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2 Example Sheet Unit Operation 2 Sol

This document contains examples and problems related to unit operations involving evaporators. The first example calculates the steam required and heat transfer area for a single effect evaporator concentrating a solution. The second example determines the cooling water required for a jet condenser. The third example calculates the heat exchange area required for a surface condenser under the same conditions. The fourth problem involves the design of a double effect evaporator system, including calculating the heat transfer area requirements for each effect.

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Khalid M Mohammed
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230 views7 pages

2 Example Sheet Unit Operation 2 Sol

This document contains examples and problems related to unit operations involving evaporators. The first example calculates the steam required and heat transfer area for a single effect evaporator concentrating a solution. The second example determines the cooling water required for a jet condenser. The third example calculates the heat exchange area required for a surface condenser under the same conditions. The fourth problem involves the design of a double effect evaporator system, including calculating the heat transfer area requirements for each effect.

Uploaded by

Khalid M Mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit Operations CHE 381 Dr.

Khaled M AlAnezi 2017/18

Unit Operations CHE 381


Example Sheet 2 Sol
1- Single effect evaporator: steam usage and heat transfer surface. A single effect
evaporator is required to concentrate a solution from 10% solids to 30% solids at
the rate of 250 kg of feed per hour. If the pressure in the evaporator is 77 kPa
absolute, and if steam is available at 200 kPa gauge, calculate the quantity of
steam required per hour and the area of heat transfer surface if the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 1700 J m-2 s-1 °C-1.
Assume that the temperature of the feed is 18°C and that the boiling point of the
solution under the pressure of 77 kPa absolute is 91°C. Assume, also, that the specific
heat of the solution is the same as for water, that is 4.186 x 103 J kg-1°C-1, and the
latent heat of vaporization of the solution is the same as that for water under the same
conditions.
From steam tables, the condensing temperature of steam at 200 kPa (gauge) [300 kPa
absolute] is 134°C and latent heat 2164 kJ kg-1; the condensing temperature at 77 kPa
(abs.) is 91°C and latent heat is 2281 kJ kg-1.

Mass balance (kg h-1)


Solids Liquids Total
Feed 25 225 250
Product 25 58 83
Evaporation 167

Heat balance
a. Heat available per kg of steam
= latent heat + sensible heat in cooling to 91°C
= 2.164 x 106 + 4.186 x 103(134 - 91)
= 2.164 x 106 + 1.8 x 105 = 2.34 x 106 J per kg of steam

b. Heat required by the solution


= latent heat + sensible heat in heating from 18°C to 91°C
= 2281 x 103 x 167 + 250 x 4.186 x 103 x (91 - 18)
= 3.81 x 108 + 7.6 x 107 = 4.57 x 108 J h-1

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Unit Operations CHE 381 Dr. Khaled M AlAnezi 2017/18

Now, heat from steam per kg = heat required by the solution,


Therefore quantity of steam required per hour = (4.57 x 108)/(2.34 x 106)
= 195 kg h-1
Quantity of steam/kg of water evaporated = 195/167
= 1.17 kg steam/kg water.
Heat-transfer area
Temperature of condensing steam = 134°C.
Temperature difference across the evaporator = (134 - 91) = 43°C.
Writing the heat transfer equation for q in joules/sec,
q = UA ΔT

(4.57 x 108)/3600 = 1700 x A x 43


A = 1.74 m2

Area of heat transfer surface = 1.74 m2

(It has been assumed that the sensible heat in the condensed (cooling from 134°C to
91°C) steam is recovered, and this might in practice be done in a feed heater. If it is
not recovered usefully, then the sensible heat component, about 8%, should be
omitted from the heat available, and the remainder of the working adjusted
accordingly).

2- How much water would be required in a jet condenser to condense the vapours
from an evaporator evaporating 5000 kg h-1 of water under a pressure of 15 cm of
mercury? The condensing water is available at 18°C and the highest allowable
temperature for water discharged from the condenser is 35°C.

Heat balance

The pressure in the evaporator is 15 cm mercury = Zρg


= 0.15 x 13.6 x 1000 x 9.81 = 20 kPa.
From Steam Tables, the condensing temperature of water under pressure of 20 kPa is
60°C and the corresponding latent heat of vaporization is 2358 kJ kg-1.

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Unit Operations CHE 381 Dr. Khaled M AlAnezi 2017/18

Heat removed from condensate


= 2358 x 103 + (60 - 35) x 4.186 x 103 = 2.46 x 106 J kg-1

Heat taken by cooling water


= (35 - 18) x 4.186 x 103 = 7.1 x 104 J kg-1

Quantity of heat removed from condensate per hour


= 5000 x 2.46 x 106 J
Therefore quantity of cooling water per hour
= (5000 x 2.46 x 106)/7.1 x 104 = 1.7 x 105 kg

3- What heat exchange area would be required for a surface condenser working
under the same conditions as the jet condenser in Q2, assuming a U value of 2270
J m-2 s-1 °C-1, and disregarding any sub-cooling of the liquid.

The temperature differences are small so that the arithmetic mean temperature can be
used for the heat exchanger (condenser).
Mean temperature difference
= (60 - 18)/2 + (60 - 35)/2
= 33.5°C.
The data are available from the previous Example, and remembering to put time in
hours.
Quantity of heat required by condensate = UAΔT
5000 x 2.46 x 106 = 2270 x A x 33.5 x 3600
and so A = 45 m2
Heat transfer area required = 45 m2
This would be a large surface condenser so that a jet condenser is often preferred.

4- Design problem
A 5% aqueous solution of a high molecular weight solute has to be concentrated to
40% in a forward-feed double effect evaporator at the rate of 8000 kg.h-1. The feed
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Unit Operations CHE 381 Dr. Khaled M AlAnezi 2017/18

temperature is 40°C. Saturated steam at 3.5 kg.cm-2 is available for heating. A


vacuum of 600 mm Hg is maintained in the second effect. Calculate the area
requirements, if calandria of equal area are used. The overall heat transfer coefficients
are 550 and 370 kcal.h-1m-2 °C-1 in the first and the last effect respectively. The
specific heat of the concentrated liquor is 0.87 kcal.kg-1°C-1.

Part 1. Thermal design


Pressure in effect I to be decided.
Pressure in effect II = 760 - 600 = 160 mm Hg
Boiling point at this pressure = 60 °C (from steam table)
(high molecular wt. solute, BPE is neglected)
Latent heat vapor generated in effect II at 160 mm Hg (0.2133bar)= 563 kcal.kg-1
(λ2s)
Heating steam is at 3.5 kg.cm-2 gauge; temp (Ts)=148°C; Latent heat (λs)=506
kcal.kg-1.
Feed rate = 8000 kg.h-1, Solute content = 5%
Final concentration = 40%
Solid in = 8000 × 0. 05 = 400 kg.h-1, water in = 8000-400= 7600 kg.h-1
Product out (40% solid) = 400/0.40 kg.h-1 = 1000 kg.h-1
Water out with the product = 1000 (1-0.40) kg.h-1 = 600 kg.h-1

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Unit Operations CHE 381 Dr. Khaled M AlAnezi 2017/18

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Unit Operations CHE 381 Dr. Khaled M AlAnezi 2017/18

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