (FU) ngah; vd;d?
mUs; nry;yJiuapd; Mrhd; ngah; kJuftp jpUr;rp Jiuuhrdhh;
Mthh;.
9. mUs; nry;yJiu ngw;w gl;lq;fs; ahit?
mUs; nry;yJiu ngw;w gl;lq;fs;:
1. tz;zg;ghtyh;
2. ghtyh;
10. mUs; nry;yJiu ahh; ahh; njhlh;Gld; nra;Aspaw;wp te;jhh;?
mUs; nry;yJiu NjtNeag;ghthzh;> ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;>
,sq;Fkudhh; MfpNahhpd; njhlh;Gld; nra;Aspaw;wp te;jhh;.
11. ,NaRgpuhd; gps;isj;jkpo; E}Yf;F mzpe;Jiu toq;fpath; ahh;?
,NaRgpuhd; gps;isj;jkpo; E}Yf;F mzpe;Jiu toq;fpath; xsit
eluhrd;.
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
12. ,NaRgpuhd; gps;isj;jkpo;g; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.

32
,NaRgpuhd; gps;isj;jkpo; rpw;wpyf;fpa tiffspy; xd;whFk;. ,e;E}ypd;
ghl;Lilj;jiytd; ,NaRgpuhd;. ,tiuf; Foe;ijahfg; ghtpj;J fhg;G> nrq;fPiu>
jhy;> rg;ghzp> Kj;jk;> tUif> mk;Gyp> rpw;wpy;> rpWgiw> rpWNjh; Kjypa
gUtq;fis mikj;J Mrphpah; mUs; nry;yJiu mth;fs; ,e;E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shh;.
jkpo; nkhop kPJ jPuhg; gw;Wf; nfhz;l nry;yJiu mth;fs; milf;fy md;id Gfo;>
Ntshq;fd;dp gjpw;Wg;gj;J> kidkhl;rp tz;zk;> tptpypaKk; jkpopaf;fKk; Nghd;w
gpw E}y;fisAk; gilj;Js;shh;.
,e;E}iyg; gw;wpAk;> ,e;E}yhrphpaiug; gw;wpAk; NjtNeag; ghthzh; mth;fs;>
rpj;jpuNkh ifg;gof;fk; nry;yj;JiuNah a;tpy;
Xj;j tifapd;g Nthtpakw; - vj;jpwKk;
vdg; ghuhl;bAs;hh;. NkYk; ,NaRgpuhdpd; cly; moif gytpjkhf
tUzpg;gNjhL kl;Lky;yhky; mtUila tptpypar; rpe;jidfisAk; ,ilapilNa
GFj;jp> ,NaRtpd; gpwg;gpd; jj;Jtj;ijj; jk;Kila E}ypy; Mrphpah; mofhf
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shh;. NkYk; ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;>
gdpj;jkpopy; tha;Fspug; gapYnrtp csq;Fsph;g;
ghbath; euk;G nghypaf;
vd;W mtiug; Gfo;e;J $wpAs;shh;.
gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
13. ,NaRgpuhd; gps;isj;jkpopy; ,NaRgpuhid nrq;fPiu MbaUs;f vd;W Mrphpah;
vt;thW tUzpj;Js;shh;?
(my;yJ)
,NaRgpuhdpd; ngUikia> gpwg;gpd; rpwg;ig ck; ghlg;gFjp top epd;W
vLj;Jiuf;f.
(my;yJ)
nrq;fPiug; gUtj;jpy; ,NaRgpuhdpd; tbtoif ck; ghlg;gFjp nfhz;L
tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ)
,NaRgpuhd; gps;isj;jkpopy; nrq;fPiug; gUtk; Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
(etk;gh; - 2015
Kd;Diu:
mUs; nry;yJiu jkpo;g;gw;whsh;. ,th; ,NaRgpuhidf; Foe;ijahfg;
ghtpj;J ,NaRgpuhd; gps;isj;jkpo; vDk; E}iyg; gilj;Js;shh;. ,NaRgpuhdpd;
tho;f;ifapy; epfo;e;j mw;Gjq;fSk; jpUkiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; nghd;nkhopfSk; E}ypd;
ngUk;ghyhd ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; ,e;E}ypd; thapyhf ,NaRtpd;
mtjhur; rpwg;gpidAk; ngUikiaAk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
nrq;fdptha; ,jo;j;Njd; mkpo;Nj:
rpj;jpug;G+ tpopairj;Jr; nre;jkpo;j;Njd; thA+wpr;
rpe;ijepiw nrQ;nrhy; yUs;f!
rpj;jpuj;jpy; rpw;gpapd;if tz;zj;jpy; nra;tjpYk;
jpfo;e;jpLNkhh; Rlh;thd; vopNy!
mofhd G+g;Nghd;W fhzg;gLk; tpopapid mirj;J> jkpo; nkhop Nghy vk;
cs;sj;jpy; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; ,NaR! ew;nrhy;iy mUs Ntz;Lk;. ,t;Tyfk;
Nghw;Wk;gb vq;fSf;F mUs; toq;f Ntz;Lk;! rpte;j thapypUe;J Njd; Nghd;w
thh;j;ijfis mUs Ntz;Lk;! Xtpadpd; ifg;gl;l Xtpak; Nghy mofhfj; jpfOk;
mofNd! fd;dp khpahspd; fUtpy; cjpj;J ghtpahfpa vq;fisj; Njb te;j
nja;tNk! mofpa gl;Lg; Nghd;w tphpg;gpy; xU ifia Cd;wpAk; xU fhiy ePl;bAk;
xU fhiy klf;fpAk; fhz;gjw;F mofhff; fhl;rpaspg;gtNd! vd; cs;sj;iijf;
nfhs;isabf;Fk; mofpa fd;dq;fspy; rphpg;Gld; jiyia mirj;J mirj;J
nrq;fPiu MLf!

