Introduction

1. Which of the following points do not reflect statistics?

a. It describes ways of analyzing qualitative data
b. It is a while subject of study
c. It describes methods for analyzing quantitative data
d. They can be descriptive
e. They can be inferential
f. It describes methods of collecting, quantitative data
2. What is the first stage in statistics?
a. Summarize data
b. Review the materials
c. Collect data
d. Identify the group of people to be studied
e. Organize data
f. Analyze data
3. Why must you review the materials produced using statistics?
a. To organize data
b. To prove something is true
c. None of these
d. To draw conclusions and attempt to answer the researcher's question/hypothesis
e. To identify the group to be studied
f. To collect the data in an appropriate way
4. How do statistics inform the reader of the central message?
a. By providing insights into how people construct meaning through discourse
b. None of these
c. Summarizing and creating meaning from aggregated data
d. They don't inform the reader
e. By saying what is true
f. By saying what is false

5. Which of these measures can be used to present an average for data?

a. Alpha, mean and mode
b. Mode, alpha, range
c. Standard deviation, range and mean
d. Mean, median and mode
e. Median, range, normal distribution
f. Mean, beta and normal distribution

6. What term is given to the variable which is being measured?

a. Participant demographic
b. Dependent variable
c. Independent variable
 d. Quantitative variable
e. Qualitative variable
f. All of these
7. What term is given to the variable which is manipulated?
a. Dependent variable
b. Pseudo dependent variable
c. Interim variable
d. Experimenter variable
e. Participant variable
f. Independent variable
8. What must data be for parametric testing?
a. Normally distributed
b. Not skewed
c. Free from extreme scores
d. Homogeneous
e. All of these
f. At least interval level
9. Which of the following is not a descriptive statistic?
a. Consumers spent $1.2 billion on smartphones last year.
b. Smoking increases your chance of dying of lung cancer by 37%.
c. The average median income of a 25 year old American male is $22,000 per annum.
d. In 2011, 91% of workplace fatalities happened to men.
10. A researcher is looking at the effect of heat upon the ability to recall items in a list. What is the
dependent variable?
a. The ability to recall items in a list.
b. The varying level of heat.
c. The control group.
d. The size of the study sample.
11. A researcher is interested in the effects of loud music on learning. A group of 30 students is
selected to participate in a research study. The group of students is...?
a. The sample.
b. The independent variable.
c. The standard deviation.
d. The population.
12. A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the study habits of American college
students. Based on the set of 56 surveys that were completed and returned, the researcher
finds that these students spend an average of 4.1 hours each week working on course material
outside of class. For this study, the average of 4.1 hours is an example of a(n) ________.
a. statistic
b. population
c. sample
d. parameter
13. Although a research study is typically conducted with a relatively small group of participants
known as a ________, most researchers hope to generalize their results to a much larger group
known as a ________.
a. parameter, population
b. population, sample
c. statistic, sample
d. sample, population
14. Statistical methods that use sample data to answer general questions about a population are
called ________.
a. inferential statistics
b. descriptive statistics
c. parameters
d. statistics
15. The average score for an entire population is an example of a ________.
a. variable
b. constant
c. parameter
d. statistic
16. In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the ________ variable to create treatment
conditions and measures the ________ variable for a group of individuals in each condition.
a. population, sample
b. independent, dependent
c. sample, population
d. dependent, independent
17. Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?
a. The gender of each student in a psychology class.
b. The number of males in each class offered by the college.
c. The number of children in a family.
d. The amount of time to solve a problem.
18. A statistics professor surveys the students in her class and finds that 20% are sophomores and
45% are juniors. This is an example of:
a. inferential statistics.
b. secondary data.
c. descriptive statistics.
d. nominal data.
19. Fill in the missing words to the quote: “Statistical methods may be described as methods for
drawing conclusions about ........... based on .............. computed from the ........................”
a. statistics, samples, populations
b. populations, parameters, samples
c. statistics, parameters, samples
d. parameters, statistics, populations
e. populations, statistics, samples
20. Consider the following statement concerned with the collection of data, and determine the best
selection of terms to complete the statement: “The entire group of objects or people about
which information is wanted is called the..................... . Individual members are called................
The .......................is the part that is actually examined in order to gather information.”
a. population, explanatory variables, subgroup
b. whole, items of interest, stratum
c. response group, respondents, nonresponse group
d. sample, units, target population
e. population, units, sample

