HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER ME 302

ASSIGNMENT NO. 2
TOPIC: composite structure

Submitted to Prof. RS Mishra

Submitted by Harsh Kumar Singh

Roll no. 2K17/ME/105

FOR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES:
DERIVATION-
SOLUTION OF ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY STATE EQUATION WITHOUT HEAT
GNERATION WITH CONSTANT THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IN CYLINDRICAL
COORDINATES:
 CASE(A): Considering both inner and outer convection along with conduction:
Q= hi Ai(Ti -T1)……………………………………………………….(1)

2πkL(T1−T2)
𝑄= ………………………………………………………(2)
log(r2/r1)

Q= ho Ao(T2-T∞)……………………………………………………….(3)
𝑄
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇1 = 2πriLℎ𝑖 ……………………………………………………….(4)
𝑟2
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = 𝑟1
……………………………………………………….(5)
2πkL
𝑄
𝑇2 − 𝑇∞ = 2πroLℎ𝑜……………………………………………………….(6)

Adding equation (4) to (6), we get:

r2
Q 1 log( ) 1
Ti − T∞ = 2πL [hi ri + r1
+ ho ro] ………………….(7)
𝑘

Here T∞ = T0 and (r2=ro )& ( r1=ri)

(Ti – To)
𝑄= r0 ………………….(8)
1 1 log( )
[ + ri + 1 ]
2πL hi ri 𝑘 ho ro

Now Q is a function of ro so to get maximum value of Q,

𝑑𝑄
=0
𝑑ro
𝑑 𝑑𝑄
And ( )<0
𝑑ro 𝑑ro

After differentiation of equation (8) we get,

 ro(opt)= k/ho………………….(9)

now,

THICKNESS OF INSULATION (t) , is defined as:

t= outer radius – inner radius

t = [ro - ri ] =[ ro(opt) - ri]

t = [k/ho - ri]

 CASE(B): NEGLECTING INNER CONVECTION:

2πkL(Ti−T1)
𝑄= ……………………………………………………….(1)
log(r2/r1)

Q= ho Ao(T1-T∞)……………………………………………………….(2)
𝑟2
𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇1 = 𝑟1
……………………………………………………….(3)
2πkL
𝑄
𝑇1 − 𝑇∞ = 2πroLℎ𝑜……………………………………………………….(4)

𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

r2
Q log( ) 1
Ti − T∞ = 2πL [ r1
+ ho ro] …………………….(5)
𝑘

Here T∞ = T0 and (r2 = ro ) & ( r1 = ri)

(Ti – To)
𝑄= r0 ………………….(6)
1 log( )
[ ri + 1 ]
2πL 𝑘 ho ro

Now Q is a function of ro so to get maximum value of Q,

𝑑𝑄
=0
𝑑ro
𝑑 𝑑𝑄
And ( )<0
𝑑ro 𝑑ro

After differentiation of equation (6) we get,

 ro(opt)= k/ho………………….(7)

now

THICKNESS OF INSULATION(t), is defined as:

t= outer radius – inner radius

t = [ro - ri ] =[ ro(opt) - ri]

t = [k/ho - ri]
FOR spherical COORDINATES:
DERIVATION-
SOLUTION OF ONE DIMENSIONAL STEADY STATE EQUATION WITHOUT HEAT
GNERATION WITH CONSTANT THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IN spherical
COORDINATES:
 CASE(A): Considering both inner and outer convection along with conduction:
Q= hi Ai(Ti -T1)……………………………………………………….(1)

4πkrori(T1−T2)
𝑄= ………………………………………………………(2)
ro−ri

Q= ho Ao(T2-T∞)……………………………………………………….(3)
Q
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇1 = hi Ai……………………………………………………….(4)
Q (ro−ri)
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 = ……………………………………………………….(5)
4πk ro ri
𝑄
𝑇2 − 𝑇∞ = 𝐴𝑜ℎ𝑜……………………………………………………….(6)

Adding equation (4) to (6), we get:

