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com

ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 16

DIFFERENTIATION

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CHAPTER 9 : DIFFERENTIATION

ContentS
Concept Map 2

9.1 First Derivative for Polynomial Function 3

Test Yourself 1 3

9.2 First Derivative of a Product

of Two Polynomials 4

Test Yourself 2 5

9.3 First Derivative of a Quotient

of Two Polynomials 6

Test Yourself 3 7

9.4 First Derivative of a Composite Function 8

Test Yourself 4 9

SPM Question 10

Assessment 11 – 12

Answer 13

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DIFFERENTIATION TECHNIQUES

yk

dy dy du
dy
  
dx dx du dx

y  ax n y  uv

dy dy
 
dx dx

u
y
v

dy

dx

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9.1 First Derivative for Polynomial Function

dy
1. If y  k , where k is a constant, then  Maths Tip
dx
To differentiate means
dy dy
2. If y  ax n , then  to find or f ' ( x)
dx dx

TEST YOURSELF 1

1. y = 10 2. y = x 5
dy dy
= =
dx dx

3. f (x) = -2 x 3 7
4. y = Always change
f ‘(x)= x a fractional
dy function to the
= negative index
dx
before finding
differentiation

1 6. y  4 x 2  x
5. f ( x)  
3x 3 dy
f ‘(x)= =
dx

d  2 1 8. y  x(3 x  2)

7.  2 x  2  5x  
dx  x  dy

dx

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9. Given y  3x 2  4 x , find the value of

dy
dx
 
10. Given f ( x)  x 1  x 2 , find the value of
f ' (0) and f ' (1).
when x =2.

9.2 First Derivative of a Product of Two Polynomials

If y  uv, where u and v are both functions of x ,

dy dv du
then u v
dx dx dx

Example :

 
Given that y  2 x 2  2 x 2  3 , find  dy
dx
.

Solution : left right


y  2x 2  2  x 2
3 
dy
dx
  
= 2 x 2  2 2 x   x 2  3 4 x  
Keep Diff. Keep Diff.
Left right right left

= 4 x 3  4 x  4 x 3  12 x

= 8x 3  8x

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TEST YOURSELF 2


1. y   x  1 x 2  x  2  2.
d
  
3x 2  1 4 x 3  2 x =
dy dx
=
dx

 
3. Given y  x 2  1 3x  4 . Find
dy
when  
4. Given a curve f  x    x  1 2 x 2  x ,
dx find
x= -1. a) f '(x),
b) the value of f ' (2)

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9.3 First Derivative of a Quotient of Two Polynomials

du dv
v u
u dy dx dx
If y  , then  2
v dx v

top
Example:
2x 2  5
If f ( x)  , find f’(x)
3x  1

bottom

Solution:
 keep  diff   keep  diff 
    
 bottom  top   top  bottom 
f ( x) 
bottom 2


3x  14 x   2 x 2  53
3x  12

12 x 2  4 x  6 x 2  15
=
3x  12

6 x 2  4 x  15
=
3x  12

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TEST YOURSELF 3

3x 2 x2  x  2
1. y  2. y 
x2 x2 1
dy dy
= 
dx dx

1  5x 2 x 1
3. Given f ( x)  . Find the value of 4. Given f  x   , find the value of x
1 x2 x 1
f '(−2). 1
when f '(x) =  .
2

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9.4 First Derivative of a Composite Function

dy dy du dy du
  , where  f ' (u ) and  g ' ( x)
i) Using the chain rule dx du dx du dx

y  ax  b  ,  nax  b   (a )
n dy n 1
ii) Using the formula dx

Example :

Given that y  23 x  5 , find

4 dy
.
dx

Solution :

Using the chain rule Using the formula

u = 3x – 5, then y  2u 4 y  23 x  5
4
Let
du dy
Therefore,  3 and  8u 3 2x4
Power is reduced by 1
dx du
Hence,
 8 3x  5 3
dy 3
dy dy du
  dx
dx du dx

The function in The function in

 8u 3  3 the brackets is the brackets is
kept differentiated.
Substitute
 24u 3 u=3x - 5

 243 x  5
3

 24 3 x  5
3

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TEST YOURSELF 4


1. y  x 2  3x 4
2.  
y  3 2x2  3 .
5

dy dy
= =
dx dx

1 4. Given y  3 p 2 and p = 2x – 1.
3. y =
5 x  34 dy
Find in terms of x.
dy dx
=
dx

5. Differentiate x 4 3  2 x  with respect

7
 2
6. Given that f ( x)  x 2 x 2  3 , find
to x. the value of f ' when x  1.

