Midterm Exam

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eBook
{Exercise 2.1 (Algorithmic)}
The response to a question has three alternatives: A, B, and C. A sample of 120 responses provides
55 A, 29 B, and 36 C. Show the frequency and relative frequency distributions (use nearest whole
number for the frequency column and 2 decimal for the relative frequency column).

Class Frequency Relative Frequency

A 55 0.46

B 29 0.24

C 36 0.30

(Total) 120 1

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eBook
{Exercise 2.1 (Algorithmic)}
The response to a question has three alternatives: A, B, and C. A sample of 120 responses provides
55 A, 29 B, and 36 C. Show the frequency and relative frequency distributions (use nearest whole
number for the frequency column and 2 decimal for the relative frequency column).

Class Frequency Relative Frequency

A 55 0.46

B 29 0.24

C 36 0.30

(Total) 120 1.00

Right
eBook
VideoVideo
{Exercise 3.3 (Algorithmic)}
Consider the following data and corresponding weights.
xi Weight(wi)

3.5 6
 5.0 3

2.5 1

4.0 9

a. Compute the weighted mean (to 3 decimals).

3.921

b. Compute the sample mean of the four data values without weighting (to 3 decimals).
3.750

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Video
{Exercise 3.3 (Algorithmic)}
Consider the following data and corresponding weights.

xi Weight(wi)

3.5 6

5.0 3

2.5 1

4.0 9

a. Compute the weighted mean (to 3 decimals).

3.921

b. Compute the sample mean of the four data values without weighting (to 3 decimals).
3.75

Right
eBook
{Exercise 3.25 (Algorithmic)}
Consider a sample with data values of 27, 25, 22, 18, 32, 33, 29, and 25. Compute the range,
interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation (to a maximum of 2 decimals, if decimals are
necessary).

Range 15

Interquartile range 8.50

Variance 25.13
 Standard deviation 5.01

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{Exercise 3.25 (Algorithmic)}
Consider a sample with data values of 27, 25, 22, 18, 32, 33, 29, and 25. Compute the range,
interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation (to a maximum of 2 decimals, if decimals are
necessary).

Range 15

Interquartile range 8.5

Variance 25.13

Standard deviation 5.01

Right
eBook
{Exercise 5.17 (Algorithmic)}
The number of students taking the SAT has risen to an all-time high of more than 1.5 million
(College Board, August 26, 2008). Students are allowed to repeat the test in hopes of improving the
score that is sent to college and university admission offices. The number of times the SAT was
taken and the number of students are as follows.
Number of Number of
Times Students
1 743,000
2 645,000
3 137,000
4 21,000
5 17,000
a. Let x be a random variable indicating the number of times a student takes the SAT. Show the
probability distribution for this random variable. Round your answers to four decimal places.
x f(x)
1 0.4754

2 0.4127

3 0.0877
 4 0.0134

5 0.0109

b. What is the probability that a student takes the SAT more than one time? Round your answer to
four decimal places.
0.5247

c. What is the probability that a student takes the SAT three or more times? Round your answer to
four decimal places.
0.1120

d. What is the expected value of the number of times the SAT is taken? Round your interim
calculations and final answer to four decimal places.
1.6720

What is your interpretation of the expected value?

The input in the box below will not be graded, but may be reviewed and considered by your
instructor.

e. What is the variance and standard deviation for the number of times the SAT is taken? Round
your interim calculations and final answer to four decimal places.
Variance 0.6068

Standard deviation 0.7790

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{Exercise 5.17 (Algorithmic)}
The number of students taking the SAT has risen to an all-time high of more than 1.5 million (College
Board, August 26, 2008). Students are allowed to repeat the test in hopes of improving the score that
is sent to college and university admission offices. The number of times the SAT was taken and the
number of students are as follows.

Number of Number of
Times Students
1 743,000
2 645,000
3 137,000
4 21,000
5 17,000
a. Let x be a random variable indicating the number of times a student takes the SAT. Show the
probability distribution for this random variable. Round your answers to four decimal places.

x f(x)
 1 0.4754

2 0.4127

3 0.0877

4 0.0134

5 0.0109

b. What is the probability that a student takes the SAT more than one time? Round your answer to
four decimal places.
0.5246

c. What is the probability that a student takes the SAT three or more times? Round your answer to
four decimal places.
0.1120

d. What is the expected value of the number of times the SAT is taken? Round your interim
calculations and final answer to four decimal places.
1.6718

What is your interpretation of the expected value?

The input in the box below will not be graded, but may be reviewed and considered by your instructor.

e. What is the variance and standard deviation for the number of times the SAT is taken? Round your
interim calculations and final answer to four decimal places.

Variance 0.6069

Standard deviation 0.7790

Right
eBook

{Exercise 4.31 (Algorithmic)}

Assume that we have two events, A and B, that are mutually exclusive. Assume further that we
know P(A) = 0.6 and P(B) = 0.4.

If an amount is zero, enter "0".

a. What is P(A B)?

0

b. What is P(A | B)?

0
 c. Is P(A | B) equal to P(A)?
No

Are events A and B dependent or independent?

Events A and B are dependent

d. A student in statistics argues that the concepts of mutually exclusive events and independent events
are really the same, and that if events are mutually exclusive they must be independent. Is this
statement accurate?
No

e. What general conclusion would you make about mutually exclusive and independent events given
the results of this problem?
Mutually exclusive events are dependent

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{Exercise 4.31 (Algorithmic)}

Assume that we have two events, A and B, that are mutually exclusive. Assume further that we
know P(A) = 0.6 and P(B) = 0.4.

If an amount is zero, enter "0".

a. What is P(A B)?

0

b. What is P(A | B)?

0

c. Is P(A | B) equal to P(A)?

No

Are events A and B dependent or independent?

Events A and B are dependent

d. A student in statistics argues that the concepts of mutually exclusive events and independent events
are really the same, and that if events are mutually exclusive they must be independent. Is this
 statement accurate?
No

e. What general conclusion would you make about mutually exclusive and independent events given the
results of this problem?
Mutually exclusive events are dependent

Right
eBook

VideoVideo

{Exercise 4.9 (Algorithmic)}

Simple random sampling uses a sample of size n from a population of size N to obtain data that can
be used to make inferences about the characteristics of a population. Suppose that, from a
population of 55 bank accounts, we want to take a random sample of ten accounts in order to learn
about the population. How many different random samples of ten accounts are possible?
29248649

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Video

{Exercise 4.9 (Algorithmic)}

Simple random sampling uses a sample of size n from a population of size N to obtain data that can
be used to make inferences about the characteristics of a population. Suppose that, from a population
of 55 bank accounts, we want to take a random sample of ten accounts in order to learn about the
population. How many different random samples of ten accounts are possible?
29248649

Right
eBook

{Exercise 4.45 (Algorithmic)}

In an article about investment alternatives, Money magazine reported that drug stocks provide a
potential for long-term growth, with over 54% of the adult population of the United States taking
prescription drugs on a regular basis. For adults age 65 and older, 82% take prescription drugs
 regularly. For adults age 18 to 64, 46% take prescription drugs regularly. The age 18–64 age group
accounts for 85.5% of the adult population (Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2008).
Round your answers to 4 decimal places.

a. What is the probability that a randomly selected adult is 65 or older?

0.1450

b. Given an adult takes prescription drugs regularly, what is the probability that the adult is 65 or
older?
0.2321

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{Exercise 4.45 (Algorithmic)}

In an article about investment alternatives, Money magazine reported that drug stocks provide a
potential for long-term growth, with over 54% of the adult population of the United States taking
prescription drugs on a regular basis. For adults age 65 and older, 82% take prescription drugs
regularly. For adults age 18 to 64, 46% take prescription drugs regularly. The age 18–64 age group
accounts for 85.5% of the adult population (Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2008).
Round your answers to 4 decimal places.

a. What is the probability that a randomly selected adult is 65 or older?

0.145

b. Given an adult takes prescription drugs regularly, what is the probability that the adult is 65 or
older?
0.2321

Partially Correct
eBook
VideoVideo
{Exercise 3.39 (Algorithmic)}
The results of a national survey showed that on average, adults sleep 6.9 hours per night. Suppose
that the standard deviation is 1 hours.

Round your answers to the nearest whole number.

 a. Use Chebyshev's theorem to calculate the percentage of individuals who sleep between 4.9 and 8.9
hours.
75
At least %

b. Use Chebyshev's theorem to calculate the percentage of individuals who sleep between 3.9 and 9.9
hours.
84
At least %

c. Assume that the number of hours of sleep follows a bell-shaped distribution. Use the empirical rule
to calculate the percentage of individuals who sleep between 4.9 and 8.9 hours per day.
95
%

How does this result compare to the value that you obtained using Chebyshev's theorem in part
(a)?
The empirical rule produces a larger percentage than Chebyshev's theorem

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Video
{Exercise 3.39 (Algorithmic)}
The results of a national survey showed that on average, adults sleep 6.9 hours per night. Suppose
that the standard deviation is 1 hours.

