5-1 At what pressure (in kPa) does water boil if T = 170oC?

Approach:
Use the saturated steam tables.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
From Table A-10
at T = 170°C
P = 0.7917 MPa = 791.7 kPa Answer
Alternatively, from Table A-11
at T = 170.43°C
P = 0.8 MPa = 800 kPa
Comments:
It is easier and more accurate to use Table A-10 when temperature is known.

5-2 What is the specific volume of saturated water vapor at 600 kPa?

Approach:
Use the saturated steam tables.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
From Table A-11,
at P = 0.6 MPa
vg = 0.3157 m3 /kg Answer

5-3 What is the temperature of saturated water vapor with v = 0.3468 m3/kg?

Approach:
Use the saturated steam tables.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
From Table A-10
at T = 155°C
vg = 0.3468 m3 kg Answer
Alternatively, from Table A-11
at T = 155.48°C
vg = 0.3427 m3 kg

Comments:
It is easier and more accurate to use Table A-10 when temperature is desired.

5- 1
5-4 Find the temperature in °F at which,
a. water boils if P = 35 psia.
b. the specific volume of saturated water vapor is 1207 ft3/lbm.

Approach:
Use the saturated steam tables.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) Using Table B-11, which presents saturated steam data in even increments of pressure
T = 259.3 °F Answer
b) Using Table B-10
T = 60 °F Answer

Comments:
You could also use Table B-11 for part b. In that case you would have to interpolate.

5-5 Find the pressure in kPa at which

a. water condenses if T = 195°C.
b. the specific volume of saturated water vapor is 0.05 m3/kg.

Approach:
Use the saturated steam tables.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) From Table A-10, P = 1.3978 MPa = 1398 kPa Answer
b) From Table A-11, P = 4 MPa = 4000 kPa Answer

Comments:
You could also use Table A-10 for part b. In that case you would have to interpolate.

5-6 A rigid can contains 0.90 g of saturated water vapor at 450 kPa. Calculate the volume of the can in cubic
centimeters.

Approach:
Use the saturated steam tables to determine specific
volume; then compute volume from the known mass.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
From Table A-11 at P = 0.45 MPa, vg = 0.414 m3/kg. From the definition of specific volume
⎛ 1 kg ⎞ ⎛ m3 ⎞
V = mvg = ( 0.90 g ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0.414 ⎟ = 0.00037 m = 373cm
3 3
Answer
⎝ 1000 g ⎠⎝ kg ⎠

5- 2
5-7 A piston-cylinder assembly contains 0.12 ft3 of saturated water vapor at 350oF. What is the mass of vapor in
the tank?

Approach:
Use the saturated steam tables.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
From Table B-10, at T = 350 o F, vg = 3.346 ft 3 lbm. From the definition of specific volume
V 0.12 ft 3
m= = = 0.036 lbm Answer
vg 3.346 ft 3 lbm

5-8 Find the specific volume of gaseous R-134a at 40oC for P = 100 kPa, 400 kPa, and 800 kPa. Use both the
ideal gas law and tabulated values.

Approach:
Use the superheated vapor tables to determine specific
volume; compare to results from the ideal gas law.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
From Table A-11 at P = 0.45 MPa, vg = 0.414 m3/kg. From the definition of specific volume

Solution:
From the ideal gas law (using data in Table A-1),
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞
⎜ 8.314 ⎟ ( 40 + 273) K ⎜ ⎟ 3
RT ⎝ kmol ⋅ K ⎠ ⎝ 1 kJ ⎠ = 0.2551 m
v = =
MP ⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ 1000 Pa ⎞ kg
⎜ 102 ⎟ (100 kPa ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ kmol ⎠ ⎝ 1 kPa ⎠
From Table A-16 for superheated R-134a at 40oC and P = 100 kPa = 0.1 MPa,
m3
v = 0.25076
kg
Repeating the calculation at the other pressures and tabulating

P v, Ideal gas v, Table A-16

kPa m3/kg m3/kg
_______________________________________________

100 0.2551 0.2508

400 0.06377 0.05917 Answer
800 0.03188 0.02691

Comments:
The tabulated values are more accurate. The ideal gas law is a better approximation at low pressures.

5- 3
5-9 Find the density of steam at 3.5 MPa and 415oC.
a. using the steam tables
b. using the ideal gas law

Approach:
Use the superheated vapor tables to determine specific
volume, which is the reciprocal of density; compare to
results from the ideal gas law.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) From Table A-12 at 3.5 MPa,

T oC v m3/kg
400 0.08453
450 0.09196

Interpolating for a temperature of 415 oC,

450 − 415 0.09196 − v
=
450 − 400 0.09196 − 0.08453
m3
v = 0.08676
kg
1 kg
ρ= = 11.53 3 Answer
v m
b) From the ideal gas law
⎛ 106 Pa ⎞ ⎛ kg ⎞
( 3.5 MPa ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 18.015 ⎟
PM ⎝ 1MPa ⎠ ⎝ kmol ⎠ kg
ρ= = = 11.02 3 Answer
RT ⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞ m
⎜ 8.314 ⎟⎜ ⎟ ( 415+273.1) K
⎝ kmol ⋅ K ⎠ ⎝ 1kJ ⎠

Comment:
The ideal gas law works reasonably well under these conditions.

5- 4
5-10 Refrigerant 134a at a pressure of 20 psia and a temperature of 40oF occupies a volume of 0.5 ft3. Find the
mass
a. from table values
b. from the ideal gas law

Approach:
Use the superheated vapor tables to determine specific
volume, which can be used to find mass; compare to
results from the ideal gas law.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) From Table B-16 at 20 psia and 40oF, v = 2.5244 ft 3 / lbm
V 0.5ft 3
m= = = 0.198 lbm Answer
v 2.5244 ft 3 /lbm
b) From the ideal gas law,
⎛ lbm ⎞
(20 psia)(0.5ft 3 ) ⎜ 102.03 ⎟
PVM ⎝ lbmol ⎠ = 0.190 lbm
m= = Answer
RT ⎛ psia ⋅ ft 3 ⎞
⎜ 10.73 ⎟ (40+460)R
⎝ lbmol ⋅ R ⎠
Comment:
Not a bad approximation.

5- 5
5-11 A container is filled with 0.026 kg of Refrigerant-134a at a temperature of 40°C. What is the pressure if the
volume is
a. 364 cm3
b. 1560 cm3

Approach:
Calculate the specific volume and decide whether the
substance is a liquid, a vapor, or a two-phase mixture.
Then use the correct table to determine pressure.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) First calculate the specific volume
3
⎛ 1m ⎞
( 364 cm3 ) ⎜ ⎟ 3
v=
V
= ⎝ 100 cm ⎠ = 0.014 m
m 0.026 kg kg
From the problem statement, it is not clear whether the R-134a is a vapor, a two-phase mixture, or a liquid.
Consult the saturated table (Table A-14) at 40°C, and note that
m3 m3
v f = 0.000871 vg = 0.0199
kg kg
The calculated value falls between the saturated vapor and saturated liquid values. Therefore, the R-134a exists as
a two phase mixture and the pressure (from Table A-14), is
P = Psat = 1.0164 MPa
b) Recalculate the specific volume from the given volume for part b as
3

(1560 ) ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
1
3
V ⎝ 100 ⎠ = 0.06 m
v= =
m 0.026 kg
This is greater than the specific volume for saturated vapor at 40°C, so the refrigerant exist as a superheated
vapor. In Table A-16, check values of specific volume at 40°C for various pressures. The pressure corresponding
to 40°C and 0.06 m3/kg is
P ≅ 0.4 MPa Answer

5- 6
5-12 A tank contains 0.05 lbm of water vapor at 20 psia and 500oF. Find the volume of the tank (in ft3).

Approach:
Use the superheated vapor tables to determine specific
volume, which can be used to find volume.

Assumptions:
None

Solution:
From Table B-12 for superheated water vapor, v = 28.46 ft 3 lbm , therefore,
V = vm = ( 28.46 ft 3 lbm ) ( 0.05lbm ) = 1.423ft 3 Answer

5-13 A container of volume 0.047 m3 is filled with 6.7 kg of steam at 600°C. Calculate the system pressure.

Approach:
Compute the specific volume. Determine, from the
steam tables, what regime the substance is in. Then
read the pressure directly from the table.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The specific volume is
V 0.047 m3 m3
v= = = 0.007
m 6.7 kg kg
From Table A-12, at T = 600°C and P = 40 MPa, v = 0.008094 m3/kg. Also, at T = 600°C and P = 50 MPa, v =
0.006112 m3/kg. Therefore,
P ≅ 45 MPa. Answer

Comment:
We estimated the answer by eyeballing the table. If greater accuracy is needed, you could interpolate.

5- 7
5-14 A piston-cylinder assembly with a volume of 400 in.3 contains a steam-water mixture at 80 psia. If the total
mass of the mixture is 0.066 lbm, find the volume of liquid present (in in.3).

