g7 Building Building Construction

PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Construction Of seven storey residential building so that it can fulfil all its purpose.
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
A residential building is a building that is used for residential use.
Types can include office buildings, warehouses, or retail (i.e. convenience stores, 'big
box' stores, shopping malls, etc.). In urban locations, a residential building often combines
functions, such as an office on levels 2-10, with retail on floor 1. Local authorities commonly
maintain strict regulations on residential zoning, and have the authority to designate any
zoned area as such. A business must be located in a residential area or area zoned at least
partially for commerce.
BUILDING MATERIALS
Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many naturally
occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, have been
used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made
products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacture of building
materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is
typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, insulation, plumbing,
and roofing work. They provide the make-up of habitats and structures including homes
List of building material
Building materials are used in the construction industry to create buildings and structures.
These categories of materials and products are used by American architects and construction
project managers to specify the materials and methods used for building projects.
Catalogs distributed by architectural product suppliers are typically organized into these
groups.
1
:Category
Material (articles) Category: Appropriate
Compressed earth block, mud brick, rammed earth technology
Concrete Category: Concrete
Conveyor systems Category: Vertical transport

devices
 Elevator or "lift"
 Escalator
Category: Composite
Composites
materials
Thermal protection Category: Thermal

protection
 Building insulation
Moisture protection
 Building envelope
 Conformal coating Category: Moisture
 Damp (structural) protection
 Housewrap
 Waterproofing
Doors Category: Doors
Category: Door furniture
 Stile and rail, raised panel, wood clad
 Access, sliding glass doors, tambour
 Folding doors, garage door, storefront
 Door hardware
Electrical systems and equipment
 AC power plugs and sockets

 Circuit breaker
Category: Electrical systems
 Electrical connector
 Electrical wiring
 Switches
Surface finishing Category: Wood finishing
materials
 Plaster&gypsum board Category: Wood finishing
 Cement render
techniques
 Ceramic tile, quarry tile, pavers, mosaic
 also "gyp-board" or
2
 Dropped ceiling, coffered ceiling "drywall"
 Category: Roofs
 Flooring – wide plank, terrazzo, carpet
 Category: Ceilings
 Wall covering, wallpaper, acoustic
 Category: Floors
 Paint, wood stain, faux finishing
 Category: Walls
 Staff – a type of artificial stone
 House painting
 Wood finishing
Fire suppression equipment Category: Fire suppression
Furnishings Category: Furniture
HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air conditioning) Category: HVAC
Masonry, mortar (masonry), grout Category: Masonry
 Adobe, brick and brickwork, glass brick, terra cotta  Category: Bricks
 Artificial stone  also: "Concrete
Masonry Units"
 Cinder block or concrete block (CMU)
 Stone dry stacked or mortar set
 Category: Stone
 Urbanite – broken-up concrete
Metals Category: Metals
 Structural steel: I-beam & column

 Rebar
 Wire rope and cables
 Metal joist, decking, framing, trusses
 Metal fabrications
o Stairway, ladder, railing, grating, Strut channel,
roofing (including copper)
 Decorative metal
"Openings" include Doors & Windows Category: Doors
Plastics Category: Plastics
Plumbing fixtures and equipment Category: Plumbing
Building safety Category: Safety codes
Security systems Category: Security
Category: Architectural
Specialties
design
Telecommunications equipment Category:

3
Telecommunications
Wood, carpentry Category: Wood
 Rough carpentry (unfinished) Category: woodworking

o Heavy timbers, log home, timber framing or
"post and beam" See also: List of
o Engineered wood, dimensional lumber woods
 Stud, joist, rafter

 Treated lumber& wood decking
o Sheathing, subflooring, Panelling
 Plywood, shiplap, tongue and groove

 Oriented strand board
o Parallel strand lumber or "Para-lam"
o Glue-laminate or "glue-lam"
 Finish carpentry or "architectural woodwork"

o Veneer, plastic laminate, wood panel
o Case-building products
 Millwork, bookcase, cabinets

o Ornamental woodwork
o Trim, molding or "moulding"
 Chair rail, baseboard, casing, sill

Windows
 Casement, double hung, bay window
 Curtain wall, skylight, dormer
4
STEPS NEEDED FOR THE MAKING OF THE PROJECT
1. PLANNING
2. DESIGNING
3. ANALYSIS
4. IMPLEMENTATION
PLANNING
Planning (also called forethought) is the process of thinking about and organizing the
activities required to achieve a desired goal
First the survey of the area is done if the site seems suitable for the planned project than
further execution is done.
Site plan and the various floor plans are made in the making of the residential building
So we have made some plans for the office use residential building.
5
30 M LEAD 1.5 M LIFT-
Take 100 cu m.
Particulars Quantity Rate Cost

Labour :-
Head mason 0.5 nos. 450 225
Beldar 20 nos. 300 6000
Coolie 24 nos. 250 6000
Sundries ,T and P etc. Lump sum. 200 200
Total 12425
Total of materials and labour = 12425
Add 10 % Contractors profit = 1242.5
Grant total = 13667.5
Rate per cu m =13667.5/100 = 136.7 Rs.
6
DESIGNING
DESIGN OF SEVEN STOREY BUILDING
Substitute frame - Let us analyse to third floor MNOP. The substitute frame is shown in fig ,
assuming the far ends of the column fixed. Other force can be analysed in a similar manner.
ANALYSIS OF FRAME 5M WIDTH
7
Step 1st
Calculation Of Dead Load And Live Load:
a) Load of slab on beam =0.15x 25 = 3.75KN/m2

b) Self weight of beam =1 x 0.23 x 0.45 x 25 =2.58KN/M
c) Floor finishing = 1 KN/M2
d) Dead load = (3.75 + 1)x6=28.5 KN/M
Total dead load = 28.5+2.58
=31.08KN/M
Live load = 2.5KN/M2
TOTAL LIVE LOAD=2.5X6=15KN/M
STEP 2nd
CALCULATION OF LOAD
Total dead load = 31.08 KN/M
Total Live load = 15 KN/M
SPAN DEAD LOADD.L. LIVE D.L. +

(KN/M) LOAD L.L.
L.L.(KN/M) (KN/M)
UV 31.08 15 46.08
VX 31.08 15 46.08
XY 31.08 15 46.08
YZ 31.08 15 46.08
8
STEP 3rd
CALCULATION OFFIXED END MOMENTS
F.E.M. = +/- (WL2/12)
MEMBER F.E.M. DUE F.E.M. DUE TO