Levels of Measurement
21. Using letter grades (A, B, C, D, and E) to classify student performance on an exam is an example
of measurement on a(n) ________ scale of measurement.
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. ratio
d. interval
22. Which of the following is an example of a measurement on a ratio scale?
a. Reaction time.
b. Position in a race.
c. Class rank.
d. A golf score - 7 above par.
23. A researcher rates subjects for stress on a scale of 0 to 10. What is the level of measurement?
a. Interval.
b. Ordinal.
c. Ratio.
d. Nominal.
24. The mode is the most appropriate measure of central tendency for which one of the following
levels of measurement?
a. Ordinal.
b. Nominal.
c. Radio.
d. Interval
25. Which of the following is a level of measurement?
a. Interval.
b. Continuous.
c. Discrete.
d. Kilogram.
26. What name is given to data which is made up of frequencies?
a. Ratio data
 b. Ordinal data
c. Interval data
d. Normally distributed data
e. Categorical data
f. None of these
27. What name is given to data which can be ranked?
a. Ordinal data
b. Ratio data
c. Categorical data
d. Negatively skewed data
e. Positively skewed data
f. Interval data
28. What name is given to data which is on a continuous scale with a neutral zero?
a. Ratio data
b. Ordinal data
c. Ranked data
d. Skewed data
e. Interval data
f. Categorical data
29. In an experiment to determine if antibiotics increase the final dressed weight of cattle, the
following were measured on each animal in the study: sex, initial weight, weight gain, grade of
meat. where grade is recorded as (A, B, or C). The scale of measurement of these variable are:
a. Nominal, ratio, interval, nominal
b. Nominal, ratio, ratio, nominal
c. Nominal, ratio, ratio, ordinal
d. Ordinal, ratio, ratio, ordinal
e. Ordinal, ratio, ratio, nominal

30. In an aquaculture study, the following variables were measured on each fish: sex, initial
weight(g), body temperature (°C), weight gain(g). The scale of these four variables (in order) are:
a. Nominal, ratio, ratio, ratio
b. Nominal, ratio, interval, interval
c. Ordinal, ratio, interval, ratio
d. Nominal, ratio, interval, ratio
e. Ordinal, interval, ratio, interval
31. A study was conducted to investigate the effect of a coal-fire generating plant upon the water
quality of a river. As part of an environmental impact study, fish were captured, tagged, and
released. The following information was recorded for each fish: sex(0=female, 1=male),
length(cm), maturation (0=young, 1=adult), weight(g). The scale of these variables is:
a. nominal, ratio, nominal, ratio
b. nominal, interval, ordinal, ratio
c. nominal, ratio, ordinal, ratio
d. ordinal, ratio, nominal, ratio
e. ordinal, interval, ordinal, ratio
32. As part of a study to investigate the effects of stubble burning, the following variables were
measured at several sites around Winnipeg: pH of soil (to one decimal place, e.g., 6.3); crop
grown (0=wheat, 1=barley, 2=oats, 3=other); amount of stubble (0=light, 1=medium, 2=heavy);
date of final harvesting (eg., 10 Oct 92). The scales of these variables are:
a. interval, ordinal, ratio, ratio
b. interval, nominal, nominal, interval
c. interval, nominal, ordinal, interval
d. ratio, ordinal, ordinal, ratio
e. interval, nominal, ordinal, ratio
33. A consumer confidence researcher asks several retailers to report the number of LCD televisions
sold during a particular month. These numbers most likely represent what level of
measurement?
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
34. A student evaluation of teaching effectiveness for a particular course asks students to respond
to their level of agreement with several statements according to the scale 1 = Strongly Agree, 2
= Agree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Disagree, and 5 = Strongly Disagree. The responses indicate what level
of measurement?
a. interval
b. nominal
c. ordinal
d. ratio
35. A question on a product registration card asks, “How much money do you plan to spend on DVD
movie purchases during the next 6 months?” What type of variable and level of measurement
does your response represent?
a. Discrete variable measured on an ordinal scale.
b. Continuous variable measured on an interval scale.
c. Discrete variable measured on a nominal scale.
d. Continuous variable measured on a ratio scale.