Round your answers to the nearest whole number.

a. Use Chebyshev's theorem to calculate the percentage of individuals who sleep between 4.9 and 8.9
hours.
75
At least %

b. Use Chebyshev's theorem to calculate the percentage of individuals who sleep between 3.9 and 9.9
hours.
89
At least %

c. Assume that the number of hours of sleep follows a bell-shaped distribution. Use the empirical rule to
calculate the percentage of individuals who sleep between 4.9 and 8.9 hours per day.
95
%

How does this result compare to the value that you obtained using Chebyshev's theorem in part (a)?
The empirical rule produces a larger percentage than Chebyshev's theorem
Partially Correct
eBook

VideoVideo

{Exercise 5.46 (Algorithmic)}

Suppose N = 12 and r = 3. Compute the hypergeometric probabilities for the following values
of n and x. If the calculations are not possible, please select "not possible" from below drop-downs,
and enter 0 in fields. Round your answers, if necessary.

a. n = 4, x = 1 (to 2 decimals).
possible 0.51

b. n = 2, x = 2 (to 3 decimals).
possible 0.05

c. n = 2, x = 0 (to 4 decimals).
possible 0.55

d. n = 6, x = 2 (to 2 decimals).
possible 0.41

e. n = 4, x = 4 (to 2 decimals).
not possible 0

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Video

{Exercise 5.46 (Algorithmic)}

Suppose N = 12 and r = 3. Compute the hypergeometric probabilities for the following values
of n and x. If the calculations are not possible, please select "not possible" from below drop-downs,
and enter 0 in fields. Round your answers, if necessary.

a. n = 4, x = 1 (to 2 decimals).
possible 0.51
b. n = 2, x = 2 (to 3 decimals).
possible 0.045

c. n = 2, x = 0 (to 4 decimals).
possible 0.5455

d. n = 6, x = 2 (to 2 decimals).
possible 0.41

e. n = 4, x = 4 (to 2 decimals).
not possible 0

Partially Correct
eBook

VideoVideo

{Exercise 4.10 (Algorithmic)}

Many students accumulate debt by the time they graduate from college. Shown in the following
table is the percentage of graduates with debt and the average amount of debt for these graduates
at four universities and four liberal arts colleges.
University % with Debt Amount($) College % with Debt Amount($)

1 73 32,930 1 86 28,751

2 65 32,140 2 95 26,000

3 59 11,229 3 56 10,201

4 61 11,852 4 41 11,019

a. If you randomly choose a graduate of College 2, what is the probability that this individual
graduated with debt (to 2 decimals)?
.95

b. If you randomly choose one of these eight institutions for a follow-up study on student loans,
what is the probability that you will choose an institution with more than 80% of its graduates
having debt (to 3 decimals)?
.250

c. If you randomly choose one of these eight institutions for a follow-up study on student loans,
what is the probability that you will choose an institution whose graduates with debts have an
 average debt of more than $ 26,000 (to 3 decimals)?
0..375

d. What is the probability that a graduate of University 1 does not have debt (to 2 decimals)?
0.27

e. For graduates of University 1 with debt, the average amount of debt is $ 32,930. Considering all
graduates from University 1, what is the average debt per graduate? Round to nearest dollar.
24039
$

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Video

{Exercise 4.10 (Algorithmic)}

Many students accumulate debt by the time they graduate from college. Shown in the following table
is the percentage of graduates with debt and the average amount of debt for these graduates at four
universities and four liberal arts colleges.
University % with Debt Amount($) College % with Debt Amount($)

1 73 32,930 1 86 28,751

2 65 32,140 2 95 26,000

3 59 11,229 3 56 10,201

4 61 11,852 4 41 11,019

a. If you randomly choose a graduate of College 2, what is the probability that this individual
graduated with debt (to 2 decimals)?
0.95

b. If you randomly choose one of these eight institutions for a follow-up study on student loans, what
is the probability that you will choose an institution with more than 80% of its graduates having debt
(to 3 decimals)?
0.25
 c. If you randomly choose one of these eight institutions for a follow-up study on student loans, what
is the probability that you will choose an institution whose graduates with debts have an average debt
of more than $ 26,000 (to 3 decimals)?
0.375

d. What is the probability that a graduate of University 1 does not have debt (to 2 decimals)?
0.27

e. For graduates of University 1 with debt, the average amount of debt is $ 32,930. Considering all
graduates from University 1, what is the average debt per graduate? Round to nearest dollar.
24039
$

Right
eBook
VideoVideo
{Exercise 2.3 (Algorithmic)}
A questionnaire provides 54 Yes, 36 No, and 30 no-opinion answers.
a. In the construction of a pie chart, how many degrees would be in the section of the pie showing the
Yes answers?
162
degrees

b. How many degrees would be in the section of the pie showing the No answers?
108
degrees

c. If you constructed a pie chart, what percentage of the circle that would be occupied by each
response. Round answers to one decimal place.
Yes 45
%

No 30
%

No Opinion 25
%

d.
e. Which of the following three bar graphs accurately represents the data?

1.
 Response
f.

2.

Response
g.

3.

Response
h.

Graph #1
 Hide Feedback

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Video
{Exercise 2.3 (Algorithmic)}
A questionnaire provides 54 Yes, 36 No, and 30 no-opinion answers.
a. In the construction of a pie chart, how many degrees would be in the section of the pie showing the
Yes answers?
162
degrees

b. How many degrees would be in the section of the pie showing the No answers?
108
degrees

c. If you constructed a pie chart, what percentage of the circle that would be occupied by each
response. Round answers to one decimal place.

Yes 45
%

No 30
%

No Opinion 25
%

d.
e. Which of the following three bar graphs accurately represents the data?

1.

Response
f.

2.
 Response
g.

3.

Response
h.

Graph #1

Right
eBook

{Exercise 3.13 (Algorithmic)}

In automobile mileage and gasoline-consumption testing, 13 automobiles were road tested for 300
miles in both city and highway driving conditions. The following data were recorded for miles-per-
gallon performance.

City: 16.6 17.1 16.3 14.8 13.6 15.7 17.2 16.4 16.5 15.7 15.6 15.7 16.6

Highway: 20.2 21.4 19.1 19.4 20 18.2 18 19.4 19.8 21.9 20.2 19.3 19.5

Calculate the mean, median, and mode for City and Highway gasoline consumption (to 1 decimal).
 City Highway

Mean 16.0 19.7

Median 16.3 19.5

Mode 15.7 The data are bimodal: 19.4 and 20.2

Make a statement about the difference in gasoline consumption between both driving conditions.
The mean, median, and modal milages are all better on the highway than in the city

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{Exercise 3.13 (Algorithmic)}

In automobile mileage and gasoline-consumption testing, 13 automobiles were road tested for 300
miles in both city and highway driving conditions. The following data were recorded for miles-per-
gallon performance.

City: 16.6 17.1 16.3 14.8 13.6 15.7 17.2 16.4 16.5 15.7 15.6 15.7 16.6

Highway: 20.2 21.4 19.1 19.4 20 18.2 18 19.4 19.8 21.9 20.2 19.3 19.5

Calculate the mean, median, and mode for City and Highway gasoline consumption (to 1 decimal).

City Highway

Mean 16.0 19.7

Median 16.3 19.5

 Mode 15.7 The data are bimodal: 19.4 and 20.2

Make a statement about the difference in gasoline consumption between both driving conditions.
The mean, median, and modal milages are all better on the highway than in the city

Right
eBook
VideoVideo
{Extra Exercise #2 (Algorithmic)}
Consider a sample with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 4. Use Chebyshev's theorem to
determine the percentage of the data within each of the following ranges (to the nearest whole
number).

96
a. 20 to 60, at least %

97
b. 15 to 65, at least %

80
c. 31 to 49, at least %

91
d. 27 to 53, at least %

94
e. 23 to 57, at least %

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Video
{Extra Exercise #2 (Algorithmic)}
Consider a sample with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 4. Use Chebyshev's theorem to
determine the percentage of the data within each of the following ranges (to the nearest whole
number).

96
a. 20 to 60, at least %

97
b. 15 to 65, at least %

80
c. 31 to 49, at least %
 91
d. 27 to 53, at least %

94
e. 23 to 57, at least %

Right
eBook

VideoVideo

{Exercise 2.15 (Algorithmic)}

Construct a stem-and-leaf display for the following data, using 0.1 as the leaf unit.