TO DEAD TOTAL LOAD
LOAD
UV 93.24 138.24
VX 93.24 138.24
XY 93.24 138.24
YZ 93.24 138.24
9
STEP 4th
Stiffness and Distribution Factor– The distribution factors at a joints depends upon the
relative stiffness of the member meeting at the joints. These are tabulated in table.
Relative Stiffness = I/L
RELATIVE DISTRIBUTIO
JOINT MEMBER STIFFNESS SUM N FACTOR
U UA1 2.5K 0.313K
UV 3K 8K 0.375K
UP 2.5K 0.313K
V VB1 2.5K .227K
UV 3K .273K
VX 3K 11K .273K
VQ 2.5K .227K
X XC1 2.5K .227K
XV 3K .273K
XY 3K 11K .273K
XR 2.5K .227K
Y YD1 2.5K .227K
YX 3K .273K
YZ 3K 11K .273K
YS 2.5K .227K
Z ZE1 2.5K .313K
ZY 3K 8K .375K
ZT 2.5K .313K
STEP 5TH
NEGATIVE BENDING MOMENTS AT JOINTS:-
Max negative B.M. at joint U:-
JOINT U V W X Y
MEMBER UV VU VW WV WX XW XY YX
DISTRIBUTION 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
10
FACTOR
FEM DUE TO DL -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24
-
FEM DUE TO TL 138.24 138.24
- -
DISTRIBUTION 51.84 12.285 12.285
CARRY OVER -6.12 25.92
DISTRIBUTION 2.295
-
NEGATIVE BM 90.225
Max negative B.M. at joint V:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24
- -
FEM DUE TO TL 138.24 138.24 138.24 138.24
- -
DISTRIBUTION 51.84 0 0 12.285 12.285
CARRY OVER 0 25.92 -3.12 0
DISTRIBUTION 0 -5.41 -5.41
NEGATIVE BM 158.75 -149.7
Max negative B.M. at joint W:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24
- -
FEM DUE TO TL 138.24 138.24 138.24 138.24
-
DISTRIBUTION 12.285 0 0 12.285
11
CARRY OVER 6.12 -6.12
DISTRIBUTION 0 0
-
NEGATIVE BM 144.36 144.36
Max negative B.M. at joint X:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24
- -
FEM DUE TO TL 138.24 138.24 138.24 138.24
DISTRIBUTION 12.25 0 0 -51.84
DISTRIBUTION 5.41 5.41
Max negative B.M. at joint Y:
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO
DL -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24
-
FEM DUE TO TL 138.24 138.24
DISTRIBUTION 12.285 12.285 -51.9
DISTRIBUTION 3.72 3.72 -2.295
NEGATIVE BM 90.225
NEGATIVE BENDING MOMENTS AT MID SPAN
Max -ve B.M. in mid span of UV
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24
- -
FEM DUE TO TL 138.24 138.24 138.24 138.24
DISTRIBUTION 34.965 12.285 12.285
12
CARRY OVER 6.12 17.48
DISTRIBUTION -2.295 -3.1 -3.1
NEGATIVE BM -54.45 119.905
The Free B.M. At Mid Span Of UV = = = 121.83KN.M
Net B.M. at centre of UV =121.83 – = 34.83 KN.M
Max -ve B.M. in mid span of VW-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24
- -
FEM DUE TO TL 138.24 138.24 138.24 138.24
- -
DISTRIBUTION 51.84 12.285 -12.285 12.285 12.285 12.285
CARRY OVER -6.12 25.92 6.12 -6.12 -6.12 6.12
DISTRIBUTION -8.74 -8.74 3.34
-
NEGATIVE BM 108.145 102.745
Net B.M. at centre of VW =121.83 – =16.83 KN.M
MAX –VE B.M. IN MID SPAN OF WX:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24
FEM DUE TO TL -138.24 138.24 -138.24 138.24
DISTRIBUTION -12.285 -12.285 12.285 12.285 -51.84
DISTRIBUTION 0 0
NEGATIVE BM -99.405 99.405
Net B.M. at centre of WX =121.83 – =22.45 KN.M
MAX –VE B.M. IN MID SPAN OF XY:
JOINT U V W X Y
13
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24
- -
FEM DUE TO TL 138.24 138.24 138.24 138.24
- -
DISTRIBUTION 12.285 -12.285 34.965
CARRY OVER -17.48 -6.12
DISTRIBUTION 3.1 3.1 2.295
-
Net B.M. at centre of XY =121.83 – = 34.83 KN.M
THEIRFOR MXM FROM THESE FOUR VALUE WILL BE TAKEN FOR THE DESIGN
i.e 34.83 kn/m
POSITIVE BENDING MOMENT AT MID SPAN
Max +ve B.M. in mid span of UV:
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24
- -
FEM DUE TO TL 138.24 138.24 138.24 138.24
-
DISTRIBUTION 51.84 -12.285 12.285 12.285 12.285
CARRY OVER -6.12 25.92 6.12 -6.12
DISTRIBUTION 2.295 -8.746 -8.746
-
NEGATIVE BM 90.225 143.129
The free B.M. at mid span of UV = = = 180.63 KN.M
Net B.M. at centre of UV = 180.63 – = 64.01 KN.M
Max +ve B.M. in mid span of VW
JOINT U V W X Y
14
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24
-
FEM DUE TO TL -138.24 138.24 138.24 138.24
- -
DISTRIBUTION 34.965 12.285 12.285 12.285 12.285 12.285 12.285
CARRY OVER 6.12 17.48 -6.12 6.12 6.12 -6.12
DISTRIBUTION 2.295 -3.1 -3.1 -3.34 -3.34
-
Net B.M. at centre of VW = 180.63 – = 48.78 KN.M
Max +ve B.M. in mid span of WX-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -93.24 93.24 -93.24 93.24
- -
FEM DUE TO TL 138.24 138.24 138.24 138.24
- - - -
DISTRIBUTION 51.84 12.285 12.285 12.285 12.285 -12.285 12.285 34.965
CARRY OVER -6.12 25.92 6.12 -6.12 -6.12 6.12 -17.48 -6.12
DISTRIBUTION 3.34 3.34 3.1 3.1
Net B.M. at centre of WX = 180.63 – = 48.78 KN.M
15
ANALYSIS OF 6M WIDTH FRAME BY SUSTITUTION FRAME METHOD
16
Step 1st
Calculation Of Dead Load And Live Load:
e) Load of slab on beam =0.15 x 25 = 3.75KN/m2

f) Self weight of beam =1 x 0.23 x 0.45 x 25 =2.58 Floor finishing = 1 KN/M2
g) Dead load = (3.75 + 1)x5 =23.75 KN/M
Total dead load = 23.75+2.58=26.33KN/M
Live load = 2.5KN/M2
TOTAL LIVE LOAD=2.5X5=12.5 KN/M
STEP 2nd
CALCULATION OF LOAD
Total dead load = 31.08 KN/M
Total Live load = 15 KN/M
LIVE D.L. +
DEAD LOADD.L. LOAD L.L.
SPAN
(KN/M)
L.L.(KN/M) (KN/M)
UV 26.33 12.5 46.08
VX 26.33 12.5 46.08
XY 26.33 12.5 46.08
YZ 26.33 12.5 46.08
JOINT V:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -49.5 49.5 -49.5 49.5
FEM DUE TO TL -75.52 75.52 -75.52 75.52
DISTRIBUTION 28.32 0 0 -7.1
DISTRIBUTION -2.89 -2.89
JOINT W:-
JOINT U V W X Y
17
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -49.5 49.5 -49.5 49.5
FEM DUE TO TL -75.52 75.52 -75.52 75.52
DISTRIBUTION 7.1 0 0 -7.1 -7.1
DISTRIBUTION 0 0
JOINT X:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -49.5 49.5 -49.5 49.5 -49.5 49.5
FEM DUE TO TL -75.52 75.52
DISTRIBUTION 7.1 -28.32
DISTRIBUTION -1.33
NEGATIVE BM 49.42
POSITIVE BM AT MID SPAN OF UV:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -49.5 49.5 -49.5 49.5
FEM DUE TO TL -75.52 75.52 -75.52 75.52
DISTRIBUTION 28.32 -7.1 -7.1
NEGATIVE BM -49.42 78.6
The free B.M. at mid span of UV = = 38.83 x 4.62/8 = 121 KN.M
Net B.M. at centre of UV = 121 – = 57.81 KN.M
18
POSITIVE BM AT MID SPAN OF VW:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -49.5 49.5 -49.5 49.5
FEM DUE TO TL -75.52 75.52 -75.52 75.52
DISTRIBUTION 7.1 7.1 -7.1 -7.1
DISTRIBUTION
Net B.M. at centre of UV = 121 – = 57.81 KN.M
POSITIVE BM AT MID SPAN OF WX:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -49.5 49.5 -49.5 49.5
FEM DUE TO TL -75.52 75.52 -75.52 75.52
DISTRIBUTION 7.1 7.1 -7.1 -7.1
DISTRIBUTION
POSITIVE BM AT MID SPAN OF XY:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -49.5 49.5 -49.5 49.5
FEM DUE TO TL -75.52 75.52 -75.52 75.52
DISTRIBUTION 7.1 7.1 -28.32
19
NEGATIVE BM AT MID SPAN OF UV:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -49.5 49.5 -49.5 49.5
FEM DUE TO TL -75.52 75.52 -75.52 75.52
CARRY OVER 3.55 9.28 -3.55
DISTRIBUTION -1.33 -1.56 -1.56
NEGATIVE BM AT MID SPAN OF VW:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -49.5 49.5 -49.5 49.5
FEM DUE TO TL -75.52 75.52 -75.52 75.52
DISTRIBUTION -7.1 -7.1 7.1 7.1
DISTRIBUTION 0 0
NEGATIVE BM AT MID SPAN OF WX:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -49.5 49.5 -49.5 49.5
FEM DUE TO TL -75.52 75.52 -75.52 75.52
DISTRIBUTION -7.1 -7.1 7.1 7.1
DISTRIBUTION 0 0
20
NEGATIVE BM AT MID SPAN OF:-
JOINT U V W X Y
DISTRIBUTION
FACTOR 0.375 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.273 0.375
FEM DUE TO DL -49.5 49.5 -49.5 49.5
FEM DUE TO TL -75.52 75.52 -75.52 75.52
DISTRIBUTION 7.1 7.1 -7.1 -7.1 -18.56
CARRY OVER 3.55 -9.28 -3.55
SLABS
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of

steel reinforced concrete, typically between 100 and 500 millimeters thick, are most often
used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving.
In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab, supported on foundations or
directly on the subsoil, is used to construct the ground floor of a building. In high rise
buildings and skyscrapers, thinner, pre-cast concrete slabs are slung between the steel frames
to form the floors and ceilings on each level.
Design
For a suspended slab, there are a number of designs to improve the strength-to-weight ratio.
In all cases the top surface remains flat, and the underside is modulated:
 Corrugated, usually where the concrete is poured into a corrugated steel tray. This
improves strength and prevents the slab bending under its own weight. The
corrugations run across the short dimension, from side to side.
 A ribbed slab, giving considerable extra strength on one direction.
 A waffle slab, giving added strength in both directions.
Reinforcement design
 A one way slab needs moment resisting reinforcement only in its short-direction.
Because, the moment along long axes is so small that it can be neglected. When the
ratio of the length of long direction to short direction of a slab is greater than 2 it can
be considered as a one way slab.
21
 A two way slab needs moment resisting reinforcement in both directions. If the ratio
of the lengths of long and short side is less than two then movement in both direction
should be considered in design.
22
SLAB LOAD DISTRIBUTION TO BEAMS
23
DESIGN OF SLAB OF FRAME 5mx6m
DESIGN OF SLAB
Step-1:-
Clear span of slab= 4.7m
Width of bearing = 300mm =.3m
Given depth of slab =150mm
Assuming eff. cover = 25mm
Eff. depth of slab =120mm
Step-2:-
Eff. spsn of slab:-
1. Eff. span of slab= clear span+width of bearing