Q 1 (ro−ri) 1
Ti − T∞ = 4π [hi ri2 + + ho ro2] ………………….(7)
𝑘 ro ri

Here T∞ = T0 and (r2=ro )& ( r1=ri)

(Ti – To)
𝑄= 1 1 (ro−ri) 1 ………………….(8)
[ + + ]
4π hi ri2 𝑘 ro ri ho ro2

Now Q is a function of ro so to get maximum value of Q,

𝑑𝑄
=0
𝑑ro
𝑑 𝑑𝑄
And (
𝑑ro 𝑑ro
)<0

After differentiation of equation (8) we get,

 ro(opt)= 2k/ho………………….(9)

now,

THICKNESS OF INSULATION (t) , is defined as:

t= outer radius – inner radius

t = [ro - ri ] =[ ro(opt) - ri]

t = [2k/ho - ri]

 CASE(B): NEGLECTING INNER CONVECTION:

4πkrori(Ti−T1)
𝑄= ………………………………………………………(1)
ro−ri

Q= ho Ao(T1-T∞)……………………………………………………….(2)
Q (ro−ri)
𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇1 = ……………………………………………………….(3)
4πk ro ri
𝑄
𝑇1 − 𝑇∞ = 𝐴𝑜ℎ𝑜……………………………………………………….(4)

Adding equation (3) to (4), we get:

Q (ro−ri) 1
Ti − T∞ = 4π [ 𝑘 ro ri + ho ro2] ………………….(5)

Here T∞ = T0 and (r2=ro )& ( r1=ri)

(Ti – To)
𝑄= 1 (ro−ri) 1 ………………….(6)
[ + ]
4π 𝑘 ro ri ho ro2

Now Q is a function of ro so to get maximum value of Q,

𝑑𝑄
=0
𝑑ro
𝑑 𝑑𝑄
And ( )<0
𝑑ro 𝑑ro

After differentiation of equation (6) we get,

 ro(opt)= 2k/ho………………….(7)

now,

THICKNESS OF INSULATION (t), is defined as:

t= outer radius – inner radius

t = [ro - ri ] =[ ro(opt) - ri]

t = [2k/ho - ri]

Numerical problems:
 (a) for cylindrical coordinates:
Q1. Calculate the critical radius of insulation for asbestos [k =0.17 W/m◦C] surrounding a pipe and exposed to
room air at 20◦C with h=3.0 W/m2 ◦C. Calculate the heat loss from a 200◦C, 5.0-cm-diameter pipe when covered
with the critical radius of insulation and without insulation.(HOLMAN )SE.

SOLUTION:-

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:

OBJECTIVE:

To calculate heat loss from a pipe when covered with the critical radius of insulation and without insulation

APPLICABILITY OF VARIOUS MODES OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER:

FORMULA/EQUATION:

NUMERICAL COMPUTION:

FINAL RESULTS:

Q2. Calculate the critical radius of insulation for asbestos [k = 0.17 W/m · ◦
C] surrounding a pipe and exposed to room air at 20◦C with h = 3.0 W/m2 ·
◦C. Calculate the heat loss from a 200◦C, 5.0-cm-diameter pipe when
covered with the critical radius of insulation and without insulation.
Solution
From Equation (2-18) we calculate ro as
k 0.17
ro = = =0.0567 m=5.67 cm

(2-17) as
q 2π (200 − 20) ln (5.67/2.5) 1
= = 105.7 W/m L +

0.17 (0.0567)(3.0)
Without insulation the convection from the outer surface of the pipe is
q
= h(2πr)(Ti − To) = (3.0)(2π)(0.025)(200 − 20) = 84.8 W/m
L

So, the addition of 3.17 cm (5.67 − 2.5) of insulation actually increases the heat
transfer by 25 percent.

As an alternative, fiberglass having a thermal conductivity of 0.04 W/m·◦C

might be employed as the insulation material. Then, the critical radius would be
k 0.04
ro = = =0.0133 m=1.33 cm h 3.0

Now, the value of the critical radius is less than the outside radius of the pipe
(2.5 cm), so addition of any fiberglass insulation would cause a decrease in the
heat transfer. In a practical pipe insulation problem, the total heat loss will also
be influenced by radiation as well as convection from the outer surface of the
insulation.