33
rpWKd;if tisfs; kpspu:
nre;jhk iug;jq;fs; rpw;wpirg;gpy; ,irnaOg;Gk;
rpyk;gzpNah lhpf;fpz; fpzpfs;
Ke;Jnkhsp tPRfpd;w Kj;Jtlk; Kshpnkhl;L
KOkzpahd; ,ad;w mzpfs;
cd; rpte;j kyh;g; Nghd;w ghjq;fis mirg;gjdhy;> rpyk;Gfspy; ,Ue;J
fpz;fpzpfs; xypf;fpd;wd. kzpfs; Nfhh;f;fg;gl;Ls;s miuQhd; fapw;wpy; Kj;Jfs;
xypf;fpd;wd. mofpa khh;gpy; kzpg;gl;ilahy; Md rq;fpyp tlk; xyp vOg;Gfpd;wd.
gy tifahd kzpfshy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s tisay;fs; iffspy; kpsph;fpd;wd.
Nuh[h nkhl;Lfs; Nghd;w mzpfs; cd; fOj;jpy; khiy Nghd;W Njhw;wk; jUfpd;wd.
me;j mzpfs; xd;Wld; xd;W cuRtjhy; xypfs; vOfpd;wd. fhjzpAk; new;wpapy;
#bapUf;Fk; new;wpr; Rl;bAk; cd; moFf;F NkYk; moF Nrh;f;fpd;wd. ,t;tpjk;
vd;Dila cs;sj;ijf; nfhs;is nfhs;Sk; moF kpFe;j fd;dq;fspy; ,Ue;J
rphpg;G Njhd;W nrq;fPiu MLf!
Rlnuopyhh; tbtha;g; gpwe;jPh;:
tpy;nyhj;j GUtq;fs; Nktpnaid ahl;nfhs;Sk;
tpiukyh;#o; tz;L tpopfs;
gy;yUk;G rpWKj;J grpajhk; kiuf;iffs;
gjkyh;fs; fz;zpw; gjpAk;
jpUkiwf; $Wk; nrhy;yhy; ,g;G+kpapy; Foe;ijahfg; gpwe;jtNd! vd;
cs;sj;ijf; fth;e;J Kf;fzp Nghd;w Kj;jhd nrhw;fis eP vdf;F mUs;thahf!
tpy;iyg; Nghd;w GUtq;fSk; tz;Lfs; Nghd;w fz;fSk; epyh Nghd;w mofpa
new;wpAk; mofpa rpwpa %f;fk; Nuh[h Nghd;w rpte;j ,jo;fSk; G+f;fisg; Nghd;w
rpW gw;fSk; Kj;Jfs; Nghd;w gw;fSk; kyh; Nghd;w ghjq;fSk; nfhz;l ,iwtNd!
vd; cs;sj;jpy cs;s mOf;ifg; Nghf;f te;j ,iwtNd! vd; cs;sj;ijf;
nfhs;is nfhs;Sk; tifapy; fd;dq;fspy; rphpg;G vo eP nrq;fPiu Mb mUs;f!
fhkUQ;nrhy; yUSk; Nte;Nj:
thdhSk; KOKjyhk; kd;ddtd; ,stuR
kz;Zyif ehb apwq;fp
ehdhSk; tzq;fpLnkd; ehafNd ew;wiyah
ek;gpdth;f; FjTk; NjNt!
thDyfj;jpid Ml;rp GhpAk; je;ijapd; gps;isahk; ,NaRNt! eP
,k;kz;Zyfpy; kdpj tbntLj;jha;! eP khl;Lj; njhOtj;jpy; gpwe;jtd;. kdpjh;fspd;
ghtj;ij mopj;J> gioa kuGfis mfw;wp> fhw;whw;W nts;sk; Nghd;W
mwpTiufis toq;fpatd;. fw;gid vl;lhj moFk; ,sikAk; nfhz;ltNd!
fz;zpd; kzp Nghd;wtNd! nghd;Nd> kzpNd> vd;id Ml;nfhz;L topelj;JgtNd!
kyh; Nghd;w tise;j Kd;iffs; jhio Nghd;W nkd;ikahff; fhl;rpaspf;f> moF
kpFe;j fOj;jpNy eWkzk; tPrf;$ba nfhz;ilapy; kzk; gug;g> Nuh[h cr;rpapy;
Ml> vd; kdjpid nfhs;isf; nfhs;Sk;gb mofhf cd; fd;dq;fspypUe;J rphpg;Gj;
Njhd;w nrq;fPiu MLf!
cte;jpe;j kz;zpw; gpwe;;jha;:
xz;fjph;#
; o; xd;gJNfhs; Nghw;gjpj;j tapukzp

