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ICT 306 Lab Reports

Experiment 03 calculates parameters for step index fibers using MATLAB, including: 1) Numerical aperture (NA) 2) Acceptance angle (θa) 3) Solid acceptance angle (Ω) 4) Propagation constant (β) The MATLAB code takes inputs like core and cladding indices, wavelength, and calculates the above parameters using formulas based on those inputs and predefined boundary limits. Plots and important values are displayed.

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137 views21 pages

ICT 306 Lab Reports

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INDEX

Experiment Name of the experiment

no:
01 Calculate for Graded Index Fiber( Using Matlab)
a) Numerical aperture (NA)
b) V number (V)
c) Check whether the fiber is single or multi-mode.
d) Graph between V number and Wavelength(λ)
e) Cut-off wavelength (𝝀c)
f) Number of modes traveling in the fiber (Ms)

02 Calculate for Graded Index Fiber( Using Matlab)

a) Graphical representation of core refractive index n1[r] w.r.t. radius(a)
b) Of core for different profile parameters
c) Graphical representation of numerical aperture NA[r] w.r.t. radius of
d) core (r) for different profile parameters
e) Acceptance Angle (θa) for given value of radius
f) Where 0 < r <= a , ∆ = refractive index difference

03 Calculate for Step Index Fiber( Using Matlab):

a) Numerical aperture
b) Acceptance angle
c) Solid acceptance angle
d) Propagation constant

04 Calculate for Step Index Fiber( Using Matlab):

a) Propagation constant (𝛽)
b) Normalized propagation constant (b)
c) V number (V)
d) Check whether the fiber is single or multi-mode
e) Graph between normalized propagation constant and V number
f) Cut-off wavelength (𝝀c)
g) Number of modes traveling in the fiber (Ms)

05 To study and analyze FDM using MATLAB

06 To study and analyze TDM using MATLAB

Experiment no: 01
Name of the experiment: Calculate for Graded Index Fibers
(using MATLAB):
a) Numerical aperture (NA)
c) V number (V)
d) Check whether the fiber is single mode or multi mode.
e) Graph between V number and wavelength (λ)
f) Cut off wavelength (λc)
g) Number of modes traveling in fiber (Ms)

Solved:
Experimental table:
Input Boundary limits for Formula Expected Units
inputs output

NA n1 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (n12 - n22 )1/ 2
and and 0.14 to unit
n2 n1 > n2 0.20 less

V (a 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (2πa/λ)[(n12 - n22)1/ 2 0 to 12 unit

and and or and less
λ and n1 > n2 and (2πa/λ)*NA V<=2.405
n1 and
1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm for single
n2) 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 mode
or μm and
(a and V>2.405
NA for
and multimode
λ) fiber

2w a and 0.8< V< 2.5 2a * [0.65+(1.619/ V3/2)+(2.879/ V6)] w<a μm

The Matlab Code:

clc;

clear all;

d=input('diameter of core in micrometer=');

n1=input('index of core=');

n2=input('index of cladding=');

%NA=((n1^2)-(n2^2))^(1/2);

NA = 0.13;

d=d*1000;% convert diameter micrometer to nanometer

Lamda = input('operating Wavelength at which number of modes to be calculated in

nanometer=');%800 to 1600 nanometer

Vnumber = pi*d*NA/Lamda;

disp('Numerical Aperture = ');

disp(NA);

disp('V number = ');

disp(Vnumber);

if Vnumber < 2.405

disp('The fiber is singe-mode');

else

disp('The fiber is multi-mode');

end

MFD = 2*(d/2)*(0.65+(1.619/(Vnumber^(3/2)))+2.879/(Vnumber^6));

MFD = round(MFD);

MFD = MFD/1000;%convert MFD to micrometer

disp('mode field diameter in micrometer = ');

disp(MFD);
Experiment no: 02
Name of the experiment: Calculate for Graded Index
Fibers(using MATLAB):
a) Graphical representation of core refractive index n1[r] w.r.t. radius(a)

of core for different profile parameters.

b) Graphical representation of numerical aperture NA[r] w.r.t. radius of

core (r) for different profile parameters.

c) Acceptance Angle (θa) for given value of radius

Where 0 < r <= a , ∆ = refractive index difference

Solved:

Experimental table:
Input Boundary limits Formula Expected Units
output
for inputs

