EARTHING CALCULATION

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Appd
 EARTHING CALCULATION

CONTENTS

Section Page

Block Diagram

Reference table from IEEE-80

Formula used for calculation

Calculation for Square Grid

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EARTHING CALCULATION

A. DESIGN PROCEDURE BLOCK DIAGRAM

FIELD DATA STEP-1

A,ρ

CONDUCTOR SIZE STEP-2

3 Io , Tc & d

TOUCH & STEP CRETERIA STEP-3

Etouch 50 or 70 & Estep 50 or 70

INTIAL DESIGN STEP-4

D , n , L C , LT & h

GRID RESISTANCE STEP-5

STEP-11 Rg , L C & L R

MODIFY DESIGN
D , n , L C , LT GRID CURRENT STEP-6
IG & t f

YES
IGRg< Etouch
STEP-7

NO
MESH & STEP VOLTAGES
Em , Es , Km , Ks , Ki , Kii & Kh STEP-8

NO
Em < Etouch STEP-9

YES
NO
Es < Estep STEP-10

YES

DETAIL DESIGN
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EARTHING CALCULATION

B. REFERANCE TABLE FROM IEEE-80-2000

B.1 TABLE-1 & 2 FOR MATERIAL CONSTANT

Material αr factor at K0 factor at Fusing Temp. ρr at 20°C TACP thermal Kf

Material Description
Conductivity 20°C (1/°C) 0°C (0°C) Tm (°C) (μΩ-cm) capacity [J/(cm3.°C)
Copper, annealed soft-drawn 100.00 0.00393 234.00 1083.00 1.72 3.42 7.00
Copper, commercial hard-drawn 97.00 0.00381 242.00 1084.00 1.78 3.42 11.78
Copper clad steel wire 40.00 0.00378 245.00 1084.00 4.40 3.85 10.45
Copper clad steel wire 30.00 0.00378 245.00 1084.00 5.86 3.85 12.06
Copper clad steel rod 20.00 0.00378 245.00 1084.00 8.62 3.85 14.64
Aluminium EC grade 61.00 0.00403 228.00 657.00 2.86 2.56 12.12
Aluminium 5005 alloy 53.50 0.00353 263.00 652.00 3.22 2.60 12.41
Aluminium 6201 alloy 52.50 0.00347 268.00 654.00 3.28 2.60 12.47
Aluminium clad steel wire 20.30 0.00360 258.00 657.00 8.48 3.58 17.20
Steel 1020 10.80 0.00160 605.00 1510.00 15.90 3.28 15.95
Stainless clad steel rod 9.80 0.00160 605.00 1400.00 17.50 4.44 14.72
Zinc-coated steel rod 8.60 0.00320 293.00 419.00 20.10 3.93 28.96
Stainless steel 304 2.40 0.00130 749.00 1400.00 72.00 4.03 30.05

B.2 TABLE-7 FOR TYPICAL SURFACE MATERIAL RESISTIVITIES

Resistivity of sample Ω-m

No Description of surface material (U.S state where found)
Dry Wet
1 Crusher run granite with fines ( N.C ) 140 X 106 1300 (Ground water, 45 100 Ω
2 1.5 in ( 0.04M ) crusher run granite with fines 4000 1200 ( Rain Water, 100 W )
3 0.75-1 in (0.02 -0.025 M ) granite (Calif) with fines 6513 ( 10 min after 45 100 Ω.
4 # 4 ( 1-2 in ) ( 0.025 -0.05m ) washed granite (Ga) 1.5 x106 to 4.5 x 106 5000 ( water drained100
Rain Water ) Ω.M
5 # 3 ( 2-4 in ) ( 0.05 -0.1m ) washed granite (Ga) 2.6 x106 to 3 x 106 10000 ( Rain Water 100 Ω.M
6 Size Unknown, Washed limestone (Mich) 7 x106 2000 - 3000 ( Ground Water 4
7 Washed granite,Similar to 0.75 in (0.02m) gravel 2 x106 Ω.M)
10 000
8 Washed granite,Similar to pea gravel 40 x106 5000
9 # 57 ( 0.75 in ) ( 0.02 ) washed granite ( N.C ) 190 x106 8000 ( Ground Water 100 Ω.M
10 Asphalt 2 x106 to 30 x 106 10 000 to 6 x 106
11 Concrete 1 x106 to 1 x 109 21 to 100