14.2 12.6 13.4 10.5 11.3 13.5 13.0

12.2 11.1 10.7 10.5 11.4 9.3 11.8

9 3

10 5 5 7

11 1 3 4 8

12 2 6

13 0 4 5

14 2

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Video

{Exercise 2.15 (Algorithmic)}

Construct a stem-and-leaf display for the following data, using 0.1 as the leaf unit.
 14.2 12.6 13.4 10.5 11.3 13.5 13.0

12.2 11.1 10.7 10.5 11.4 9.3 11.8

9 3

10 5 5 7

11 1 3 4 8

12 2 6

13 0 4 5

14 2

Partially Correct
eBook

VideoVideo

{Exercise 5.50 (Algorithmic)}

Axline Computers manufactures personal computers at two plants, one in Texas and the other in
Hawaii. The Texas plant has 50 employees; the Hawaii plant has 30. A random sample of 10
employees is to be asked to fill out a benefits questionnaire.
Round your answers to four decimal places.

a. What is the probability that none of the employees in the sample work at the plant in Hawaii?
0.0062

b. What is the probability that 1 of the employees in the sample works at the plant in Hawaii?
0.0457

c. What is the probability that 2 or more of the employees in the sample work at the plant in
Hawaii?
0.9481

d. What is the probability that 9 of the employees in the sample work at the plant in Texas?
0.0004
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Video

{Exercise 5.50 (Algorithmic)}

Axline Computers manufactures personal computers at two plants, one in Texas and the other in
Hawaii. The Texas plant has 50 employees; the Hawaii plant has 30. A random sample of 10
employees is to be asked to fill out a benefits questionnaire.
Round your answers to four decimal places.

a. What is the probability that none of the employees in the sample work at the plant in Hawaii?
0.0062

b. What is the probability that 1 of the employees in the sample works at the plant in Hawaii?
0.0457

c. What is the probability that 2 or more of the employees in the sample work at the plant in Hawaii?
0.9481

d. What is the probability that 9 of the employees in the sample work at the plant in Texas?
0.0457

Wrong
eBook

{Exercise 3.57 (Algorithmic)}

The following frequency distribution shows the price per share for a sample of 30 companies listed
on the New York Stock Exchange.
Price per Share             Frequency

$20-29             8

$30-39             4

$40-49             4

$50-59             3

$60-69             5
 $70-79             1

$80-89             5

Compute the sample mean price per share and the sample standard deviation of the price per share
for the New York Stock Exchange companies (to 2 decimals). Assume there are no price per shares
between 29 and 30, 39 and 40, etc.
Sample mean 45.98
$

Sample standard deviation 19.19

$

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{Exercise 3.57 (Algorithmic)}

The following frequency distribution shows the price per share for a sample of 30 companies listed on
the New York Stock Exchange.
Price per Share             Frequency

$20-29             8

$30-39             4

$40-49             4

$50-59             3

$60-69             5

$70-79             1

$80-89             5

Compute the sample mean price per share and the sample standard deviation of the price per share
for the New York Stock Exchange companies (to 2 decimals). Assume there are no price per shares
between 29 and 30, 39 and 40, etc.
Sample mean 49.83
$

Sample standard deviation 21.93

$
 Right
eBook
{Exercise 5.35 (Algorithmic)}
A university found that 10% of its students withdraw without completing the introductory statistics
course. Assume that 20 students registered for the course.

a. Compute the probability that 2 or fewer will withdraw (to 4 decimals).

0.6769

b. Compute the probability that exactly 4 will withdraw (to 4 decimals).

0.0898

c. Compute the probability that more than 3 will withdraw (to 4 decimals).
0.1330

d. Compute the expected number of withdrawals.

2

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{Exercise 5.35 (Algorithmic)}
A university found that 10% of its students withdraw without completing the introductory statistics
course. Assume that 20 students registered for the course.

a. Compute the probability that 2 or fewer will withdraw (to 4 decimals).

0.6769

b. Compute the probability that exactly 4 will withdraw (to 4 decimals).

0.0898

c. Compute the probability that more than 3 will withdraw (to 4 decimals).
0.133

d. Compute the expected number of withdrawals.

2

Right
eBook
 VideoVideo

{Exercise 4.42 (Algorithmic)}

A local bank reviewed its credit card policy with the intention of recalling some of its credit cards. In
the past approximately 5% of cardholders defaulted, leaving the bank unable to collect the
outstanding balance. Hence, management established a prior probability of .05 that any particular
cardholder will default. The bank also found that the probability of missing a monthly payment is .20
for customers who do not default. Of course, the probability of missing a monthly payment for those
who default is 1.

a. Given that a customer missed one or more monthly payments, compute the posterior probability
that the customer will default (to 2 decimals).
.21

b. The bank would like to recall its card if the probability that a customer will default is greater
than .20. Should the bank recall its card if the customer misses a monthly payment? Why or why
not?
Yes, the probability of default is greater than .20.

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Video

{Exercise 4.42 (Algorithmic)}

A local bank reviewed its credit card policy with the intention of recalling some of its credit cards. In
the past approximately 5% of cardholders defaulted, leaving the bank unable to collect the
outstanding balance. Hence, management established a prior probability of .05 that any particular
cardholder will default. The bank also found that the probability of missing a monthly payment is .20
for customers who do not default. Of course, the probability of missing a monthly payment for those
who default is 1.

a. Given that a customer missed one or more monthly payments, compute the posterior probability
that the customer will default (to 2 decimals).
0.21

b. The bank would like to recall its card if the probability that a customer will default is greater
than .20. Should the bank recall its card if the customer misses a monthly payment? Why or why not?
Yes, the probability of default is greater than .20.

Right
 eBook

VideoVideo

{Exercise 4.28 (Algorithmic)}

A survey of magazine subscribers showed that 45.4% rented a car during the past 12 months for
business reasons, 51% rented a car during the past 12 months for personal reasons, and 30%
rented a car during the past 12 months for both business and personal reasons.

Round your answers to three decimal places.

a. What is the probability that a subscriber rented a car during the past 12 months for business or
personal reasons?
0.664

b. What is the probability that a subscriber did not rent a car during the past 12 months for either
business or personal reasons?
0.336

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Video

{Exercise 4.28 (Algorithmic)}

A survey of magazine subscribers showed that 45.4% rented a car during the past 12 months for
business reasons, 51% rented a car during the past 12 months for personal reasons, and 30% rented
a car during the past 12 months for both business and personal reasons.

Round your answers to three decimal places.

a. What is the probability that a subscriber rented a car during the past 12 months for business or
personal reasons?
0.664

b. What is the probability that a subscriber did not rent a car during the past 12 months for either
business or personal reasons?
0.336

Right
 eBook
{Exercise 4.57 (Algorithmic)}
A company studied the number of lost-time accidents occurring at its Brownsville, Texas, plant.
Historical records show that 6% of the employees suffered lost-time accidents last year.
Management believes that a special safety program will reduce such accidents to 5% during the
current year. In addition, it estimates that 15% of employees who had lost-time accidents last year
will experience a lost-time accident during the current year.

a. What is the probability an employee will experience a lost-time accident in both years (to 3
decimals)?
0.00

b. What is the probability an employee will experience a lost-time accident over the two-year period
(to 3 decimals)?
0.10

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{Exercise 4.57 (Algorithmic)}
A company studied the number of lost-time accidents occurring at its Brownsville, Texas, plant.
Historical records show that 6% of the employees suffered lost-time accidents last year. Management
believes that a special safety program will reduce such accidents to 5% during the current year. In
addition, it estimates that 15% of employees who had lost-time accidents last year will experience a
lost-time accident during the current year.

a. What is the probability an employee will experience a lost-time accident in both years (to 3
decimals)?
0.00

b. What is the probability an employee will experience a lost-time accident over the two-year period (to
3 decimals)?
0.10

Right
eBook
{Exercise 3.33 (Algorithmic)}
Scores turned in by an amateur golfer at the Bonita Fairways Golf Course in Bonita Springs, Florida,
during 2011 and 2012 are as follows:
2011 Season 75 79 80 78 76 74 76 78

2012 Season 72 71 76 78 86 81 72 80
 a. Calculate the mean (to the nearest whole number) and the standard deviation (to 2 decimals) of the
golfer's scores, for both years.

2011

Mean 77

Standard deviation 2.07

2012

Mean 77

Standard deviation 5.26

b.

c. What is the primary difference in performance between 2011 and 2012?

The variation in scores was higher in 2012

What improvement, if any, can be seen in the 2012 scores?

In 2012, three of the eight scores were better (lower) than the best score of 2011

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{Exercise 3.33 (Algorithmic)}
Scores turned in by an amateur golfer at the Bonita Fairways Golf Course in Bonita Springs, Florida,
during 2011 and 2012 are as follows:

2011 Season 75 79 80 78 76 74 76 78

2012 Season 72 71 76 78 86 81 72 80
a. Calculate the mean (to the nearest whole number) and the standard deviation (to 2 decimals) of the
golfer's scores, for both years.

2011

Mean 77

Standard deviation 2.07

2012

Mean 77
 Standard deviation 5.26

b.

c. What is the primary difference in performance between 2011 and 2012?