∆ n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) < 1.5 (n1[0] 2 - n22) / ( 2 n12) 0.001 to 0.10 unit
less
and and

n2 n1[0] > n2

n1[r] n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) < 1.5 n1[0] * (1-2∆(r/a)α)1/2 n1[0] < n1[r] <
n2
and and unit
less
∆ n1[0] > n2

and and

a 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 μm

and and

α 0 < r <= a

1< α < ∞
NA[0] n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) < 1.5 (n1[0]2 - n22)1/ 2 0.14 to 0.20 unit
less
and and

n2 n1[0] > n2

NA[r] NA[0] 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 μm NA[0] * (1-(r/a)α)1/2 unit

less
and and

a 0 < r <= a

θa (n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) < 1.5 Sin-1 [NA[0] *

(1-(r/a)α)1/2]
and and 00 to 250 degree
or
n2 n1[0] > n2
Sin-1(NA[r])
and r)

NA[r]

The Matlab Code:

clc;

clear all;

disp ('fundamentals of graded index fibers');

d = input('enter the diameter of core in micrometer =');

d = d*1000; %converting micrometer to nanometer

n1axis = input ('enter the index at core axis =');

n2 = input ('enter the index of cladding =');

alpha = input ('enter profile parameter =');

r = input ('enter the radius in micrometer at which acceptance angle is to be fined =');

a = d/2;

del = ((n1axis^2)-(n2^2))/(2*(n1axis^2));

NAaxis = (((n1axis) ^2)-(n2^2)) ^ (1/2);

R = [0:1:a];

n1r = n1axis;

NA = NAaxis;

l = a+1;

for i = R (1, 2): R(1,l)

n1r = [n1r, n1axis((1-(2del*((i/a) ^alpha))) ^ (1/2))];

NA = [NA, NAaxis*((1- (i/a) ^alpha) ^ (1/2))];

end

theta = asind (NAaxis*((1- (r/a) ^alpha) ^ (1/2)));

disp ('the value of acceptance angle in degree is =');

disp (theta);

subplot (1, 2, 1);

plot(R, n1r);

title ('refractive index in graded index fiber w.r.t. radius');

xlabel (‘radius (nm) ---->');

ylabel ('refractive index (unitless) ---->');

grid;

subplot (1, 2, 2);

plot(R, NA);

title ('Numerical Aperture in graded index fiber w.r.t. radius');

xlabel (‘radius (nm) ---->');

ylabel ('numerical aperture (unitless) ---->');

grid;
Experiment no: 03
Name of the experiment: Calculate for Step Index Fibers(using
MATLAB):
a)Numerical aperture
b)Acceptance angle
c)Solid acceptance angle
d)Propagation constant

Solved:
Experimental table:
Input Boundary limits for Formula Expected Units
required inputs output

NA n1 and n2 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (n12 - n22 )1/ 2

and 0.14 to 0.20 unit

n1 > n2 less

θa (n1 and n2 ) 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 Sin-1[(n12 - n22)1/ 2]
or
and or 00 to 250 degree
NA
n1 > n2 Sin-1(NA)

Ω (n1 and n2 ) 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 π(n12 - n22)
or
and or
NA
n1 > n2 π(NA)2 radian
or
or
θa
πθa2
β (n1 , n2 ,λ)
1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (2π n1 / λ)Cos(θa)

or and or

(n1 ,θa , λ) n1 > n2 (2π n1 / (2πn1/ λ) < degree/μm
λ)Cos(Sin-1[(n12 -n22)1/2]) β<
and (2πn2 /λ)

1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm

The matlab Code:

clc;

clear all;

disp('fundamental of step index fibers');

n1 = input('enter the index of core =');

n2 = input('enter the index of cladding =');

lamda = input('enter the operating wavelength of fiber in micrometer

=');

NA = ((n1^2)-(n2^2))^(1/2);

disp('numerical aperture of fiber is =');

disp(NA);

theta = asind(NA);

disp('Acceptance angle of fiber in degree is =');

disp(theta);

ohm = pi*(NA^2);

disp('solid acceptance angle of fiber in radian is =');

disp(ohm);

beta = (2*pi*n1/lamda)*cos(theta);

disp('Propagation constant of fiber in degree per micrometer is =');

disp(beta);
Experiment no: 04
Name of the experiment: Calculate for Step Index Fibers(using
MATLAB):

a) Propagation constant (β)

b) Normalized propagation constant (b)
c) V number (V)
d) Check whether the fiber is single mode or multi mode.
e) Graph between normalized propagation constant (b) and V number
f) Cut off wavelength (λc)
g) Number of modes traveling in fiber (Ms)
Solved:
Experimental table:
Input Boundary limits for Formula Expected Units
required inputs output