Approach:
Compute the specific volume. Determine the specific
volume of saturated liquid and that of saturated vapor
from the steam tables and use this information to
compute quality. From the definition of quality, find
the mass of liquid present. The specific volume of the
saturated liquid can then be used to find the volume of
liquid.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The specific volume is
3

V
( 400 in.3 ) ⎛⎜ 121 ftin. ⎞⎟ 3
v= = ⎝ ⎠ = 3.51 ft
m 0.066 lbm lbm
From Table B-11 at 80 psia,
⎛ ft 3 ⎞ ft 3
v f = 0.01757 ⎜ ⎟ vg = 5.474
⎝ lbm ⎠ lbm
To determine quality, use
v = v f + x ( vg − v f )
v − vf 3.51 − 0.01757
x= = = 0.64
vg − v f 5.474 − 0.01757
By definition,
mg
x= → mg = xm = ( 0.64 )( 0.066 ) lbm = 0.0422 lbm
m
The mass of liquid present is
m f = m − mg = 0.066 − 0.0422 = 0.024 lbm
The volume of liquid is
⎛ ft 3 ⎞ ⎛ 12 in.3 ⎞
V f = m f v f = ( 0.024 lbm ) ⎜ 0.01757 ⎟⎜ 3 ⎟
= 0.729 in.3 Answer
⎝ lbm ⎠ ⎝ 1 ft ⎠

5- 8
5-15 A two-phase mixture of steam and water has a quality of 0.79 and occupies a space of 0.51 ft3. If the total
mass is 0.087 lbm,
a. Find the temperature.
b. Find the volume of liquid present (in in.3).

Approach:
Compute the specific volume. Assume a temperature
and calculate the specific volume from the saturated
steam table at this temperature for a quality of 0.79.
Keep iterating on temperature until the assumed value
gives the correct mixture specific volume. For part b,
use the definition of quality to compute the mass of
vapor present. Subtract from total mass to get the mass
of liquid and hence the volume of liquid.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) The specific volume is
V 0.51 ft 3
v= = = 5.86
m 0.087 lbm
Neither the pressure nor the temperature is known, so an iterative calculation is needed. To begin, we assume
arbitrarily a temperature of 250oF. From Table B-10 at 250oF, v f = 0.0167 ft 3 / lbm and vg = 27.82 ft 3 / lbm. To
determine specific volume, use
v = v f + x ( vg − v f ) = 0.0167 ft 3 / lbm + 0.79 ( 27.82 − 0.0167 ) ft 3 / lbm = 21.98 ft 3 / lbm
This is not equal to the correct value of 5.86 ft3/lbm, so choose a different temperature and repeat the calculation.
After some exploration, the correct value is found to be about T = 290 o F. At this temperature, from Table B-10
v f = 0.017352 ft 3 / lbm and vg = 7.467 ft 3 / lbm. The specific volume is
v = v f + x ( vg − v f ) = 0.017352 ft 3 / lbm + 0.79 ( 7.467 − 0.017352 ) ft 3 / lbm = 5.903 ft 3 / lbm
which is close to the correct value of 5.86. Therefore
T  290 o F Answer
b) By the definition of quality
mg
x=
m
Therefore, the mass of vapor present is
mg = xm = ( 0.79 )( 0.087 ) = 0.06873 lbm
The mass of liquid is the total mass minus the mass of vapor
m f = m − mg = 0.01827 lbm
The specific volume of the saturated liquid is, from part a, v f = 0.017352 ft 3 / lbm . Volume is related to specific
volume by
Vf = mf v f = ( 0.01827 )( 0.0174 )
V f = 0.0003172 ft 3 = 0.548 in 3 Answer

5- 9
5-16 A tank contains a two-phase mixture of steam and water at 40 psia. If the volume of the vapor is 10 times
that of the liquid, what is the quality?

Approach:
Express quality as a ratio of mass of vapor to mass of
liquid plus vapor. Rewrite masses in terms of
volumes. Use the given fact that vapor volume is 10
times liquid volume and all volumes will cancel.

Assumptions:
None

Solution:
From the given information in the problem statement
10V f = Vg
Using the values of specific volume for saturated liquid and saturated vapor at 40 psia in Table B-11
Vf
vf = = 0.017146
mf
Vg 10V f
vg = = = 10.501
mg mg
By the definition of quality
10V f
mg 10.501
x= = = 0.016 Answer
m f + mg Vf 10V f
+
0.017146 10.501

5 - 10
5-17 A tank of volume 530 cm3 contains a two-phase mixture of R-134a at –12oC. The mass of liquid present is
four times the mass of vapor.
a. Find the total mass of R-134a in the tank.
b. Find the volume of liquid present.

Approach:
Express quality as a ratio of mass of vapor to mass of
liquid plus vapor. Use the given fact that the mass of
liquid is four times the mass of vapor to cancel out
masses and determine the quality. Then find specific
volume of the mixture using table values, which leads
to mixture mass. For part b, determine the mass of
vapor and subtract from total mass to get the mass of
liquid. The volume of liquid is then obtained from the
specific volume of saturated liquid.

Assumptions:
None

Solution:
a.) From the definition of quality
mvapor mvapor mg
x= = =
mtotal mliq + mvap m f + mg
Since the mass of liquid is four times the mass of vapor,
mg 1
x= = = 0.2
4mg + mg 5
Using values from Table A-14
m3 m3 m3
v = v f + x(vg − v f ) = 0.0007498 + 0.2 ( 0.1068 − 0.0007498 ) = 0.022
kg kg kg
3

V
( 530 cm ) ⎛⎜⎝ 1001 mcm ⎞⎟⎠
3

m= = = 0.0241 kg
v 0.022 m3 kg
b) The mass of vapor is given by
mg = xmtotal = ( 0.2 )( 0.0241) = 0.00483 kg
The mass of liquid is total mass minus the mass of vapor, so
m f = mtotal − mg = 0.0241 − 0.00483 = 0.0193 kg
To find the volume of liquid, use
⎛ m3 ⎞ ⎛ 106 cm3 ⎞
V f = m f v f = ( 0.0193 kg ) ⎜ 0.0007498 ⎟⎜ 3 ⎟
=14.5 cm3 Answer
⎝ kg ⎠⎝ 1 m ⎠

5 - 11
5-18 A tank with a volume of 4.8 ft3 contains 6 lbm of liquid water. The tank also contains water vapor in
equilibrium with the liquid. If the pressure in the tank is 30 psia, calculate the quality.

Approach:
Compute the volume of liquid in the tank from the
specific volume in Table B-11. Then determine the
volume of vapor by subtracting from the known total
volume. Calculate the mass of vapor and use this in
the expression for quality.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
First find the volume of liquid water in the tank. Using the specific volume of saturated liquid in Table B-11 at
P = 30 psia
ft 3
V f = m f v f = (6 lbm )(0.017004) = 0.102 ft 3
lbm
The volume of vapor is the total volume minus the liquid volume
Vg = Vtot − V f = 4.8ft 3 − 0.102 ft 3 = 4.7 ft 3
The mass of vapor is (using the specific volume of saturated vapor in Table B-11 at
P = 30 psia)
Vg 4.7 ft 3
mg = = = 0.342 lbm
vg ft 3
13.748
lbm
Finally, the quality is
mg 0.342
x= = = 0.0539 Answer
m f + mg 6 + 0.342

5 - 12
5-19 A vial of volume 280 cc contains a two-phase mixture of steam and water at 30oC. The quality is 0.45.
Find the mass in grams.

Approach:
Compute the specific volume using data from the
steam tables. Determine mass from specific volume.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
First find the specific volume of the mixture in the vial. Using values from Table A-10 at 30 o C
v = v f + x ( vg − v f ) = 0.001004 + 0.45(32.89 – 0.001004) = 14.8 m3/kg
3

V
( 280 cm3 ) ⎛⎜ 1001mcm ⎞⎟
m= = ⎝ ⎠ = 0.019 g Answer
v ⎛ m3 ⎞ ⎛ 1kg ⎞
⎜ 14.8 ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ kg ⎠ ⎝ 1000 g ⎠

5-20 A tank of volume 0.04 m3 contains 0.6 kg of R-134a at a pressure of 0.2 MPa.
a. Find the temperature
b. If the volume is 0.068 m3, then what is the temperature?

Approach:
Compute the specific volume and then consult the
saturated R-134a tables. If the specific volume falls
between saturated liquid and saturated vapor, then the
temperature is the saturation temperature. If the
specific volume if higher than the saturated vapor
specific volume, find temperature in the superheated
R-134a tables.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) The specific volume is
0.04 m3
v= = 0.067 m3/kg
0.6 kg
From Table A-15 at P = 0.2 MPa, vf = 0.0007532 m3/kg and vg = 0.0993 m3/kg. Since v f < v < vg
T = Tsat = −10.09 o C Answer

b) The new specific volume is

0.068 m3 m3
v= = 0.114
0.6 kg kg
As before vg = 0.0993 m3/kg. Since v > vg , the R-134a exists as a superheated vapor. From Table A-16
T = 20 o C Answer

5 - 13
5-21 Find the specific volume of H2O in each of the following states:
a. saturated liquid at 160oF
b. superheated vapor at 80 psia and 440 oF
c. two-phase mixture at a quality of 0.7 and a pressure of 40 psia
d. subcooled liquid at 120oF, 14.7 psia

Approach:
Consult the steam tables.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) From Table B-10
v f = 0.0164 ft 3 lbm Answer

b) From Table B-12

v = 6.54 ft 3 lbm Answer

c) The specific volume is (using data from Table B-11),

ft 3
v = v f + x ( vg − v f ) = 0.017146 + 0.7 (10.501 − 0.017146 ) = 7.356 Answer
lbm

d) The specific volume of the subcooled liquid is approximated by the specific volume of the saturated liquid at
the same temperature; thus, using data from Table B-10
ft 3
v ≈ v f (Tsat ) = 0.016205 Answer
lbm

5 - 14
5-22 Determine the volume, in m3, of 0.23 kg of H2O at a temperature of 150oC and
a. a pressure of 0.2 MPa
b. a quality of 0.6
c. a pressure of 5 MPa

Approach:
Consult the steam tables.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) To determine the state, consult the saturated steam table at 150oC (Table A-10) and note that the saturation
pressure at this temperature is 0.4758 MPa. The system pressure (0.2 MPa) is less than this, so the H2O exists as a
superheated vapor. From Table A-12, v = 0.9596 m3/kg and
m3
V = mv = (0.23 kg )(0.9596 ) = 0.2207 m3 Answer
kg
b) Since quality is specified, the substance exists as a two-phase mixture. With data from Table A-1,
m3
v = v f + x(vg − v f ) = 0.001091 + 0.6(0.3928-0.001091) = 0.2361
kg
m3
V = mv = (0.23 kg )(0.2361) = 5.43 × 10−2 m3 Answer
kg
c) In this case, 5 MPa is greater than the saturation pressure of 0.4758 MPa obtained from Table A-10.
Therefore, the H2O exists as a subcooled liquid. Furthermore, the pressure is high enough so that the compressed
liquid table should be consulted. From Table A-13,

T oC v m3/kg
140 0.0010768
160 0.0010988

Taking the average of the above two entries, v = 0.0010878 at 150 o C.

m3
V = mv = (0.23 kg )(0.0010878) = 2.5019 × 10−4 m3 Answer
kg

5 - 15
5-23 Find the specific volume of
a. compressed liquid water at 100oF, 1000 psia.
b. saturated liquid water at 100oF.
c. saturated liquid water at 1000 psia.