Frequency Distributions
36. For the following frequency distribution, how many individual scores are in the entire set?

37.
a. N = 10
b. N = 54
c. Impossible to determine.
 d. N = 14
38. For the following frequency distribution, what is the value of ∑X?

39.
a. 25
b. 35
c. 14
d. 10
40. For the following distribution of quiz scores, if a score of X = 3 or higher is needed for a passing
grade, how many individuals passed?
a. 16
b. Cannot be determined.
c. 11
d. 3
41. A set of scores ranges from a high of X = 96 to a low of X = 27. If these scores are placed in a
grouped frequency distribution table with an interval width of 10 points, the top interval in the
table would be ________.
a. 87-96
b. 91-100
c. 90-99
d. 90-100
42. For the following distribution, what is the highest score?

43.
a. 20
b. 25
c. Cannot be determined.
44. For the following distribution, what is the width of each class interval?

45.
a. 4
b. 4.5
c. 10
d. 5
46. A professor recorded the academic major for each student in an introductory psychology class. If
the data are presented in a frequency distribution graph, what type of graph should be used?
a. a histogram
 b. a polygon
c. a bar graph
d. either a histogram or a polygon
47. In a frequency distribution graph, frequencies are presented on the ________ and the scores
(categories) are listed on the ________.
a. Y axis/X axis
b. class interval/horizontal line
c. X axis/Y axis
d. horizontal line/vertical line
48. The students in a psychology class seemed to think that the midterm exam was very easy. If they
are correct, what is the most likely shape for the distribution of exam scores?
a. positively skewed
b. negatively skewed
c. symmetrical
d. normal
49. What is the shape of the distribution for the following set of data?
Scores: 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3
a. negatively skewed
b. rectangular
c. positively skewed
d. symmetrical
50. Graphs which present the values on the horizontal axis and the number of times this occurs on
the vertical axis are known as what?
a. Frequency distribution
b. Box-plot
c. None of these
d. Line graph
e. Scatter graph
f. Cluster graph
51. What would you use to compare the frequency distributions of more than one set of data?
a. Box-plots
b. Line graph
c. Bar chart
d. Scatter graph
e. Frequency distribution
f. Frequency polygon
52. What shape is a normal distribution?
a. Descending line
b. Inverted (U)
c. Flat
d. Ascending line
e. Bell shaped
f. Bi-modal
53. What type of distribution is observed when most of the scores cluster around the lower end of
the scale?
a. A bi-modal distribution
b. A negatively skewed distribution
c. A related distribution
d. A normal distribution
e. A flat distribution
f. A positively skewed distribution
54. What type of distribution is observed when most of the scores cluster around the higher end of
the scale?
a. A related distribution
b. A normal distribution
c. A positively skewed distribution
d. A bi-modal distribution
e. A negatively skewed distribution
f. A flat distribution
55. What type of distribution has two peaks?
a. A normal distribution
b. A positively skewed distribution
c. A flat distribution
d. A bi-modal distribution
e. None of these
f. A negatively skewed distribution
56. If you surveyed the ages of the people outside an elementary (primary) school first thing in the
morning, the resultant distribution would likely be...
a. Unimodal.
b. Multimodal.
c. Bimodal.
d. Rectangular.
57. If a distribution is skewed to the right, it is...
a. Normal.
b. Positively skewed.
c. Negatively skewed.
d. Abnormal.
58. Which of the following statements about a perfectly symmetrical normal distribution is true?
a. The mean and mode are the same value, but the median could be different.
b. The mode and median are the same value, but the mean could be different.
c. The mean, median and mode are all the same value.
d. The mean and median are the same value, but the mode could be different.