NA n1 and n2 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (n12 - n22 )1/ 2

and 0.14 to 0.20 unit less

n1 > n2

θ (n1 and n2) 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 Sin-1[(n12 - n22)1/ 2]
a or
and or 00 to 250 degree
NA
n1 > n2 Sin-1(NA)

β (n1 , n2 ,λ)

1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (2π n1 / λ)Cos(θa)

or and or

(n1 ,θa , n1 > n2 (2π n1 / λ)Cos(Sin-1[(n12 -n22)1/2]) (2πn2/λ) degree/μm
λ) < β<
and (2πn1/λ)
1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm
b n1 and
1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 k=2 π / λ 0 to 10 unit less

n2 and
and and

β and n1 > n2 [(β 2/ k2)- n22]/( n12 - n22)

λ and

1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm

and

(2πn2/ λ) < β<

(2πn1 /λ)

V (a and λ 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (2πa/λ)[(n12 - n22)1/ 2 0 to 12 unit less
and n1 and
n2) and or And

or n1 > n2 and (2πa/λ)*NA V<=2.405

for single
(a and NA 1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm mode fiber
and λ) 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 and
μm
V>2.405 for
multimode
fiber

Relation between b b = 1-[{a2(n12k2- β 2)}/ V2 ]

and V

λ (a and Vc 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 Vc=2.405(fixed value) μm

c and n1 and

n2) and and

or n1 > n2 (2πa/Vc)[(n12 - n22)1/ 2

(a and NA and or
and Vc) 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 (2πa/Vc) * NA
μm

Ms V V>=10 V2/2 unit less

The Matlab Code:

%calculation of Vc,cutoff wavelength,MFD and their graphical

representation

clc;

clear all;

d = input('diameter of core in micrometer=');

n1 = input('enter the index of core =');

n2 = input('enter the index of cladding =');

lamda = input('enter the operating wavelength of fiber in micrometer

=');

NA = ((n1^2)-(n2^2))^(1/2);

disp('numerical aperture of fiber is = ');

disp(NA);

theta = asind(NA);

d = d*1000;% convert diameter micrometer to nanometer

a = d/2;%radius of core

k = 2*pi/lamda;

beta = kn1cos(theta);%calculation of propogation constant

disp('propagation constant of fiber is = ');

disp(beta);

b = (((beta^2)/(k^2))-(n2^2))/((n1^2)-(n2^2)); %normalized
propogation constant

disp('Normalized propagation constant of fiber is = ');

disp(b);

Vnumber = pi*d*NA/lamda;

disp('V number = ');

disp(Vnumber);

%find wether fiber is single mode or multi mode

if Vnumber <=2.405

disp('fiber is single mode fiber at given wavelength');

else

disp('fiber is multimode fiber at given wavelength');

end

%graphical representation of V verses normalized propogation

constant(b)

x = [1:1:12];% X-axis b- 1 to 12

y = 1-(((a^2)*(((n1^2)*(k^2))-(beta^2)))/(1^2))

for i = x(1,2):x(1,12)

y = [y,1-(((a^2)*(((n1^2)*(k^2))-(beta^2)))/(i^2))];

end

figure(1);

plot(x,y);

grid;

xlabel('Vnumber(unitless)--->');

ylabel('normalized propogatio constant(b)unitless--->');

%graphical representation of V with wavelength

x1=[800:1:2000];% X-axis wavelength from 100 to 4000 range in

nanometer

y1=[(pi*d*NA)/800];

for j=x1(1,2):x1(1,1201)

k=2*pi/j;

y1=[y1,(k*d*NA/2)];

end

Vc = 2.405;

CutoffWavelength = pi*d*NA/Vc;

CutoffWavelength = round(CutoffWavelength);

disp('cutoff wavlength(nm) = ');

disp(CutoffWavelength);

figure(2);

plot(x1,y1);

hold on

h = stem(CutoffWavelength,Vc,'LineWidth',1);

set(h,'MarkerFaceColor','red');

hold off

annotation('textbox', 'Position',[0.6271 0.7976 0.2021

0.0524], 'FitHeightToText','off','BackgroundColor',[1 0.6431
1], 'String',{sprintf('Cutoff wavelength= %s',...

int2str(CutoffWavelength))});

title('variation of normalized frequency with wavelength in step

index fibers');

xlabel('wavelength(nm)--->');

ylabel('V(unitless)--->');

grid;

Lamda = input('operating Wavelength at which number of modes to be

calculated in nanometer=');

Vnumber = pi*d*NA/Lamda;

disp('V number=');

disp(Vnumber);

annotation('textbox', 'Position',[0.6271 0.6976 0.1021

0.0424], 'FitHeightToText', 'off','BackgroundColor',[1 0.6431
1],'String',{sprintf('Vnumber= %s' ,int2str(Vnumber))})

Ms = (Vnumber^2)/2;

disp('number of modes at operating wavelength=');

Ms = round(Ms);

disp(Ms);
Experiment no: 05
Name of the experiment: To study and analyze FDM using
MATLAB .