B.3 TABLE-10 FOR TYPICAL VALUES OF FAULT DURATION AND DECREMENT FACTOR

Fault Duration, tf Decrement Factor, Df

Seconds Cycles at 60Hz X/R=10 X/R=20 X/R=30 X/R=40
0.00833 0.50 1.576 1.684 1.675 1.688
0.05 3.00 1.232 1.378 1.462 1.515
0.10 6.00 1.125 1.232 1.316 1.378
0.20 12.00 1.064 1.125 1.181 1.232
0.30 18.00 1.043 1.085 1.125 1.163
0.40 24.00 1.033 1.064 1.095 1.125
0.50 30.00 1.026 1.052 1.077 1.101
0.75 45.00 1.018 1.035 1.052 1.068
1.00 60.00 1.013 1.026 1.039 1.052
###
 Kf

7.00
11.78
10.45
12.06
14.64
12.12
12.41
12.47
17.20
15.95
14.72
28.96
30.05

45 100 Ω.M)
r, 100 W )
45 100 Ω.M
ed100) Ω.M)
r 100 Ω.M)
nd Water 45

er 100 Ω.M)
x 106
0

X/R=40
1.688
1.515
1.378
1.232
1.163
1.125
1.101
1.068
1.052
  1 
LT 20*A1h20/A
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EARTHING CALCULATION

E IN CALCULATION
IC.
0 
FORMULAS USED
I0 
E. X 2
3 R
C.1 Fault
f  R  R
current
1  R0 to
2 due X 1  X 2line
j (Single  X to
0 ) ground (L-G) fault X 1 . X 2  Fault
X 0   current
( X 2  X 0due
) to line to line to ground (L-L-G) fault

………(1) ……………..(2)

Where,
I0 = Zero sequence Fault current in Amp. R0 = Zero sequence equivalent system resistance in Ω
E = Phase to Neutral voltage in Volt X1 = Positive sequence equivalent system reactance
Rf = Estimated resistance of fault in ohm (subtransient) in Ω
1
A m m 2 ( Normally
I assumed to be 0 Ω ) X2 = Negative sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω
R1 = Positivesequence  system Tm 
K 0  resistance
4
TCAP equivalent
10 in Ω X0 = Zero sequence equivalent system reactance in Ω
 t      ln  K  T 
R2 = Negative sequence
c r 
r equivalent system
0 a 
resistance in Ω

C.2 Conductor Sizing

… (3) Where,
I = RMS current in kA
Amm2 = Conductor cross section in mm2
Akcmil  I .K f . t c Tm
= Maximum allowable temp in °C
Ta
= Ambient temp in °C
αr = Thermal coefficient of resistivity at ref temp Tr in 1/°C Tr
= Referance temp for material constant in °C
ρ
r  =s 
Resistivity of the ground conductor at ref temp Tr in μΩ-cm α0
= Thermal coefficient of resistivity at 0°C in 1/°C
K   
K0  =
s  1/α0 or (1/αr) - Tr in °C tc
= Duration of current in seconds
TCAP = Termal capacity per unit volume from Table-1 of IEEE-80 Guide in J/(cm3. °C)
Formula for English units:
0.091    s 
Cs  1  Where,
2hs  0.09
………..(4) Akcmil = Area of conductor in kcmil tc = Current duration in seconds
I = rms Fault current in kA Kf = Constant from Table-2 in IEEE-80 for the material at vari
 1000  6C   
0.116 0 .157 values of Tm and using ambient temp (Ta) at 40°C
E step50 s s E step70  1000  6C s   s 
ts ts
C.3 Reflection Factor between two different material
0.157
Etouch70  1000  1.5C s   s 
Where,
ts
……(5) ρ = Resistivity of earth beneath the surface material in Ω-m
ρs = Surface material resistivity in Ω-m
C.4 Surface
 layer derating
 factor 
 1 1  1 
Rg     1  
LT 20  A  1 h 20 
Where,