= 4.7+.3
=5m
Eff. span of slab=clear span + eff depth of slab
=4.7 + .12
=4.82m
So eff span of slab= 4.82 m
Now, span in x-direction= Lx =4.82m
Span in y-direction =Ly=4.82m
(from I.S. Code method):- for ( ly/lx ) =1
αx = 0.037………(-ve) moment coefficient @ cont. edges.
αy = 0.025 ………(+ve) moment coefficient @ mid span.
Step-3:-loads:-
L.L. = 3.5 kn/m²…………………….(1)
Floor finish = 1.2kn/m²………………………(2)
24
Dead load = (0.15x1x1x25) = 3.75 kn/m²…….…(3)
Total load = 7.95 kn/m²
Factored load……. wu = 1.5x7.95 =11.925 kn/m²
BEAMS
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting

bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external
loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending moment.
Types of reinforced concrete beams
a)Singly reinforced beam

b)Doubly reinforced beam
c)Singly or Doubly reinforced flanged beams
25
26
Singly reinforced beam
In singly reinforced simply supported beams or slabs reinforcing steel bars are placed near
the bottom of the beam or slabs where they are most effective in resisting The tensile stresses
x = Depth of Neutral axis
b = breadth of section
d = effective depth of section
The depth of neutral axis can be obtained by considering the equilibrium of the normal forces
, that is,
Resultant force of compression = average stress X area
= 0.36 fck bx
Resultant force of tension = 0.87 fy At
Force of compression should be equal to force of tension,
0.36 fck bx = 0.87 fy At
The distance between the lines of action of two forces C & T is called the lever arm and is
denoted by z.
Lever arm z = d – 0.42 x
z = d – 0.42
z = d –(fy At/fck b)
Moment of resistance with respect to concrete = compressive force x lever arm
= 0.36 fck b x z
Moment of resistance with respect to steel = tensile force x lever arm
= 0.87 fy At z
27
Maximum depth of neutral axis
 A compression failure is brittle failure.

 The maximum depth of neutral axis is limited to ensure that tensile steel will reach its
yield stress before concrete fails in compression, thus a brittle failure is avoided.
The limiting values of the depth of neutral axis xm for different grades of steel from strain
diagram.
Limiting value of tension steel and moment of resistance
 Since the maximum depth of neutral axis is limited, the maximum value of moment of
resistance is also limited.
 M limt with respect to concrete = 0.36 fck b x z
 = 0.36 fck b xm (d – 0.42 xm)
 M limt with respect to steel = 0.87 fck At (d – 0.42 xm)
28
Limiting moment of resistance values, N mm
STRESS IN BEAM
Internally, beams experience compressive, tensile and shear stresses as a result of the loads
applied to them. Typically, under gravity loads, the original length of the beam is slightly
reduced to enclose a smaller radius arc at the top of the beam, resulting in compression, while
the same original beam length at the bottom of the beam is slightly stretched to enclose a
larger radius arc, and so is under tension. The same original length of the middle of the beam,
generally halfway between the top and bottom, is the same as the radial arc of bending, and
so it is under neither compression nor tension, and defines the neutral axis (dotted line in the
beam figure). Above the supports, the beam is exposed to shear stress. There are some
reinforced concrete beams in which the concrete is entirely in compression with tensile forces
taken by steel tendons. These beams are known as pressurised concrete beams, and are
fabricated to produce a compression more than the expected tension under loading
conditions. High strength steel tendons are stretched while the beam is cast over them. Then,
when the concrete has cured, the tendons are slowly released and the beam is immediately
under eccentric axial loads. This eccentric loading creates an internal moment, and, in turn,
increases the moment carrying capacity of the beam. They are commonly used on highway
bridges.
The primary tool for structural analysis of beams is the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation.
Europe has superseded Euler-Bernoulli equations with the Perry Robertson formula. Other
mathematical methods for determining the deflection of beams include "method of virtual
work" and the "slope deflection method". Engineers are interested in determining deflections
because the beam may be in direct contact with a brittle material such as glass. Beam
deflections are also minimized for aesthetic reasons. A visibly sagging beam, even if
29
structurally safe, is unsightly and to be avoided. A stiffer beam (high modulus of elasticity
and high second moment of area) produces less deflection.
Mathematical methods for determining the beam forces (internal forces of the beam and the
forces that are imposed on the beam support) include the "moment distribution method", the
force or flexibility method and the direct stiffness method.
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD
The moment distribution method (not to be confused with moment redistribution) is a