Solved:

The Matlab code:

% Design and simulation of Frequency Division Multiplexing in MATLAB
clc;

clear all

close all

samples=1000;

% number of users

nos=3;

% modulating signal frequency in Hz

mfreq=[30 40 50 ];

% carrier frequency allocated to the different users in Hz

cfreq=[ 1800 2100 2400];

% choose frequency deviation

freqdev=10;

% generate modulating signal

t=linspace(0,1000,samples);

parfor i=1:nos

m(i,:)=sin(2*pi*mfreq(1,i)*t)+2*sin(pi*8*t);

end

% Generate the modulated signal

parfor i=1:nos

y(i,:)=fmmod(m(i,:),cfreq(1,i),10*cfreq(1,i),freqdev);

end
% pass the modulated signal through the channel

ch_op=awgn(sum(y),0,'measured');

% demodulate the received signal at the base station

parfor i=1:nos

z(i,:)=fmdemod(y(i,:),cfreq(1,i),10*cfreq(1,i),freqdev);

end

% display the transmitted signal and received signal at the base station

% figure

C = {'k','b','r','g','y',[.5 .6 .7],[.8 .2 .6],[.3 .2 .2]}; % Cell array of colros.

for i=1:nos

figure (1)

hold on

plot(y(i,:),'color',C{i});

xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('Signal from different users combined in the channel');

figure

subplot(3,1,1)

plot(m(i,:)) % modulating signal

xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('modulating Signal from user');

subplot(3,1,2)

plot(y(i,:),'color',C{i}); % modulated signal

xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('modulated Signal from user');

subplot(3,1,3)

plot(z(i,:),'color',C{i}); % demodulated signal

xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('demodulated Signal from user at the base station');

end

figure

plot(ch_op) % combination of all modulated signals passed through the channel

xlabel('time index'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('Signal after passing through the channel');

The output:

Signal 1:
Signal 2:

Signal 3:
Combined Signal:
Experiment no: 06
Name of the experiment: To study and analyze TDM using
MATLAB .

Solved:

The Matlab Code:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
% Signal generation
x=0:.5:4*pi; % siganal taken upto 4pi
sig1=8*sin(x); % generate 1st sinusoidal signal
l=length(sig1);
sig2=8*triang(l); % Generate 2nd traingular Sigal
% Display of Both Signal
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(sig1);
title('Sinusoidal Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(sig2);
title('Triangular Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
% Display of Both Sampled Signal
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(sig1);
title('Sampled Sinusoidal Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(sig2);
title('Sampled Triangular Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
l1=length(sig1);
l2=length(sig2);
for i=1:l1
sig(1,i)=sig1(i); % Making Both row vector to a matrix
sig(2,i)=sig2(i);
end
% TDM of both quantize signal
tdmsig=reshape(sig,1,2*l1);
% Display of TDM Signal
figure
stem(tdmsig);
title('TDM Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
% Demultiplexing of TDM Signal
demux=reshape(tdmsig,2,l1);
for i=1:l1
sig3(i)=demux(1,i); % Converting The matrix into row vectors
sig4(i)=demux(2,i);
end
% display of demultiplexed signal
figure
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(sig3);
title('Recovered Sinusoidal Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(sig4);
title('Recovered Triangular Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

The Output:

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ICT 306 Lab Reports

Uploaded by

ICT 306 Lab Reports

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​INDEX

Experiment Name of the experiment

02 Calculate for Graded Index Fiber( Using Matlab)

03 Calculate for Step Index Fiber( Using Matlab):

04 Calculate for Step Index Fiber( Using Matlab):

05 To study and analyze FDM using MATLAB

06 To study and analyze TDM using MATLAB

V (a 1.4 < (n​1 ,​ n​2​) < 1.5 (2πa/λ)[(n​1​2 ​- n​2​2​)​1/ 2 0 to 12 unit

2w a and 0.8< V< 2.5 2a * [0.65+(1.619/ V​3/2​)+(2.879/ V​6​)] w<a μm

d=input('diameter of core in micrometer=');

d=d*1000;% convert diameter micrometer to nanometer

Lamda = input('operating Wavelength at which number of modes to be calculated in

disp('Numerical Aperture = ');

disp('V number = ');

if Vnumber < 2.405

disp('The fiber is singe-mode');

disp('The fiber is multi-mode');