Approach:
Consult the steam tables.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) From Table B-13
v = 0.016082 ft 3 / lbm Answer
b) From Table B-10
v = 0.016130 ft 3 / lbm Answer
c) From Table B-11
v = 0.02159 ft 3 / lbm Answer

Comments:
The specific volume of compressed liquid water can be approximated by that of saturated liquid water at the same
temperature; thus, the results from a and b are very close. If you erroneously evaluate the specific volume at the
same pressure rather than the same temperature, large differences result, as in a and c.

5-24 Fill in the values of the specific volume of compressed liquid water at the conditions shown in the table.
Use scientific notation with four significant figures, e.g.: 0.6216 x 10-3. Does v depend more on
temperature or pressure?

Approach:
Consult the steam tables.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
Psat Psat 5 MPa 10 MPa
2.339 kPa 0.3613 MPa

20°C 1.002 x 10-3 0.999 x 10-3 0.997 x 10-3

140°C 1.080 x 10-3 1.077 x 10-3 1.074 x 10-3

From Table A-10 From Table A-13

Comments:
The specific volume depends more on temperature than pressure.

5 - 16
5-25 Calculate the enthalpy of compressed liquid water at 40oC two ways: using the approximate relationship for
enthalpy of a compressed liquid and using the compressed liquid tables. Perform the calculation at these
pressures:
a. 10 MPa
b. 20 MPa
c. 50 MPa

Approach:
Consult the steam tables and use the approximate
expression for enthalpy of a compressed liquid.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) The approximate value of enthalpy for a compressed liquid is
h* = h f (T ) + v f (T ) [ P − Psat (T )]
With data from Table A-10
kJ m3 ⎡ 103 kPa ⎤ kJ
h* = 167.57 + 0.001008 ⎢10 MPa − 7.384 kPa ⎥ = 177.6
kg kg ⎣ 1 MPa ⎦ kg
kJ
From Table A-13 h = 176.38
kg
b) c) A table of results at all three pressures is

10 MPa 20 MPa 30 MPa

h* 177.6 187.7 218.0
h 176.38 185.16 211.21
Comment:
The approximation is good even at very high pressures. For this reason, compressed liquid tables are rarely
needed.

5 - 17
5-26 A rigid tank of volume 0.6 m3 contains saturated R-134a vapor at 24oC. The contents are cooled until the
temperature is 0oC. How much heat is removed? Show the process on a P-v diagram.

Approach:
Since the tank is rigid and mass is constant, the
specific volume is constant. Find the specific volume
at the initial state from property tables and set it equal
to the final specific volume. To find heat, use the first
law.

Assumptions:
1. The tank is rigid.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.

Solution:
Because the tank is rigid, volume is constant. Since the mass, m, is also constant, the specific volume, v = V / m, is
constant. From Table A-14, the specific volume at the initial state (saturated vapor at 24oC) is
vg1 = 0.0317 m3 kg
The mass of R-134a present is
V 0.06 m3
m= = = 18.9 kg
v m3
0.0317
kg
The first law, assuming no kinetic or potential energy changes, is
Q = ∆U + W
Since the volume remains constant, no work is done and the first law becomes
Q = ∆U = U 2 − U1
As shown in the P-v diagram above, the final state is in the two-phase region. Because specific volume is constant
v2 = vg1 = 0.0317 m3 /kg
We can calculate the quality at the final state from (Using values from Table A-14 at 0 oC)
v2 = v f 2 + x ( vg 2 − v f 2 ) =0.0317 = 0.000772 + x ( 0.0689 − 0.000772 ) = 0.454
Returning to the first law
(
Q = U 2 − U1 = m ( u2 − u1 ) = m u f 2 + x ( u g 2 − u f 2 ) − u g1 )
Using data in Table A-14,
Q = (18.9 ) ⎡⎣ 49.79 + 0.454 ( 227.06 − 49.79 ) − 240 ⎤⎦ = −2074 kJ Answer

5 - 18
5-27 A mixture of steam and water is contained in a rigid tank of volume 3050 cm3. The mixture has a quality
of 0.55 and a temperature of 120°C. Heat is added until the temperature is 140°C. Find
a. the final quality
b. the amount of heat added

Approach:
Since the tank is rigid and mass is constant, the
specific volume is constant. Find the specific volume
at the initial state from property tables and set it equal
to the final specific volume. To find heat, use the first
law.

Assumptions:
1. The tank is rigid.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.

Solution:
a) Because the tank is rigid, volume is constant. Since the mass, m, is also constant, the specific
volume, v = V / m, is constant and v1 = v2 . The initial state is in the two-phase region, therefore
v1 = v f + x1 ( vg − v f )
With values from Table A-10 at 120ºC
v1 = 0.00106 + 0.55 ( 0.8919 − 0.00106 ) = 0.491m3 kg
To find x2, use
v2 = v f + x2 ( vg − v f )
v2 − v f v1 − v f 0.491 − 0.00108
x2 = = = = 0.965 Answer
vg − v f vg − v f 0.5089 − 0.00108
where specific volumes of the saturated liquid and vapor were taken from Table A-10 at 140ºC.

b) The first law for a closed system is

∆U = Q − W
No work is done, therefore
Q = ∆U = m ( u2 − u1 )
The mass may be found from
3
⎛ 1m ⎞
3
3050 cm ⎜ ⎟
m= =
V ⎝ 100 cm ⎠ = 0.00621 kg
v1 m3
0.491
kg
The internal energy of the two states, again using data in Table A-10, is
u1 = u f + x1 ( u g − u f ) = 503.5 + ( 0.55 ) ( 2529.3 − 503.5 ) =1618 kJ kg
u2 = u f + x2 ( u g − u f ) = 588.74 + 0.965 ( 2550 − 588.7 ) = 2481 kJ kg
kJ
Q = ( 0.00621 kg )( 2481 −1618 )
kg
= 5.36 kJ Answer

5 - 19
5-28 A rigid tank contains a two-phase mixture of water and steam at a quality of 0.65 and a pressure of 20 psia.
The mass of the mixture is 0.26 lbm. The mixture is heated until the final quality is 0.95. Compute the final
pressure and the heat added.

Approach:
Since the tank is rigid and mass is constant, the
specific volume is constant. Find the specific volume
at the initial state from property tables and set it equal
to the final specific volume. It is necessary to iterate
on the final pressure to find the final state. To
calculate heat, use the first law.

Assumptions:
1. The tank is rigid.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.

Solution:
Because the tank is rigid, volume is constant. Since the mass, m, is also constant, the specific volume, v = V / m, is
constant and v1 = v2 . The initial state is in the two-phase region, therefore, with values from Table B-11,
v1 = v f 1 + x1 ( vg1 − v f 1 ) = 0.01683 + 0.65 ( 20.09 − 0.01683) = 13.06 ft 3 / lbm
The final state is also in the two-phase region, with a quality of 0.95. The specific volume at the final state is
v2 = v f 2 + x2 ( vg 2 − v f 2 )
In this equation, v2 and x2 are known and P2 is to be found. An iterative approach is necessary. Assume a value
for P2 and find v2f and v2g in Table B-11. Then calculate v2. If v1 = v2, you are done, if not, choose a new P2 and
iterate. For example, assume P2 = 25 psia. Then
v2 = 0.01692 + 0.95 (16.306 − 0.01692 ) = 15.5ft 3 / lbm
Is v2 = 13.06? No; therefore, we must assume a new value for P2. Let’s assume P2 = 30 psia.
v2 = 0.017004 + 0.95 (13.748 − 0.017 ) = 13.06 ft 3 / lbm
Since v2 = 13.06, the iteration has converged and

P2 = 30 psia Answer
Now calculate the heat transferred from the first law,
Q = ∆U + W = ∆U = U 2 − U1
Since there is no work done
Q = m ( u2 − u1 )
The internal energy is given by (with values from Table B-11)
u1 = u f 1 + x1 ( u g1 − u f 1 ) = 196.19 + 0.65 (1082 − 196.2 ) = 771.9 Btu/lbm
u2 = u f 2 + x2 ( u g 2 − u f 2 ) = 218.8 + 0.95 (1088 − 218.8 ) = 1044 Btu/lbm
Substituting values
Btu
Q = m ( u2 − u1 ) = ( 0.26 lbm )(1044 − 771.9 ) = 70.74 Btu Answer
lbm

5 - 20
5-29 A two-phase mixture of steam and water at 800 kPa, x = 0.85, is contained in a rigid well-insulated tank.
An electric resistance heater supplies 50 W to the mixture, which has a total mass of 1.3 kg. How long
must the heater operate to reach a final temperature of 190oC?

