Digital Image Processing

 What is Digital Image  Examples of fields that Use

Processing (DIP), DIP,
 Computation Processes in - Electromagnetic waves,
DIP, - Gamma-ray imaging,
- Low-level processes, - X-ray imaging,
- Mid-level processes, - visible and infrared bands.
- High-level processes,  Fundamental steps of DIP,
 Origins of DIP, - Image acquisition,
- newspaper industry, - Image enhancement,
- integrated circuits, - Restoration,
- Operating system, - Color Image processing,
- microprocessor, - wavelets and multiresolution,
- Compression,
- Morphological processing,
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 Course Grading Evaluation

 Course Activities (Grading Criteria)

 Class Participation:
 Assignment/Quizzes:
 Semester Project:
 Research Article implementation/ demo:
 Mid Term Exam:
 Final Term Exam:

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Course Books (for Reference)
Digital image processing:
Third Edition
By: Rafael C. Gonzalez and
Richard E. Woods

Principles of Digital Image Processing

Fundamental Techniques

By: Burger, Wilhelm, Burge,

Mark J.
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 Course contents
 Objective and Scope of DIP,  Restoration and Reconstruction,
 Elements of Visual Perception, - Geometric mean filtering,
- Structure of the Human eye,
- Principles of computer tomography,
- Image sensing and acquisition,
 Color image processing,
 Intensity Transformations and - RGB, CMY, CMYK color model,
Spatial Filtering, - color transformation,
- Log Transformation,  Wavelets and multiresolution
- Histogram processing, processing,
- Spatial filtering
- Image pyramids,
 Filtering in the Frequency - Haar transform,
domain,  Image Compression,
- Sampling, Quantization,
- Huffman coding,
- Aliasing, DFT,
- Golomb coding,
 Image Sharpening and  Morphological image processing,
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1. What is Digital Image Processing (1/2)

“ One picture is worth more than ten thousand words.”

 A two-dimensional function, f (x,y):
– where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates and the amplitudes of f at any
pair of coordinates (x,y) is called intensity or gray level of the image at that
point.
– Improvement of pictorial information.
– Finite number of elements.

 Human vision, include learning and being able to make inferences

and take actions based on visual points.
 This area itself is a branch of artificial intelligence whose
objective is to emulate-human intelligence.

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1. What is Digital Image Processing (2/2)

 Elements includes;
– Picture elements.
– Image elements.
– Pels and pixels.

 Image machines cover almost the entire Electromagnetic (EM)

spectrum, ranging from electron to radio waves;
– ultrasound.
– electron microscope,
– computer-generated images.

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2. Computation processes in Image Processing
(1/3)
 Categories into
1) Low-level processes,
– involve primitive operation such as image preprocessing to reduce
noise, contrast enhancement and image sharpening.
Example:
Minimum-Maximum Linear Contrast Stretch :
- minimum and maximum values of the data are assigned to a newly specified set of
values that utilize the full range of available brightness values.
- Important spectral differences can be detetected by stretching the minimum value of
45 to 0 and the maximum value of 120 to 255.

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2. Computation processes in Image Processing
(2/3)
 Categories into
2) Mid-level processed,
- involves tasks such as segmentation.
- This is the process of partitioning a digital
image into multiple segments (sets of pixels, also
known as image objects).

- suitable for computer processing.

Model of a segmented left human femur.

- classification of individual objects.

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2. Computation processes in Image Processing
(3/3)
 Categories into
3) Higher-level processing,
- involves “making sense” of an ensemble of recognition objects, as in
image analysis.

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3. Origins of Digital image processing

 First applications of digital images was

– Newspaper industry when picture were first send by submarine cable
between London and New-York.
 Computer powerful enough to be used for:
(1) inversion of the transistor by Bell Laboratories.
(2) high-level programming language.
(3) the invention of the integrated circuits (IC).
(4) development of operating system.
(5) microprocessor.

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4. Examples of Fields that use Digital image
processing
 Numerous areas of applications,
– Electromagnetic waves:
can be conceptualized as propagating sinusoidal waves of varying
wavelengths.
– Wavelike patterns:
lasers and other radars lights are moving at the speed of light. Each
massless particle contains a certain amount of energy.
- Ranging from Gamma rays (highest energy) at one end to radio waves
(lowest energy).