MFD = MFD/1000;%convert MFD to micrometer

disp('mode field diameter in micrometer = ');

of core for different profile parameters.

b) Graphical representation of numerical aperture NA[r] w.r.t. radius of

core (r) for different profile parameters.

c) Acceptance Angle (θa) for given value of radius

Where 0 < r <= a , ∆ = refractive index difference

n​2 n​1​[0] ​ >​ n​2

a 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 μm

n​2 n​1​[0] ​ ​> n​2

NA[r] NA[0] 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 μm NA[0] * (1-(r/a)​α​)​1/2 unit

θa (n​1​[0] 1.4 < (n​1​[0] , n​2​) < 1.5 Sin​-1​ [NA[0] *

The Matlab Code:

disp ('fundamentals of graded index fibers');

d = input('enter the diameter of core in micrometer =');

d = d*1000; %converting micrometer to nanometer

n1axis = input ('enter the index at core axis =');

n2 = input ('enter the index of cladding =');

NAaxis = (((n1axis) ^2)-(n2^2)) ^ (1/2);

for i = R (1, 2): R(1,l)

n1r = [n1r, n1axis*((1-(2*del*((i/a) ^alpha))) ^ (1/2))];

NA = [NA, NAaxis*((1- (i/a) ^alpha) ^ (1/2))];

theta = asind (NAaxis*((1- (r/a) ^alpha) ^ (1/2)));

disp ('the value of acceptance angle in degree is =');

subplot (1, 2, 1);

title ('refractive index in graded index fiber w.r.t. radius');

xlabel (‘radius (nm) ---->');

ylabel ('refractive index (unitless) ---->');

subplot (1, 2, 2);

title ('Numerical Aperture in graded index fiber w.r.t. radius');

xlabel (‘radius (nm) ---->');

ylabel ('numerical aperture (unitless) ---->');

and 0.14 to 0.20 unit

n​1 >​ n​2 less

1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm

The matlab Code:

disp('fundamental of step index fibers');

n1 = input('enter the index of core =');

n2 = input('enter the index of cladding =');

lamda = input('enter the operating wavelength of fiber in micrometer

disp('numerical aperture of fiber is =');

disp('Acceptance angle of fiber in degree is =');

disp('solid acceptance angle of fiber in radian is =');

disp('Propagation constant of fiber in degree per micrometer is =');

a) Propagation constant (β)

and 0.14 to 0.20 unit less

n​1 >​ n​2

β (n​1 ,​ n​2 ,λ)

1.1μm < λ< 1.7μm

(2πn​2​/ λ) < β<

or n​1 >​ n​2​ and (2πa/λ)*NA V<=2.405

Relation between b b = 1-[{a​2​(n​1​2​k​2​- β​ 2​)}/ V​2 ​]

λ (a and Vc 1.4 < (n​1 ,​ n​2​) < 1.5 Vc=2.405(fixed value) μm

or n​1 ​> n​2 (2πa/Vc)[(n​1​2 ​- n​2​2​)​1/ 2

Ms V V>=10 V​2​/2 unit less

%calculation of Vc,cutoff wavelength,MFD and their graphical

d = input('diameter of core in micrometer=');

n1 = input('enter the index of core =');

n2 = input('enter the index of cladding =');

INDEX

V (a 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 (2πa/λ)[(n12 - n22)1/ 2 0 to 12 unit

2w a and 0.8< V< 2.5 2a * [0.65+(1.619/ V3/2)+(2.879/ V6)] w<a μm

n2 n1[0] > n2

n2 n1[0] > n2

NA[r] NA[0] 0.3 μm < 2a < 25 μm NA[0] * (1-(r/a)α)1/2 unit

θa (n1[0] 1.4 < (n1[0] , n2) < 1.5 Sin-1 [NA[0] *

n1r = [n1r, n1axis((1-(2del*((i/a) ^alpha))) ^ (1/2))];

n1 > n2 less

n1 > n2

β (n1 , n2 ,λ)

(2πn2/ λ) < β<

or n1 > n2 and (2πa/λ)*NA V<=2.405

Relation between b b = 1-[{a2(n12k2- β 2)}/ V2 ]

λ (a and Vc 1.4 < (n1 , n2) < 1.5 Vc=2.405(fixed value) μm

or n1 > n2 (2πa/Vc)[(n12 - n22)1/ 2

Ms V V>=10 V2/2 unit less

beta = kn1cos(theta);%calculation of propogation constant