structural analysis method for indeterminate beams and frames developed by Hardy Cross. It
was published in 1930 in an ASCE journal.[1] The method only accounts for flexural effects
and ignores axial and shear effects. From the 1930s until computers began to be widely used
in the design and analysis of structures, the moment distribution method was the most widely
practiced method.
Introduction
In the moment distribution method, every joint of the structure to be analysed is fixed so as to
develop the fixed-end moments. Then each fixed joint is sequentially released and the fixed-
end moments (which by the time of release are not in equilibrium) are distributed to adjacent
members until equilibrium is achieved. The moment distribution method in mathematical
terms can be demonstrated as the process of solving a set of simultaneous equations by means
of iteration.
The moment distribution method falls into the category of displacement method of structural
analysis.
IMPLEMENTATION
In order to apply the moment distribution method to analyse a structure, the following things
must be considered.
Fixed end moments
Fixed end moments are the moments produced at member ends by external loads when the
joints are fixed.
30
Flexural stiffness
The flexural stiffness (EI/L) of a member is represented as the product of the modulus of
elasticity (E) and the second moment of area (I) divided by the length (L) of the member.
What is needed in the moment distribution method is not the exact value but the ratio of
flexural stiffness of all members.
Distribution factors
When a joint is released and begins to rotate under the unbalanced moment, resisting forces
develop at each member framed together at the joint. Although the total resistance is equal to
the unbalanced moment, the magnitudes of resisting forces developed at each member differ
by the members' flexural stiffness. Distribution factors can be defined as the proportions of
the unbalanced moments carried by each of the members. In mathematical terms, distribution
factor of member framed at joint is given as:
where n is the number of members framed at the joint.
Carryover factors
When a joint is released, balancing moment occurs to counterbalance the unbalanced moment
which is initially the same as the fixed-end moment. This balancing moment is then carried
over to the member's other end. The ratio of the carried-over moment at the other end to the
fixed-end moment of the initial end is the carryover factor.
Determination of carryover factors
Let one end (end A) of a fixed beam be released and applied a moment while the other
end (end B) remains fixed. This will cause end A to rotate through an angle . Once the
magnitude of developed at end B is found, the carryover factor of this member is given
as the ratio of over :
In case of a beam of length L with constant cross-section whose flexural rigidity is ,
31
therefore the carryover factor
Sign convention
Once a sign convention has been chosen, it has to be maintained for the whole structure. The
traditional engineer's sign convention is not used in the calculations of the moment
distribution method although the results can be expressed in the conventional way. In the
BMD case, the left side moment is clockwise direction and other is anticlockwise direction so
the bending is positive and is called sagging.
DESIGN OF BEAM FOR 5M FRAME
Beam-1
For +bm for 5m span
Design of beam –
B = 230 mm D = 450 mm
Clear cover = 30 mm
Provide 16 mm # bars at bottom and top.
d = 450 - 16/2 - 30 = 408 = 410 mm
Moment at mid span = Mmid = 64.01 x 106 N mm
Factored Moment (Mu) = 1.5 x 64.01 x 106 N mm = 96.01 x 106 N mm
Xu max = 0.48 d (For M20 , Fe 415)
Xu max = 0.48 x 410 = 196.8 mm
For effective depth –
Mu = 0.138 Fck b d2 (For M20 , Fe 415)
32
d = (Mu/0.138 Fck b)1/2
d = (96.01 x 106/0.138 X 20 X 230 )1/2
d = 388.91 mm
This value is less than 410 mm. So the effective depth of beam is 410 mm is taken.
Limiting Moment (Mu.lim)-
Mu.lim= 0.36 fck (1- 0.416 x )bd2
Mu.lim = 0.36 x 20 x 0.48 (1- 0.416 x 0.48) x 230 x 4102
Mu.lim = 106.93 x 106 N mm
Mu <Mu.lim . So the singly beam design.
Area of steel -
Hence compression member reinforcement is not required. Also the beam under reinforced.
Now Ast = [1- ]x bd
Ast = [1- ] x 230 x410
Ast = 784.24 mm2
Use 16 mm Ø bars
The area of steel of one bars ( A 162 = 200.96 mm2
No of bars = = 3.90 ≈ 4 bars
Actual Ast = 4 x 200.96 = 803.84 mm2
33
DESIGN OF BEAM FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT
Beam-2
For -bm for 5m span
Design of beam –
B = 230 mm D = 450 mm
Clear cover = 30 mm
d = 450 - 16/2 - 30 = 408 = 410 mm
Xu max = 0.48 d (For M20 , Fe 415)
Xu max = 0.48 x 410 = 196.8 mm
Mu = 0.138 Fck b d2 (For M20 , Fe 415)
d = (Mu/0.138 Fck b)1/2
d = (81.37 x 106/0.138 X 20 X 230 )1/2
d = 358.91 mm
Mu.lim = 0.36 fck (1- 0.416 x )bd2
Mu.lim = 0.36 x 20 x 0.48 (1- 0.416 x 0.48) x 230 x 4102
Mu.lim = 106.93 x 106 N mm
Area of steel -
34
Now Ast = [1- ]x bd
Ast = [1- ] x 230 x 410
Ast = 640.12 mm2
Use 16 mm Ø bars
No of bars = = =3.18=4 bars
Actual Ast = 4 x 200.96 = 803.84 mm2
Check for reinforcement –
Pt lim = = = 0.002586
Pt lim = 0.258 %
Ast min = x 230 x 410
= 317 mm2
Provide the reinforcement is more.Hence OK
Check for Shear and Design of shear reinforcement –The reaction at the wall supports will
be uniformly distributed over the full width. Hence the shear force will be maximum at the
edge of the support.
Maximum Shear (V) = = = 115200 N
Factored Shear = 1.5 x 115200 = 172800 N
35
And Ԏv = = = 1.83 N/mm2
Assuming the out of 4 bars of min reinforcement 2 bars will be bent up near the support and
hence only 2 bars will be available.
P%= x x100 = x x100 = 0.33 %
Finding permissible shear value for M20 CONCRETE 0.33% steel form table 23 of IS 456
Ԏc = .25 N/ mm2
HENCE Ԏv exceeds Ԏc, shear reinforcement shall be provided in the following forms:
a) Vertical stirrups,
b) Bent-up bars along with stirrups, and
c) Inclined stirrups.
Where bent-up bars are provided, their contribution
towards shear resistance shall not be more than half
that of the~total shear reinforcement.
Hence shear reinforcement is required.
Vc = Ԏc x b x d = 0.25 x 230 x 410 = 23575 N
Vs = V - Vc = 172800 – 23575 = 149225 N
Using 8 ø 2 legged stirrups , Asv = 2 x x 82 = 100.5 mm2
Sv = = = 63.90 mm 60 mm
Subject to max of 0.75d or 230 mm. whichever is less. Hence provide the stirrups @ 60 mm
c/c 2-10 ø holding bars at top.
Check for development length at supports – The code stirrups that at the simple supports ,
where the reinforcement is confined by a compressive reaction. The diameter of the
reinforcement be such that
36
1.3 x + L0 ≥ Ld
Assuming that 2 bars are bent up and 2 bars are available at the support.
Ast = 2 x x 162 = 401.92 mm2
M1 = moment of resistance of the section
= 1.5 x 0.87 x Fy x Ast x 0.9 x d
=1.5 x 0.87 x 415 x 401.92 x 0.9 x 410
= 89.244 x 106 N mm
Vu = 126562.5 N
L0 = Sum of anchorage value of hooks
Let us provide a support equal to the width of the wall i.e.600 mm. Let the clean side cover x’
= 40 mm. For a 900 bend having anchorage value of S ø.we have
L0 = - x’ + 3 ø = - 40 + (3 x 16) = 258 mm
1.3 x + L0 = 1.3 x + 258 = 1174.68 mm
Development length Ld = = = 752.1875 mm
1.3 x + L0 >Ld
Hence code requirements are satisfied.
Details of reinforcements Due to the partial fixidity that may be caused at the support, some
reinforcement is always. Provide at the top of the beam near the ends. Let us bend two bars.
One at a distance x1 from the support and the other a distance X2 from the support.
B.M. at X1 = x1
37
The should be 3/4 of the maximum bending moment.
x1 =
This gives
X1 = 0.25 x L = 0.25 X 5.410 = 1.3525 M
However, bend one bar at a distance of 1.60 m from the support.
Similarly, for the second bar , x2 =
X2 = 0.14 x L = 0.14 X 5.410 = 0.7574 M
However, bend second bar at a distance of 1.60 m from the support. The remaining two bars
shall be taken straight into the support. Fig shows the longitudinal section and the cross
section of the beam.
L0 = Sum of anchorage value of hooks
Let us provide a support equal to the width of the wall i.e.600 mm. Let the clean side cover x’
= 40 mm. For a 900 bend having anchorage value of S ø.we have
L0 = - x’ + 3 ø = - 40 + (3 x 16) = 258 mm
1.3 x + L0 = 1.3 x + 258 = 1174.68 mm
Development length Ld = = = 752.1875 mm
1.3 x + L0 >Ld
Hence code requirements are satisfied.
Details of reinforcements Due to the partial fixidity that may be caused at the support, some
reinforcement is always. Provide at the top of the
38
beam near the ends. Let us bend two bars. One at a distance x1 from the support and the other
a distance X2 from the support.
B.M. at X1 = x1
The should be 3/4 of the maximum bending moment.
x1 =
This gives
X1 = 0.25 x L = 0.25 X 5.410 = 1.3525 M
However, bend one bar at a distance of 1.60 m from the support.
Similarly, for the second bar , x2 =
X2 = 0.14 x L = 0.14 X 5.410 = 0.7574 M
However, bend second bar at a distance of 1.60 m from the support. The remaining two bars
shall be taken straight into the support. Fig shows the longitudinal section and the cross
section of the beam
DESIGN OF BEAM FOR 6M FRAME
Beam-1
DESIGN OF BEAM FOR +MOMENT
B = 230 mm D = 450 mm
Clear cover = 30 mm
d = 450 - 16/2 - 30 = 408 = 410 mm
39
Xu max = 0.48 d (For M20 , Fe 415)
Xu max = 0.48 x 410 = 196.8 mm
Mu = 0.138 Fck b d2 (For M20 , Fe 415)
d = (Mu/0.138 Fck b)1/2
d = (86.71 x 106/0.138 X 20 X 230 )1/2
d = 369.91 mm
Mu.lim = 0.36 fck (1- 0.416 x )bd2
Mu.lim = 0.36 x 20 x 0.48 (1- 0.416 x 0.48) x 230 x 4102
Mu.lim = 106.93 x 106 N mm
Area of steel -
Now Ast = [1- ]x bd
Ast = [1- ] x 230 x 410
Ast = 691.16 mm2
Use 16 mm Ø bars
40
Actual Ast = 4 x 200.96 = 803.84 mm2
DESIGN OF BEAM FOR –Ve MOMENT
Beam-4
For -bm for 6m span
Design of beam –
B = 230 mm D = 450 mm
Clear cover = 30 mm
d = 450 - 16/2 - 30 = 408 = 410 mm
Xu max = 0.48 d (For M20 , Fe 415)
Xu max = 0.48 x 410 = 196.8 mm
Mu = 0.138 Fck b d2 (For M20 , Fe 415)
d = (Mu/0.138 Fck b)1/2
d = (53.52 x 106/0.138 X 20 X 230 )1/2
d = 290.91 mm
Limiting Moment (Mu.lim)
Mu.lim = 0.36 fck (1- 0.416 x )bd2
41
Mu.lim = 0.36 x 20 x 0.48 (1- 0.416 x 0.48) x 230 x 4102
Mu.lim = 106.93 x 106 N mm
Area of steel -
Now Ast = [1- ]x bd
Ast = [1- ] x 230 x 410
Ast = 396.28 mm2
Use 16 mm Ø bars
Actual Ast = 4 x 200.96 = 803.84 mm2
Check for reinforcement –
Pt lim = = = 0.002586
Pt lim = 0.258 %
Ast min = x 230 x 410
= 317 mm2
Provide the reinforcement is more. Hence OK
Check for Shear and Design of shear reinforcement –The reaction at the wall supports will
be uniformly distributed over the full width. Hence the shear force will be maximum at the
edge of the support.
42
Maximum Shear (V) = = = 115200 N
Factored Shear = 1.5 x 115200 = 172800 N
And Ԏv = = = 1.83 N/mm2
Assuming the out of 4 bars of min reinforcement 2 bars will be bent up near the support and
hence only 2 bars will be available.
P%= x x100 = x x100 = 0.21 %
Finding permissible shear value for M20 CONCRETE 0.21% steel form table 23 of IS 456
Ԏc = .20 N/ mm2
HENCE Ԏv exceeds Ԏc, shear reinforcement shall be provided in the following forms:
a) Vertical stirrups,
b) Bent-up bars along with stirrups, and
c) Inclined stirrups.
Where bent-up bars are provided, their contribution
towards shear resistance shall not be more than half
that of the~total shear reinforcement.
Hence shear reinforcement is required.
Vc = Ԏc x b x d = 0.25 x 230 x 410 = 23575 N
Vs = V - Vc = 172800 – 23575 = 149225 N
Using 8 ø 2 legged stirrups , Asv = 2 x x 82 = 100.5 mm2
Sv = = = 63.90 mm 60 mm
Subject to max of 0.75d or 230 mm. which ever is less. Hence provide the stirrups @ 60 mm
c/c 2-10 ø holding bars at top.
43
COLUMNS
Compression Members
Compression members, such as columns, are mainly subjected to axial forces. The principal
stress in a compression member is therefore the normal stress,
The failure of a short compression member resulting from the compression axial force looks
like,
However, when a compression member becomes longer, the role of the geometry and
stiffness (Young's modulus) becomes more and more important. For a long (slender)
column, buckling occurs way before the normal stress reaches the strength of the column
material. For example, pushing on the ends of a business card or bookmark can easily
reproduce the buckling.
44
For an intermediate length compression member, kneeling occurs when some areas yield
before buckling, as shown in the figure below.
In summary, the failure of a compression member has to do with the strength and stiffness of
the material and the geometry (slenderness ratio) of the member. Whether a compression
member is considered short, intermediate, or long depends on these factors. More quantitative
discussion on these factors can be found in the next section.
45
Design Considerations
In practice, for a given material, the allowable stress in a compression member depends on
the slenderness ratio Leff / r and can be divided into three regions: short, intermediate, and
long.
Short columns are dominated by the strength limit of the material. Intermediate columns are
bounded by the inelastic limit of the member. Finally, long columns are bounded by the
elastic limit (i.e. Euler's formula). These three regions are depicted on the stress/slenderness
graph below,
The short/intermediate/long classification of columns depends on both the geometry