The variation in scores was higher in 2012

What improvement, if any, can be seen in the 2012 scores?

In 2012, three of the eight scores were better (lower) than the best score of 2011

Right
eBook

VideoVideo

{Exercise 4.6 (Algorithmic)}

A random experiment with three outcomes has been repeated 40 times, and it was learned
that E1 occurred 10 times, E2 occurred 13 times, and E3 occurred 17 times. Assign probabilities to
the following outcomes for E1, E2 and E3. Round your answer to two decimal places.
P(E1) 0.25

P(E2) 0.33

P(E3) 0.43

What method did you use?

relative frequency method

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Video

{Exercise 4.6 (Algorithmic)}

A random experiment with three outcomes has been repeated 40 times, and it was learned
that E1 occurred 10 times, E2 occurred 13 times, and E3 occurred 17 times. Assign probabilities to the
following outcomes for E1, E2 and E3. Round your answer to two decimal places.
P(E1) 0.25
 P(E2) 0.33

P(E3) 0.43

What method did you use?

relative frequency method

Right
eBook
{Exercise 5.55 (Algorithmic)}
The budgeting process for a midwestern college resulted in expense forecasts for the coming year
(in $ millions) of $9, $10, $11, $12, and $13. Because the actual expenses are unknown, the
following respective probabilities are assigned: 0.25, 0.2, 0.23, 0.14, and 0.18.

a. Show the probability distribution for the expense forecast.

x f(x)

9 0.25

10 0.2

11 0.23

12 0.14

13 0.18

b.

c. What is the expected value of the expense forecast for the coming year (to 2 decimals)?
10.80

d. What is the variance of the expense forecast for the coming year (to 2 decimals)?
2.02

e. If income projections for the year are estimated at $12 million, how much profit does the college
expect to make (report your answer in millions of dollars, to 2 decimals)?
1.20

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Solution
Correct Response
 eBook
{Exercise 5.55 (Algorithmic)}
The budgeting process for a midwestern college resulted in expense forecasts for the coming year (in
$ millions) of $9, $10, $11, $12, and $13. Because the actual expenses are unknown, the following
respective probabilities are assigned: 0.25, 0.2, 0.23, 0.14, and 0.18.

a. Show the probability distribution for the expense forecast.

x f(x)

9 0.25

10 0.2

11 0.23

12 0.14

13 0.18

b.

c. What is the expected value of the expense forecast for the coming year (to 2 decimals)?
10.8

d. What is the variance of the expense forecast for the coming year (to 2 decimals)?
2.02

e. If income projections for the year are estimated at $12 million, how much profit does the college
expect to make (report your answer in millions of dollars, to 2 decimals)?
1.2

Right
eBook

VideoVideo

{Exercise 2.12 (Algorithmic)}

Consider the following frequency distribution.
Class Frequency

20- 29 11

30- 39 14

40- 49 17
 50- 59 7

60- 69 1

Construct a cumulative frequency distribution and a cumulative relative frequency distribution.

Round your answers to two decimal places, if necessary.

Class Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Relative Frequency

less than or equal to 29 11 0.22

less than or equal to 39 25 0.50

less than or equal to 49 42 0.84

less than or equal to 59 49 0.98

less than or equal to 69 50 1

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Video

{Exercise 2.12 (Algorithmic)}

Consider the following frequency distribution.
Class Frequency

20- 29 11

30- 39 14

40- 49 17

50- 59 7 Construct a cumulative frequency distribution and a cumulative

relative frequency distribution. Round your answers to two decimal
60- 69 1 places, if necessary.
 Class Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Relative Frequency

less than or equal to 29 11 0.22

less than or equal to 39 25 0.5

less than or equal to 49 42 0.84

less than or equal to 59 49 0.98

less than or equal to 69 50 1

Partially Correct
eBook
VideoVideo
{Exercise 4.33 (Algorithmic)}
Students taking the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT) were asked about their
undergraduate major and intent to pursue their MBA as a full-time or part-time student. A summary
of their responses follows.

Undergraduate Major
Business Engineering Other Totals
Intended Enrollment Full Time 422 394 74 890
Status Part Time 400 594 46 1,040
Totals 822 988 120 1,930

a. Develop a joint probability table for these data (to 3 decimals).

Undergraduate Major
Business Engineering Other Totals
Intended Enrollment Full-Time 0.219 0.204 0.038 0.461

Status Part-Time 0.207 0.308 0.024 0.539

Totals 0.426 0.512 0.062 1

b.

c. Use the marginal probabilities of undergraduate major (Business, Engineering, or Other) to

comment on which undergraduate major produces the most potential MBA students.
Engineering
 d. If a student intends to attend classes full-time in pursuit of an MBA degree, what is the probability
that the student was an undergraduate Engineering major (to 3 decimals)?
0.443

e. If a student was an undergraduate Business major, what is the probability that the student intends
to attend classes full-time in pursuit of an MBA degree (to 3 decimals)?
0.514

f. Let A denote the event that student intends to attend classes full-time in pursuit of an MBA degree,
and let B denote the event that the student was an undergraduate Business major. Are
events A and B independent?
- Select your answer -

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Video
{Exercise 4.33 (Algorithmic)}
Students taking the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT) were asked about their
undergraduate major and intent to pursue their MBA as a full-time or part-time student. A summary of
their responses follows.

Undergraduate Major
Business Engineering Other Totals
Intended Enrollment Full Time 422 394 74 890
Status Part Time 400 594 46 1,040
Totals 822 988 120 1,930

a. Develop a joint probability table for these data (to 3 decimals).

Undergraduate Major
Business Engineering Other Totals
Intended Enrollment Full-Time 0.219 0.204 0.038 0.461

Status Part-Time 0.207 0.308 0.024 0.539

Totals 0.426 0.512 0.062 1.00

b.

c. Use the marginal probabilities of undergraduate major (Business, Engineering, or Other) to comment
on which undergraduate major produces the most potential MBA students.
Engineering
d. If a student intends to attend classes full-time in pursuit of an MBA degree, what is the probability
that the student was an undergraduate Engineering major (to 3 decimals)?
0.443

e. If a student was an undergraduate Business major, what is the probability that the student intends to
attend classes full-time in pursuit of an MBA degree (to 3 decimals)?
0.513

f. Let A denote the event that student intends to attend classes full-time in pursuit of an MBA degree,
and let B denote the event that the student was an undergraduate Business major. Are
events A and B independent?
No, they are dependent

Right
eBook
VideoVideo
{Exercise 4.17 (Algorithmic)}
Refer to the KP&L sample points and sample point probabilities in Tables 4.2 and 4.3.

TABLE 4.2 COMPLETION RESULTS FOR 40 KP&L PROJECTS

Completion Time (months)
Stage 1 Stage 2 Sample point Number of
Design Construction Past Projects
Having These
Completion Times
3 6 ( 3, 6) 6
3 7 ( 3, 7) 4
3 8 (3, 8) 4
4 6 (4, 6) 2
4 7 (4, 7) 8
4 8 (4, 8) 2
5 6 (5, 6) 2
5 7 (5, 7) 4
5 8 (5, 8) 8
Total 40

Table 4.3 PROBABILITY ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE KP&L PROJECT

BASED ON THE RELATIVE FREQUENCY METHOD
Sample point Project Probability
Completion Time of Sample Point
(3, 6) 9 months P(3, 6)=6/40=0.15
(3, 7) 10 months P(3, 7)=4/40=0.1
(3, 8) 11 months P(3, 8)=4/40=0.1
(4, 6) 10 months P(4, 6)=2/40=0.05
(4, 7) 11 months P(4, 7)=8/40=0.2
(4, 8) 12 months P(4, 8)=2/40=0.05
(5, 6) 11 months P(5, 6)=2/40=0.05
 (5, 7) 12 months P(5, 7)=4/40=0.1
(5, 8) 13 months P(5, 8)=8/40=0.2
Total 1.00
a. The design stage (stage 1) will run over budget if it takes 5 months to complete. List the sample
points in the event the design stage is over budget.
Points (5,6), (5,7), and (5,8)

b. What is the probability that the design stage is over budget (to 2 decimal)?
.35

c. The construction stage (stage 2) will run over budget if it takes 8 months to complete. List the
sample points in the event the construction stage is over budget.
Points (3,8), (4,8), and (5,8)

d. What is the probability that the construction stage is over budget (to 2 decimals)?
.35

e. What is the probability that both stages are over budget (to 2 decimals)?
0.20

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Video
{Exercise 4.17 (Algorithmic)}
Refer to the KP&L sample points and sample point probabilities in Tables 4.2 and 4.3.