  A 
……(6) Cs = Surface layer derating factor
hs = Thickness of the surface material in m
C.5 Step and Touch Voltage
I G For
D f50
.S Kg body weight
f .3 I 0
For 70 Kg body weight Where,
ts = Duration of shock in seconds
….(7) …….(8)

………(9) …………(10)

C.6 Ground Resistance Where,

Rg = Substation ground resistance in Ω
…..(11) ρ = Soil Resistivity in Ω-m
LT = Total buried length of conductor in m
h = Depth of grid in m
A = Area occupied by the ground grid in m2
C.7 Maximum Grid Current
Where,
………..(12) IG = Maximum grid current in A
Df = Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault in seconds
Sf = Fault current division factor
I0 = Zero sequence fault current
…..(2)

e in Ω

n 1/°C

erial at various

seconds
  1 
LT 20*A1h20/A
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EARTHING CALCULATION

1   D2USED
FORMULAS (D IN ) 2 h  Kii 
2.hCALCULATION………………………..contd. 8 
K m  ln     . ln 
2 16.h.d
  Voltage
C.8 Mesh 8.D .h 4.d  K h    2.n  1  1 Where,

 2.n  2 / n Kii = 1 for grid with ground rods along the
Kh  1 h n  na .nb .nc .nd …..(13) perimeter or at grid corners as well a
h0 2.Lc
nb 
Lp
na 
Lp 4. A
K i Where,
0 . 644  0 . 148 .n for Grid with no ground rods
0.7. A
Dm
LM  LC  LR  Lx .L y  Lx . L y nd 
, h0 = 1m for grid reference depth nc    2
Lx  L y
2

 
 Lr

  A  Where,
LM  LC  1.55  1.22 LR
 2 
 L x  L y where,
2
Ki = Irregularity factor
  

when grids with no ground rods or few ground rods

 .K m .K i .I G
Em 
LM
……………..(14) Lc = Total length of conductor in horizontal grid in
Lp = Peripheral length of the Grid in m
A = Area of the grid in m2
Mesh1 Volatge (E
1 m) Lx = Max length of the grid in the y direction in m
 1  0.5 n2  
1 1 
Ks  
  2h D  h D  Ly = Max length of the grid in the x direction in m
Dm = Max distance between any two points on
………………(15) D = Spacing between two parallel conductor in m
LS  0.75.LC  0.85.LR h = Depth of ground grid conductor in m
d = Diameter of the grid conductor in m
C.9 Step .KVoltage
S .K i .I G
Lr = Length of each ground rod
E 
ForS the usualL burial depth of 0.25m<h<2.5m , Ks is
S

…………….(16)

For grid with or without grounds rods, the effective burried conductor length Ls, is

……………(17)
The step voltage (ES) is

……………(18)
s along the
ers as well as both

ground rods or few

zontal grid in m

rection in m
rection in m
wo points on the grid in m
onductor in m
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EARTHING CALCULATION

SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR GRID WITH AND WITHOUT GROUND ROD

STEP-1: FIELD DATA

FOR APPROPIATE GRID DESING ASSUMIN A SQUARE GRID

GRID LENGTH IN MTR. = 58.00
GRID WEIDTH IN MTR. = 51.00
AREA OCCUPIED BY SUCH GRID IN SQ. MTR. = 2958.00

STEP-2: CONDUCTOR SIZE

If = Fault Current = 31500.00 AMP

tc = Fault Duration in second = 1.00

Df = Decrement Factor as per fault current and X/R ratio = 1.00
Assuming Zinc Colated Steel Rod and an ambient temperature of 30°C. Melting temp 419°C and form Table-2 the factor Kf

NOW THE REQUIRED CROSS SECTIONAL AREA IN CIRCULAR MILS IS COMPUTED BY USING THE EQUATION

Akcmil  I .K f . t c = 912240.00 kcmil = 463.07 mm2

APPROXIMATE DIAMETER OF THE SOLID CONDUCTOR = 24.35 mm ~ 25.00 mm

FOR BETTER MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND RUGGENESS REQUIRMETS HIGER DIAMETER IS USED, ASSUME = 32