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SPM QUESTION

SPM 2004 (Paper 1 – Question 20)

3 x 2 2 x  5 with respect to x.
4
Differentiate
[3 marks]

Solution:

SPM 2002 (Paper 2 )

p  1  t   t 2 . Find
1 dp dp
  1.
3
Given and hence, find the values of t when
2 dt dt
[5 marks]
Solution :

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ASSESSMENT ( 30 minutes)

1 dy
1. y  5x   2, find .
x dx

3 dy
2. y 2
, find .
4x dx

d  x2  x 
3. Find  .
dx  x 2 

y  4 x  33 x  5 ,find
dy
4. If .
dx

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2x  1 dy
5. If y  ,find .
3x  2 dx

6.  
6
If f ( x)  x 3  2 ,find f ' ( x)

dy
7. If y  2 x 3  5 x 2  9 x  8 , find the value of when x  1 .
dx

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ANSWER

Test Yourself 1 Test Yourself 2

1. 0 1. 3x2  1
2. 5x 4 2. 60x 4  6 x 2  2
3.  6x 2 3. 2
7 4. a) 6 x 2  6 x  1
4.
x2 b) 13
1
5. Test Yourself 3
x4
6. 8x  1 3 x 2  12 x
1.
7. 4x 
2
5 x  2 2
x3 -x 2  6 x  1
6x  2 2.
8.
x 2
1 2

9. 8
16
10. 1, 4 3.
9
4. x  3 , 1

Test Yourself 4 Assessment

1. 
42 x  3 x 2  3x 
3
1. 5
1
x2
2. 
60 x 2 x 2  3 
4

2.
3
20 2x3
3. 
5 x  35 3.
1
4. 24 x  12 x2
2 x  11
2 x 3 11x  63  2 x 
6 4.
5.
7
6.  48 5.
3x  22
SPM Question 6. 
18 x 2 x 3  2 
5

6 x6 x  52 x  5
3
1. 7. 7
1
2. t  2,
3

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ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 17

DIFFERENTIATION

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CHAPTER 9

CONTENTS PAGE

9.1 Gradient of a tangent and a normal at a point 1-2

on a curve .

9.2 Equations of a tangent and normal to a curve. 3-4

9.3 Second derivative of y=f(x) 5-6

9.4 Turning point (minimum and maximum 7-8

point)

SPM Questions 9

Assessment 10-11

Answers 12

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CHAPTER 9 : Differentiation

Learning Outcomes: 2.7 Determine the gradient of a tangent at a point on a

curve.
2.8 Determine the equation of tangent at a point on a
curve.
2.9 Determine the equation of normal at a point on a
curve.
3.1 Determine coordinates of turning point on a curve
3.2 Determine whether a turning point is a maximum or
minimum point.

9.1 GRADIENT OF A TANGENT AND A NORMAL AT A POINT ON A

CURVE

y=f(x)

tangent

mT
Gradient
dy
mT m N  1 mN mT 
dx

Gradient Normal
1
mN 
mT

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Example: Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y  2 x3  3 x 2  7 x  5

at the point (-2,5)

Solution: y  2 x 3  3x 2  7 x  5
dy
 6x 2  6x  7
dx
At point (-2,5), x=-2
Hence, the gradient at the point (-2,5)
dy

dx
 6x 2  6x  7
 6(2) 2  6(2)  7
5

TEST YOURSELF(1)

1. Given that the equation of a 2. Find the gradient of the tangent,

parabola is y  1  4 x  2 x 2 to the curve y   x  2 x  3
dy
Find the gradient of the tangent to dx
the curve at the point (-1,-3) at the point (3,6)

3. Given that the gradient of the 4

tangent at point P on the curve 4. Given f ( x)  x  and the
x2
y  2 x  5 is – 4, find the
2
gradient of tangent is 28. Find the
coordinates the point P. value of x.