(slenderness ratio) and the material properties (Young's modulus and yield strength). Some
common materials used for columns are listed below:
Intermediate Column
Short Column Long Column
(Inelastic Stability
(Strength Limit) (Elastic Stability Limit)
Material Limit)
Slenderness Ratio ( SR = Leff / r)
Structural Steel SR < 40 40 < SR < 150 SR > 150
Aluminium Alloy
SR < 9.5 9.5 < SR < 66 SR > 66
AA 6061 - T6
Aluminium Alloy
SR < 12 12 < SR < 55 SR > 55
AA 2014 - T6
Wood SR < 11 11 < SR < (18 ~ 30) (18 ~ 30) < SR < 50
46
In the table, Leff is the effective length of the column, and r is the radius of gyration of the
cross-sectional area, defined as .
Radii of gyration for standard beams, common beams, and other common areas can be found
in the geometry section.
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS IN COLUMN
47
DESIGN OF COLUMN
AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN
Problem :- Fig. Shown in plan and part section of a four storied building of construction.
Design an interior column to the following particulars.
Height of each floor = 3.35m
Plinth height above the ground level = 0.6m
Thickness of walls = 250 mm
Size of columns = 450 x 450 mm²
Thickness of floor slabs = 150mm
Depth of foundation =1.2m
L.L. on slab = 2.5 kN/m²
Floor finishing = 1 kN/m²
Ignore moment transmitted to column from slab. Use M20 conc and Fe 415 steel.
Solution .
Loads:-
For each floor
48
DL of slab = 25 x 0.15 =3.75 kN/m²
Floor finishing = 1 kN/ m²
Tatal dead load for floor = 4.75 kN/ m²
DL of walls for 1 floor = 0.25 x 2.75 x 20 = 13.75 kN/ m
DL of beams for 1 floor = 0.23 x .45 x 25 = 2.5875 kN/ m²
Load transmitted to the columns at its base:
DL of floor : (4.75 x 5 x 6 ) x 7 = 997.5 kN
DL of walls : [13.75(5+6)] x3 = 453.75 kN
DL of beams : [2.58(5+6)]x 7 = 198.66 kN
DL of columns : 0.450 x 0.450 x 14.7 x 25 =74.41KN
Live load from 4 floors
(30% reduction) : 0.7(3.2 x 5 x6 x7) = 470 kN
Total load on column = 2190 kN
Ultimate load of the column = 1.5 x 2190= 3285 kN
Effective length of column lef = 0.65 x 3 = 1.95 m
Minimum eccentricity : This is taken as the greater of the following.
(1) 20 mm
(2) Lef / 500) + (b/30) = (1950/500) + (400/30) = 17.23mm
So emin =20mm.
But 0.05 b = .05 x 450 = 22.5 mm
emin has not exceeded 0.05 b
Hence , the ultimate load capacity is givin by ,
Pu = 0.40 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Gross area of column section
49
Ag = 450 x 450 = 202500 mm²
Area of steel = Asc
Area of conc = Ac = 202500 – Asc
Ultimate load
Pu = 0.40 x 20 (202500 - Asc ) +0.67 x 415 Asc = 3285 X10³ N
1620 x 10³ - 8 Asc + 278.05 Asc = 3285 x 10³
Asc = 6165.52 mm²
Provide 8 bars of 22mm ɸ
Lateral ties
Diameter of lateral ties shall not be less than,
1. 5 mm.
2. ¼ diameter of longitudinal bars = 1/4 x 22 = 4.4 mm
Provide 6mm dia ties.
Spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed,
1. Least lateral dimension of the column : 450mm.

2. 16 x dia of longitudinal bars : 16 x 22 = 352 mm.
3. 48 x dia of ties : 48 x 6 = 288 mm.
Provide 6 mm ɸ ties @ 250 mm C/C
50
STAIR CASE
Introduction
Staircase is an important component of a building providing access to different floors and
roof of the building. It consists of a flight of steps (stairs) and one or more intermediate
landing slabs between the floor levels. Different types of staircases can be made by arranging
stairs and landing slabs. Staircase, thus, is a structure enclosing a stair. The design of the main
components of a staircase-stair, landing slabs and supporting beams or wall – are already
covered in earlier lessons. The design of staircase, therefore, is the application of the designs
of the different elements of the staircase.
Types of Staircases
Figures to e present some of the common types of staircases based on geometrical

configurations:
(a) Single flight staircase
(b) Two flight staircase
(c) Open-well staircase
(d) Spiral staircase
(e) Helicoidally staircase
Architectural considerations involving aesthetics, structural feasibility and functional

requirements are the major aspects to select a particular type of the staircase. Other
51
influencing parameters of the selection are lighting, ventilation, comfort, accessibility, space
etc.
Present Plans And Sections Of A Typical Flight Of Different Possibilities. The Different
Terminologies Used In The Staircase Are Given Below:
COMPONENT OF STAIR CASE a) Tread: The horizontal top portion of a step where foot
rests is known as tread. The dimension range from 270 mm for residential buildings and
factories to 300 mm for public buildings here large number of persons use the staircase.
(b) Nosing: In some cases the tread is projected outward to increase the space. This projection
is designated as nosing
52
(c) Riser: The vertical distance between two successive steps is termed as riser The
dimension of the riser ranges from 150 mm for public buildings to 190 mm for residential
buildings and factories.
(d) Waist: The thickness of the waist-slab on which steps are made is known as waist. The
depth (thickness) of the waist is the minimum thickness perpendicular to the soffit of the
staircaseThe steps of the staircase resting on waist-slab can be made of bricks or concrete.
(e) Going: Going is the horizontal projection between the first and the last riser of an inclined
flight
The flight shown in has two landings and one going. Figures b to d present the three ways of
arranging the flight as mentioned below:
(i) waist-slab type
(ii) tread-riser type or free-standing staircase, and
(iii) isolated tread type
General Guidelines
The following are some of the general guidelines to be considered while planning a staircase:
• The respective dimensions of tread and riser for all the parallel steps should be the same
in consecutive floor of a building.
• The minimum vertical headroom above any step should be 2 m.
• Generally, the number of risers in a flight should be restricted to twelve.
• The minimum width of stair (Fig.a) should be 850 mm, though it is desirable to have the
width between 1.1 to 1.6 m. In public building, cinema halls etc., large widths of the
stair should be provided.
Different structural systems are possible for the staircase, shown in Fig. 9.20.3a,
depending on the spanning direction. The slab component of the stair spans either in the
direction of going i.e., longitudinally or in the direction of the steps, i.e., transversely. The
systems are discussed below:
53
(A) Stair slab spanning longitudinally
Here, one or more supports are provided parallel to the riser for the slab bending
longitudinally. Figures 3b to f show different support arrangements of a two flight stair
(i) Supported on edges AE and DH
(ii) Clamped along edges AE and DH
(iii) Supported on edges BF and CG
(iv) Supported on edges AE, CG (or BF) and DH
(v) Supported on edges AE, BF, CG and DH
Cantilevered landing and intermediate supports (Figs..3d, e and f) are helpful to
induce negative moments near the supports which reduce the positive moment and thereby
the depth of slab becomes economic.
In the case of two flight stair, sometimes the flight is supported between the landings which
span transversely (Figs.4a and b). It is worth mentioning that some of the above mentioned
structural systems are statically determinate while others are statically indeterminate where
deformation conditions have to taken into account for the analysis.
Longitudinal spanning of stair slab is also possible with other configurations including single
flight, open-well helicoidally and free-standing staircases.
(B) Stair slab spanning transversely
54
Here, either the waist slabs or the slab components of isolated tread-slab and trade-riser units
are supported on their sides or are cantilevers along the width direction from a central beam.
The slabs thus bend in a transverse vertical plane. The following are the different
arrangements:
(i) Slab supported between two stringer beams or walls (Fig.5a)
(ii) Cantilever slabs from a spandrel beam or wall (Fig.5b)
(iii) Doubly cantilever slabs from a central beam (Fig.5c)
55
Effective Span of Stairs
The stipulations of clause 33 of IS 456 are given below as a ready reference regarding the
determination of effective span of stair. Three different cases are given to determine the
effective span of stairs without stringer beams.
(i) The horizontal centre-to-centre distance of beams should be considered as the effective
span when the slab is supported at top and bottom risers by beams spanning parallel with the
risers.
(ii) The horizontal distance equal to the going of the stairs plus at each end either half the
width of the landing or one meter, whichever is smaller when the stair slab is spanning on to
the edge of a landing slab which spans parallel with the risers. See Table 9.1 for the effective
span for this type of staircases shown in Fig.3a.
Table 9.1 Effective span of stairs x y Effective span
shown in Fig.3a Sl. No. in metres
1 <1m <1m G+x+y
2 <1m ≥1m G+x+1
3 ≥1m <1m G+y+1
4 ≥1m ≥1m G+1+1
Note: G = Going, as shown in Fig. 3a
Distribution of Loadings on Stairs
56
DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
Design of the waist-slab type of the staircase of Fig.9.20.10. Landing slab A is supported on
beams along JK and PQ, while the waist-slab and landing slab B are spanning longitudinally
as shown in Fig.9.20.10. The finish loads and live loads are 1 kN/m 2 and 5 kN/m2,
respectively. Use riser R = 160 mm, trade T = 270 mm, concrete grade = M 20 and steel grade
= Fe 415.
Solution:
With R = 160 mm and T = 270 mm, the inclined length of each step = {(160) 2 + (270)2}½ =
313.85 mm.
(A) Design of going and landing slab B