Approach:
Since the tank is rigid and mass is constant, the
specific volume is constant. Find the specific volume
at the initial state from property tables and set it equal
to the final specific volume. Interpolate in the steam
tables to find the final state. To compute time, use the
first law.

Assumptions:
1. The tank is rigid.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.
4. The system is adiabatic.

Solution:
Because the tank is rigid, volume is constant. Since the mass, m, is also constant, the specific volume, v = V / m, is
constant. From Table A-11, the specific volume at the initial state is
v1 = v f 1 + x1 ( vg1 − v f 1 ) = 0.001115 + 0.85 ( 0.2404 − 0.001115 ) = 0.2045 m3 / kg
The first law, assuming no kinetic or potential energy changes, is
Q = ∆U + W
Since the tank is insulated, the first law becomes
0 = ∆U + W = U 2 − U1 + W
We need the internal energy at the final state, where v2 = v1 = 0.2045 m3 / kg and T2 = 190 o C. It is not clear from
the problem statement whether the final state is in the two-phase region or the superheated vapor region. To
answer this question, consult Table A-10 for saturated steam. Note that the specific volume of saturated vapor at
190oC is 0.15654 m3/kg. Since v2 is greater than this, the final state must be superheated vapor, as shown in the
figure above. To find the internal energy at the final state, we need to double interpolate in Table A-12. The table
below reproduces selected values from Table A-12 at 0.8 and 1.0 MPa. Interpolated values are highlighted in
bold.
0.8 MPa 1.0 MPa
T oC v m3/kg u kJ/kg T oC v m3/kg u kJ/kg
170 0.2402 2577 180 0.194 2584
190 0.2539 2613 190 0.2000 2603
200 0.2608 2631 200 0.2060 2622

A second interpolation between v and u gives

0.2539 − 0.2000 2613 − 2603
=
v2 − 0.2000 u2 − 2603
0.2539 − 0.2000 2613 − 2603 kJ
= → u2 = 2603
0.2045 − 0.2000 u2 − 2603 kg
Substituting values in the first law,
kJ
W = m ( u2 − u1 ) = (1.3 kg )( 2603 − 2298 ) = 397 kJ
kg
Time is now found from
⎛ 1000 J ⎞
397 kJ ⎜ ⎟
Win ⎝ 1 kJ ⎠ = 7940 sec = 2.2 h
∆t = = Answer
Win 50 W

5 - 21
5-30 R-134a at 40oF, 15 psia, is contained in a rigid tank of volume 228 in3. The tank is cooled at a rate of 6
Btu/h. How much time is needed to cool the R-134a to the point where it just begins to condense?

Approach:
Since the tank is rigid and mass is constant, the
specific volume is constant. Find the specific volume
at the initial state from the superheated vapor table
and set it equal to the final specific volume. The R-
134a is a saturated vapor at the final state. Use the
first law to calculate heat transferred.

Assumptions:
1. The tank is rigid.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.

Solution:
Because the tank is rigid, volume is constant. Since the mass, m, is also constant, the specific volume, v = V / m, is
constant. From Table B-16, the specific volume at the initial state is
ft 3
v1 =3.4
lbm
The first law, assuming no kinetic or potential energy changes, is
Q = ∆U + W
Since the volume remains constant, no work is done and the first law becomes
Q = ∆U = U 2 − U1 = m(u2 − u1 )
Find mass from
3
⎛ 1ft ⎞
( 228in. ) ⎜
3
⎟
m= 1 =
V ⎝ 12in. ⎠ = 0.0388lbm
v1 ft 3
3.4
lbm
From Table B-16 the initial internal energy is
Btu
u1 = 100.9
lbm
To find the final internal energy, consult Table B-14. (You could also use Table B-15). The specific volume of
saturated vapor at –20oF is 3.42 ft3/lbm, which is close to v1. At –20oF, u2 = ug =90.6 Btu/lbm. Substituting values
in the first law
Btu
Qout = m(u1 − u2 ) = (0.0388 lbm)(100.9 − 90.6) = 0.40 Btu
lbm
Q 0.40 Btu
∆t = = = 0.067 h = 4.0 min Answer
Q 6
Btu
h

5 - 22
5-31 A rigid tank filled with 0.7 lbm of saturated water vapor at 400oF is cooled at constant volume. If the final
temperature is 260oF,
a. Find the final mass of liquid.
b. Find the heat transferred.
Approach:
Since the tank is rigid and mass is constant, the
specific volume is constant. Find the specific volume
at the initial state from the saturated steam table and
set it equal to the final specific volume. Use the first
law to calculate heat transferred.

Assumptions:
1. The tank is rigid.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.

Solution:
a) Because the tank is rigid, volume is constant. Since the mass, m, is also constant, the specific
volume, v = V / m, is constant. From Table B-10, the specific volume at the initial state is
v1 = 1.866 ft 3 lbm = vg ; therefore,
v2 = v1 = 1.866 ft 3 lbm
As shown in the figure above, the final state is in the two-phase region.
v2 = v f + x2 ( vg − v f )
v2 − v f 1.866 − 0.01708
x2 = = = 0.1573
vg − v f 11.77 − 0.01708
By definition,
mg
x2 =
m
mg = mx2 = ( 0.7 )( 0.1573) = 0.11 lbm m f = m − mg = 0.7 − 0.11 = 0.59 lbm Answer
b) From the first law
∆U = Q − W
No work is done, so
Q = m ( u2 − u1 )
Using data from Table B-10,
u2 = u f + x2 ( u g − u f ) = 228.6 + 0.1573 (1090.5 − 228.6 ) = 364.2 Btu lbm
Substituting in the first law
Q = (0.7)lbm(364.2 − 1116.6) Btu lbm = −526.7 Btu Answer

5 - 23
5-32 A well-insulated piston cylinder assembly of volume 0.006 m3 contains 6.25 grams of steam at 150oC. The
steam expands and during this process, 0.759 kJ of work is done. If the final temperature is 95oC, what is
the final volume?

Approach:
Apply the first law, recognizing that heat is zero. Use
the state principle and the steam tables to identify
property values.

Assumptions:
1. The system is adiabatic.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.

Solution:
From the first law
∆U = Q − W
Since the assembly is well-insulated:
m ( u2 − u1 ) = −W
We need u1. At state 1, the specific volume is
V 0.006 m3
v1 = 1 = = 0.96 m3 kg
m 0.00625 kg
Check Table A-10 for the values of specific volume at 150oC. The computed value of v1 is greater than vg at
150oC; therefore, the steam is superheated. From Table A-12 at 150oC and v1 = 0.96,
kJ
P1 = 0.2 MPa u1 = 2576.9
kg
Solving the first law for u2 and substituting values
W 0.759 kJ kJ
u2 = u1 − = 2576.9 − = 2455.46
m 0.00625 kg kg
At the final temperature of 95 o C , from Table A-10, u f = 397.88 kJ/kg and u g = 2500.6 kJ/kg; since u2 is between
these two values, the final state is a two-phase mixture. From Table A-10 at 95 o C , v f = 0.00104 m3 / kg
and vg = 1.982 m3 / kg. To find v2 , interpolate
2500.6 − 2455.46 1.982 − v2
=
2500.6 − 397.88 1.982 − 0.00104
v2 = 1.94 V2 = mv2 = ( 0.00625 )(1.94 ) = 0.012 m 3 Answer

5 - 24
5-33 A two-phase mixture of steam and water with a temperature of 160oC and a quality of 0.6 is contained in a
piston-cylinder assembly. The two-phase mixture, which has a total mass of 0.9 kg, is compressed slowly
and isothermally until only saturated liquid is present. What is the work done on the system?

Approach:
Evaluate work from W = ∫ PdV . Property values are
found in the saturated steam table.

Assumptions:
1. The compression is quasi-static.
2. The system is isothermal.
3. There are no kinetic energy changes.
4. There are no potential energy changes.

Solution:
Because the compression is slow, we may assume it is quasi-static, and the work done is
W = ∫ PdV
Since the process is isothermal and remains entirely in the two-phase region, pressure is constant, as shown in the
figure above. Work becomes
W = P ∫ dV = P∆V = P (V2 − V1 )
Using data in Table A-10 at 160oC,
v1 = v f + x1 ( vg − v f ) = 0.001102 + 0.6 ( 0.3071 − 0.001102 ) = 0.185 m 3 kg
V1 = mv1 = ( 0.9 kg ) ( 0.185 m3 kg )
= 0.1662 m3
The final specific volume is the specific volume of saturated liquid water at 160oC. From Table A-10,
v2 = 0.001102 m3 kg
V2 = mv2 = ( 0.9 )( 0.001102 ) = 9.9 × 10−4 m3
The saturation pressure at 160oC is also available in Table A-10. It is P = 618 kPa. Work may now be evaluated as
⎛ 1000 Pa ⎞
W = ( 618 kPa ) ⎜ ⎟ {9.9 × 10 − 0.1662} m
−4 3

⎝ 1 kPa ⎠
= − 1.02100 × 105 J = − 102 kJ Answer

Comments:
Work is negative because work is done on the system during a compression.

5 - 25
5-34 Refrigerant 134a is contained in a perfectly-insulated piston-cylinder assembly. The refrigerant is initially a
saturated vapor at 10oF with a volume of 0.32 ft3. It is then compressed to a superheated vapor at 120oF and
80 psia. Find the work done.