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9.2 EQUATIONS OF A TANGENT AND NORMAL TO A CURVE

y=f(x) dy
y mT 
dx
tangent
Equation :
y  y1  mT  x  x1 

1
mN  
P(x,y) mT
Equation :
normal
y  y1  m N  x  x1 
x

Example: Example:
Find the equation of the tangent at Find the equation of the normal at
the point (2,7) on the curve the point (2,7) on the curve
y  3x 2  5 y  3x 2  5
Solution: Solution:
y  3x  5
2
y  3x 2  5
dy dy
 6x  6x
dx dx
dy dy
when x  2,  6(2)  12 when x  2,  6(2)  12
dx dx

Gradient of tangent, m T =12 1

Gradient of normal, m N  
Equation of tangent is 12
y  y1  mT  x  x1  Equation of normal is
y  7  12 x  2  y  y1  m N  x  x1 
y  7  12 x  24 y7  
1
x  2
y  12x  17  0 12
12 y  84  1( x  2)
12y  x - 86  0

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TEST YOURSELF(2)

1. Find the equation of the tangent at 2. Find the equation of the tangent
the point (1,9) on the curve to the curve y  2 x  1 x  1
y  2 x  5
2
at the point where its x-coordinate
is -1.

3. Find the equation of the normal 4. Find the gradient of the curve
to the curve y  2 x 2  3x  2 at 4
y at the point (-2,-4)
the point where its x-coordinate 2x  3
is 2. and hence determine the equation
of the normal passing through that
point.

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9.3 Second derivative of y=f(x)

y  f (x)

dy First derivative
f '(x) or
dx

d2y
f ″(x) or Second derivative
dx 2

Example
 
5
Given that f ( x)  3  2 x 2 ,find f”(x) and f”(1)
Solution:
f ( x)  3  2 x 
5

   4 x 
f ( x)  5 3  2 x 2
4

 -20x3 - 2x  2 4

 3
f " ( x)  20(3  2 x 2 ) 4  4 3  2 x 2 (4 x)(20 x)

 20 3 - 2x 2   (3  2 x )  16 x
3 2 2

 20(3 - 2x 2 ) 18 x  3
3 2

 60(3 - 2x 2 ) 3 (6x 2 - 1)
f " (1)  60(1)(5)
 300

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TEST YOURSELF(3)
1. Given that y  2 x 3  4 x 2  6 x  3 , 2. Given that f ( x)  2 x 2 40  3 x  ,
d2y find f ”(x)
find
dx 2

3. Given that f ( x)  (4 x  1) 5 , 4.  2
Given that s  3 t 2  1 ,calculate
find f ”(0) d 2s 1
the value of 2
when t=
dt 2

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9.4 Turning Point (Minimum and Maximum Point)

dy
0
Turning dx
point Maximum point

dy
0
dx
Minimum point
Example :
Find the turning points of the curve y  2 x 3  12 x 2  18 x  3 and determine
whether each of them is a maximum or a minimum point.
Solution:
y  2 x 3  12 x  18 x  3
2

dy

dx

dy
At turning points, 0
dx
6 x 2  24 x  8  0
x 2  4x  3  0
x  1x  3  0
x  1 or x  3
Substitute values of x into y  2 x 3  12 x 2  18 x  3
When x=1 , y  2(1) 3  12(1) 2  8(1)  3  11
When x=3 , y  2(3) 3  12(3) 2  8(1)  3  3
Thus the coordinates of the turning points are and
d2y
 12 x  24
dx 2
d2y
When x=1 , dx 2  12(1)  24  12  0 ,

Thus (1,11) is the point

2
When x=3, d 2y  12(3)  24  6  0
dx
Thus , (3,3) is the point

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TEST YOURSELF(4)

1. 
Find the coordinates of two turning points on the curve y  x x 2  3

2. Determine the coordinates of the minimum point of y  x 2  4 x  4

2 3
3. y x  2 x 2  5 is an equation of a curve. Find the coordinates of the
3
turning points of the curve and determine whether each of the turning point
is a maximum or minimum point.

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SPM QUESTIONS:

1. SPM 2005 (Paper 1, No 19)

1
Given that h( x)  , evaluate h ″(1) [ 4 marks]
3 x  52

2. SPM 2003(Paper 1, No 15)

Given that y=14x(5-x),calculate

a) the value of x when y is a maximum
b) the maximum value of y [3 marks]

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ASSESSMENT:

d2y
If y  2 x  3 , find
4
1.
dx 2

2. Find the gradient of the curve y  3 x  1 x  1 at the point where its
1
x-coordinates is
2

d2y
  x  1  y  8
dy
3. Given that y  x 2  2 x  7 ,find the value of x if x 2 2
dx dx

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Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y  3 x  5 where the gradient
2
4
of its tangent is 6.