Step 1: Effective span and depth of slab
57
The effective span (cls. 33.1b and c) = 750 + 2700 + 1500 + 150 = 5100 mm. The depth of
waist slab = 5100/20 = 255 mm. Let us assume total depth of 250 mm and effective depth =
250 – 20 – 6 = 224 mm (assuming cover = 20 mm and diameter of main reinforcing bar = 12
mm). The depth of landing slab is assumed as 200 mm and effective depth = 200 – 20 – 6 =
174 mm.
Step 2: Calculation of loads (Fig.9.20.11, sec. 1-1)
(i) Loads on going (on projected plan area)
(a) Self-weight of waist-slab = 25(0.25)(313.85)/270 = 7.265 kN/m2
(b) Self-weight of steps = 25(0.5)(0.16) = 2.0 kN/m2
(c) Finishes (given) = 1.0 kN/m2
(d) Live loads (given) = 5.0 kN/m2
Total = 15.265 kN/m2
Total factored loads = 1.5(15.265) = 22.9 kN/m2
(ii) Loads on landing slab A (50% of estimated loads)
(a) Self-weight of landing slab = 25(0.2) = 5 kN/m2
(b) Finishes (given) = 1 kN/m2
(c) Live loads (given) = 5 kN/m2
Total = 11 kN/m2
Factored loads on landing slab A = 0.5(1.5)(11) = 8.25 kN/m2
(iii) Factored loads on landing slab B = (1.5)(11) = 16.5 kN/m2
The loads are drawn in Fig.9.20.11.
Step 3: Bending moment and shear force (Fig. 9.20.11)
Total loads for 1.5 m width of flight = 1.5{8.25(0.75) + 22.9(2.7) + 16.5(1.65)}
= 142.86 kN
58
VC = 1.5{8.25(0.75)(5.1 – 0.375) + 22.9(2.7)(5.1 – 0.75 – 1.35)
+ 16.5(1.65)(1.65)(0.5)}/5.1 = 69.76 kN
VD = 142.86 – 69.76 = 73.1 kN
The distance x from the left where shear force is zero is obtained from:
x = {69.76 – 1.5(8.25)(0.75) + 1.5(22.9)(0.75)}/(1.5)(22.9) = 2.51 m
The maximum bending moment at x = 2.51 m is
= 69.76(2.51) – (1.5)(8.25)(0.75)(2.51 – 0.375)
- (1.5)(22.9)(2.51 – 0.75)(2.51 – 0.75)(0.5) = 102.08 kNm.
For the landing slab B, the bending moment at a distance of 1.65 m from D
= 73.1(1.65) – 1.5(16.5)(1.65)(1.65)(0.5) = 86.92 kNm
Step 4: Checking of depth of slab
From the maximum moment, we get d = {102080/2(2.76)}½ = 135.98 mm < 224 mm for
waist-slab and < 174 mm for landing slabs. Hence, both the depths of 250 mm and 200 mm
for waist-slab and landing slab are more than adequate for bending.
For the waist-slab, vτ = 73100/1500(224) = 0.217 N/mm2. For the waist-slab of depth 250
mm, k = 1.1 (cl. 40.2.1.1 of IS 456) and from Table 19 of IS 456, cτ = 1.1(0.28) = 0.308
N/mm2. Table 20 of IS 456, maxcτ = 2.8 N/mm2. Since vτ <cτ <maxcτ, the depth of waist-
slab as 250 mm is safe for shear.
For the landing slab, vτ = 73100/1500(174) = 0.28 N/mm2. For the landing slab of depth 200
mm, k = 1.2 (cl. 40.2.1.1 of IS 456) and from Table 19 of IS 456, cτ = 1.2(0.28) = 0.336
N/mm2 and from Table 20 of IS 456, maxcτ = 2.8 N/mm2. Here also vτ <cτ <maxcτ, so the
depth of landing slab as 200 mm is safe for shear.
Step 5: Determination of areas of steel reinforcement
59
(i) Waist-slab: Mu/bd2 = 102080/(1.5)224(224) = 1.356 N/mm2. Table 2 of SP-16 gives p =
0.411.
The area of steel = 0.411(1000)(224)/(100) = 920.64 mm2. Provide 12 mm diameter @ 120
mm c/c (= 942 mm2/m).
(ii) Landing slab B: Mu/bd2 at a distance of 1.65 m from VD (Fig. 9.20.11) = 86920/(1.5)(174)
(174) = 1.91 N/mm2. Table 2 of SP-16 gives: p = 0.606. The area of steel = 0.606(1000)
(174)/100 = 1054 mm2/m. Provide 16 mm diameter @ 240 mm c/c and 12 mm dia. @ 240
mm c/c (1309 mm2) at the bottom of landing slab B of which 16 mm bars will be terminated
at a distance of 500 mm from the end and will continue up to a distance of 1000 mm at the
bottom of waist slab (Fig. 9.20.12).
Distribution steel: The same distribution steel is provided for both the slabs as calculated for
the waist-slab. The amount is = 0.12(250) (1000)/100 = 300 mm 2/m. Provide 8 mm diameter
@ 160 mm c/c (= 314 mm2/m).
Step 6: Checking of development length and diameter of main bars
Development length of 12 mm diameter bars = 47(12) = 564 mm, say 600 mm and the same
of 16 mm dia. Bars = 47(16) = 752 mm, say 800 mm.
60
(i) For waist-slab
(ii) M1 for 12 mm diameter @ 120 mm c/c (= 942 mm2) = 942(102.08)/920.64
= 104.44 kNm. With V (shear force) = 73.1 kN, the diameter of main bars
≤ {1.3(104440)/73.1}/47 39.5 mm. Hence, 12 mm diameter is o.k. ≤
(ii) For landing-slab B
M1 for 16 mm diameter @ 120 mm c/c (= 1675 mm2) = 1675(102.08)/1650.88 = 103.57 kNm.
With V (shear force) = 73.1 kN, the diameter of main bars {1.3(103570)/73.1}/47 = 39.18
mm. Hence, 16 mm diameter is o.k. ≤
The reinforcing bars are shown in Fig.9.20.12 (sec. 1-1).
(B) Design of landing slab A
Step 1: Effective span and depth of slab
The effective span is lesser of (i) (1500 + 1500 + 150 + 174), and (ii) (1500 + 1500 + 150
+ 300) = 3324 mm. The depth of landing slab = 3324/20 = 166 mm, < 200 mm already
61
assumed. So, the depth is 200 mm
Step 5: Determination of areas of steel reinforcement
For Mu/bd2 = 75060/(1.5)(174)(174) = 1.65 N/mm2, Table 2 of SP-16 gives p = 0.512.