Approach:
Evaluate work from the first law. Property values are
found in the saturated and superheated tables.

Assumptions:
1. The system is adiabatic.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.
Solution:
From the first law
Q = ∆U + W
The system is well-insulated, so Q = 0 and
0 = ∆U + W = m∆u + W
From Table B-14 for saturated R-134a at 10°F
vg =1.725 ft 3 /lbm
u g = 94.68 Btu/lbm
The mass of the system is
V 0.32
m= = = 0.1856 lbm
vg 1.725
From Table B-16, u2 =113.6 Btu/lbm.
W = − m∆u = − ( 0.1856 ) lbm (113.6 − 94.68 ) Btu/lbm
= − 3.51 Btu Answer

Comments:
Work is negative because work is done on the system during a compression.

5 - 26
5-35 A two-phase mixture of water and steam with a quality of 0.63 and T = 300°F expands isothermally until
only saturated vapor remains. The initial volume is 0.114 ft3. During the process, 16.2 Btu of heat are
added. Find the work done.

Approach:
Evaluate work from the first law. Property values are
found in the saturated steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. The system is isothermal.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.
Solution:
From the first law
Q = ∆U + W
∆U = m ( u2 − u1 )
State 1 is in the two-phase region, so
u1 = u f + x ( u g − u f )
From Table B-10, at 300°F,
Btu
u1 = 269.5 + 0.63 (1100 − 269.5 ) = 792
lbm
The final state is saturated vapor. From Table B-10
Btu
u2 = u g = 1100
lbm
To determine the mass, we need the specific volume. At state 1,
m3
v1 = v f + x ( vg − v f ) = 0.0174 + 0.63 ( 6.472 − 0.0174 ) = 4.08
kg
V 0.114 ft 3
m= = = 0.0279 lbm
v1 ft 3
4.08
lbm
Rearranging the first law,
W = Q − ∆U
= Q − m ( u2 − u1 )
Btu
= 16.2 Btu − ( 0.0279 lbm )(1100 − 792 )
lbm
= 7.6 Btu Answer

Comments:
Work is positive because work is done by the system during an expansion.

5 - 27
5-36 A piston-cylinder assembly contains 0.25 kg of saturated Refrigerant 134a vapor at 16 o C . The refrigerant
is cooled at constant pressure until the volume is one half of its original value. Calculate the heat
transferred.

Approach:
Apply the first law. Compute work from W = ∫ PdV .
Property values are found in the saturated R-134a
tables.

Assumptions:
1. The process is quasi-static.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.
4. The pressure is constant.

Solution:
From the first law
∆U = Q − W
Because the process is quasi-static
W = ∫ PdV = P ∫ dV = P∆V
Substituting into the first law,
∆U = Q − P∆V
m ( u2 − u1 ) = Q − Pm ( v2 − v1 )
Since P = P1 = P2 , we may rewrite this expression as
Q = m ⎡⎣( u2 + P2v2 ) − ( u1 + Pv
1 1 )⎤
⎦ = m ( h2 − h1 )
To find the enthalpy at state 2, we need the quality there. The mass of the system is constant, so when the volume
is halved, the specific volume is also halved. At the initial state, with data from Table A-14
m3
v1 = vg = 0.0405
kg
v1 m3
v2 = = 0.02025
2 kg
v2 = v f + x2 ( vg − v f )
Solving for quality
v2 − v f 0.02025 − 0.0008062
x2 = = = 0.490
vg − v f 0.0405 − 0.0008062
The final enthalpy is
h2 = h f + x2 ( hg − h f ) = 71.69 + 0.49 ( 256.2 − 71.69 ) = 162 kJ kg
For state 1,
h1 = hg = 256.2 kJ kg
Substituting values
Q = ( 0.25 )(162 − 256.2 ) = −23.5 kJ Answer

5 - 28
5-37 A piston-cylinder assembly contains 0.15 kg of saturated steam at 130°C. The piston is held in place by a
weight. To reach the final state, 8300 J of heat is added. Find the final temperature.

Approach:
Apply the first law. Compute work from W = ∫ PdV .
Rewrite the first law in terms of enthalpy. Property
values are found in the steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. The process is quasi-static.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.
4. The pressure is constant.

Solution:
From the first law
∆U = Q − W
The weight on the piston ensures that the process takes place at constant pressure. Because the process is assumed
quasi-static
W = ∫ PdV = P ∫ dV = P∆V
Substituting into the first law,
∆U = Q − P∆V
m ( u2 − u1 ) = Q − Pm ( v2 − v1 )
Since P = P1 = P2 , we may rewrite this expression as
Q = m ⎣⎡( u2 + P2v2 ) − ( u1 + Pv
1 1 )⎦
⎤ = m ( h2 − h1 )
From Table A-10, for saturated steam at 130°C, P1 = 0.27 MPa = 270 kPa, h1 = 2720 kJ/kg. Solving the last
equation for h2 and substituting values
Q 8.3 kJ kJ kJ
h2 = + h1 = + 2720 = 2775
m 0.15 kg kg kg
To find the final temperature, consult the superheated steam tables. The table below reproduces values from Table
A-12 at 0.2 MPa and 0.3 MPa, and gives values at the final pressure of 0.27 MPa obtained by interpolation:

T 0.2 MPa 0.27 MPa 0.3 MPa

h h h
150 2769 2763 2761
200 2870 2863 2865

Finally, interpolate again to get final temperature

T2 − 150 2775 − 2763
=
200 − 150 2863 − 2763
T2 = 156 o C Answer

5 - 29
5-38 Twelve kilograms of H2O at 800 kPa and 400oC is cooled in a constant pressure process until 2 kg of liquid
water is present. Find the heat transferred.
Approach:
Apply the first law. Compute work from W = ∫ PdV .
Rewrite the first law in terms of enthalpy. Property
values are found in the steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. The process is quasi-static.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.
4. The pressure is constant.

Solution:
From the first law
∆U = Q − W
Because the process is assumed quasi-static and the pressure is constant,
W = ∫ PdV = P ∫ dV = P∆V
Substituting into the first law,
∆U = Q − P∆V
m ( u2 − u1 ) = Q − Pm ( v2 − v1 )
Since P = P1 = P2 , we may rewrite this expression as
Q = m ⎡⎣( u2 + P2v2 ) − ( u1 + Pv
1 1 )⎤
⎦ = m ( h2 − h1 )
From Table A-12, h1 = 3267.1kJ/kg. To find the enthalpy at state 2, we need the quality. By definition
mg m − mf 12 − 2
x2 = = = = 0.833
m m 12
The enthalpy at state 2 is, therefore, using values from Table A-11 at the final pressure of 800 kPa,
kJ
h2 = h f + x ( hg − h f ) = 721.11 + 0.833 ( 2769.1 − 721.11) = 2428
kg
Substituting into the first law
kJ
Q = (12 kg )( 2428 − 3267.1) = −10, 071kJ Answer
kg

5 - 30
5-39 R-134a at –20oC and 200 kPa is heated at constant pressure. If the mass of refrigerant present is 6.2 kg
and the heat added is 380 kJ, determine the final state.
Approach:
Apply the first law. Compute work from W = ∫ PdV .
Rewrite the first law in terms of enthalpy. Property
values are found in the steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. The process is quasi-static.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.
4. The pressure is constant.
5. The subcooled liquid approximation applies.

Solution:
From the first law
∆U = Q − W
Because the process is assumed quasi-static and the pressure is constant,
W = ∫ PdV = P ∫ dV = P∆V
Substituting into the first law,
∆U = Q − P∆V
m ( u2 − u1 ) = Q − Pm ( v2 − v1 )
Since P = P1 = P2 , we may rewrite this expression as
Q = m ⎡⎣( u2 + P2v2 ) − ( u1 + Pv
1 1 )⎤
⎦ = m ( h2 − h1 )
From Table A-14, the saturation pressure at –20oC is 133 kPa. The pressure of state 1 is higher than this;
therefore, state 1 is a compressed liquid. Using data in Table A-14
h1 = h f (T1 ) + v f (T1 ) [ P1 − Psat (T1 ) ]
kJ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞ ⎛ m3 ⎞ ⎛ 1000 Pa ⎞ J
h1 = 24.26 ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ 0.000736 ⎟ [ 200 − 133] kPa ⎜ ⎟ = 24,300
kg ⎝ 1 kJ ⎠ ⎝ kg ⎠ ⎝ 1kPa ⎠ kg
Rearranging the first law,
⎛ 1000 J ⎞
380 kJ ⎜ ⎟
Q
h2 = + h1 = ⎝ 1kJ ⎠ + 24,300 J = 85,590 J = 85.6 kJ
m 6.2 kg kg kg kg
From Table A-15, this enthalpy lies between the value for h f and hg at 0.2 MPa, therefore the final state is two-
phase.
h2 = h f + x(hg − h f )
The quality at the final state is
h2 − h f 85.6 − 36.84
x= = = 0.239 Answer
hg − h f 241.3 − 36.84
Since pressure is constant, the pressure at the final state is
P2 = 200 kPa Answer

5 - 31
5-40 Saturated liquid water at 70 psia is cooled at constant pressure to 80oF. If the volume of water present is
0.71 ft3, find the heat transferred.
Approach:
Apply the first law. Compute work from W = ∫ PdV .
Rewrite the first law in terms of enthalpy. Property
values are found in the steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. The process is quasi-static.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.
4. The pressure is constant.
5. The subcooled liquid approximation applies.