TABLE 4.2 COMPLETION RESULTS FOR 40 KP&L PROJECTS

Completion Time (months)
Stage 1 Stage 2 Sample point Number of
Design Construction Past Projects
Having These
Completion Times
3 6 ( 3, 6) 6
3 7 ( 3, 7) 4
3 8 (3, 8) 4
4 6 (4, 6) 2
4 7 (4, 7) 8
4 8 (4, 8) 2
5 6 (5, 6) 2
5 7 (5, 7) 4
5 8 (5, 8) 8
Total 40
 Table 4.3 PROBABILITY ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE KP&L PROJECT
BASED ON THE RELATIVE FREQUENCY METHOD
Sample point Project Probability
Completion Time of Sample Point
(3, 6) 9 months P(3, 6)=6/40=0.15
(3, 7) 10 months P(3, 7)=4/40=0.1
(3, 8) 11 months P(3, 8)=4/40=0.1
(4, 6) 10 months P(4, 6)=2/40=0.05
(4, 7) 11 months P(4, 7)=8/40=0.2
(4, 8) 12 months P(4, 8)=2/40=0.05
(5, 6) 11 months P(5, 6)=2/40=0.05
(5, 7) 12 months P(5, 7)=4/40=0.1
(5, 8) 13 months P(5, 8)=8/40=0.2
Total 1.00
a. The design stage (stage 1) will run over budget if it takes 5 months to complete. List the sample
points in the event the design stage is over budget.
Points (5,6), (5,7), and (5,8)

b. What is the probability that the design stage is over budget (to 2 decimal)?
0.35

c. The construction stage (stage 2) will run over budget if it takes 8 months to complete. List the sample
points in the event the construction stage is over budget.
Points (3,8), (4,8), and (5,8)

d. What is the probability that the construction stage is over budget (to 2 decimals)?
0.35

e. What is the probability that both stages are over budget (to 2 decimals)?
0.2

Partially Correct
eBook
{Exercise 2.27 (Algorithmic)}
The following data are for 30 observations involving two categorical variables, x and y. The
categories for x are A, B, and C; the categories for y are 1 and 2.
Observation x y Observation x y
1 A 1 16 C 1
2 C 2 17 B 2
3 C 2 18 C 2
4 B 1 19 B 2
5 C 2 20 C 2
6 B 1 21 B 1
7 C 2 22 C 2
8 B 1 23 B 1
 9 A 1 24 A 1
10 C 2 25 C 2
11 A 1 26 B 1
12 C 2 27 B 1
13 B 1 28 A 1
14 B 1 29 C 2
15 B 1 30 C 1

a. Develop a crosstabulation for the data, with x as the row variable and y as the column variable.

1 2 Total

A 5 0 5

x B 10 2 13

C 2 11 13

Total 17 13 30

b.

c. Compute the row percentages (to 1 decimal).

1 2 Total

A 100.0 0.0 100.0

% % %

x B 83.3 16.7 100.0

% % %

C 15.4 84.6 100.0

% % %

d.

e. Compute the column percentages (to 1 decimal).

1 2

A 29.1 0.0
% %

x B 58.8 15.4
% %

C 11.8 84.6
% %
 Total 100 100
% %
f.

g. Describe the observed relationship between variables x and y.

always
Category A values for x are associated with category 1 values for y.

usually
Category B values for x are associated with category 1 values for y.

usually
Category C values for x are associated with category 2 values for y.

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{Exercise 2.27 (Algorithmic)}
The following data are for 30 observations involving two categorical variables, x and y. The categories
for x are A, B, and C; the categories for y are 1 and 2.

Observation x y Observation x y
1 A 1 16 C 1
2 C 2 17 B 2
3 C 2 18 C 2
4 B 1 19 B 2
5 C 2 20 C 2
6 B 1 21 B 1
7 C 2 22 C 2
8 B 1 23 B 1
9 A 1 24 A 1
10 C 2 25 C 2
11 A 1 26 B 1
12 C 2 27 B 1
13 B 1 28 A 1
14 B 1 29 C 2
15 B 1 30 C 1

a. Develop a crosstabulation for the data, with x as the row variable and y as the column variable.

1 2 Total

A 5 0 5
 x B 10 2 12

C 2 11 13

Total 17 13 30

b.

c. Compute the row percentages (to 1 decimal).

1 2 Total

A 100.0 0.0 100.0

% % %

x B 83.3 16.7 100.0

% % %

C 15.4 84.6 100.0

% % %

d.

e. Compute the column percentages (to 1 decimal).

1 2

A 29.4 0.0
% %

x B 58.8 15.4
% %

C 11.8 84.6
% %

Total 100.0 100.0

% %
f.

g. Describe the observed relationship between variables x and y.

always
Category A values for x are associated with category 1 values for y.

usually
Category B values for x are associated with category 1 values for y.

usually
Category C values for x are associated with category 2 values for y.
 Right
eBook
{Exercise 5.3 (Algorithmic)}
Three students scheduled interviews for summer employment at an Institute. In each case the
interview results in either an offer for a position or no offer. Experimental outcomes are defined in
terms of the results of the three interviews.

a. How many experimental outcomes exist?

8

b. Let x equal the number of students who receive an offer. Is x continuous or discrete?
It is discrete

c. Show the value of the random variable x, where x is the number of yeses. Let Y = "Yes, the student
receives an offer", and N = "No, the student does not receive an offer."

Experimental Outcome Value of x

(Y, N, N) 1

(N, N, Y) 1

(Y, N, Y) 2

(Y, Y, N) 2

(N, N N) 0

(N, Y, N) 1

(N, Y, Y) 2

(Y, Y, Y) 3

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{Exercise 5.3 (Algorithmic)}
Three students scheduled interviews for summer employment at an Institute. In each case the
interview results in either an offer for a position or no offer. Experimental outcomes are defined in
terms of the results of the three interviews.

a. How many experimental outcomes exist?

8
b. Let x equal the number of students who receive an offer. Is x continuous or discrete?
It is discrete

c. Show the value of the random variable x, where x is the number of yeses. Let Y = "Yes, the student
receives an offer", and N = "No, the student does not receive an offer."

Experimental Outcome Value of x

(Y, N, N) 1

(N, N, Y) 1

(Y, N, Y) 2

(Y, Y, N) 2

(N, N N) 0

(N, Y, N) 1

(N, Y, Y) 2

(Y, Y, Y) 3

Right
eBook
{Exercise 5.7 (Algorithmic)}
The probability distribution for the random variable x follows.

x f(x)
21 0.24
25 0.12
30 0.26
37 0.38
a. Is this a valid probability distribution?
Yes, because all f(x) are = 0 and sum of f(x)=1

b. What is the probability that x = 30 (to 2 decimals)?

0.26

c. What is the probability that x is less than or equal to 25 (to 2 decimals)?

0.36
 d. What is the probability that x is greater than 30 (to 2 decimals)?
0.38

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{Exercise 5.7 (Algorithmic)}
The probability distribution for the random variable x follows.

x f(x)
21 0.24
25 0.12
30 0.26
37 0.38
a. Is this a valid probability distribution?
Yes, because all f(x) are = 0 and sum of f(x)=1

b. What is the probability that x = 30 (to 2 decimals)?

0.26

c. What is the probability that x is less than or equal to 25 (to 2 decimals)?

0.36

d. What is the probability that x is greater than 30 (to 2 decimals)?

0.38

Right
eBook
{Exercise 3.51 (Algorithmic)}
Annual sales, in millions of dollars, for 21 pharmaceutical companies follow.

8,492 1,388 1,892 8,968 2,484 11,527

615 14,138 6,517 1,869 2,846 1,370
10,603 7,553 4,060 4,384 746 2,148
3,690 5,852 8,389
a. Provide a five-number summary.

Smallest value 615

 First quartile 1880.5

Median 4060

Third quartile 8440.5

Largest value 14138

b.

c. Compute the lower and upper limits.

Lower limit -7959.

Upper limit 18280.5

d.

e. Do the data contain any outliers?

No, the data do not contain outliers

f. Johnson & Johnson's sales are the largest on the list at $14,138 million. Suppose a data entry error
(a transposition) had been made and the sales had been entered as $41,138 million. Would the
method of detecting outliers in part (c) identify this problem and allow for correction of the data
entry error?
Yes, a transposition would have produced an outlier, and a review would have found it

g. Which of the following box plots accurately displays the data set?
 Box plot #3

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{Exercise 3.51 (Algorithmic)}
 Annual sales, in millions of dollars, for 21 pharmaceutical companies follow.

8,492 1,388 1,892 8,968 2,484 11,527

615 14,138 6,517 1,869 2,846 1,370
10,603 7,553 4,060 4,384 746 2,148
3,690 5,852 8,389
a. Provide a five-number summary.

Smallest value 615

First quartile

1892

Median 4060

Third quartile

8389

Largest value 14138

b.

c. Compute the lower and upper limits.

Lower limit

-7853.

Upper limit

18134.5

d.

e. Do the data contain any outliers?

No, the data do not contain outliers

f. Johnson & Johnson's sales are the largest on the list at $14,138 million. Suppose a data entry error (a
transposition) had been made and the sales had been entered as $41,138 million. Would the method
of detecting outliers in part (c) identify this problem and allow for correction of the data entry error?
Yes, a transposition would have produced an outlier, and a review would have found it
g. Which of the following box plots accurately displays the data set?

Box plot #3

Right
 eBook

{Exercise 5.16 (Algorithmic)}

The following table provides a probability distribution for the random variable y.
y f(y)

3 0. 20

4 0. 20

6 0. 40

8 0. 20

a. Compute E(y) (to 1 decimal).

5.4

b. Compute Var(y) and σ (to 2 decimals).

Var(y) 3.04

σ 1.74

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{Exercise 5.16 (Algorithmic)}

The following table provides a probability distribution for the random variable y.
y f(y)

3 0. 20

4 0. 20

6 0. 40

8 0. 20
 a. Compute E(y) (to 1 decimal).
5.4

b. Compute Var(y) and σ (to 2 decimals).

Var(y) 3.04

σ 1.74

Partially Correct
eBook
{Exercise 2.17 (Algorithmic)}
A doctor's office staff studied the waiting times for patients who arrive at the office with a request
for emergency service. The following data with waiting times in minutes were collected over a one-
month period.

2 6 11 16 2 5 4 17 11 9 8 9 17 22 9 6 6 14 19 4
a. Fill in the frequency (to the nearest whole number) and the relative frequency (2 decimals) values
below.

Waiting Time Frequency Relative Frequency

0-4 4 0.20

5-9 8 0.40

10-14 3 0.15

15-19 4 0.20

20-24 1 0.05

(Total) 20 1

b.

c. Fill in the cumulative frequency (to the nearest whole number) and the cumulative relative
frequency (2 decimals) values below.

Waiting Time Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Relative Frequency

Less than or equal to 4 4 0.06

 Less than or equal to 9 12 0.17

Less than or equal to 14 15 0.21

Less than or equal to 19 19 0.27

Less than or equal to 24 20 0.29

d.

e. What proportion of patients needing emergency service wait 14 minutes or less?

0.17

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{Exercise 2.17 (Algorithmic)}
A doctor's office staff studied the waiting times for patients who arrive at the office with a request for
emergency service. The following data with waiting times in minutes were collected over a one-month
period.

2 6 11 16 2 5 4 17 11 9 8 9 17 22 9 6 6 14 19 4
a. Fill in the frequency (to the nearest whole number) and the relative frequency (2 decimals) values
below.

Waiting Time Frequency Relative Frequency

0-4 4 0.2

5-9 8 0.4

10-14 3 0.15

15-19 4 0.2

20-24 1 0.05

(Total) 20 1.00

b.

c. Fill in the cumulative frequency (to the nearest whole number) and the cumulative relative frequency
(2 decimals) values below.

Waiting Time Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Relative Frequency

 Less than or equal to 4 4 0.2

Less than or equal to 9 12 0.6

Less than or equal to 14 15 0.75

Less than or equal to 19 19 0.95

Less than or equal to 24 20 1.00

d.

e. What proportion of patients needing emergency service wait 14 minutes or less?

0.75

Partially Correct
eBook
{Exercise 5.69 (Algorithmic)}
The budgeting process for a midwestern college resulted in expense forecasts for the coming year
(in $ millions) of $9, $10, $11, $12, and $13. Because the actual expenses are unknown, the
following respective probabilities are assigned: 0.26, 0.15, 0.2, 0.19, and 0.2.

a. Show the probability distribution for the expense forecast.

x f(x)

9 0.26

10 0.15

11 0.2

12 0.19

13 0.2

b.

c. What is the expected value of the expense forecast for the coming year (to 2 decimals)?
10.92

d. What is the variance of the expense forecast for the coming year (to 2 decimals)?
4.78
 e. If income projections for the year are estimated at $12 million, how much profit does the college
expect to make (report your answer in millions of dollars, to 2 decimals)?
1.08

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Solution
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eBook
{Exercise 5.69 (Algorithmic)}
The budgeting process for a midwestern college resulted in expense forecasts for the coming year (in
$ millions) of $9, $10, $11, $12, and $13. Because the actual expenses are unknown, the following
respective probabilities are assigned: 0.26, 0.15, 0.2, 0.19, and 0.2.

a. Show the probability distribution for the expense forecast.

x f(x)

9 0.26

10 0.15

11 0.2

12 0.19

13 0.2

b.

c. What is the expected value of the expense forecast for the coming year (to 2 decimals)?
10.92

d. What is the variance of the expense forecast for the coming year (to 2 decimals)?
2.17

e. If income projections for the year are estimated at $12 million, how much profit does the college
expect to make (report your answer in millions of dollars, to 2 decimals)?
1.08

Right
eBook

{Exercise 3.73 (Algorithmic)}

 The days to maturity for a sample of five money market funds are shown here. The dollar amounts
invested in the funds are provided.

Days to Dollar Value

Maturity ($ millions)

20 20

12 31

7 10

5 15

6 10

Use the weighted mean to determine the mean number of days to maturity for dollars invested in
these five money market funds (to 1 decimal).
11.4

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{Exercise 3.73 (Algorithmic)}

The days to maturity for a sample of five money market funds are shown here. The dollar amounts
invested in the funds are provided.

Days to Dollar Value

Maturity ($ millions)

20 20

12 31

7 10

5 15

6 10

Use the weighted mean to determine the mean number of days to maturity for dollars invested in
these five money market funds (to 1 decimal).
11.4
Partially Correct
eBook

{Exercise 5.8 (Algorithmic)}

The following data were collected by counting the number of operating rooms in use at Tampa
General Hospital over a 20-day period: On three of the days only one operating room was used, on
six of the days two were used, on seven of the days three were used, and on four days all four of
the hospital's operating rooms were used.

Round your answers to two decimal places.

a. Use the relative frequency approach to construct an empirical discrete probability distribution for
the number of operating rooms in use on any given day.

x f(x)

1 3

2 6

3 7

4 4

Total 20

b. Select a graph of the probability distribution.

1. 2.
 3. 4.

Choose the correct graph from the above Graphs:

3

c. Show that your probability distribution satisfies the required conditions for a valid discrete
probability distribution.
=
Because f(x) 0 for x = 1, 2, 3, 4 and sum f(1) + f(2) + f(3) + f(4) = 1.

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eBook

{Exercise 5.8 (Algorithmic)}

The following data were collected by counting the number of operating rooms in use at Tampa General
Hospital over a 20-day period: On three of the days only one operating room was used, on six of the
days two were used, on seven of the days three were used, and on four days all four of the hospital's
operating rooms were used.

Round your answers to two decimal places.

a. Use the relative frequency approach to construct an empirical discrete probability distribution for
the number of operating rooms in use on any given day.

x f(x)

1 0.15

2 0.3
3 0.35

4 0.2

Total 1.00

b. Select a graph of the probability distribution.

1. 2.

3. 4.

Choose the correct graph from the above Graphs:

3

c. Show that your probability distribution satisfies the required conditions for a valid discrete
probability distribution.
=
Because f(x) 0 for x = 1, 2, 3, 4 and sum f(1) + f(2) + f(3) + f(4) = 1.

Wrong
 eBook

{Exercise 3.5 (Algorithmic)}

Consider a sample with data values of 26, 24, 20, 19, 31, 34, 29, and 24. Compute the 20th, 25th,
65th, and 75th percentiles (to 1 decimal, if decimals are necessary).

20th percentile 1.6

25th percentile 2

65th percentile 5.2

75th percentile 6

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eBook

{Exercise 3.5 (Algorithmic)}

Consider a sample with data values of 26, 24, 20, 19, 31, 34, 29, and 24. Compute the 20th, 25th,
65th, and 75th percentiles (to 1 decimal, if decimals are necessary).

20th percentile 19.8

25th percentile 21

65th percentile 28.5

75th percentile 30.5

Right
eBook

{Exercise 5.63 (Algorithmic)}

A regional director responsible for business development in the state of Pennsylvania is concerned
about the number of small business failures. If the mean number of small business failures per
month is 11.7, what is the probability that exactly 4 small businesses will fail during a given month
 (to 4 decimals)? Assume that the probability of a failure is the same for any two months and that
the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a failure in any month is independent of failures in any other
month.
0.0065

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{Exercise 5.63 (Algorithmic)}

A regional director responsible for business development in the state of Pennsylvania is concerned
about the number of small business failures. If the mean number of small business failures per month
is 11.7, what is the probability that exactly 4 small businesses will fail during a given month (to 4
decimals)? Assume that the probability of a failure is the same for any two months and that the
occurrence or nonoccurrence of a failure in any month is independent of failures in any other month.
0.0065

Right
eBook
VideoVideo
{Exercise 3.55 (Algorithmic)}
Five observations taken for two variables follow.

xi 4 6 11 5 15
yi 50 50 30 50 20
a. Which of the following scatter diagrams accurately represents the data set?