The area of steel = (0.512)(1000)(174)/100 = 890.88 mm2/m. Provide 12 mm diameter @ 120
mm c/c (= 942 mm2/m). With this area of steel p = 942(100)/1000(174) = 0.541
62
Distribution steel = The same as in Step 5 of A i.e., 8 mm diameter @ 160 mm c/c.
Step 6: Checking of depth for shear
Table 19 and cl. 40.2.1.1 gives: cτ = (1.2)(0.493) = 0.5916 N/mm2. vτ = 0.347 N/mm2 (see
Step 3 of B) is now less than cτ (= 0.5916 N/mm2). Since, vτ <cτ <maxcτ, the depth of 200
mm is safe for shear.
FOOTING
A FOOTING is the lowest supporting structure which carries the load of the structure and
transfer it to the earth.
Foundations are generally divided into two categories:
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
In our case we have design the shallow foundation therefore explaining about shallow
foundation
Shallow foundations
Shallow foundations, often called footings, are usually embedded about a meter or so into
soil. One common type is the spread footing which consists of strips or pads of concrete (or
63
other materials) which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight from walls and
columns to the soil or bedrock.
Another common type of shallow foundation is the slab-on-grade foundation where the
weight of the building is transferred to the soil through a concrete slab placed at the surface.
Slab-on-grade foundations can be reinforced mat slabs, which range from 25 cm to several
meters thick, depending on the size of the building, or post-tensioned slabs, which are
typically at least 20 cm for houses, and thicker for heavier structures.
ELEVATION OF ISOLATED FOOTING
REINFORCEMENT DETAIS IN ISOLATED FOOTING
64
DESIGN OF ISOLATED SQUAREFOOTING:-
65
Problem:- A square column 400mm x400mm carries an axial load of 1315 kN .
Design a square tapered footing .
Bearing capacity of soil = 165 kN/m².
M20 conc. And fe 415 steel is used.
Solution:-
Load on column = 1315 kN
Approximate wt of foundation (10%) of column load = 131.5 kN
Total load = 1446.5 kN
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 165 kN/m².
Area required for foundation = 1446.5 / 165 =8.766 m²
Side of footing = √8.77 =2.96 ≈ 3m
Provide 3m x 3 m
Net upward pressure intensity = 1446.5 x10³ / 3 x 3
= 160722.22 N/m²
66
Depth from B.M. criteria.
Critical section @ x-x for B.M. is given by Fig.
Projection beyond the critical section.
3.0000
x
0.4000
0.4000 3.0000
1.3000
x
critical section
= 1230mm
Max B.M. @ critical section
Mmax = 160722.22 x 3.0 x 1.3 x (1.3/2)
= 407430.82 N-m
Factored B.M.
Mu = 1.5 x 407430.82 = 611146.24 N-m
Equating Mu.lim . = Mu
0.138 x fck x bd² = 0.138 x 20 x 400 x d² = 611146.24 x 1000
d = 744mm
provide 16mm bars, Effective cover of upper layer = 60+16+8
= 84 mm
Total depth =744 +84 = 828 mm
Depth is increasing by 30% for limit of shear stress .
= 828 x 1.3 = 1076 ≈ 1080mm
So eff depth is = 1080 – 84 = 996 mm
67
Check for shear
1. Check for one-way shear

Details is given in Fig,....
1.0800
0.4824
0.3040
0.3000
0.9960
3.0000
1.3000
0.9960
0.4000
critical section
The critical sec for one way shear is considered at d distance.
Let the depth is reduced by 230mm.
So , overall depth @ the critical sec
D’ = 1080-{(1080-230) /1230} x 996
= 482.4mm
d = 482.4-84 = 398.4mm
shear @ critical section = 0.304 x160722.22 x 3
= 146578.66 N
68
Factored shear
= 146578.66 x 1.5
= 219867.98 N
Width @ top of the critical sec b’ = b + 2d

= 400 + 2x 996 = 2392 mm
Nominal shear stress @ section
Tv = Vu /bd
= 219867.98 / 2392 x 398.4
= 0.28 N/m²
Note- for provided reinforcement Tv < Tc so < OK >
69
EARTH WORK:
Earth work in construction is an operation in which earth, rock, or other
material in or on the ground is moved or otherwise displaced by means of tools,
equipment, or explosives, and includes earthwork, trenching, wall shafts,
tunneling and underground work. High-risk obligations apply to excavations
with a depth greater than 1.5 meters.
70
Excavation is regarded as one of the most hazardous construction operations.
Excavation failure occurs very quickly, giving a worker virtually no time to
escape, especially if the collapse is extensive and the excavation is a trench.
Normally, a slab of earth collapses off the trench face under its own weight and
breaks against the opposite wall of the excavation, burying and crushing any
person in its path. This can result in death by suffocation or internal injuries.
PREPARATION FOR EARTH WORK:

Prior to beginning excavation, grading, or embankment operations
in any area, the following items are required to be completed:
1) Clearing and grubbing is conducted. This includes the removal of all
perishable material such as tree roots, stumps, sod, weeds, agricultural
debris, etc.
2) Check sections are taken and checked satisfactorily with those on the
plans. On contracts with construction engineering, the Contractor is
responsible for securing check sections. The method of checking original
cross sections is outlined in the General Instructions to Field Employees.
3) After the previous items have been completed, the Contractor
proceeds with scalping in areas where excavations are to be made, or
embankments are to be placed. Another common term for scalping is
stripping. Scalping is the removal of the upper 4 in. of the soils.
Removal is necessary to ensure that decayable vegetation is not
incorporated into an embankment. Although 4 in. is the maximum depth,
top soils containing large quantities of humus to a depth greater than 4
in. are removed until suitable materials are exposed. Scalping is
completed to the limits the area where excavations are to be made or
Embankments are to be placed. The grading operations are inspected
closely for unsuitable material.
71
FOUNDATION:
A foundation is the lowest and supporting layer of a structure.
Foundation is part of a building, usually below the ground, that transfers
and distributes the weight of the building onto the ground such that the
compressive stresses do not exceed the bearing capacity of the soil.
TYPES OF FOUNDATION:
Foundations are generally divided into two categories: shallow

foundations and deep foundations
Shallow foundations:
Shallow foundations, often called footings, are usually embedded about

a meter or so into soil. One common type is the spread footing which
consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other materials) which extend
below the frost line and transfer the weight from walls and columns to
the soil or bedrock.
Another common type of shallow foundation is the slab-on-grade
foundation where the weight of the building is transferred to the soil
through a concrete slab placed at the surface. Slab-on-grade
foundations can be reinforced mat slabs, which range from 25 cm to
several meters thick, depending on the size of the building, or post-
tensioned slabs, which are typically at least 20 cm for houses, and
thicker for heavier structures.
72
Deep foundations:
A deep foundation is used to transfer the load of a structure down

through the upper weak layer of topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil
below. There are different types of deep footings including impact driven
piles, drilled shafts, caissons, helical piles, and earth stabilized columns.
The naming conventions for different types of footings vary between different
engineers.
Historically, piles were wood, later steel, reinforced concrete, and pre-tensioned
concrete.
DESIGN
Foundations are designed to have an adequate load capacity with

limited settlement by a geotechnical engineer, and the footing itself is
designed structurally by a structural engineer.
The primary design concerns are settlement and bearing capacity. When
considering settlement, total settlement and differential settlement is
normally considered. Differential settlement is when one part of a
foundation settles more than another part. This can cause problems to
the structure the foundation is supporting. It is necessary that a
foundation not be loaded beyond its bearing capacity or the foundation
will "fail".
Other design considerations include scour and frost heave. Scour is
when flowing water removes supporting soil from around a footing (like a
pier supporting a bridge over a river). Frost heave occurs when water in
the ground freezes to form ice lenses.
73
Changes in soil moisture can cause expansive clay to swell and shrink.
This swelling can vary across the footing due to seasonal changes or the
effects of vegetation removing moisture. The variation in swell can cause
the soil to distort, cracking the structure over it. This is a particular
problem for house footings in semi-arid climates such as South Australia,
Southwestern US, Turkey, Israel, Iran and South Africa where wet
winters are followed by hot dry summers. Raft slabs with inherent
stiffness have been developed in Australia with capabilities to resist this
movement.
When structures are built in areas of permafrost, special consideration must be
given to the thermal effect the structure will have on the permafrost. Generally,
the structure is designed in a way that tries to prevent the permafrost from
melting.
Construction of site (First Look)
Spot Footings:
A spot or pad footing is used to support a single point of contact, such as under
a pier or post. A spot footing is typically a 2' by 2' square pad, 10" to 12" thick,
and made with reinforced concrete rated to 3,000 to 5,000 pounds per square
inch (psi) in compression.
74
DESIGN
Floor plans
11st and 2nd floor plan
75
3rd to 4th floor plan
76
5th to 7th floor plan
ESTIMATION AND COSTING