Q3. Superheated steam at 575℃ is routed from a boiler to the turbine of an

electric power plant through steel tubes (k = 35 W/m. K) of 300-mm inner
diameter and 30-mm wall thickness. To reduce heat loss to the surroundings
and to maintain a safe-to-touch outer surface temperature, a layer of calcium
silicate insulation (k = 0.10 W/m. K) is applied to the tubes, while
degradation of the insulation is reduced by wrapping it in a thin sheet of
aluminium having an emissivity of ε=0.20. The air and wall temperatures of
the power plant are 27℃.
Assuming that the inner surface temperature of a steel tube
corresponds to that of the steam and the convection coefficient
outside the aluminium sheet is 6 W/m2 .K, what is the minimum
 insulation thickness needed to ensure that the temperature of the
aluminum does not exceed 50C? What is he corresponding heat loss
per meter of tube length?

SOLUTION. 3

Apply the energy balance to the given system as follows:

Write the equation for the total heat transfer rate per unit length as follows:

…… (1)

Here, is the heat transfer through convection per unit length, and is the heat transfer through
radiation per unit length.

Write an expression for the heat transfer raking place by conduction phenomenon.

Here, is the temperature of the super-heated steam, and is the temperature of the aluminum.

Re-write the equation as follows:

…… (2)

Here, , is the outer radius of the steel tube, is the inner radius of the tube, is the radius of the

insulation, is the thermal conductivity of the steel tube, and is the thermal conductivity of the insulation.

Calculate the convective heat transfer rate per unit length of the given system as follows:
 …… (3)

Here, is the heat transfer coefficient of the ambient air, and is the temperature of the ambient
air.

Calculate the radiation heat transfer rate per unit length of the given system:

…… (4)

Here, is the emissivity of aluminum.

Substitute the equations (2), (3) and (4) in the equation (1).

Substitute , for , and in the above

equation.

…… (6)

Apply trial and error in the equation (6).

Calculate the insulation thickness,

Therefore, the insulation thickness is .21445m

Q2. Calculate insulation thickness (minimum value) required for a pipe carrying
steam at 1800C. The pipe size is 8" and the maximum allowable temperature of
the outer wall of insulation is 500C. Thermal conductivity of the insulation
material for the temperature range of the pipe can be taken as 0.04 W/m·K. The
heat loss from steam per meter of pipe length has to be limited to 80 W/m.
The solution to this sample problem is quite straightforward as demonstrated
below.

For radial heat transfer by conduction across a cylindrical wall, the heat transfer
rate is expressed by the following equation

For the given sample problem

T1 = 400C
T2 = 1600C
r1 = 8" = 8 × 0.0254 m = 0.2052 m
k = 0.03 W/m·K
N = length of the cylinder
Q/N = Heat loss per unit length of pipe
Q/N = 70 W/m

Hence, inserting the given numbers in the radial heat transfer rate equation from
above

80 = 2π × 0.04 × (160-40) ÷ ln(r2/0.2052)

ln(r2/0.2052) = 2π × 0.04 × (180-50) / 80 = 0.4084
Hence, r2/= r1 × e0.4084
r2/= 0.2032 × 1.5044 = 0.3057 m
Hence, insulation thickness = r2 - r1
thickness = 310.2 - 205.2 = 105 mm
Some margin should be taken on the insulation thickness because if the
conductive heat transfer rate happens to be higher than the convective heat
transfer rate outside the insulation wall, the outer insulation wall temperature
will shoot up to higher values than 500C. Hence conductive heat transfer rate
should be limited to lower values than estimates used in this sample problem.
The purpose of this sample problem is to demonstrate radial heat conduction
calculations and practical calculations of insulation thickness also require
consideration of convective heat transfer on the outside of insulation wall

 for spherical coordinates:

Q1. A 5-mm-diameter spherical ball at 50°C is covered by a 1-mm-thick plastic insulation (k =0.13 W/m·K).
The ball is exposed to a medium at 15°C, with a combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient
of 20 W/m2·K. Determine if the plastic insulation on the ball will help or hurt heat transfer from the
ball.(CEN 3.103)

Q2. A spherical container of negligible thickness holding a hot fluid at 140'

and having an outer diameter of 0.4 m is insulated with three layers of each
50 mm thick insulation of k = 0.02: kg = 0.06 and kj = 0.16 W/mK. (Starting
from inside). The outside surface temperature is 30°C. Determine (1) the
heat loss, and (i) Interface temperatures of insulating layers. Given:
OD= 0.4 m
R1=0.2 m
R2= r1+ thickness of 1st insulation
= 0.2+0.05=0.25m
R3= r2+ thickness of 2nd insulation
= 0.25 +0.05= 0.3m
R4= r3 + thickness of 3rd insulation
=0.3+0.05=0.35m
Thf=140°C, Tcf=30°C
K1=0.02 W/mK
K2 = 0.06 W/mK
k3 = 0.16 W/9mK.
Find (i)Q (ii)T2,T3

Solution:
Q= (ΔT)overall/∑Rth
ΔT= Thf -Tcf
∑Rth = Rth1 + Rth2 + Rth3
Rth1 =3.978° C/W
Rth2=0.8842° C/W
4 x0.06x0.3r0.25
Rth1=0.23684° C/W
Q=21.57 W
To find interface temperature (T2,T3 )
Q = T2-T3/Rth1
T3=T2-[Q x Rth2]
= 132.71- [91.62x0.8842]
T: = 35.09° C

Q3. A spherical tank of 3-m diameter contains a liquefied petroleum gas at

-60ºC. Insulation with a thermal conductivity of 0.06 W/m.K and thickness
250 mm is applied to the tank to reduce the heat gain.
Determine the radial position in the insulation layer at which the
temperature is 0ºC when the ambient air temperature is 20ºC and the
convection coefficient on the outer surface is 6 W/m2 .K.

we calculate ro as

ro = k/h = 0.165/ 4.0 = .04125m = 4.125 cm

The inside radius of the insulation is 5.0/2 = 2.5 cm, so the heat transfer is
calculated is

q/L = 2pi(200-20) / (ln(4.125/2.5)/.17) + 1/(0.04125)(4) = 126.3417

 Without insulation the convection from the outer surface of the pipe is

q/L = h2pir(Ti-To)= 4*2Pi*0.025*180=113.067

the critical radius would be (using Fiberglass as insulation)

ro = k/h = 0.04/4 = 1m

Now, the value of the critical radius is less than the outside radius of the pipe
(2.5 cm), so addition of any fiberglass insulation would cause a decrease in
the heat transfer

Final Results :

CRITICAL 1
RADIUS m

Q4. A spherical vessel used as a reactor for producing pharmaceuticals has a 10-mm-thick stainless steel wall
(k =17 W/m_ K) and an inner diameter of l m. The exterior surface of the vessel is exposed to ambient air
(T∞= 25ºC) for which a convection coefficient of 6 W/m2.K may be assumed.

a) During steady-state operation, an inner surface temperature of 50ºC is maintained by energy generated
within the reactor. What is the heat loss from the vessel?

b) If a 20-mm-thick layer of fiberglass insulation (k = 0.040 W/m. K) is applied to the exterior of the vessel and
the rate of thermal energy generation is unchanged, what is the inner surface temperature of the vessel?(3.70 INC)

Q5. A spherical, cryosurgical probe may be imbedded in diseased tissue for the purpose of freezing, and thereby
destroying, the tissue. Consider a probe of 3-mm diameter whose surface is maintained at -30oC when imbedded
in tissue that is at 37oC. A spherical layer of frozen tissue forms around the probe, with a temperature of 0oC
existing at the phase front (interface) between the frozen and normal tissue. If the thermal conductivity of frozen
tissue is approximately
1.5 W/m. K and heat transfer at the phase front may be characterized by an effective convection coefficient of
50 W/m2 .K, what is the thickness of the layer of frozen tissue (assuming negligible perfusion)?(INC 3.69)