1.

2.
 3.

Scatter diagram 1

b. What does the scatter diagram developed in part (a) indicate about the relationship between the
two variables?
The relationship is negative

c. Compute the sample covariance.

-65

d. Compute the sample correlation coefficient (to 3 decimals).

-0.987

What can you conclude, based on your computation of the sample correlation coefficient?
There is a strong negative linear relationship

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 Solution
Correct Response
eBook
Video
{Exercise 3.55 (Algorithmic)}
Five observations taken for two variables follow.

xi 4 6 11 5 15
yi 50 50 30 50 20
a. Which of the following scatter diagrams accurately represents the data set?

1.

2.

3.
 Scatter diagram 1

b. What does the scatter diagram developed in part (a) indicate about the relationship between the two
variables?
The relationship is negative

c. Compute the sample covariance.

-65

d. Compute the sample correlation coefficient (to 3 decimals).

-0.987

What can you conclude, based on your computation of the sample correlation coefficient?
There is a strong negative linear relationship

Right
eBook

VideoVideo

{Exercise 4.30 (Algorithmic)}

Suppose that we have two events, A and B, with P(A) = .60, P(B) = .60, and P(A ∩ B) = .40.

a. Find P(A | B) (to 4 decimals).

0.6667

b. Find P(B | A) (to 4 decimals).

0.6667
 c. Are A and B independent? Why or why not?
No not equal to
because P(A | B) P(A)

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Video

{Exercise 4.30 (Algorithmic)}

Suppose that we have two events, A and B, with P(A) = .60, P(B) = .60, and P(A ∩ B) = .40.

a. Find P(A | B) (to 4 decimals).

0.6667

b. Find P(B | A) (to 4 decimals).

0.6667

c. Are A and B independent? Why or why not?

No not equal to
because P(A | B) P(A)

Right
eBook

VideoVideo

{Exercise 1.13 (Algorithmic)}

Figure 1.11 provides a bar chart showing the amount of federal spending for the years 2004 to 2010
(Congressional Budget Office website, May 15, 2011).

FIGURE 1.11 FEDERAL SPENDING

 Year

a. What is the variable of interest?

Federal spending measured in trillions of dollars

b. Are the data categorical or quantitative?

Quantitative

c. Are the data time series or cross-sectional?

Time series

d. Comment on the trend in federal spending over time.

Federal spending has a general increasing trend, only showing a decrease in 2010.

How much did the federal government spend in 2006?

2.7
$ trillions (to 1 decimal)

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Solution

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eBook
Video

{Exercise 1.13 (Algorithmic)}

Figure 1.11 provides a bar chart showing the amount of federal spending for the years 2004 to 2010
(Congressional Budget Office website, May 15, 2011).

FIGURE 1.11 FEDERAL SPENDING

Year

a. What is the variable of interest?

Federal spending measured in trillions of dollars

b. Are the data categorical or quantitative?

Quantitative

c. Are the data time series or cross-sectional?

Time series

d. Comment on the trend in federal spending over time.

Federal spending has a general increasing trend, only showing a decrease in 2010.

How much did the federal government spend in 2006?

2.7
$ trillions (to 1 decimal)

Right
 eBook
VideoVideo
{Exercise 3.37 (Algorithmic)}
Consider a sample with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 4. Use Chebyshev's theorem to
determine the percentage of the data within each of the following ranges (to the nearest whole
number).

84
a. 30 to 50, at least %

93
b. 25 to 55, at least %

80
c. 31 to 49, at least %

91
d. 27 to 53, at least %

94
e. 23 to 57, at least %

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Solution
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eBook
Video
{Exercise 3.37 (Algorithmic)}
Consider a sample with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 4. Use Chebyshev's theorem to
determine the percentage of the data within each of the following ranges (to the nearest whole
number).

84
a. 30 to 50, at least %

93
b. 25 to 55, at least %

80
c. 31 to 49, at least %

91
d. 27 to 53, at least %

94
e. 23 to 57, at least %

Right
eBook
{Exercise 3.41 (Algorithmic)}
 Annual sales, in millions of dollars, for 21 pharmaceutical companies follow.

8,492 1,388 1,891 8,968 2,484 11,527

614 14,138 6,517 1,869 2,846 1,370
10,603 7,553 4,059 4,384 746 2,148
3,690 5,852 8,388
a. Provide a five-number summary. If needed, round your answer to a whole number.

Smallest value 614

First quartile 1880

Median 4059

Third quartile 8440

Largest value 14138

b.

c. Compute the lower and upper limits. Enter negative amounts with a minus sign.

Lower limit -7960

Upper limit 18280

d.

e. Do the data contain any outliers?

No, the data do not contain outliers

f. Johnson & Johnson's sales are the largest on the list at $14,138 million. Suppose a data entry error
(a transposition) had been made and the sales had been entered as $41,138 million. Would the
method of detecting outliers in part (c) identify this problem and allow for correction of the data
entry error?
Yes, a transposition would have produced an outlier, and a review would have found it

g. Which of the following box plots accurately displays the data set?
 Box plot #3

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eBook
{Exercise 3.41 (Algorithmic)}
Annual sales, in millions of dollars, for 21 pharmaceutical companies follow.

8,492 1,388 1,891 8,968 2,484 11,527

614 14,138 6,517 1,869 2,846 1,370
10,603 7,553 4,059 4,384 746 2,148
3,690 5,852 8,388
a. Provide a five-number summary. If needed, round your answer to a whole number.

Smallest value 614

First quartile 1891

Median 4059

Third quartile 8388

Largest value 14138

b.

c. Compute the lower and upper limits. Enter negative amounts with a minus sign.
 Lower limit -7854.

Upper limit 18133.5

d.

e. Do the data contain any outliers?

No, the data do not contain outliers

f. Johnson & Johnson's sales are the largest on the list at $14,138 million. Suppose a data entry error (a
transposition) had been made and the sales had been entered as $41,138 million. Would the method
of detecting outliers in part (c) identify this problem and allow for correction of the data entry error?
Yes, a transposition would have produced an outlier, and a review would have found it

g. Which of the following box plots accurately displays the data set?

Box plot #3

Partially Correct
eBook

VideoVideo

{Exercise 3.15 (Algorithmic)}

Consider a sample with data values of 26, 24, 20, 16, 31, 36, 29, and 24. Compute the range,
interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation (to a maximum of 2 decimals, if decimals are
necessary. Use Excel's =quartile.exc function).
 Range 20

Interquartile range 9.50

Variance 29.43

Standard deviation 5.42

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Video

{Exercise 3.15 (Algorithmic)}

Consider a sample with data values of 26, 24, 20, 16, 31, 36, 29, and 24. Compute the range,
interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation (to a maximum of 2 decimals, if decimals are
necessary. Use Excel's =quartile.exc function).

Range 20

Interquartile range 9.5

Variance 39.64

Standard deviation 6.3

 Right
eBook
{Exercise 5.1 (Algorithmic)}
Consider the experiment of tossing a coin three times.

a. How many experimental outcomes exist?

8

b. Let x denote the number of heads occurring on three coin tosses. Show the value the random
variable would have for each of the experimental outcomes.

Outcome Value of x

(Head, Tail, Tail) 1

(Head, Head, Tail) 2

(Tail, Head, Head) 2

(Tail, Tail, Head) 1

(Head, Tail, Head) 2

(Tail, Head, Tail) 1

(Head, Head, Head) 3

(Tail, Tail, Tail) 0

c. Is this random variable discrete or continuous?

It is discrete

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eBook
{Exercise 5.1 (Algorithmic)}
Consider the experiment of tossing a coin three times.

a. How many experimental outcomes exist?

8
b. Let x denote the number of heads occurring on three coin tosses. Show the value the random variable
would have for each of the experimental outcomes.

Outcome Value of x

(Head, Tail, Tail) 1

(Head, Head, Tail) 2

(Tail, Head, Head) 2

(Tail, Tail, Head) 1

(Head, Tail, Head) 2

(Tail, Head, Tail) 1

(Head, Head, Head) 3

(Tail, Tail, Tail) 0

c. Is this random variable discrete or continuous?

It is discrete

Partially Correct
eBook
{Exercise 4.11 (Algorithmic)}
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) conducted a survey to learn about how
drivers throughout the United States are using seat belts (Associated Press, August 25, 2003).
Sample data consistent with the NHTSA survey are as follows.

Driver Using Seat Belt?