RATE ANALYSIS OF EXCAVATION WORK
EARTHWORK IN EXCAVATION IN FOUNDATION INCLUDING IN TRENCH UP

30 M LEAD 1.5 M LIFT-
Take 100 cu m.
77
Particulars Quantity Rate Cost
Labour :-
Head mason 0.5 nos. 450 225
Beldar 20 nos. 300 6000
Coolie 24 nos. 250 6000
Sundries ,T and P etc. Lump sum. 200 200
Total 12425
Rate per cu m =13667.5/100 = 136.7 Rs.
Rate of analysis for R.C.C. work in beams, slabs, etc. (1:1:2)-unit 1 cu m. Take 10 cu m.-
Particulars Quantity Rate (per unit) Cost

Rs.
Paisa.
1.Materials :-
Cement 3.8 mᶟ(114 300 per bag 34200
Sand bags)
Coarse aggregate 3.8 mᶟ 64 per mᶟ 243.2
(.2 mᶟ)Steel, TMT 7.6 mᶟ 64 per mᶟ 486.4
bars@2%,weight 7850kg/mᶟ
Binding wire 15.7 q 4200 per q 65940
2 kg 60 per kg 120
Total = 100989.6
2.Labour:-
Head mason no. 450 per day 225
Mason 400 per day 1200
Beldar 3 nos. 300 per day 3600
Coolie 12 nos. 250 per day 5000
Bhishti(including curing) 20 nos. 250 per day 1500
6 nos.
78
Sundries T. and P. etc. Lump sum 200 L.S. 200
Total = 11725
3.Bending,cranking and binding
steel bars in position:-
Blacksmith 8 nos. 400 per day 3200
mazdoor 8 nos. 300 per day 2400
Total = 5600
4.Centering and shuttering:-
Timber planks and ballies Lump sum 1500 L.S. 1500
Carpenter 10 nos. 400 per day 4000
mazdoor 10 nos. 300 per day 3000
Total = 8500
Total of material and labour =126814.6
Add 1½ % water charges = 1902.2
Grant total =141398.28
Rate per cu m =141398.28/10=14139.828
Rate of analysis for plain cement concrete (1:1:2)-unit 1 cu m.Take 10 cu m.-
Particulars Quantity Rate (per unit) Cost

Rs.
Paisa.
1.Materials :-
Cement 3.8 mᶟ(114bags) 300 per bag 34200
3.8 mᶟ
Sand 7.6 mᶟ 64 per mᶟ 243.2
Coarse aggregate 64 per mᶟ 489.4
Total = 34929.6
2.Labour:-
Head mason no. 450 per day 225
Mason 400 per day 800
Beldar 2 nos. 300 per day 3600
Coolie 12 nos. 250 per day 5000
79
Bhishti(including curing) 20 nos. 250 per day 1500
Sundries T. and P. etc. 6 nos. 200 L.S. 200
Lump sum
Total 11325
3.Centering and shuttering:-

Timber planks and ballies
Carpenter Lump sum 1500 L.S. 1500
Mazdoor 2.5 nos. 400 per day 1000
2 nos. 300 per day 600
Total = 3100
Add 1½ % water charges = 740.31
Rate per cu m =55029.7/10=5502.97
Rate per cu m =10489.6301/10= Rs 1048.964
ABSTRACT OF COST
S PERTICULAR OF ITEM TOTAL UNIT RATE TATOL COST

No. QUANTITY
1. Earth work
(a)excavation 1367.8 mᶟ 136.70 186978.26
(b)sand filling 71.99 mᶟ 100.00 7199
80
2. Concrete work
(a)sub stucture 612.395 mᶟ
(b)supper structure 722.25 mᶟ
total 1334.645 mᶟ 14139.82 18871569.36
3. Earth filling 1043 mᶟ 102.5 106386
4. Brick work 861.48 mᶟ 3594.202 3096333.139
5. Flooring 2255.16m² 200 451032
6. Plaster 4822.02m² 150 723303
7. Roof 2255.16m2 140 315722.4
Total 23758523.15
Add 8% for water supply and sanitary works = 23758523.15 x .08 = 1900681.85
Add 8% for electrification work = 1900681.85
Total charge = 27559886.885
TOTAL = 27559886.885
Add 5% for contingencies and work charge establishment :
= 27559886.885x .05 = 1377994.34 Rs
GRAND TOTAL = 27559886.885+ 1377994.34
GRAND TOTAL = 28937881.22 Rs
REFERENCES
A.K. Jain : “Reinforced concrete limit state Design”, Nem .

Chand & Bross, Roorkee.
81
M.L.Gambhir : “Foudamentals of reinforced concrete design”,
TMH publishing company.
S.K. Duggal : “design of steel structures”, TMH publishing
Company.
S. Ramamrutam : “Theory of Structures”, Dhanpat rai publishing
Houuse.
K.R.Arora : “soil mechanics & foundation Engineering”,
Standard publishers distributers.
IS Code : 456-2000, “code of practice for plain &
Reinforced Concrete”,ISI
IS Code : 875-1987 part-1, “code of practice for design
Loads”, For building & structures.
BIS-875(Part-1) : Dead loads – Unit weights of building material.
BIS-875(Part-2) : live load of building & structures.
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are derived from this study: In the near-fault ground motions, the
minimum rotational response considering strength-stiffness dependent behavior could be
82
achieved, when stiffness and strength centers are located on the opposite side of the mass
center. However, general trends in the rotational demand with the assumption of traditional
behavior method for the near-fault motions are similar to those of the far-fault motions with
strength-stiffness dependent and traditional behavior assumptions. In the former cases,
stiffness eccentricity determines the minimum and the maximum rotational responses. The
amounts of torsional demands of idealized one-story buildings are more than the similar
amounts of multi-story buildings. In higher stories of the multi-story buildings, comparable to
the traditional behavior, the displacement of the soft side element is more than the
displacement of the stiff side element. While, in the lower stories for greater β amounts, the
displacement of the stiff side is more than the soft side displacement. In higher stories, the
story drift demand of the soft side increases by the increase of strength eccentricity. However,
opposite to the stiff side, in lower stories this process is reversed. In near-fault motions, the
story drift demand increases from higher stories to the lower ones. Under far-fault motions, it
is reversed. The trend of torsional demand variations under near-fault motions is different in
comparison with the sinusoidal equivalent pulse in the multi-story buildings. Torsional
demands under near-fault motions are almost the same as to the cosines equivalent pulse.
This is valid for both the idealized one-story as well as the multi-story buildings.
83

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

A residential building is a building that is used for residential use.

List of building material

Concrete Category: Concrete

Conveyor systems Category: Vertical transport

Thermal protection Category: Thermal

 AC power plugs and sockets

Furnishings Category: Furniture

HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air conditioning) Category: HVAC

Masonry, mortar (masonry), grout Category: Masonry

 Structural steel: I-beam & column

Plastics Category: Plastics

Plumbing fixtures and equipment Category: Plumbing

Building safety Category: Safety codes

Security systems Category: Security

Telecommunications equipment Category:

Wood, carpentry Category: Wood

 Rough carpentry (unfinished) Category: woodworking

 Stud, joist, rafter

 Plywood, shiplap, tongue and groove

 Finish carpentry or "architectural woodwork"

 Millwork, bookcase, cabinets

o Trim, molding or "moulding"

 Chair rail, baseboard, casing, sill

 Casement, double hung, bay window

 Curtain wall, skylight, dormer

Particulars Quantity Rate Cost

Total of materials and labour = 12425

Add 10 % Contractors profit = 1242.5

Grant total = 13667.5

Rate per cu m =13667.5/100 = 136.7 Rs.

DESIGN OF SEVEN STOREY BUILDING

ANALYSIS OF FRAME 5M WIDTH

Calculation Of Dead Load And Live Load:

a) Load of slab on beam =0.15x 25 = 3.75KN/m2

Live load = 2.5KN/M2

TOTAL LIVE LOAD=2.5X6=15KN/M

Total dead load = 31.08 KN/M

Total Live load = 15 KN/M

SPAN DEAD LOADD.L. LIVE D.L. +

CALCULATION OFFIXED END MOMENTS

F.E.M. = +/- (WL2/12)

MEMBER F.E.M. DUE F.E.M. DUE TO

Relative Stiffness = I/L

NEGATIVE BENDING MOMENTS AT JOINTS:-

Max negative B.M. at joint U:-

Max negative B.M. at joint V:-

Max negative B.M. at joint W:-

Max negative B.M. at joint X:-

Max negative B.M. at joint Y:

NEGATIVE BENDING MOMENTS AT MID SPAN

Max -ve B.M. in mid span of UV

The Free B.M. At Mid Span Of UV = = = 121.83KN.M

Net B.M. at centre of UV =121.83 – = 34.83 KN.M

Max -ve B.M. in mid span of VW-

Net B.M. at centre of VW =121.83 – =16.83 KN.M

MAX –VE B.M. IN MID SPAN OF WX:-

Net B.M. at centre of WX =121.83 – =22.45 KN.M

MAX –VE B.M. IN MID SPAN OF XY: