Related Literature

Learning styles can be defined, classified, and identified in many different way. They are overall
patterns that provide direction to learning and teaching. Learning style can also be described as a set of
factors, behaviors, and attitudes that facilitate learning for an individual in a given situation. Styles
influence how students learn, how teachers teach, and how the two interact. Each person is born with
certain tendencies toward particular styles, but these biological or inherited characteristics are influenced
by culture, personal experiences, maturity level, and development. Each learner has distinct and preferred
ways of perception, organization and retention and students learn differently from each other. These
learning styles are cognitive, affective, and physiological behaviors that serve as good indicators of how
learners perceive, interact, and respond to the learning environment. By definition, learning styles refers
to the preferred way of learning of a learner. It is how a learner absorbs, process, comprehend, and retains
information.

Visual learning style, often referred to as the spatial learning style, is a way of learning in which
information is associated with images. This learning style requires that learners first see what they are
about to know in order to understand. Learners with a visual learning style are often referred to as visual-
spatial learners. These type of learners have specific characteristics that make their learning method
efficient for them. One characteristic is that they remember what they read rather than what they hear.
They learn from seeing things written out on a chalkboard and study by looking over things
Auditory learning style refers to the process of learning through listening. During a lecture, an auditory
learner can easily comprehend, process and retain information. Auditory learning is not only the ability to
listen to spoken word and interpret tone, but to do so with a high level of accuracy and efficiency. Learners
with strong auditory ability are able to hear and comprehend quickly. An auditory learner prefers classes
in lecture format. They can also recall spoken information with ease and get easily distracted by sounds.
They also enjoy listening to audio books and storytelling as well as rhymes and rhythmic pattern in
language.

Kinesthetic learning style require touch material to learn. Kinesthetic learners learns through
experiencing or doing things. They prefer acting out events or make use of their hands to touch and handle
in order for them to further understand concepts. Reading and writing learners are those who prefer to
learn through written words. These type of learners prefer writing, reading articles, and looking up words
in the dictionary, as their way of learning.

Chibana (2017) mentioned that there are 8 learning styles based on Howard Gardner’s theory of
multiple intelligences. These are visual, verbal, logical, auditory, social, intrapersonal, physical, and
naturalistic. Visual or spatial learner are is also referred to as a right-brained learner. This type of learner
is typically good at deciphering visual data in the form of maps and graphs. Enhancing their retention
is through the use charts, graphs, maps, diagrams, time lines and infographics. Verbal learners process
information through the use of language. They excel at reading, writing, listening and speaking.
Enhancing their retention is through creating lists with key words and phrases to help you remember
concepts and using acronym mnemonics to assist in recall. Logical learners are skilled at mathematical
and logical reasoning. They are able to solve problems involving numbers and can easily decipher
abstract visual information. Enhancing their retention is through extracting key information from notes
such as statistics and facts to create lists, as well as, turn material and lessons into strategic mind games.
The auditory or musical learner prefer sounds rather than images. They think chronologically and learn
best through step-by-step methods. Enhancing their retention is through participating in discussions
and debates, as well as reading aloud. The social or interpersonal learner learns best through
interactions with other people. They usually enjoy working through topics in a group setting and
bouncing ideas off of other people. Enhancing their retention is through seeking cooperative learning
settings, utilizing role plays to enhance learning, and teaching others what you have learned.
Intrapersonal or solitary learner likes to use self-study and work alone. Enhancing their retention is
through finding a quiet but comfortable place to study alone, establishing personal learning goals and
track your progress regularly, and keeping a learning journal or log. Physical (kinesthetic) learners are
always moving and doing something with their hands. They learn best when their bodies are involved
in the learning process. Enhancing their retention is through hands-on lessons and reviewing or reciting
notes while doing other physical activities, such as walking and jogging. Naturalistic learners process
information best when it is related to finding patterns in nature and applying scientific reasoning to the
understanding of living creatures. Enhancing their retention is through picking topics that are related
to daily life.