Central tendencies
59. Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?
a. P-value.
 b. Confidence interval.
c. Mode.
d. Correlation coefficient.
60. What is the highest point of a frequency polygon?
a. Mode.
b. Median.
c. Mean.
d. Quartile.
61. What is the median?
a. An average calculated by summing all the values in a distribution, and then dividing by
the number of values in the distribution.
b. The value that divides a distribution exactly in half.
c. The value that occurs most often in a distribution.
d. The difference between the lowest and highest value in a distribution.
62. Which measure is the most unreliable indicator of central tendency if data are skewed?
a. Range
b. Mean
c. Mode
d. None of these
e. Distribution
f. Median
63. What is the mean for the following sample of scores? Scores: 1, 4, 5, 10
a. 10
b. 20
c. 4
d. 5
64. A sample of n = 5 scores has a mean of M = 12. What is ∑X for this sample?
a. Cannot be determined from the information given.
b. 5(12) = 60
c. 12/5 = 2.40
d. 5/12 = 0.417
65. After 5 points are added to every score in a distribution, the mean is calculated and found to be
µ = 30. What was the value of the mean for the original distribution?
a. Cannot be determined from the information given.
b. 30
c. 35
d. 25
66. Which of the following actions will always change the value of the mean?
a. Changing the value of one score.
b. Adding a new score to the distribution.
c. Removing a score from the distribution.
d. All 3 of the other choices are correct..
67. A sample has a mean of M = 25. If one person with a score of X = 25 is added to the sample,
what effect will it have on the sample mean?
 a. The sample mean will decrease.
b. The sample mean will increase.
c. Cannot be determined from the information given.
d. The sample mean will remain the same.
68. A sample has a mean of M = 86. If one new person is added to the sample, what effect will it
have on the sample mean?
a. The sample mean will decrease.
b. The sample mean will increase.
c. Cannot be determined from the information given.
d. The sample mean will remain the same.
69. A sample of n = 4 scores has a mean of M = 8. If one new score with a value of X = 3 is added to
the sample, what will be the value for the new mean?
a. M = 8
b. Cannot be determined with the information provided.
c. M = 8.75
d. M = 7
70. What is the value of the median for the following set of scores?
Scores: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 23
a. 6.5
b. 6
c. 7
d. 64/8 = 8
71. A teacher gave a reading test to a class of 5th-grade students and computed the mean, median,
and mode for the test scores. Which of the following statements cannot be an accurate
description of the scores?
a. The majority of the students had scores above the median.
b. The majority of the students had scores above the mean.
c. The majority of the students had scores above the mode.
d. All of the other options are false statements.
72. For a negatively skewed distribution with a mean of M = 20, what is the value of the median?
a. less than 20
b. Cannot be determined from the information given.
c. 20
d. greater than 20
73. The mean of a distribution of ten scores is exactly 6. There are two scores in the distribution that
equal exactly 6. You remove them. The mean is now:
a. Not enough data to know.
b. The same.
c. Less than 6.
d. Greater than 6.
74. What is the median?
a. An average calculated by summing all the values in a distribution, and then dividing by
the number of values in the distribution.
b. The value that occurs most often in a distribution.
 c. The value that divides a distribution exactly in half.
d. The difference between the lowest and highest value in a distribution.