      Region                                    Yes                   No        
      Northeast                                    148                   49        
      Midwest                                    162                   54        
      South                                    296                   71        
      West                     227 48
            Total                     833 222

a. Combining the results from all four regions, what is the probability that a U.S. driver is using a seat
belt (to 2 decimals)?
0.79
 b. The seat belt usage probability for a U.S. driver a year earlier was .75. NHTSA chief Dr. Jeffrey
Runge had hoped for a .78 probability in 2003. Would he have been pleased with the 2003 survey
results?
Yes, because his expectations were exceeded

c. What is the probability of seat belt usage by region of the country (to 2 decimals)?

Northeast 0.18

Midwest 0.19

South 0.36

West 0.27

d.

What region has the highest probability of seat belt usage? (to 2 decimals)
South

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eBook
{Exercise 4.11 (Algorithmic)}
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) conducted a survey to learn about how
drivers throughout the United States are using seat belts (Associated Press, August 25, 2003). Sample
data consistent with the NHTSA survey are as follows.

Driver Using Seat Belt?

      Region                                    Yes                   No        
      Northeast                                    148                   49        
      Midwest                                    162                   54        
      South                                    296                   71        
      West                     227 48
            Total                     833 222

a. Combining the results from all four regions, what is the probability that a U.S. driver is using a seat
belt (to 2 decimals)?
0.79
b. The seat belt usage probability for a U.S. driver a year earlier was .75. NHTSA chief Dr. Jeffrey Runge
had hoped for a .78 probability in 2003. Would he have been pleased with the 2003 survey results?
Yes, because his expectations were exceeded

c. What is the probability of seat belt usage by region of the country (to 2 decimals)?

Northeast 0.75

Midwest 0.75

South 0.81

West 0.83

d.

What region has the highest probability of seat belt usage? (to 2 decimals)
West

Right
eBook
{Exercise 4.41 (Algorithmic)}
A consulting firm submitted a bid for a large research project. The firm's management initially felt
they had a 50–50 chance of getting the project. However, the agency to which the bid was
submitted subsequently requested additional information on the bid. Past experience indicates that
for 76% of the successful bids and 38% of the unsuccessful bids the agency requested additional
information.

a. What is the prior probability of the bid being successful (that is, prior to the request for additional
information) (to 1 decimal)?
0.5

b. What is the conditional probability of a request for additional information given that the bid will
ultimately be successful (to 2 decimals)?
.76

c. Compute the posterior probability that the bid will be successful given a request for additional
information (to 2 decimals).
0.67

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Solution
 Correct Response
eBook
{Exercise 4.41 (Algorithmic)}
A consulting firm submitted a bid for a large research project. The firm's management initially felt
they had a 50–50 chance of getting the project. However, the agency to which the bid was submitted
subsequently requested additional information on the bid. Past experience indicates that for 76% of
the successful bids and 38% of the unsuccessful bids the agency requested additional information.

a. What is the prior probability of the bid being successful (that is, prior to the request for additional
information) (to 1 decimal)?
0.5

b. What is the conditional probability of a request for additional information given that the bid will
ultimately be successful (to 2 decimals)?
0.76

c. Compute the posterior probability that the bid will be successful given a request for additional
information (to 2 decimals).
0.67

Right
eBook
VideoVideo
{Exercise 5.25 (Algorithmic)}
Consider a binomial experiment with two trials and p =0.6.

a. Which of the following tree diagrams accurately represents this binomial experiment?
 Tree diagram #1

b. Compute the probability of one success, f(1) (to 2 decimals).

0.48

c. Compute f(0) (to 2 decimals).

0.16

d. Compute f(2) (to 2 decimals).

0.36

e. Compute the probability of at least one success (to 2 decimals).

.84

f. Compute the following (to 2 decimals).

 Expected value 1.20

Variance 0.48

Standard deviation 0.69

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Solution
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eBook
Video
{Exercise 5.25 (Algorithmic)}
Consider a binomial experiment with two trials and p =0.6.

a. Which of the following tree diagrams accurately represents this binomial experiment?
 Tree diagram #1

b. Compute the probability of one success, f(1) (to 2 decimals).

0.48

c. Compute f(0) (to 2 decimals).

0.16

d. Compute f(2) (to 2 decimals).

0.36

e. Compute the probability of at least one success (to 2 decimals).

0.84

f. Compute the following (to 2 decimals).

Expected value 1.2

Variance 0.48

Standard deviation 0.69

Partially Correct
eBook
{Exercise 5.29 (Algorithmic)}
In San Francisco, 30% of workers take public transportation daily (USA Today, December 21,
2005).
a. In a sample of 7 workers, what is the probability that exactly three workers take public
transportation daily (to 4 decimals including interim calculations)?
0.2269

b. In a sample of 7 workers, what is the probability that at least three workers take public
transportation daily (to 4 decimals including interim calculations)?
0.5984

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eBook
{Exercise 5.29 (Algorithmic)}
 In San Francisco, 30% of workers take public transportation daily (USA Today, December 21, 2005).
a. In a sample of 7 workers, what is the probability that exactly three workers take public transportation
daily (to 4 decimals including interim calculations)?
0.2269

b. In a sample of 7 workers, what is the probability that at least three workers take public transportation
daily (to 4 decimals including interim calculations)?
0.3529

Partially Correct
eBook
{Exercise 4.19 (Algorithmic)}
The National Sporting Goods Association conducted a survey of persons 7 years of age or older
about participation in sports activities (Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002). The total
population in this age group was reported at 248.5 million, with 120.9 million male and 127.6
million female. The number of participants for the top five sports activities appears here.

Participants (millions)
      Activity                   Male                   Female
      Bicycle riding                   20.7                   19.5
      Camping                   27.1                   22.8
      Exercise walking                   30.2                   56.2
      Exercising with equipment                      21.9                   25.9
      Swimming                   24.9                   35.9                 

a. For a randomly selected female, estimate the probability of participation in each of the sports
activities (to 2 decimals). Note that the probabilities do not sum to 1 because of participation in
more than one sports activity.

Bicycle riding 0.12

Camping 0.14

Exercise walking 0.35

Exercising with equipment 0.16

Swimming 0.22

b.

c. For a randomly selected male, estimate the probability of participation in each of the sports
activities (to 2 decimals). Note that the probabilities do not sum to 1 because of participation in
more than one sports activity.
 Bicycle riding 0.17

Camping 0.22

Exercise walking 0.24

Exercising with equipment 0.18

Swimming 0.20

d.

e. For a randomly selected person, what is the probability the person participates in exercise walking
(to 2 decimals)?
0.30

f. Suppose you just happen to see an exercise walker going by. What is the probability the walker is a
woman (to 2 decimals)?
1.17

What is the probability the walker is a man (to 2 decimals)?

0.80

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Solution
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eBook
{Exercise 4.19 (Algorithmic)}
The National Sporting Goods Association conducted a survey of persons 7 years of age or older about
participation in sports activities (Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002). The total population
in this age group was reported at 248.5 million, with 120.9 million male and 127.6 million female. The
number of participants for the top five sports activities appears here.

Participants (millions)
      Activity                   Male                   Female
      Bicycle riding                   20.7                   19.5
      Camping                   27.1                   22.8
      Exercise walking                   30.2                   56.2
      Exercising with equipment                      21.9                   25.9
      Swimming                   24.9                   35.9                 

a. For a randomly selected female, estimate the probability of participation in each of the sports
activities (to 2 decimals). Note that the probabilities do not sum to 1 because of participation in more
than one sports activity.
 Bicycle riding 0.15

Camping 0.18

Exercise walking 0.44

Exercising with equipment 0.20

Swimming 0.28

b.

c. For a randomly selected male, estimate the probability of participation in each of the sports activities
(to 2 decimals). Note that the probabilities do not sum to 1 because of participation in more than one
sports activity.

Bicycle riding 0.17

Camping 0.22

Exercise walking 0.25

Exercising with equipment 0.18

Swimming 0.21

d.

e. For a randomly selected person, what is the probability the person participates in exercise walking (to
2 decimals)?
0.35

f. Suppose you just happen to see an exercise walker going by. What is the probability the walker is a
woman (to 2 decimals)?
0.65

What is the probability the walker is a man (to 2 decimals)?

0.35

Right
eBook

VideoVideo

{Extra Exercise #1 Self-Test (Algorithmic)}

 A bowler's scores for six games were 182, 167, 186, 196, 173, and 176. Using these data as a
sample, compute the following descriptive statistics:

a. Range 29

b. Variance (to 1 decimal) 106

c. Standard deviation (to 2 decimals) 10.3

d. Coefficient of variation (to 2 decimals) 5.72

%

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Solution

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Video

{Extra Exercise #1 Self-Test (Algorithmic)}

A bowler's scores for six games were 182, 167, 186, 196, 173, and 176. Using these data as a
sample, compute the following descriptive statistics:

a. Range 29

b. Variance (to 1 decimal) 106

c. Standard deviation (to 2 decimals) 10.3

d. Coefficient of variation (to 2 decimals) 5.72

%