Solution:
From the first law
∆U = Q − W
Because the process is assumed quasi-static and the pressure is constant,
W = ∫ PdV = P ∫ dV = P∆V
Substituting into the first law,
∆U = Q − P∆V
m ( u2 − u1 ) = Q − Pm ( v2 − v1 )
Since P = P1 = P2 , we may rewrite this expression as
Q = m ⎡⎣( u2 + P2v2 ) − ( u1 + Pv
1 1 )⎤
⎦ = m ( h2 − h1 )
To find mass
V 0.71ft 3
m= = = 40.6 lbm
v 0.0175ft 3 / lbm
where the specific volume of saturated liquid at 70 psia from Table B-11 has been used. From the same table,
Btu
h1 = h f = 272.8
Ibm
From Table B-11, the saturation temperature at 70 psia is 303oF. State 2 has a pressure of 70 psia and a
temperature of 80 o F , therefore, it is a subcooled liquid. The enthalpy is
h2 = h f (T2 ) + v f (T2 )[ P2 − Psat (T2 )]
ft 3 1Btu ⎞ ⎛ 144in.2 ⎞
[70 − 0.507 ] 2 ⎛⎜
Btu lbf
h2 = 48.1 + 0.0161 ⎟⎜ ⎟
lbm lbm in. ⎝ 778 ft ⋅ lbf ⎠ ⎝ 1ft 2 ⎠
Btu
h2 = 48.3
lbm
From the first law
Btu
Q = m(h2 − h1 ) = (40.6 lbm)(48.3 − 272.8) = −9108 Btu Answer
lbm
Comment:
Heat is negative because the water is being cooled

5 - 32
5-41 A piston-cylinder assembly of initial volume 0.6 m3 contains H2O at 500 kPa and 280oC. The system is
cooled in a two-step process:
1-2 Constant volume cooling until only saturated vapor remains
2-3 Constant temperature cooling until only saturated liquid remains
a. Sketch the process on a T-v diagram.
b. For process 1 -2, calculate the work done and the heat transferred.
c. For process 2 -3, calculate the work done.

Approach:
For the first process, apply the first law. For the
second process, recognize that a constant temperature
process in the two-phase region is also a constant
pressure process. Compute work from W = ∫ PdV .
Property values are found in the steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. Both processes are quasi-static.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.

Solution:
a) From Table A-12, the H2O exists as superheated steam at the initial state. The first step occurs at constant
volume. Since mass is also constant, specific volume is constant, and the process appears as a vertical line on the
figure above. During the cooling, the temperature drops until the saturated vapor line is reached. For the second
process, temperature is constant, so the process is represented by a horizontal line on the figure. The final state is
on the saturated liquid line.

b) From the first law

∆U = Q − W
In the first process, volume is constant, so no work is done.
Q = m ( u2 − u1 )
Find the mass of the system. Interpolating in Table A-12
m3
v1 = 0.5033
kg
V 0.6
m= = = 1.19 kg
v1 0.5033
Since v2 = v1 , and v2 is saturated steam, from Table A-10
kJ
P2  .3613MPa T2  140 o C u2 = u g = 2550
kg
Using these values in the first law
Q1→2 = m ( u2 − u1 ) = (1.19 )( 2550 − 2771) = −262 kJ Answer

c) The second process is a constant temperature cooling in the two-phase region. Because temperature is
constant, pressure is also constant at the saturation pressure of 0.361 MPa. The work done is
W = ∫ PdV = P ∫ dV = P∆V = P2 m ( v3 − v2 ) = P2 m ( v f − vg )
m3 ⎛ 106 Pa ⎞
W = ( 0.3613MPa )(1.19 kg )( 0.0011 − 0.5089 ) ⎜ ⎟
kg ⎝ 1MPa ⎠
W = −218,327 J = −218.3kJ Answer

5 - 33
5-42 A two-phase mixture of water and steam at 190oF is contained in a piston-cylinder assembly. Initially the
piston rests on stops. The combined mass of the water and steam is 0.06 lbm and the initial quality is 0.3.
The piston has a diameter of 6 in. and a mass of 12 lbm. How much heat must be added to triple the
volume? Assume Patm = 14.7 psia. Sketch the process on a P-v diagram.

Approach:
Split the process into two parts: a constant volume
process in which the pressure rises until the piston lifts
and a constant pressure process which continues until
the volume triples. For each process, apply the first
law and use property values from the steam tables.

Assumptions:
1. Both processes are quasi-static.
2. There are no kinetic energy changes.
3. There are no potential energy changes.

Solution:
As heat is added, the pressure will rise. At some point, the pressure will be enough to just lift the piston. Then the
process will continue at constant pressure until the volume triples. Let state 2 be the point at which the piston
starts to lift off the stops and state 3 be the final state. Total heat transferred will be the sum of the heat from 1 to
2 and from 2 to 3, or
Qtot = Q1→2 + Q2→3
In process 1 to 2, the volume is constant and the mass is constant; therefore, the specific volume is also constant.
Using data from Table B-10 at 190oF, the specific volume at state 1 is
v1 = v f 1 + x1 (vg1 − v f 1 ) = 0.0166 + 0.3 ( 40.95 − 0.0166 ) = 12.3 ft 3 lbm
We need the pressure at state 2. We can find this from a force balance on the piston

(12 lbm ) ⎛⎜ 32.17 2 ⎞⎟

ft
mp g ⎝ s ⎠ + 14.7 lbf = 15.1psia
P2 = + Patm =
Ap ⎛ lbm ⋅ ft ⎞ in.2
π ( 3) in.2 ⎜ 32.17
2
2 ⎟
⎝ lbf ⋅ s ⎠
From the first law:
∆U = Q1→2 − W1→2
But since the volume is constant for this part of the process, W1→2 = 0, and
∆U = Q1→2
Q1→2 = U 2 − U1 = m ( u2 − u1 )
The internal energy at the initial state is found using data from Table B-10 at 190oF
u1 = u f 1 + x1 ( u g1 − u f 1 ) = 158 + 0.3 (1071 − 158 ) = 432 Btu lbm
At state 2, P2 = 15.1psia and v2 = v1 = 12.3ft 3 / lbm. From Table B-11 at 15 psia, we approximate quality using
v2 = v f 2 + x2 ( vg 2 − v f 2 )
v2 − v f 2 12.3 − 0.0167
x2 = ≈ = 0.467
vg 2 − v f 2 26.3 − 0.0167
The internal energy at state 2 may be approximated as

u2 = u f 2 + x2 ( u g 2 − u f 2 ) = 181 + 0.467 (1078 − 181) = 600 Btu lbm

Btu
Q1→2 = m ( u2 − u1 ) = ( 0.06 lbm )( 600 − 432 )
= 10.1Btu
lbm
The second process occurs at constant pressure as the piston lifts against the atmosphere. At state 3, the final state,
P3 = P2 = 15.1psia and V3 = 3V1. Since mass is constant
ft 3
v3 = 3v1 = ( 3)(12.3) = 36.9
lbm
5 - 34
From Table B-11 at15 psia, vg = 26.3. Since v3 > vg , state 3 is a superheated vapor. For process 2 to 3 the first law
is
∆U = Q2→3 − W2→3
Because the process is assumed quasi-static and the pressure is constant,
W2→3 = ∫ PdV = P ∫ dV = P∆V
Substituting into the first law,
∆U = Q2→3 − P∆V
m ( u3 − u2 ) = Q2→3 − Pm ( v3 − v2 )
Since P = P2 = P3 , we may rewrite this expression as
Q = m ⎡⎣( u3 + P3v3 ) − ( u2 + P2v2 ) ⎤⎦ = m ( h3 − h2 )
h2 = h f 2 + x2 ( hg 2 − h f 2 ) = 181 + 0.467 (1151 − 181) = 634 Btu lbm
From Table B-11 at 15 psia, vg = 26.29. Since v3 > vg , state 3 is in the superheated vapor region. To avoid double
interpolation, we approximate h3 by its value at 14.7 psia. From Table B-12,

v h
36.31 1258.8
38.77 1287.3

Interpolating:
h3 − 1258.8 36.9 − 36.31
=
1287.3 − 1258.8 38.77 − 36.31
h3 = 1266 Btu lbm
Substituting values,
Btu
Q2→3 = ( 0.06 lbm )(1266 − 634 ) = 37.9 Btu
lbm
The total heat added for the entire process is
Q = Q1→2 + Q2→3 = 10.1 + 37.9 = 48.0 Btu Answer

5 - 35
5-43 A runner whose surface area is 1.8 m2 generates 650 W of body heat. On a hot and cloudy day, the air is at
85o F. The heat transfer coefficient between runner and air is 14 Btu/h·ft2·oF.
a. If the runner is wearing only shorts, and does not sweat, what would the skin temperature be? (in oF)
b. What volume of sweat (in fluid oz.) must be evaporated per hour to keep the skin temperature at
70oF? Assume sweat has the properties of water.

Approach:
For the first part, simply use the convection rate
equation. For the second part, set the body heat equal
to the heat of vaporization plus the heat removed by
convection. Use the saturated steam tables to find the
heat of vaporization.

Assumptions:
1. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform over the
body and independent of temperature.
2. Sweat has the properties of water.