Variability
75. What does variance measure?
a. How far the mean, median and mode vary from each other.
b. The standard deviation.
c. The difference between the lowest and highest scores of a distribution.
d. How far a set of numbers are spread out from their mean.
76. What term is used to describe an extreme score in a group of scores?
a. Non-conforming.
b. Discrepant.
c. Extremist.
d. Outlier.
77. The standard deviation of a distribution is...
a. The square of the variance.
b. The reciprocal of the variance.
c. The square root of the variance.
d. The cube root of the variance.
78. What is the third quartile of this distribution of numbers: 12, 15, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 23,
24, 24, 25, 25, 26, 28, 28, 28, 29, 32?
a. 28
b. 17.5
c. 27
d. 23
79. Where in a distribution is the 1st quartile?
a. At the mean of the distribution.
b. At the median of the overall distribution.
c. At the median of the scores whose position is to the right of the median of the overall
distribution.
d. At the median of the scores whose position is to the left of the median of the overall
distribution.
80. If the standard deviation of a distribution is exactly zero, which one of the following statements
must be true?
a. The scores below the mean precisely balance the scores above the mean.
b. All the scores are exactly the same.
c. All the scores are negative.
d. All the scores are zero.
81. What is the interquartile range (IQR)?
a. The distance between the first and third quartile.
b. The average distance between quartiles.
c. The distance between the first and fourth quartile.
d. The distance between the first and second quartile.
82. The distribution of heights of young men is approximately normal with mean = 68 inches and
standard deviation = 2 inches. Which 2 heights will 95% of young men fall between?
a. 67-69 inches.
b. 62-70 inches.
c. 64-72 inches.
d. 66-70 inches.
83. What does a large standard deviation suggest?
a. Scores are widely distributed and that the mean may not be a reliable measure of
central tendency
b. All of the measures of central tendency would be reliable
c. The scores are not widely distributed and the median would be an unreliable measure
of central tendency
d. Scores are not normally distributed
e. Scores are bi-modal
f. Scores are not widely distributed and the mean is a reliable measure of central tendency
84. Which percentage of scores falls within 1 standard deviation from the mean?
a. 68%
b. 9%
c. 99.7%
d. 30%
e. 95%
f. 50%
85. What percentage of scores falls within three standard deviations from the mean?
a. None of these
b. 99.7%
c. 95%
d. 15%
e. 50%
f. 68%
86. In a population of N = 10 scores, the smallest score is X = 8 and the largest score is X = 20. Using
the concept of real limits, what is the range for this population?
a. 12
b. 11
c. 13
d. Cannot be determined without more information.
87. In a population with µ = 50, what is the deviation score for X = 45?
a. -5
b. 5
c. 45
d. Cannot be determined without more information.
88. The sum of the squared deviation scores is SS = 20 for a population of N = 5 scores. What is the
variance for this population?
a. 5
b. 80
 c. 4
d. 100
89. The sum of the squared deviation scores is SS = 20 for a sample of n = 5 scores. What is the
variance for this sample?
a. 80
b. 5
c. 100
d. 4
90. In general, what is the relationship between the standard deviation and variance?
a. Standard deviation equals the squared variance.
b. These two measures are unrelated.
c. Variance is the square root of standard deviation.
d. Standard deviation is the square root of variance.
91. A population of scores has µ = 50 and σ = 10. If 5 points are added to every score in the
population, then the new mean and standard deviation would be ________.
a. µ = 55 and σ = 10
b. µ = 50 and σ = 10
c. µ = 50 and σ = 15
d. µ = 55 and σ = 15
92. What are the values for SS and variance for the following sample of n = 3 scores?
Sample: 1, 4, 7
a. SS = 18 and variance = 6
b. SS = 18 and variance = 9
c. SS = 66 and variance = 22
d. SS = 66 and variance = 33
93. What are the values for SS and variance for the following sample of n = 4 scores?
Sample: 1, 1, 0, 4
a. SS = 9 and variance = 2.25
b. SS = 18 and variance = 9
c. SS = 9 and variance = 3
d. SS = 18 and variance = 6
94. On an exam with a mean of µ = 70, you have a score of X = 75. Which of the following values for
the standard deviation would give you the highest position within the class?
a. σ = 1
b. σ = 5
c. Cannot determine from the information given.
d. σ = 10
95. On an exam with a mean of µ = 70, you have a score of X = 65. Which of the following values for
the standard deviation would give you the highest position within the class?
a. σ = 1
b. σ = 10
c. Cannot determine from the information given.
d. σ= 5