5
5. Find the gradient function of the curve f ( x)  .Hence obtain the equation of
3x  2
normal to the curve at the point which x-coordinate is -1.

6. A curve has a gradient function px 2  5 x ,where p is a constant. The tangent to the

curve at point (1,4) is parallel to a straight line y  3 x  1  0 .Find the
value of p

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ANSWERS

TEST YOURSELF (1) TEST YOURSELF(2)

1. 8
2. 7 1. y+12x-21=0
3. P= (2,1) 2. y+3x+3=0
2 3. 5y+x-22=0
4. x= 4. Gradient = -8
3
8y-x+30=0

TEST YOURSELF(3) TEST YOURSELF(4)

1. 12x + 8
2. 160-36x 1. (1,-2) and (-1,2)
3 -320 2. The minimum point is (2,0)
4. -3 23
3. Turning points are (2,  ) and
3
(0,-5)
(0,-5) is a maximum point
23
(2,  ) is a minimum point
3

SPM QUESTIONS: ASSESSMENT:

1.  482 x  3
2
27
1.
8
5 175 2. -1
2. a) x  , b) y 
2 2
3
3. x  ,1
5
4. ( 2,1)

 15
5. y  , 3y=5x +2
3x  22
6. p = 2

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ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 18

DIFFERENTIATION

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CHAPTER 9 : DIFFERENTIATION

Content page

Concept Map 2

9.1 Rates of Change 3

Test Yourself 1 4–5

9.2 Small Changes and Approximations 6–7

Test Yourself 2 8–9

SPM Question 10 – 11

Assessment 12 – 14

Answer 15

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APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION

Rate of change Small changes

dv dv dx dy
  y   x
dt dx dt dx

Maximum and Approximation

minimum values

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9.1 Rates of Change

dy dy dx dy
If y = f (x) and x = g(t), then using the chain rule   , where is the
dt dx dt dt
dx
rate of change of y and is the rate of change of x.
dt

Sharpen Your Skills

h cm
h cm 9 cm
h cm
9 cm
9 cm
The above figure shows a cube of volume Rate of change of the volume of water,
729 cm³. If the water level in the cube, h
cm, is increasing at the rate of 0.8 cm s 1 , dV dV dh
  Chain rule
find the rate of increase of the volume of dt dh dt
water. dh =rate of increace of
 81  0.8 dt
Solution : the water level
1
V = 9 x 9 x h = 81h = 0.8 cm s
Let each side of the cube be x cm. dV =81
dh
Volume of the cube = 729 cm³
 64.8 cm 3 s 1
x³ = 729
Hence, the rate of increase of the volume of
x = 9
water is 64.8 cm³ s 1 .

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TEST YOURSELF 1

1. A spherical air bubble is formed at the base of a pond. When the bubble moves to the
surface of the water, it expands. If the radius of the bubble is expanding at the rate of
0.05 cm s 1 , find the rate at which the volume of the bubble is increasing when its
radius is 2 cm.

Answer :

2. If the radius of a circle is decreasing at the rate of 0.2 cm s 1 , find the rate of decrease
of the area of the circle when its radius is 3 cm.

Answer :

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4 cm
3.

20 cm
h cm

The above figure shows an inverted cone with a height of 20 cm and a base-radius of
4 cm. Water is poured into the cone at the rate of 5 cm³ s 1 but at the same time,
water is dripping out from the cone due to a leakage a the rate of 1 cm³ s 1 .
(a) If the height and volume of the water at time t s are h cm and V cm³
1
respectively, show that V  h 3 .
75
(b) Find he rate of increase of the water level in the cone at the moment the water
level is 12 cm.

Answer :

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9.2 Small Changes and Approximations

Small Changes Approximate Value

y dy dy
  y   x
x dx dx y new  y original  y
where y  small change in y dy
 y original   x
x  small change in x dx

Sharpen Your Skills

The height of a cylinder is three times its Approximate change in the total surface
radius. Calculate the approximate area is A
increase in the total surface area of the
cylinder if its radius increases from 7 cm A dA
to 7.05 cm. 
r dr A  8 r 2
dA
Solution : A   r dA
 16r
dr dr

 16r  7.05  7 New r (7.05)

Minus old r(7)

 16 7  0.05

Substitute r with the
old value of r, i.e. 7
 5.6 cm2

Let the total surface area of the cylinder

be A cm². Hence, the approximate increase in the total
surface area of the cylinder is 5.6π cm² .
A = Sum of areas of the top and bottom
circular surface + Area of the curved
surface.