According to Learning Style Online , many people recognize that each person prefers different
learning styles and techniques and others may find that they use different styles in different
circumstances. They addressed that there are 7 learning styles which are visual, aural, verbal, physical,
social, and solitary. Visual, also called as spatial, utilizes pictures, images, and spatial understanding.
Aural, also called as auditory-musical, utilizes sound and music. Verbal, also called as linguistic, utilizes
words, both in speech and writing. Physical also called as kinesthetic, utilizes the body, hands and sense
of touch. Logical, also called as mathematical, utilizes logic, reasoning and systems. Social, also called
as interpersonal, is learning in groups or with other people. Solitary, also called as intrapersonal, is
working alone and prefer self-study

According to EducationDegree (2017), there are 7 different learning styles which includes visual,
aural, verbal, physical, social, and solitary. Visual learners are students who are better taught with
pictures and imagery for explanation of concepts. Aural learners responds primarily to sounds. They
tend to learn efficiently through listening. Verbal learners prefer verbal instructions, as well as writing
activities, in order to absorb information more effectively. Activities that allows verbal learners to speak
or present gives them confidence and allows them to bring out their natural ability to verbalize
information. Physical learners responds to words that incite their feeling and physical activity. They
prefer to understand what it feels like to go through the motion of what they are learning. Social
learners are natural group workers and the kind of students that responds actively. Solitary learners
are students who sort out different problems on their own.

According to Conroy (n.d.) , there are 5 most common learning styles which are visual, auditory,
verbal, logical, and physical. Visual learners easily absorbs information by seeing what is being taught.
They prefer images and color to organize information and communicate. Auditory learners remembers
what they hear and retains information best through listening and processing by talking aloud. Verbal
learners integrates linguistics and prefers using words in writing and speech. Logical learner uses reasons
wherein the see how seemingly unrelated content and information relate to one another. Physical
learners are hands-on learners which uses their body, specifically their hands and sense of touch, in order
to take in information.

According to Elrick (2018), most learners are in line with 4 types of learning styles which are visual,
auditory, kinesthetic, and read and write. Elrick (2018) defined the mentioned types of learning styles.
Visual learners, also referred to as spatial learners, are those who prefer seeing and observing things such
ass pictures, diagrams, written directions, and more. Auditory learners are those who learn better when
the subject matter is reinforced through sounds. They prefer listening to lectures than taking down notes.
They are also good in verbal explanation. However, auditory learners may be slower at reading.
Kinesthetic learners are those who learns through experiencing or doing things. They prefer acting out
events or make use of their hands to touch and handle in order for them to further understand concepts.
Reading and writing learners are those who prefer to learn through written words. These type of learners
prefer writing, reading articles, and looking up words in the dictionary, as their way of learning.

According to Bright Hub Education , there are 3 main types of learning styles. These are verbal,
auditory, and kinesthetic. Visual learners are students who understands and learns best when information
is show visually. It helps these type of students to visualize concepts that are being taught. Auditory
learners are students that understand and learn best when information is presented in an auditory
manner. They prefer hearing information and it helps them in internalizing concepts that are being taught.
Kinesthetic learners are students that understand and learns best when they utilize their hands or body
in order to experience the concepts that are being taught.

St. Louis (2017) addressed that there are 3 types of learning styles which are verbal, auditory, and
kinesthetic. Verbal learners are around 65 percent of the population which makes them very common
among all the learning styles. These types of learners learn and remember best through visual
communication. This means that using a whiteboard, projecting maps and images, or showing photos of
your ideas work best. Visual learners also have a great spacial sense in which it enables them to be good
with map reading and blessed with a strong sense of direction. Auditory learners learn best through
hearing. An auditory learner will be able to soak up the information they hear and remember up to 75
percent of it. Oral presentations and exams or dictation and reciting aloud what they have read or heard
are a good activity for this type of learner. Kinesthetic learners often struggle learning through traditional
means and sedentary activities, like lectures and conferences. Their minds simply can't make the
connection that they're doing something when listening or observing. They need to get up and get
involved in the action for it to sink into their memory.

References:

Chibana, N. (2017). The 8 learning styles. Retrieved from https://visme.co/blog/8-learning-styles/

Overview of learning styles. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.learning-styles-

The seven types of different learning styles. (2017). Retrieved from

Conroy, G. The five most common learning styles. Retrieved from https://www.acatulsa.org/classical-
education/resources/five-most-common-learning-styles
Elrick, L. (2018). Four types of learning styles: how to accommodate a diverse group of students. Retrieved
from https://www.rasmussen.edu/degrees/education/blog/types-of-learning-styles/

Different types of learning style - visual, auditory, kinesthetic. Retrieved from

St. Louis, M. (2017). How to spot visual, auditory, and kinesthetic-learning executives. Retrieved from
https://www.inc.com/molly-reynolds/how-to-spot-visual-auditory-and-kinesthetic-learni.html