34
xspAkpOk; mur Kbia
xsptz;z xd;gJfy; Mop#l;bg; nghd;nra;j
cah;rpyk;igf; fhypw; #l;br;
tapuhw czTz;L> mofhf cil cLj;jp ,d;gq;fis Ja;g;gjw;fhf kdk;
nfhz;L ,g;G+Tyfpy; gpwg;ngLj;jhah? ,y;iy. ,t;Tyfpy; ,aq;Fk; Nfhs;fspy;
,af;fNk cd;dhy;jhd;. xd;gJ Nfhs;fisAk; itu kzpfsha; myq;fhpj;J cd;
kzpkFlkha; mzpe;Js;sha;. ,uz;L fz;fSf;F ik ,l;Lk; new;wpy; nghl;L
itj;Jk; fOj;jpy; xsp nghUe;jpa Kj;Jfis mzptpj;Jk; iffspy; tisay;
,l;Lk; xt;nthU tpuy;fSf;Fk; xhp nghUe;jpa xd;gJ fw;fshy; Md Nkhjpuj;ij
mzptpj;Jk; fhypNy rpyk;gpidr; #l;bAk; G+f;fisr; Rw;Wk; tz;L Nghd;w
,NaRgpuhNd! cd;idNa Rw;wp tUfpd;w vq;fis cd;Dila ghjj;jpy; Nrh;j;Jf;
nfhz;L> vd; kdj;jpidf; nfhs;is nfhs;Sk; mofpa fd;dq;fspypUe;J rphpg;G
Njhd;w nrq;fPiu MLf.
KbTiu:
,t;tpjk; ,NaR ngUkhdpd; ngUikiaAk; mtw;wpd; rpwg;GfisAk; mUs;
nry;yJiu mth;fs; jd;Dila gps;isj;jkpopy; kpf mofhf tUzpj;Jf;
$wpAs;shh;.

myF- 4
esntz;gh (fyp ePq;F fhz;lk;)
,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. esntz;ghtpy; fhzg;gLk; fhz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ? (etk;th; - 2015)
esntz;ghtpy; fhzg;gLk; fhz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if %d;W MFk;.
mit>1. Rak;tuf; fhz;lk;> 2. fypj;njhlh; fhz;lk;> 3. fyp ePq;F
fhz;lk;.
2. esd; NjNuhl;ba rpwg;gpidf; $Wf. (etk;th; - 2015)
mofpa nkd;ikahd $e;jiyAila jkae;jp ,uz;lhk; jpUkzk;
ehba nraiy> jd; kdj;jpDs; gytpjkhff; fUjpja esd; jhd; nrYj;jpa
Njh;> fhk kaf;fk; gw;wpf; nfhz;l xUtdpd; kd Ntj;ijf; fhl;bYk;
tpiuthfr; nrd;wJ.
3. esd; kidtpapd; ngaiu vOJf. (etk;th; - 2015)
esd; kidtpapd; ngah; jkae;jp.
4. „eNshghf;ahdk;‟ vDk; fpisf;fij ,lk;ngw;w E}y; vJ?
„eNshghf;ahdk;‟ vDk; fpisf;fij ,lk;ngw;w E}y; kfhghujk;.
5. „mwptpoe;J #jhb ehboe;j kd;dd; vd;Nghy; cz;Nlh?‟ ,f;$w;W ahUilaJ?
„mwptpoe;J #jhb ehboe;j kd;dd; vd;Nghy; cz;Nlh?‟ ,f;$w;W
jUkd; $wpaJ.
6. esntz;ghtpd; Mrphpah; ahh;?
esntz;ghtpd; Mrphpah; GfNoe;jpg; Gyth; Mthh;.
7. jkae;jp esidj; Njl ahiu mDg;gpdhs;?
jkae;jp esidj; Njl GNuhfpjid (me;jzh;) mDg;gpdhs;.

8. esntz;ghtpy; mike;Js;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ?


esntz;ghtpy; mike;Js;s ghly;fspd; vz;zpf;if 424 MFk;.
9. esd; vf;fiyfspy; rpwe;jtd;?

35
esd; rikaw;fiy kw;Wk; NjNuhl;Ljy; ,tw;wpy; rpwe;jtd;.
10. esDila ehL vJ?
esDila ehL eplj ehL.
11. jkae;jpapd; je;ij ahh;?
jkae;jpapd; je;ij tpjh;gg
; ehl;bd; kd;dd; tPkuhrd;.
12. esntz;ghtpy; ,lk;ngWk; ehfj;jpd; ngah; vd;d?
esntz;ghtpy; ,lk;ngWk; ehfj;jpd; ngah; fhh;Nfhlfd;.
13. esdpd; kf;fs; ahtu;?
esdpd; kf;fs;:
kfd; - ,e;jpuNrdd;
kfs; - ,e;jpuNrid
14. mNahj;jp murd; ahh;?
mNahj;j;p murd; ,UJgd;dd; Mthd;.
Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
15. esd; NjNuhl;ba rpwg;gpid tpsf;Ff
Ke;ij tpidFWf %thkay; nfhz;lhd;
rpe;ijapDk; fLfr; nrd;wNj – re;jtpiuj;
jhh;Fd;wh nky;y Xjp jd;nraiyj; jd;kdj;Nj
Njh;fpd;whd; Ch;fpd;w Njh;.

moFk; thridAk; nfhz;l khiy Fiwtpd;wp nkd;ikahd $e;jid cila


jkae;jp ,uz;lhk; jpUkzk; Ghpfpd;w epfo;it> jhk; gytpjkha; fUjp Njiur;
nrYj;jpr; nry;Yfpd;w esd;> Kd;G nra;j tpid gw;wpf; nfhs;s> mopahj fhk
kaf;fk; nfhz;l xUtDila kd Ntfj;jpYk; Ntfkhfr; nrd;wJ.
Nkyhil tPo;e;jJ vLvd;whd; mstpy;
ehyhW fhjk; ele;jNj – Njhyhik
Nky;nfhz;lhd; Vwptu ntk;ikf; fypr;#jpd;
Khy; nfhz;lhd; Nfhy; nfhz;lkh.
jkae;jpiaj; jpUkzk; Ghptjpy; Njhy;tpAw;w Cf;fk; nfhz;l mNahj;jp
murdhd ,UJgd;dd;> me;jj; Njhpy; Vwp Fz;bdGhpia Nehf;fp nry;Yk;NghJ „vd;
Nkyhil jtwp fPNo tpOe;Jtpl;lJ. mij eP vLj;Jj; jh‟ vd;W edis ghh;j;Jf;
$wpdhd;. mg;gb mtd; $wpa me;j fhy msTf;Fs; fypGU~dpd; tQ;ridahy;
#jhl;lj;jpy; Njhy;tpAw;w esd;> rTf;Ff; nfhz;L Xl;lg;ngw;w Fjpiufs;
mt;tplj;jpypUe;J fle;J gj;J fhj J}uk; tpiue;J nrd;Wtpl;ld.
16. jd; kf;fNshL esd; ciuahba nra;jpfis vOJf. (etk;gh; 2015)
ahid Nghd;w kd;ddhd esd; kilg;gs;spapy; tpisahba ,e;jpuNrdd;
kw;Wk;
,e;jpuNrid ,th;fisf; fz;L ePq;fs; ahUila Foe;ijfs; vd;W Nfl;f> mjw;F
mf;Foe;ijfs; ehq;fs; eplj ehl;L murdhd esdpd; Foe;ijfs; vd;Wk;> vq;fs;
ehl;il NtW xUtd; jw;rkak; Ms;fpd;whd; vd;W mOJf;nfhz;Nl $wpdh;.
mth;fspd; epiy fz;L kdk; tUe;jp fz;zhP ; rpe;jptpl;L> clYk; Nrhh;Tw;W>
jj;jspf;Fk; jd; capiu xUtpjkhfj; jhq;fpf; nfhz;L nrayw;W fhzg;gl;lhd;>
esd;. gpd;G>
cq;fs; muR xUtd; Ms ePh; Xbg; Nghe;J
,q;fs; ciwjy; ,Of;fd;Nwh

36
jtg;gadhy; ngw;w jk; kfdhd ,e;jpuNrdidg; ghhj;J esd;> rpte;j
iffis cila ,sturNd! cq;fspd; muir NtW xUtd; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;s
ePq;fs; te;J ,q;F mile;J jq;fpapUg;gJ cq;fSf;F ngUik juhjd;Nwh? vd;W
mtd; $wNt> mijf; Nfl;l ,sturdhd ,e;jpuNrdd; esid Nehf;fp> rikay;
njhopy; Ghpak; ,ope;j njhopiy cilatNd! kdj;jpdhy; ,e;j thh;j;i jfis
cd;idj; jtpu murh;fSk; nrhy;y mr;rk; nfhs;thh;fs;. vq;fs; murdhd esdpd;
cz;ik newpNa vq;fSf;F cWjp mspg;gjhFk; ,jid eP ed;F mwpa Ntz;Lk;
vd;W $wpdhd;.
gzpKbapy; ghh;fhf;Fk; ghh;Nte;jd; jq;fs;
kzpKbapy; Nja;e;j tL.
MjpNrldpd; jiyapy; cs;s ,g;G+kpiaf; fhj;J Ml;rp Ghpak; murh;fs;
midtUk; kjk; nfhz;l ahid kPJ te;J> vk; je;ijia tzq;Fk; NghJ
mk;kd;dh;fspd; fpHPlq;fshy; Nja;e;J cz;lhd jOk;Gfis tPuf;foy; mzpe;j mth;
ghjq;fspd; vk;kUq;Fk; fhzyhk;. NkYk;> murh;fspd; rpwg;Gfis kilj;njhopy;
Ghpgth;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbahJ. cd; ngUik mwpahky; Ngrpa vd; kPJ Nfhgk;
nfhs;s Ntz;lhk; vd;W $wp jk; kdk; cUfp jiy tzq;fp epd;whd; ,e;jpuNrdd;.
17. jkae;jp esidj; Njlg; GNuhfpjid mDg;gpa epfo;it tpsf;Ff.
vd;id ,Uq;fhdpy; ePj;j ,fy; Nte;jd;
jd;id eP ehLf vdj; jz;Nfhij
Fsph;r
; ;rp epiwe;j mofhd $e;jiy cila jkae;jp kpd;dy; Nghd;W
fhzg;glf;$ba xsp tPRfpd;w NtyhAj;ij ifapy; Ve;jpa murdhd tPkuhrdpd;
GNuhfpjuhd me;jzhplk; nrd;W vd;id mlh;e;j fhl;by; jdpahf tpl;Lr;nrd;w Nghh;
kd;ddhd esid ePq;fs; Ngha;j; Njb fz;lwpAq;fs; vd;W MNyhrid nra;J tpl;L
gpd;tuf;$ba nrhw;fisf; $wj; njhlq;fpdhs;.
fhh; ,Uspy; gho; kz;lgj;Nj jd; fhjypiar;
Nrhh; Japypy; ePj;jJ Jzptd;Nwh
fhpa ,Ul;by; ghoile;J Nghd kz;lgj;jpy;> jd; md;gpw;F chpatshd
kidtpia (jkae;jp) Mo;e;j J}f;fj;jpy; tpl;Lr;nrd;w nrayhdJ> Njh;gg
; ilia
cila murDf;Fj; JzpT nfhz;l nray; MfhJ> vd;W ePq;fs; Ngha; nrhd;dhy;
mjw;F kWnkhop $Wgtiug; gw;wp ePq;fs; KOtJkhf Muha;e;J nfhz;L tu
Ntz;Lk; vd;W jkae;jp mg;GNuhfpjdplj;jpy; vLj;Jf; $wpdhs;.
18. tPkuhrd; esidj; Njhw;wj;jhy; mwpa KbahJ Ngr;rpdhy; mwpe;j epfo;it
vLj;Jiiuf;f?
NghJ myUk; fz;zpahd; Nghh;Nte;jh; #og;Ngha;f;
fhjypjd; fhjyidf; fz;Zw;whd;
mUk;Gfs; kyh;e;j mofhd khiyia mzpe;j tPkuhrd;> Nghh;g; Ghptjpy;
ifj;Njh;e;j murh;fs; jd;idg; Gil#o nrd;W jd; md;gpw;Fhpa kfshd
jkae;jpapd; fhjy; fztdhfpa esid kilg;gs;spapy; ghh;j;jhd;. mt;thW
ghh;j;jJk; gy NfhLfs; Nghd;w Ropfisf; nfhz;l rq;Ffis thhp vLj;Jf; nfhz;L
te;J fiukPJ Vwp tUk; fly;fiuia cila eplj ehl;L murdhd esid
milahsk; fz;L nfhs;s Kbahky; jpifj;J epd;whd;.
nrt;tha; nkhopf;Fk; nraYf;Fk; rpe;ijf;Fk;
Xt;thJ nfhz;l cU vd;dh

37
,td; Vw;Ws;s ,e;j tbtj;jpw;Fk;> thapypUe;J gpwf;Fk; rpwe;j nrhw;fSf;Fk;>
,td; nra;Ak; kilj;njhopYf;Fk; nghUj;jhdJ md;W vd;W gy tpjq;fspy;
Muha;e;J ghh;j;jhd;. gpd;G El;gkhf Muha;e;J ghh;j;J epfuw;w rpwe;j Ngr;Rfisg;
NgRfpd;w cila me;j thFfd;jhd; esd; vd;W jPh;khdk; nra;J> Iak; ePq;fp
njspT ngw;whd;.
gj;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
19. esntz;gh „fyp ePq;F fhz;lj;jpy;‟ ,lk;ngWk; nra;jpapidr; rhd;WfSld;
tpsf;Ff.
Kd;Diu:
ek;Kila ,dpa jkpo; nkhopapy; fw;gidAk; gbg;gth; tpUk;Gk; midj;J
RitfSk; epuk;gg; ngw;w E}y; esntz;gh MFk;. ,jd; Mrphpah; GfNoe;jpg; Gyth;
Mthh;. ntz;gh ahg;gpy; ,e;E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shh;. mjdhy; „ntz;ghtpw;Nfhh;
GfNoe;jp‟ vd;W ghuhl;lg;ngw;whh;. ,e;E}y; Rak;tuf; fhz;lk;> fypnjhlhf; fhz;lk;>
fypePq;F fhz;lk; vd;W %d;W fhz;lq;fisAk; 424 ghf;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,q;F fypePq;F fhz;lj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; nra;jpfisg; gw;wp ,f;fl;Liu thapyhf
mwpNthk;.
jkae;jp GNuhfpjd; topahf esid mwpe;jJ:
fhh; ,Uspy; gho; kz;lgj;Nj jd; fhjypiar;
Nrhh; Japypy; ePj;jJ Jzptd;Nwh
jkae;jp GNuhfpjd; thapyhf esidf; fz;lwpe;J tUkhW $Wfpd;whs;.
„fhpa ,Uspy; jd; md;gpw;Fhpa kidtpia cwf;fj;jpy; tpl;Lr; nrd;w nray;
JzpTila murDf;F Vw;w nray; my;yNth‟ vd;W ePq;fs; $wpdhy; mjw;F
kWnkhop ciug;gth; gw;wp KOtJkhf Muha;e;J nfhz;L tUkhW nrhy;yp
mDg;gpdhs;.
GNuhfpjd; mNahj;jp miljy;:
GNuhfpjd; ehL> kiy> fly; ,itfisf; fle;J ,Wjpahf mNahj;jpiar;
nrd;wile;jhd;. jkae;jp $wpa mt;thh;j;ijfis mq;F $wpdhd; mg;GNuhfpjd;.
mjidf; Nfl;l khiyazpe;j kd;ddhf esd; ,e;epfo;T Kd; nra;j tpidapd;
tpisNt MFk; vd;whd;. gpd;G mq;F ele;j epfo;tpid jkae;jpaplk; GNuhfpjd;
$wpdhd;.
jkae;jp ,uz;lhk; Rak;tur; nra;jpia mwptpj;jhs;:
kPz;L Xh; Rak;tuj;ij tPkd; jpUkle;ij
G+z;lhs; vd;W me;jz ePNgha; ciuj;jhy;
me;jzNu! gPkuhrdpd; Gjy;tpahd jkae;jp kWgbAk; xU Rak;tuk;
Nkw;nfhz;lhs; vd;W mNahj;jp efUf;Fg; Ngha;r; nrhy;Yq;fs;. mg;gbr; nrhd;dhy;
Nghh;g;gilfisf; nfhz;l esd;> kpf Ntfkhfj; Njhpidr; nrYj;jp tUthd; vd;W
$wpdhs;. ,r;nra;jpia GNuhfpjd; mNahj;jp efUf;Fr; nrd;W KuR thapyhfj;
njhptpj;jhd;. gpd;dh; muruhd ,UJgd;ddplk; mr;Rak;tu ehSk; ehisNa
eilngw NghfpwJ vd;W $wpdhd;.
esdpd; $w;Wk; ,UJgd;ddpd; rkhjhdKk;:
Fiwahj fw;gpdhs; nfhz;lhDf;F my;yhy;
,wthj Ve;J ,ioahs; ,d;W

38
fw;G newpapy; Fd;whjtSk; jd;id kze;j fztdhfpa esDf;F my;yhky;
ePq;fhj jkae;jp ,uz;lhk; Rak;tuk; tpUk;gpdhs; vDk; ,e;j thh;j;ij nrhy;yf;
$baJ md;W vd;W esd; njhptpj;jhd;. ,jidf;Nfl;l ,UJgd;dd; Kd;G ele;j
Rak;tuj;jpy; vd; kPJ khiy vwpe;jhs;. Mdhy; mJ jtWjyhf esd; kPJ
tpOe;Jtpl;lJ. mjw;Fg; gjpyhfj;jhd; ,e;jj; jpUkz Vw;ghL vd;W jf;f fhuzkhf
mikfpwJ vd;W jd;idg; gw;wp ngUikahfg; Ngrpf;nfhz;lhd;.
esdJ jaf;fk;:
Kd;id tpidahy; Kbe;jNjh nkha;Foyhs;
vd;idj;jhd; fhz ,ire;jNjh
,e;j Rak;tu epfo;thdJ Kd;G ele;j jPtpidtpd; gadhf te;jjh? my;yJ
vd;idf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhfr; nrhy;yp mDg;gpa je;jpukhf ,Uf;Fkh? NkYk; jd;
cah;Fy newpf;F nghUe;jhj ,uz;lhk; Rak;tuk; vd;w ,e;jr;nrhy; cyfj;jpy;
nrhy;yg;gLtJz;L. ,J vd;d fhuzNkh? vd;W gythwhfg; vd;zp kdj;jLkhw;wk;
nfhz;L tUj;jkile;jhd;.
esd; NjNuhl;ba rpwg;G:
esd; xUtpjkhf kdj;Njw;wk; mile;J murDf;F jFe;j Ntiyiar;
nra;tJ jd;Dila flik vd;W fUj;jpw; nfhz;L Fjpiufisj; Njhpy; G+l;bdhd;.
me;j NjuhdJ Kd;G nra;j tpid gw;wpf; nfhs;s> fhk kaf;fk; nfhz;l
xUtDila kd Ntfj;jpYk; kpf tpiuthfr; nrd;wJ. esd; ,UJgd;ddpd;
NjhspypUe;J tpOe;j Milia vLg;gjw;Fs; gj;J fhj J}uk; fle;J nrd;Wtpl;lJ
fyp esid tpl;L ePq;fpaJ:
ghtyd;ghy; epd;w grpNghy ePq;fpw;Nw
fhtyd;ghy; epd;w fyp
esdplk; mJtiu jq;fpapUe;j fyp mofhfTk; xOq;fhfTk; mike;j ePh;tsk;
epytsk; nfhz;l tay;fshy; #og;ngw;w ks;Stehl;il Ml;rpGhpAk; re;jpud; Rth;f;fp
vDk; murd; ghuhl;Lk; Gyth;fsplj;J jq;fpapUe;j grp ePq;fpaJ Nghd;W tpl;Lr;
nrd;wJ. gpd;dh; ,UJgd;dd; Fz;bdGhpia mile;jhd;.
esd; jd; Foe;ijfisf; fz;lhd;:
kf;fhs; ePh;
vd; kf;fs; Nghy;fpd;wPh; ahh; kf;fs; vd;W ciuj;jhd;
td;kf; fspahid kd;
esd; NjhpypUe;J ,wq;fp Fjpiufis ePf;fp ,isg;ghwtpl;L> jhDk;
,isg;ghwp> kd;dDf;F czT rikf;f kilg;gs;spiar; nrd;wile;jhd;. ,jid
Nfs;tpAw;w jkae;jp> esd; kPJ re;Njfk; nfhz;L jd; NjhopaUs; xUj;jpia
kilg;gs;spf;F mDg;gpdhs;. gpd;G jd; gps;isfisAk; kw;nwhU NjhopiaiaAk;
mDg;gpdhs;. mg;gps;isfisf; fz;l esd; mth;fis thhp mizj;J> ePq;fs; vd;
gps;isfisg; Nghd;W ,Uf;fpwPh;fs;> cq;fs; ngah; vd;d? cq;fspd; ngw;Nwhh; ngah;
vd;d? vd;W Nfl;lhd;.
mjw;F mf;Foe;ijfs; jq;fs; je;ij esd; vd;Wk;> jha; jkae;jp vd;Wk;>
vq;fs; ehl;il NtnthU murd; Ml;rp Ghpfpd;whd; vd;W mOJnfhz;Nl $wpdh;.
,jidf; Nfl;l esd; kdk; tUe;jp> cly; Nrhh;Tw;W> fz;zhP ; rpe;jp> Nghfhky;
jj;jspf;Fk; jd; capiu xUtpjkf jhq;fpf; nfhz;L nrayw;W epd;whd;. gpwF jd;
Foe;ijfisg; ghh;j;J cq;fs; murhl;rpia NtnuhUtd; fth;e;J nfhz;L Ml;rp

39
Ghpfpd;whd;. ePq;fs; ,q;F te;J tho;fpd;wPh; ,J cq;fSf;Fg; ngUikahd
nrayhFkh vd;W mtd; jd; kdj;jpy; cs;sij vLj;Jiuj;jhd;.
mijfNfl;l murpsq;Fkudhfpa ,e;jpuNrdd; rikay; njhopy; GhpAk;
,ope;NjhNd> cd;idj; jtpu ,g;gb ahUk; $wpaJ fpilahJ. murh;fSk; ,g;gbg;
NgRtjw;F gak; nfhs;thh;fs;. vq;fSila murdhd esdpd; cz;ik newpNa
vq;fSf;F cWjp mspg;gjhFk;.
gzpKbapy; ghh;fhf;Fk; ghh;Nte;jd; jq;fs;
kzpKbapy; Nja;e;j tL
vd;W jd; je;ij es kfuh[dpd; ngUikiaAk; rpwg;gpidAk; vLj;Jiuj;jhd;.
esd; jd; RacUit mile;jhd;:
mq;F ele;j epfo;Tfs; midj;ijAk; Kd;G mDg;gpa Njhopah; jkae;jpaplk;
vLj;Jiuj;jdh;. ,ijf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghNj jkae;jp mOJnfhz;L fPNo
tpOe;jhs;. gpd;G jd; je;ijaplj;jpy; kilg;gs;spapy; gzpGhpAk; mt;thltNd eplj
ehl;L kd;ddhd esd; vd;W vLj;Jiuj;jhs;. tPkuhrd; mq;Fr; nrd;W ghh;j;J
jpifj;J epd;whd;. gpd;dh; mtDila Ngr;R> nray; ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
,td;jhd; cz;ikahd esd; vd;W njsptile;jhd;. mtdplk; jd;Dila
cz;ikahd cUtj;ij fhz;gpf;ff; $wpdhd;. Kd;G jzf;F fhh;f;Nfhlfd;
nfhLj;j Milia xt;nthd;whf cLj;jpdhd;. gifik nfhz;l fypapd;
tQ;ridahy; md;Gld; murhl;rp Ghpe;j ehl;il #jhl;lj;jpy; ,oe;J> gpd;G kidtp
kf;fisAk; ,oe;j esd;> thFfd; vd;Dk; tbtpypUe;J ePq;fp jd;Dila Ra
cUtj;ij mile;jhd;.
esd; jd; kidtp gps;isfNshL ,izjy;:
jhijiaKd; fhz;lYNk jhkiuf;fz;zPh; mUk;gg;
NghJ myUk; FQ;rpahd; mize;J
kyh;fs; epiwe;J fhzg;gLk; mofhd rpifia cila ,sturdhfpa
,e;jpuNrdd;> jd; je;ijiaf; fz;lTld; fz;fspy; ePh; Njhd;w> kpd;dy; Nghd;w
,ilia cila jd; jq;ifahfpa ,e;jpuNridNahL je;ijapd; ghjq;fspy;
tpOe;J> jk; fz;zPuhy; mtUila ghjj;ij fOtpdh;. gpd;G jkae;jp jd;
fztdpd; ghjj;jpy; tpOe;J tzq;fpdhs; mg;nghOJ me;esDf;Fk; mOif
NkyplNt fz;zPh; jJk;gpg; ngUf;nfLj;J XbaJ.
Njth;fs; tho;j;Jjy;:
thDyfpy; thOk; ,e;jpud; cl;gl midj;J Njth;fSk; ,g;G+kpapy; esDf;F
,izahf xUtUk; ,y;iy vd;W $wpdh;. gpd;G mofpa kyh; khiyia mzpe;j
esd; kPJ kyh; J}tp Nghw;wp Gfo;e;jdh;.
KbTiu:
,t;thW esntz;ghtpy; fyp ePq;f fhz;lj;jpy; fypapd; tQ;ridahy; Vw;gl;l
tpisthy; esd; mile;j Jd;gj;ijAk;> jkae;jpapd; tUj;jj;ijAk;> gps;isfspd;
mtyj;ijAk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

myF - 5
rPwhg;Guhzk; (khDf;Fg; gpiz epd;w glyk;)
,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;

40
1. rPwhg;Guhzj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; fhz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ? (Vg;uy; - 2015)
rPwhg;Guhzj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; fhz;lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if %d;W MFk;.
mit>tpyhjj;Jf; fhz;lk;> EGtj;Jf; fhz;lk;> `p[puj;Jf; fhz;lk;.
2. jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l jiyr;rpwe;j ,Ryhkpa ,yf;fpak; vJ?
jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l jiyr;rpwe;j ,Ryhkpa ,yf;fpak; rPwhg;Guhzk;
MFk;.
3. rPwuhg;Guhzk; ahUila tho;f;if tuyhw;iw ikakhff; nfhz;lJ?
rPwhg;Guhzk; egpfs; ehafj;jpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw ikakhff;
nfhz;lJ.
4. rPwhg;Guhzj;jpd; Mrphpah; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLf. (etk;gh; - 2015)
rPwhg;Guhzj;;jpd; Mrphpah; ckWg;Gyth; Mthh;.
5. „nrj;Jk; nfhLj;jhd; rPjf;fhjp‟ ,t;thp ahUila ngUikia vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ?
„nrj;Jk; nfhLj;jhd; rPjf;fhjp‟ ,t;thp ts;sy; rPjf;fhjpapd;
ngUikia vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
6. „rPwh‟ vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
„rPwh‟ vd;gjd; nghUs; tho;f;if tuyhW vd;gjhFk;.
7. rPwhg;Guhzj;ij vt;thW Nghw;Wth;?
rPwhg;Guhzj;ij rpe;ijas;Sk; rPwh vd;W Nghw;Wth;.
8. ckWg;Gytiu Mjhpj;j ts;sy; ahh;?
ckWg;Gytiu Mjhpj;j ts;sy; rPjf;fhjp Mthh;.
9. rPjf;fhjpapd; ,aw;ngah; vd;d?
rPjf;fhjpapd; ,aw;ngah; i~F mg;Jy; fhjpW kiuf;fhah; vd;gjhFk;.
10. ckWg;Gyth; ahhplk; jkpo;g; gapd;whh;?
ckWg;Gyth; fbifKj;Jg; Gythplk; jkpo;g; gapd;whh;.
11. ckWg;Gyth; ,aw;wpa NtW E}y;fs; vJ?
ckWg;Gyth; ,aw;wpa NtW E}y;fs; KJnkhopkhiy> nehz;b ehlfk;>
rPjf;fhjp Nfhit> rPjf;fhjp jpUkz tho;j;J Nghd;witahFk;.
12. rPwhg;Guhzk; ahUila cjtpahy; epiwT ngw;wJ?
rPwhg;Guhzk; mGy; fhrpk; vDk; ts;sypd; cjtpahy; epiwT ngw;wJ.
13. ckWg;Gyth; vk;kd;ddpd; mitf;fsg; Gytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;?
ckWg;Gyth; vl;laGu kd;dd; ntq;fNl];tu vl;lg;g G+gjpapd;
mitfsg; Gytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;.

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