VALUE ENGINEERING

1
A mm 2  I  I = RMS current in kA
 TCAP  10 4
  K 0  Tm  Tm = Maximum allowable temp in °C
  ln   Ta = Ambient temp in °C

 tc   r   r   0 K  T a 
tc
αr
=
=
Duration of current in seconds
Thermal coefficient of resistivity at ref temp Tr in 1/
ρr = Resistivity of the ground conductor at ref temp Tr in
= 453.27 mm2 K0 = 1/α0 or (1/αr) - Tr in °C
TCAP = Termal capacity per unit volume from in J/(cm3. °C

DIAMETER OF THE CONDUCTOR = 24.02 mm ~ 25.00 mm

FOR BETTER MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND RUGGENESS REQUIRMETS HIGER DIAMETER IS USED, ASSUME = 0.032

STEP-3: TOUCH AND STEP CRITERIA

FOR TWO LAYER SURFACE WE HAVE TO CALCULATE THE REFLECTION FACTOR BY USING THE FORMULA
   s  ρ = Resistivity of earth beneath the surface material in Ω-m = 50.00
K    ρs = Crushed rock Surface material resistivity in Ω-m = 10000.00
   s  hs = Thickness of the surface material in m = 0.01
= -0.99

REDUCTION FACTOR CALCULATED BY THE FORMULA

0.091    s 
Cs  1 
2hs  0.09
 0.00

EARTHING CALCULATION
0.091    s 
Cs  1  = 0.19
2hs  0.09
ASSUMING THE PERSON WEIGHT IS 70 KG, NOW THE STEP AND TOUCH VOLTAGE ARE CALCULATED BY THE EQUATIONS
0.157
E step70  1000  6C s   s  = 1908.26 Volt
ts
0.157
Etouch70  1000  1.5C s   s  = 594.82 Volt
ts
STEP-4: INITIAL DESIGN

ASSUMINNG PRIMARY LAYOUT = LENGTH 58.00 M & WIDTH 51.00 M AND THE GRID AREA (A)
ASSUMING SPACING OF CONDUCTOR ( D ) = 3.00 M
NUMBER OF CONDUCTOR IN X AXIS 20.33
NUMBER OF CONDUCTRO IN Y AXIS 18.00
NUMBERS OF CONDUCTORS = 38.33
GRID BURIAL DEPTH ( h ) = 0.60 M
TOTAL LENGTH OF CONDUCTOR IN HORIZONTAL GRID (L C) = 2081.00 M
NUMBERS OF GROUND ROD = 4.00
LENGTH OF EACH GROUND ROD (Lr) = 3.00 M
TOTAL LENGTH OF BURIED CONDUCTOR (LT) = 2093.00 M

STEP-5: GRID RESISTANCE

GRID RESISTANCE DETERMINED BY THE EQUATION

  
 1 1  1 
Rg    1   = 0.43 Ω
LT 20  A  1  h 20 

  A 

STEP-6: MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT

THE WYE-GROUNDED OF 13kV TRANSFORMER WINDING IS A "LOCAL" SOURCE OF FAULT CURRENT AND DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE
THUS THE MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT BASED ON 115kV SIDE FAULT CURRENT.

THIS IS CALCULATE BY THE EQUATION Df = Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault in seconds
Sf = Fault current division factor
I G  D f .S f .3I 0 If = Fault Current
= 18900.00 Amp

STEP-7: GRP VS ETouch70

GRID POTENTIAL RISE (GPR) = IG X R g = 8039.31 Volt

ETouch70 (touch voltage for 70kg weight) = 594.82 Volt

CHECK THE STATUS OF DESIGN = GO TO STEP-8

STEP-8: MESH VOLTAGE AND STEP VOLTAGE

Lc = Total length of conductor in horizontal grid in m
2.Lc
na  = 19.09 Lp = Peripheral length of the Grid in m
Lp
A = Area of the grid in m2
Lx = Max length of the grid in the y direction in m
Lp
nb  = 1.001 Ly = Max length of the grid in the x direction in m
4. A
 0.00