Solution:
a) For convection,
Q = hA (T − T
s f )
( 650 W ) ⎛⎜
3.412 Btu/h ⎞
Q ⎟
Ts = + Tf = ⎝ 1W ⎠ + 85 o F
2
hA ⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎛ 3.28 ft ⎞
2 o ⎟(
⎜ 14 1.8 m 2 ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ h ⋅ ft ⋅ F ⎠ ⎝ 1m ⎠
Ts = 93.2 o F
b) Define Q1 as body heat and Q 2 as the latent heat from sweat. The body heat is removed by both the latent
heat from the evaporating sweat and convection to the air, so
Q1 = Q 2 + hA (Ts − T f )
Rearranging
⎛ Btu ⎞
⎜ 3.412 h ⎟ ⎛ Btu ⎞ 2 ⎛ 3.28 ft ⎞
2
Q 2 = Q1 − hA (Ts − T f ) = 650 W ⎜
1W
⎟ − ⎜14
⎝ h ⋅ ft 2 o ⎟
⋅ F ⎠
(1.8 m ) ⎜
1 m 2 ⎟ ( 70 − 85 ) F
o

⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠
Btu
Q 2 = 6284
h
To find the latent heat, use the data in Table B-11 at atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia). As the sweat evaporates, it
starts as saturated liquid and ends as saturated vapor. Therefore, the latent heat is
Btu
h fg = hg − h f = 1150.5 − 180.15 = 970
lbm
The mass of sweat evaporated per unit time is
Btu
6284
m = h = 6.48 lbm
Btu h
970
lbm
Consequently, the volume of liquid sweat evaporated per unit time is
lbm
6.48 3
h = 0.104 ft = ⎛ 1 fl. oz ⎞ ⎛ 0.104 ft ⎞ ⎛ 30.5 cm ⎞ = 99.7 fl. oz
3 3
V = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ Answer
lbm h ⎝ 29.57 cm3 ⎠ ⎝ h ⎠ ⎝ 1 ft ⎠ h
62.4 3
ft

5 - 36
5-44 R-134a with an initial quality of 0.73 is contained in a piston-cylinder assembly as shown. The curved
walls of the cylinder are perfectly insulated. Initially, the R-134a occupies a volume of height 20 cm and
diameter 7.5 cm. The piston-cylinder assembly is placed on a surface at 10oC and heat conducts upward
through the bottom wall and boils the liquid R-134a. The piston may be assumed to be massless and
frictionless. The cylinder is constructed of stainless steel (AISI 304) with a wall thickness of 0.8 cm. The
heat transfer coefficient between the liquid and the bottom of the cylinder is 268 W/m2·K. How long will it
take for the piston to rise 5 cm?

Approach:
Use the thermal resistance analogy to find the rate
of heat transfer into the R-134a, adding
conduction and convection resistances in series.
Apply the first law for a constant pressure heat
addition to find the heat needed to lift the piston 5
cm. With the known rate of heat transfer and the
total heat, calculate the time for the process.

Assumptions:
1. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform over
the cylinder surface and independent of
temperature.
2. The conduction is one dimensional.
3. The thermal conductivity is constant.
4. The piston is perfectly insulated.
5. The sides of the cylinder are perfectly
insulated.
6. The process is quasi-static.

Solution:
First find the rate of heat transfer into the R-134a. At 100 kPa, the saturation temperature is, from Table A-15,
Tsat = −26.4 o C
The area of the bottom of the cylinder is
2 2
⎛D⎞ ⎛ 0.075 m ⎞
A=π ⎜ ⎟ =π ⎜ ⎟ = 0.00442 m
2

⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Using a thermal conductivity value from Table A-2, the resistance through the stainless steel is
L 0.008 m K
R1 = = = 0.121
kA ⎛ W ⎞ 2 W
⎜ 14.9 ⎟ (0.00442 m )
⎝ m⋅K ⎠
The convective resistance between the R-134a and the bottom of the cylinder is
1 1 K
R2 = = = 0.8446
hA ⎛ W ⎞ 2 W
⎜ 268 2 ⎟ (0.00442 m )
⎝ m ⋅ K ⎠
The total resistance is
K
Rtot = R1 + R2 = 0.121 + 0.845 = 0.966
W
The rate of heat transfer into the cylinder is
∆T Tw − Tsat [10 − (−26.4) ] C
o

Q = = = = 37.7 W
Rtot Rtot K
0.966
W
Now calculate the total heat needed to raise the piston 5 cm. From the first law for a constant pressure process of
a closed system (see Eq. 2-36),
Q = ∆H = m(h2 − h1 )
where h1 is initial enthalpy and h2 is final enthalpy. (Do not confuse enthalpy with heat transfer coefficient). To
find the mass of R-134a present, use

5 - 37
 V1
m=
v1
The initial volume, V1 , is
V1 = AB1 = ( 0.00442 m 2 ) ( 0.2 m ) = 0.000884 m3
where B1 is the initial height of the piston. The initial specific volume is
v1 = v f + xi (vg − v f )
With values from Table A-15,
v1 = 0.000726 + 0.73(0.192 − 0.000726) = 0.140 m3 / kg
V1 0.000884 m3
m= = = 0.0063kg
v1 0.14 m3 / kg
The mass remains constant. Since the piston rises 5 cm, the final volume is
V2 = AB2 = ( 0.00442 m 2 ) ( 0.25 m ) = 0.00110 m3
The final specific volume is
V 0.00110 m3 m3
v2 = 2 = = 0.175
m 0.0063kg kg
The final quality is, therefore, still using Table A-15,
m3
v2 − v f
( 0.175 − 0.000726 )
kg
x2 = = = 0.913
vg − v f m3
( 0.192 − 0.000726 )
kg
The initial enthalpy is
h1 = h f + x1 (hg − h f ) = 16.3 + 0.73(231 − 16.3) = 173kJ/kg
The final enthalpy is
h2 = h f + x2 (hg − h f ) = 16.3 + 0.913(231 − 16.3) = 213kJ/kg
The total heat which be added to raise the piston 5 cm is
kJ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞
Q = m(h2 − h1 ) = ( 0.0063kg )( 213 − 173) ⎜ ⎟ = 248 J
kg ⎝ 1kJ ⎠
Q
Q =
∆t
Q 248 J
∆t = = = 6.59s Answer

Q 37.7 W

5 - 38
5-45 A rigid box made of aluminum with a wall thickness of 0.25 in. contains saturated steam at a pressure of 60
psia. The convective heat transfer coefficient on the interior is 1.9 Btu/ h·ft2·oF and on the exterior, it is 3.6
Btu/h·ft2·oF. The box is a cube with a side length of 1.4 ft. A heater inside the box maintains the steam at a
steady-state temperature. The exterior air temperature is 60oF. Find the power input to the heater.

Approach:
Use the thermal resistance analogy. The
steam tables can be used to find the
temperature of the saturated steam in the
box.

Assumptions:
1. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the box and independent of
temperature.
2. The wall thickness is small compared to
the side length of the box.
3. Thermal conductivity is constant.
4. Heat transfer is one-dimensional.

Solution:
From Table B-11, the saturation temperature corresponding to a saturation pressure of 60 psia is
Tsat = 293 o F
Calculate the area perpendicular to heat flow for use in a thermal resistance network. For a cube with side length
1.4 ft, the surface area is
A = (6)(1.4)ft(1.4)ft = 11.8ft 2
Although the area on the inside and outside of the box differs, the difference is small, and we ignore it. The
resistance to convection on the interior is
1 1 h ⋅ oF
R1 = = = 0.0446
h1 A ⎛ Btu ⎞
2 o ⎟(
11.8ft 2 )
Btu
⎜ 1.9
⎝ h ⋅ ft ⋅ F ⎠
The conduction resistance is (with aluminum properties from Table B-2)
⎛ 1 ft ⎞
0.25in. ⎜ ⎟
L ⎝ 12 in. ⎠ h ⋅ oF
R2 = = = 1.29 × 10−5
kA ⎛ Btu ⎞
o ⎟(
11.8ft 2 )
Btu
⎜ 137
⎝ h ⋅ ft ⋅ F ⎠
The convection resistance on the outside is
1 1 h ⋅ oF
R3 = = = 0.0235
h2 A ( 3.6 )(11.8 ) Btu
The total resistance is
h ⋅ oF
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = 0.0446 + 1.29 × 10−5 + 0.0235 = 0.0682
Btu
By the resistance analogy

Q =
∆T
=
( 293 − 60 ) o F = 3419 Btu = 1002 W Answer
R h ⋅ oF h
0.0682
Btu

5 - 39
5-46 A piston cylinder assembly contains water and steam at a quality of 0.7. The piston, which is made of
carbon steel, is 1.5 cm thick and 6 cm in diameter. Initially the piston rests on the steam 9 cm above the
bottom of the cylinder, compressing the two-phase system by its weight. The sides and bottom of the
cylinder are well-insulated, but heat is lost off the top of the piston. The convective heat transfer coefficient
on the top of the piston is 9 W/m2. The convective heat transfer coefficient on the bottom of the piston is 6.2
W/m2·K. How long will it be before the piston sinks to half its initial height? Assume the surroundings are
at 20oC.
Approach:
Do a force balance on the piston to obtain the system
pressure. Use the thermal resistance analogy to
determine the rate of heat transfer through the piston.
The steam tables can be used to find the temperature
of the saturated steam in the box. Apply the first law
assuming a constant pressure process of a closed
system to determine the final state.

Assumptions:
1. The heat transfer coefficient is uniform over the
piston and independent of temperature.
2. Thermal conductivity is constant.
3. Heat transfer is one-dimensional.

