MICROWAVE ENGNEERING

Chapter 3
Scattering Parameters

Dung Trinh, PhD

Department of Telecommunications
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology 1
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 Chapter 3: Scattering Parameterers
Outline
1. Introduction
2. S Parameter Definition and Calculation
3. S Matrix Properties
4. S Parameter and Time Average Power
5. Generalized Parameters
6. Matrix conversion

2
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 1. Introduction
Review of [Z], [Y], [H], [ABCD] matrixs
I1 VN
Port 1 V1 Port N
IN

N-Port
Network
I2
Port j
Port 2 Ij Vj
V2

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 1. Introduction
Review of [Z], [Y], [H], [ABCD] matrixs

[Z] Matrix [Y] Matrix

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 1. Introduction
Review of [Z], [Y], [H], [ABCD] matrixs
[ABCD] Matrix

V1  AV2  BI 2 V1   A B  V2 

V1 I1 V1 I1
A C B D
V2 V2 I 2 0
I2 V2  0 I2
I2 0 V2  0

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 1. Introduction
Review of [Z], [Y], [H], [ABCD] matrixs

[ABCD] Matrix

I1 I1a I 2a I1b I 2b I2

2-port 2-port
V1 V1a V2a V1b V2b V2
Network Network

A B  A B  A B 
C D   C D  . 
   a  C D b

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 1. Introduction
[Z],[Y] or [ABCB] are not preferred to use for microwave networks
 Open and short conditions are difficult to achieve at microwave –> error in
measurement
 Open and short terminations may make active circuits unstable (oscillation)  error or
cannot meas.
 Microwave circuit analysis and design are based on the transmission & reflection of
waves. [Z] or [Y] do not reflect these natures.
 Impedance and admittance matrices relate the total voltages and currents at the ports.

At microwave regime: Voltages, currents and power are represented in term of incident
and reflect qualities.
S-parameters matrix, defined in terms of traveling waves, is used instead.
The scattering matrix represents the relation between the voltage incident waves on the
ports to voltage reflected wave from the ports.
S-parameters are measured with matched loads rather than open- or short-circuits.
At microwave frequencies, matched loads are relatively easy to realize.
S-parameters are measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA).

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 1. Introduction

Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)

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 1. Introduction

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 S-Parameter Definition

 V+n is the incident voltage wave on port n

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 S-Parameter Definition
Example: Find [S]

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 S-Parameter Definition
S-parameter Meanings ?

0.8  600 0.1  1200 

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 S-Parameter Definition

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 S-Parameter Definition

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 S Matrix Properties

Reciprocal Networks

Scattering matrices are symmetric for reciprocal networks

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 S Matrix Properties

Lossless Networks
If the network is lossless, no real power can be delivered to the
network

represents the total incident power

represents the total reflected power

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 S Matrix Properties

Lossless Networks

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 S Matrix Properties
Lossless Networks
If a network is lossless

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 S Matrix Properties

, for i=j

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 S Matrix Properties

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 S Matrix Properties
Example

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 S Matrix Properties

Example

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 S Matrix Properties
Example

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 S Matrix Properties

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 S Matrix Properties

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 An important point to understand about scattering parameters is that the eflection
coefficient looking into port n is not equal to Snn unless all other ports are 30
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 S Parameter and Time Average Power

Assume L=0 !

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 S Parameter and Time Average Power

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 S Parameter and Time Average Power

Input Return Loss

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 S Parameter and Time Average Power

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 S Parameter and Time Average Power

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 S Parameter and Time Average Power

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 Generalized Parameters

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 Generalized Parameters

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 Generalized Parameters

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 Generalized Parameters

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 Generalized Parameters

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 Generalized Parameters

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 Generalized Parameters
Example: Find [S] with different Zo at ports
Z
Port 1 Port 2

Z1

Port 1 Z2 Port 2

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 S-Parameter Conversion
[S] vs. [Z]

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 S-Parameter Conversion
[S] vs. [Y]

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 S-Parameter Conversion
[S] vs. [ABCD]

AZ 02  B  CZ 01Z 02  DZ 01
S11 
AZ 02  B  CZ 01Z 02  DZ 01
A  (1  S11  S 22  S ) Z 01 / Z 02 / 2S 21
2( AD  BC ) Z 01Z 02
B  (1  S11  S 22  S ) Z 01.Z 02 / 2S 21 S12 
AZ 02  B  CZ 01Z 02  DZ 01
C  (1  S11  S 22  S ) / 2 S 21 Z 01.Z 02 2 Z 01Z 02
S 21 
D  (1  S11  S 22  S ) Z 02 / Z 01 / 2 S 21 AZ 02  B  CZ 01Z 02  DZ 01
S  S11S12  S12 S21  AZ 02  B  CZ 01Z 02  DZ 01
S 22 
AZ 02  B  CZ 01Z 02  DZ 01

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