Lp EARTHING CALCULATION
nb 
4. A Dm = Max distance between any two points on the grid in m
0.7. A D = Spacing between two parallel conductor in m

 L x .L y  Lx . Ly h = Depth of ground grid conductor in m

nc    = 1.00 d = Diameter of the grid conductor in m
 A 
LR = Length of ground rod
h0 = Grid reference depth
Dm ρ = Resistivity of earth beneath the surface material in Ω-m
nd  = 1.00
2
Lx  L y
2  
Kh  1 h = 1.265 
LM  LC  1.55  1.22
h0  
n  na .nb .nc .nd = 19.11  
K i  0 . 644  0 . 148 . n = 3.472
1
K ii  = 0.68 WITHOUT ROD = 2081.00
 2.n  2 / n = 1.00 WITH ROD = 2100.17

1   D2 (D  2.h) 2 h  Kii  8 
Km  ln     .ln
4.d  Kh   2.n 1 
= 0.31 WITH ROD
2  16.h.d 8.D.h = 0.21 WITHOUT ROD

 1  0.5 n 2  
11 1 1 
Ks    = 0.460
  2h D  h D  LS  0.75.LC  0.85.LR
NOW THE MESH VOLTAGE,

 .K m .K i .I G
Em  = 494.34 Volt WITHOUT ROD
LM 322.67 Volt WITH ROD

NOW THE STEP VOLTAGE

 .K S .K i .I G
ES  = 960.30 Volt
LS
STEP-9: MESH VOLTAGE VS ETouch70

MESH VOLTAGE Em = 494.34 Volt WITHOUT ROD

MESH VOLTAGE Em = 322.67 Volt WITH ROD
ETouch70 (touch voltage for 70kg weight) = 594.82 Volt

CHECK THE STATUS OF DESIGN = GO TO STEP-10 WITHOUT ROD

GO TO STEP-10 WITH ROD
D = Spacing between two parallel conductor
n = Geomatric Factor
Lc = Total length of conductor in horizontal gr
LT = Total length of buried conductor in m
STEP-10: ES VS EStep70

ES = 960.30 Volt
EStep70 (Step voltage for 70kg weight) = 1908.26 Volt

CHECK THE STATUS OF DESIGN = DETAIL DESIGN

 0.00

EARTHING CALCULATION

DETAIL DESIGN

GRID DIMENSION LENGTH = 58.00 M

WEIDTH = 51.00 M
SPACING OF CONDUCTOR = 3.00 M
TOTAL NUMBER OF CONDUCTOR = 38.33
NUMBER OF GROUND ROD = 4.00
LENGTH OF GROUND ROD = 3.00 M

###
WITH AND WITHOUT GROUND ROD

= 28.96
(for KCMIL unit)

32 mm

= 31.50
= 419.00
= 30.00
= 1.00
Thermal coefficient of resistivity at ref temp Tr in 1/°C = 0.00320
Resistivity of the ground conductor at ref temp Tr in μΩ-cm = 20.10
= 293.00
Termal capacity per unit volume from in J/(cm3. °C) = 3.93

0.032 M
 = 2958.00 MM2

SOURCE OF FAULT CURRENT AND DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO THE GPR.

Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault in seconds = 1.00

= 0.60
= 31500.00

= 2081.00
= 218.00
= 2958.00
= 58.00
= 51.00
 Max distance between any two points on the grid in m = 77.23
= 3.00
= 0.60
= 0.03
= 12.00
= 1.00
Resistivity of earth beneath the surface material in Ω-m = 50.00

  
 Lr 
LM  LC  1.55  1.22  LR
  Lx  L y 2
2

  

2081.00 WITHOUT ROD

2100.17 WITH ROD

LS  0.75.LC  0.85.LR = 1570.95

Spacing between two parallel conductor in m

Total length of conductor in horizontal grid in m

Total length of buried conductor in m

DETAIL DESIGN