A  2r 2  2rh
 2r 2  2r 3r  It is given that
h=3r
 8r 2

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Sharpen Your Skills

4
Given that y  , calculate the value of
4  5
 5    2.03  2
x5 4
dy 2.03 2  16 
5
if x = 2. Hence estimate the values of
dx
4 4 x new  2.03
(a ) (b)
2.03 5
1.98 5 4 3 x original  2
 
32 320
Solution :
 0.116525
4
y  5  4 x 5
x
dy 20
 20 x  6   6 (b) y new  y original  y
dx x dy
dy 20 5 y new  y original   x
When x  2,  6  dx
dx x 16

4  5
 5    1.98  2 
4
(a) y new  y original  y
1.98 5
2  16 
dy
 y original   x
dx x new  1.98
4 1
  xoriginal  2
32 160

 0.13125

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TEST YOURSELF 2

20
1. It is given that y  . Find the approximate change in x when y increases from
2 x
40 to 40.5.

5 dy
2. Given that y  3
, find the value of when x = 4. Hence, estimate the value of
x dx
5 5
(a) (b)
4.023 3.993

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3. A cube has side of 6 cm. If each of the side of the cube decreases by 0.1 cm, find the
approximate decrease in the total surface area of the cube.

4. The volume of a sphere increases from 288  cm 3 to 290  cm 3 . Calculate the

approximate increase in its radius.

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SPM QUESTION

SPM 2003 (Paper 1 – Question 16)

Given that y  x 2  5 x, use differentiation to find the small change in y when x increases
from 3 to 3.01.
[3 marks]

Solution:

SPM 2004 (Paper 1 – Question 21)

2
Two variables, x and y, are related by the equation y  3 x  .
x
Given that y increase at a constant rate of 4 units per second, find the rate of change of x
when x =2.
[3 marks]

Solution :

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SPM 2005 (Paper 1 – Question 20)

1 3
The volume of water , V cm³, in a container is given by V  h  8h, where h cm is the
3
height of the water in the container. Water is poured into the container at the rate of
10 cm 3 s -1 . Find the rate of change of the height of water, in cm 3 s -1 , at the instant when its
height is 2 cm.
[3 marks]

Solution :

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ASSESSMENT

4
1. Given v   r 3 . Use the differentiation method to find the small change in v
3
when r increases from 3 to 3.01.

Answer :

27 dy
2. Given y  3
. Find the value of when x = 3.
x dx
27
Hence, estimate the value of .
3.03 3

Answer :

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3. Diagram 1 shows a conical container with a diameter of 60 cm and height of 40 cm.

Water is poured into the container at a constant rate of 1 000 cm 3 s -1 .
60 cm

40 cm
Water

Diagram 1

Calculate the rate of change of the radius of the water level at the instant when the
1
radius of the water is 6 cm. (Use π = 3.142; volume of cone  r 2 h )
3

Answer :

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4.
V
4x cm

E H

F G

D C
6x cm
A 6x cm B
The above diagram shows a solid which consists of a cuboid with a square base of
side 6x cm, surmounted by a pyramid of height 4x cm. The volume of the cuboid is
5832 cm³.

(a) Show that the total surface area of the solid, A cm², is given by
3888
A  96 x 2  .
x
(b) If the value of x increasing at the rate 0.08 cm s -1 , find the rate of increase of
the total surface area of the solid at the instant x = 4.

Answer :

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ANSWER

Test Yourself 1 Test Yourself 2

1. 0.8 cm3 s 1 1. 0.005

dy 15
2.
dA
 1.2 2. 
dt dx 256
(a) 0.07695
(b) 0.07871
dh 25
3.  cms 1
dt 36 3. -7.2 cm²

1
4. cm
72

SPM Question Assessment

1. 0.11 1. 0.36π

dx 8 dy
2.  units 1 2.  1, 0.97
dt 5 dx

3.
dh
 0.8333cms 1
3. 6.631 cm s 1
dt
4. (b) 42 cm 2 s 1

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