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5. Energy of one photon for image generation
I. Gamma-Ray Imaging:
- include nuclear medicine and astronomical observation.
- e.g.,. Nuclear medicine, Cygnus exploded.
II. X-rays:
- oldest sources of EM radiation used for imaging.
- medical and industrial imaging.
- X-ray tube, which is a vacuum tube.
Example, in digital radiograpy, digital images are obtained by one of
two methods.
1) Digitized x-ray films.
2) By having x-rays that pass through the patient fall directly onto
devices that convert x-rays to light.
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5.1 Examples: Gama-Ray Imaging

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5.2 Examples: X-Ray Imaging

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5. Energy of one photon for image generation

III. Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band:

- include industrial inspection, microscopy lasers and biological
imaging.
- Fluorescence microscope
example, corn infected by “smut”, a disease of cereals, corn,
grasses and onions that can be caused by any of more than 700
species of parasitic fungi.

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5.3 Examples: Ultraviolet Imaging

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5. Energy of one photon for image generation

IV. Imaging in the visible and infrared bands:

- Electromagnetic spectrum is the most familiar in all our
activities.
Band no. Name Wavelength (um) Characteristics and Uses

1. Visible blue 0.45-0.52 Max. Water Penetration

2. Visible green 0.52-0.60 Measuring plant vigor

3. Visible Red 0.63-0.69 vegetation

4. Near infrared 0.76-0.90 Biomass & Shoreline

mapping
5. Middle infrared 1.55-1.75 Moisture content of soil

6. Thermal infrared 10.4-12.5 Thermal mapping

7. Middle infrared 2.08-2.35 Mineral mapping

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5.4 Examples: Visual and Infrared Imaging

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5. Energy of one photon for image generation

• Major area of visual processing is remote sensing, which usually

includes:

• E.g., primary function of LANDSAT.

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5.5 Examples: Infrared Satellite Imaging

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5. Energy of one photon for image generation

V. Imaging in the Microwave band:

- Dominant application of imaging in the microwave band is
Radar.
- Unique feature of imaging: weather or lighting condition.
- uses an antenna and digital computer processing to record its
images.

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5. Energy of one photon for image generation

V. Imaging in the Radio band:

- Imaging in the radio bank in medicine and astronomy.
- Radio waves are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
- places a patient in a powerful magnet and passes radiowaves
through his/her body in short pulses.
- Each pulses causes a responding pulse of radio waves.

- its originate signals and their strength are determined by a

computer, which produces a 2-D picture of the section of the patient.

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5.6 Example of Radar Image

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5.7 Examples: MRI (Radio Band)

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5.8 Examples: Ultrasound Imaging

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6. Fundamentals Steps in the Digital Image
Processing:
Following are the fundamental of DIO as:

1) Image Acquisition :
2) Image Enhancement:
3) Image Restoration:
4) Color Image Processing:
5) Compression
6) Morphological Processing:
7) Segmentation:
8) Representation &
Description:
9) Recognition:

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7. Components of an Image Processing System
 Sensitive to the energy radiated by the object, we wish to image.
 The second, called a digitizer;
- is a device for converting the output of the physical sensing device into digital
form.
For instance; in a digital video camera, the sensors produce an electrical output
proportional to light intensity.

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7. Components of an Image Processing System
Overall flow of image processing network:
network

Image Displays Computer Mass Storage

Hardcopy Specialized image Image processing

processing hardware software

Image
Sensors
Problem domain
7. Components of an Image Processing System
Specialized image processing hardware:
 consists of the digitizer, plus hardware
that performs other primitive
operations such as;
- arithmetic logic unit (ALU), that
perform arithmetic or logical operations
in parallel on entire image.
- storage, capacity is a must factor in
image processing application, where
image size = 1024x1024
Intensity of each pixel = 8-bits

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7. Components of an Image Processing System
Specialized image processing hardware: Specialized image processing hardware:
- Digital storage for image processing  Image display, is use today are;
applications falls into 3 principal - mainly color TV monitors,
categories; - Monitors are driven by the outputs
(1) Short-term storage : of image and graphics display card that
- use during processing. are an integral part of the computer
(2) On-line storage : system.
- use relatively fast recall.
(3) Archival storage :  Hardcopy, devices for recording
images include laser printers, film
- characterized by infrequent access.
cameras, heat-sensitive device and
Storage is measured in bytes, Kbytes,
digital unit such as optical and CD-
Mbytes, Gbytes and Tbytes.
ROM disks.

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