Solution:
a. First determine the pressure of the steam-water mixture. The gravitational force on the piston is
F = m p g = ρ V p g = ρ L pπ rp 2 g
Where Vp is the piston volume, ρ  is the piston density, Lp is the piston thickness, and rp is the piston radius. The
pressure within the cylinder is
F ρ L p (π rp2 ) g
P = Patm + = Patm + = Patm + ρ Lp g
Ap π rp2
Using the density of steel from Table A-2
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ 1m ⎞ ⎛ m⎞
P = 1.01 × 105 Pa + ⎜ 7854 3 ⎟ (1.5cm ) ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 9.8 2 ⎟ = 1.02 × 10 Pa = 0.102 MPa
5

⎝ m ⎠ ⎝ 100 cm ⎠⎝ s ⎠
From Table A-11, the saturation temperature which corresponds to this pressure is Tsat ≈ 100oC. To find the heat
removed from the steam-water mixture, use the thermal resistance circuit shown in the figure above, where R1 is
convection on the top of the piston, R2 is conduction through the piston, and R3 is convection on the bottom of the
piston. The total resistance may be written
⎛ 1 Lp 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 Lp 1 ⎞
Rtot = R1 + R2 + R3 = ⎜ + + = + + ⎟
⎜ h A kA h A ⎟⎟ A ⎜ h k h2 ⎠
⎝ 1 p p 2 p ⎠ p ⎝ 1

Using the thermal conductivity of carbon steel from Table A-2 and given values
⎛ 100 cm ⎞ ⎡ ( 0.015 m ) ⎤
2
1 1 1 K
Rtot = 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ + + ⎥ = 96.4
π ( 3cm ) ⎝ ⎠ ⎢⎣ 6.2 ( W m ⋅ K ) ( ⋅ ) 9( W m ⋅ K ) ⎥⎦
2 2
1 m 60.5 W m K W
The heat transfer rate is, then
T −T (100 − 20 ) o C
Q = sat a = = 0.83 W
Rtot K
96.4
W
Now apply the first law to the steam-water mixture. Since this is a constant pressure process without kinetic or
potential energy, the form of the first law to use is that given by Eq. 2-36, which is
Q = m ∆h
V
m=
v

5 - 40
The specific volume of the two-phase mixture at the initial state, state 1, with values from Table A-11 is
m3
v1 = v f + x1 ( vg − v f ) = 0.00104 + ( 0.7 ) (1.694 − 0.001043) = 1.19
kg
Since the piston initially sits 9 cm above the bottom of the cylinder
π ( 3cm ) ( 9 cm )
2
V1
m= = 3
= 2.14 × 10−4 kg
v1 m ⎛ 100 cm ⎞
3
1.19 ⎜ ⎟
kg ⎝ 1m ⎠
To evaluate ∆h, the final quality is needed. We know that the volume is reduced by half, so
V1 V2 V1 1 1.19 m3
V2 = and = or v2 = v1 = = 0.6
2 m 2m 2 2 kg
v2 = v f + x2 ( vg − v f )
Solving for quality and substituting values from Table A-11,
v2 − v f 0.6 − 0.00104
x2 = = = 0.354
vg − v f 1.694 − 0.00104
The enthalpy change, ∆h, may now be calculated as
∆h = h2 − h1 = h f + x2 ( hg − h f ) − ⎡⎣ h f + x1 ( hg − h f ) ⎤⎦ = ( x2 − x1 ) ( hg − h f )
kJ kJ
∆h = ( 0.354 − 0.7 )( 2675.5 − 417.46 ) = −781.3
kg kg

The total heat removal is then

⎛ kJ ⎞
Q = m ∆h = ( 2.14 × 10−4 kg ) ⎜ −781.3 ⎟ = − 0.167 kJ
⎝ kg ⎠
⎛ 1000 J ⎞
−0.167 kJ ⎜ ⎟
Q
∆t = = ⎝ 1 kJ ⎠
Q −0.83
J
s
∆t = 201 s = 3.36 min Answer

5 - 41
5-47 Estimate the specific volume of carbon monoxide at 150 K and 10 MPa using
a. the compressibility chart
b. the ideal gas law
Approach:
Find the critical temperature and pressure from Table
A-1. Use the compressibility chart to find Z, and the
definition of Z to find specific volume. Compare with
results from the ideal gas law.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) From Table A-1
Tc = 133K Pc = 3.5 MPa
T 150
TR = = = 1.13
Tc 133
P 10
PR = = = 2.86
Pc 3.5
From the compressibility chart at this reduced temperature and pressure
Z ≈ 0.5
By definition
MPv
Z=
RT
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞
(0.5) ⎜ 8.314 ⎟ (150 K) ⎜ ⎟ 3
ZRT ⎝ kmol ⋅ K ⎠ ⎝ 1 kJ ⎠ = 0.0022 m
v= = Answer
MP ⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ 106 Pa ⎞ kg
⎜ 28.0 ⎟ (10 MPa) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ kmol ⎠ ⎝ 1 MPa ⎠
b) From the ideal gas law
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞
⎜ 8.314 ⎟ (150 K) ⎜ ⎟
RT ⋅
=⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 1 kJ ⎠
kmol K
v=
MP ⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ 106 Pa ⎞
⎜ 28.0 ⎟ (10 MPa ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ kmol ⎠ ⎝ 1 MPa ⎠
m3
v = 0.00445 Answer
kg
Comment:
Assuming an ideal gas under these circumstances would produce a 50% error.

5 - 42
5-48 Steam at 800oF and 5000 psia has a mass of 25 lbm. Calculate the volume using
a. the steam tables
b. the compressibility chart

Approach:
Find the critical temperature and pressure from Table
B-1. Use the compressibility chart to find Z, and the
definition of Z to find specific volume. Compare with
results from the superheated steam table.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
a) From Table B-12
ft 3
v = 0.0593
lbm
Therefore
⎛ ft 3 ⎞
V = vm = ⎜ 0.0593 ⎟ ( 25lbm ) = 1.48ft
3

⎝ lbm ⎠
b) The reduced temperature is
T ( 800 + 460 ) R
TR = =
Tc 1165R
TR = 1.08
P 5000 psia
PR = = = 2.14
Pc 3204 psia
where data from Table B-1 has been used. From the compressibility chart,
Z  0.39
By definition
MPv
Z=
RT
⎛ psia ⋅ ft 3 ⎞
( 0.39 ) ⎜10.73 ⎟ (800 + 460)R
ZRT ⎝ lbmol ⋅ R ⎠ ft 3
v= = = 0.059
MP ⎛ lbm ⎞ lbm
⎜ 18 ⎟ ( 5000 psia )
⎝ lbmol ⎠
⎛ ft 3 ⎞
V = vm = ⎜ 0.059 ⎟ ( 25lbm ) = 1.47 ft
3
Answer
⎝ lbm ⎠
Comment:
The compressibility chart is a good approximation of the superheated steam tables. This is especially useful for
substances for which a property table is not available. The ideal gas law would have produced a large error. (For
an ideal gas, Z = 1)

5 - 43
5-49 Does sulfer dioxide at a pressure of 2000 psia behave like an ideal gas at these temperatures?
a. 1500oF
b. 850oF
c. 350oF

Approach:
Find the critical temperature and pressure from Table
B-1. Use the compressibility chart to find Z. For an
ideal gas, Z = 1.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The reduced pressure is
P 2000 psia
PR = =
Pc 1143psia
= 1.75
where Pc is found in Table B-1.
a) The reduced temperature is
T (1500 + 460 ) R
TR = =
Tc 775
= 2.5
From the compressibility chart, Z ≈ 0.98. For an ideal gas, Z = 1 . Using the ideal gas modal gives only 2% error
in this case.

b)

TR =
( 850 + 460 ) = 1.69
7751
Z ≈ 0.9

The ideal gas model gives a 10% error in this case.

c)

TR =
( 350 + 460 ) = 1.04
775
Z ≈ 0.3

The gas is definitely not ideal in this case, giving a 70% error.

5 - 44
5-50 A rigid container with a volume of 0.77 m3 contains 110 kg of gaseous propane at 208oC. Using the
compressibility chart, estimate the pressure of the gas.
Approach:
Find the critical temperature from Table A-1. Estimate
the pressure using the ideal gas law. Iterate in the
compressibility chart to determine the actual pressure.

Assumptions:
none

Solution:
The reduced temperature is
T
TR =
Tc
Using the critical temperature of propane from Table A-2

TR =
( 208 + 273) K = 1.3
370 K
To use the compressibility chart to find the pressure, an iterative process is necessary. Estimate the pressure with
the ideal gas law (one could also just select a pressure at random to start with):
RT
Pv =
M

(110 kg ) ⎛⎜ 8.314
kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞
⎟ (280 + 273)K ⎜ ⎟
RT mRT ⎝ kmol ⋅ K ⎠ ⎝ 1 kJ ⎠ = 1.3 × 107 Pa = 13 MPa
P= = =
kg
vM VM
( 0.77 m3 ) ( 44.1) kmol
Find the reduced pressure
P 13MPa
PR = = = 3.05
Pc 4.26 MPa
From the compressibility chart, at TR = 1.3
Z ≈ 0.66
By definition
MPv MPV
Z= =
RT mRT
Solve this for P to get
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 J ⎞
( 0.66 )(110 kg ) ⎜ 8.314 ⎟ (208 + 273)K ⎜ ⎟
ZmRT ⎝ kmol ⋅ K ⎠ ⎝ 1 kJ ⎠ = 8.55 × 106 Pa = 8.55 MPa
P= =
⎛ kg ⎞
⎟ ( 0.77 m )
MV 3
⎜ 44.1
⎝ kmol ⎠
This is not close to the value of 13 MPa on the last iteration. So calculate a new estimate of the reduced pressure as
8.55
PR = =2
4.26
From the compressibility chart
Z ≈ 0.7
The new estimate for P is

P=
( 0.7 )(110 )(8.314 )( 208 + 273)(1000 ) = 9.1 MPa
( 44.1)( 0.77 )
Another iteration will give a value of P of 8.9 MPa . Therefore, it is safe to conclude that
P ≈ 9 MPa Answer
Comment:
Inaccuracies in reading the chart prevent us from giving a more precise value.

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