HBSE POINTERS:

Family Disorganization

 The term “Family Disorganization” as presented here shall be taken to mean the breakdown of a
network of various interwoven activities within the family structure and the disintegration of the
smooth family interpersonal relationship (Burgess, 1970).
 The family’s inability to order relationship among its members if often explained as the result of
family organization.

From of Family Crisis in the Filipino Family

1. Those experienced by all – this particular form of crisis includes the following.
a. Mobility- the early mass migration in search of better hunting grounds involve the whole
family which remained a closely-knit. The free mobility of individual members has brought
about the breakdown of family solidarity.
b. Sudden loss of Economic Support- one of the marriage risks couples everywhere is sudden
loss of economic support.
c. Death- becoming a widow or widower produces a break in the family.
d. Prolonged Illness- this is a type of family crisis that brings about added anxiety and strain
to the family.
e. Separation- there is no divorce among the Filipinos. There is however, legal separation
where husband and wife live apart, but each would not have the right to marry other.
2. Those which carry social stigma.
A. Disgrace- This refers to the high degree of sensitivity that one takes offense easily, is
very intolerant of criticism and has easily wounded pride (Giuthrie, 1961).
Amor Propio- One of the most unfavorable characteristics of the Filipinos. Produces
disgrace “hiya”
a. Loss of Virginity of a Daughter.
b. Illegitimacy- a daughter delivering a child out of wedlock.
c. A married woman eloping with a married man, or vice versa
d. A daughter living with a married man
e. Extra-marital relationships of either husband or wife
f. Having kicked out of a job.
g. Insanity in family

B. Crime- criminal behavior of a family member creates various degree of social stigma
on the Family. The criminal is emulated like a hero and is considered my “utak”. A
criminal father a criminal son “Kung ano ang puno siya ang bunga”.
C. Alcoholism- Drinking is considered a common pastime among the Filipinos.
 SUGAPA- commonly used by the tagalogs for an addict.
 ANAK NG SUGAPO- children of an addict.
Marriage as a factor in Family Disorganization
“2 ways of interpreting marriage”

 Prerequisite to the formation of a family.

 Marriage can also be a factor in family disruption.

Types of a Family Roles

 The recurrent patterns of behavior by which individuals fulfill family functions and needs.

Five Essential Roles for Effective Family Functioning

a. Provision of Resources- providing resources such us money, food, clothing and etc.
Primarily Instrumental Role
b. Nurturance and Support- other family members is primarily an affective role and includes
providing comfort, warmth , and reassurance for family members.
c. Life Skills Development- It includes the physical, emotional, educational, and social development
of children and adults.
d. Maintenance and Management of the Family System- involves many tasks, including leadership
decision making, handling family finances, and maintaining appropriate
roles with respect to extended family, friends and neighbors.
e. Sexual Gratification of Marital Partners- a satisfying sexual relationship is one of the keys to a
quality marital relationship. It involves meetings sexual needs in a
manner that is satisfying to both spouses.

Social Position

 Is the position of an individual in a given society and culture.

Position Theory

 If one were to draw a ladder-like structure, the leaders is that person who would occupy the top
most position, and all the others below would be lesser leaders.

Trait Theory

 It assumes that leaders have personal traits or characteristics that make them different from other
people.
JEAN PIAGET
1.) Cognitive Stages

STAGE YEAR CHARACTERISTICS

Sensorimotor Intelligence Birth to 18 months Cognitive development center on
Sensory and motor
Preoperational Thought 18 months – early School years: Operation of action by means
6-8 years contemplative thinking:
accumulation of knowledge.
Concrete Operational Thought Early Adolesence; 11-13 Marked rapid development of
cognitive activities.
5 specific operations in this stage.
 Combinativity
 Associativity
 Tautology
 Reversibility
 Identity

Formal operational thought Adolesence thru Adulthood To lead full and productive life.
Can deal abstractly with logic.
Develops capacity to reason
along multiple line in any given
situation,
Develops reflective thinking.

SOCIAL FUNTIONING
a. William Schwarts: states that ‘’Every profession has a particular function to perform society: it
receives a certain job assignment for which it is held accountable.
b. Wernes Boehm (1958): Social work seeks to enhance the social functioning of individuals,
singularly and in groups, by activities focused upon their social relationship.
c. William Schwarts (1961): The generate assignments for the social work profession is to mediate
the process through which individual and society reach out to each other through a mutual need for self
fulfillment.
d. William Gordon (1969): The central focus of social work traditionally seems to have been on
the persons-in-his-life-situation complex a simultaneous dual focus on man and his environment.
e. Harriet Barlett (1970): Social functioning is the relation between the coping activity of people
and the demand from environment.
f. Louise C. Johnson (1989): Its describe this situation as ‘’people coping’’ and ‘’environmental
demands’’. The bringing together of these two aspects of living in society can be termed social functioning.
ROGER’S ACTUALIZING TENDENCY
Hall and Lindsey (1978) explain Carl Roger’s basic concept as follows:
1. PHENOMENAL FIELD: constitute the subjective reality of a person and is made up of conscious
(symbolize) and unconscious (unsymbolized) experience.
2. CONGRUENCE OR INCONGRUENCE: may exist: between the self as perceived and the actual
experience of the organism; between subjective reality (the phenomenal field) and external
reality (the world as it is); and between the self and the ideal self.
3. ACTUALIZING TENDENCY: as Rogers puts it, ‘’The Organism has one basic tendency and
striving – to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism.
ROGERS IDENTIFIED TWO NEEDS: the need for positive regard and the need for self-regard which
may also at cross purposes with the actualizing tendency by distorting the experiences of the
organism all and Lindzey, 1978).

CONFLICT THEORY (Karl Marx)

 Society is a struggle between the ‘’haves’’ at the top of the society with social, economic, and
political power and the ‘’have-nots’’ at the bottom.
 According, they assume that some those with power pass laws and otherwise use the legal system
to secure their position at the top of society and to keep the powerless on the bottom (Bohm &
Vogel, 2011). The poor and minorities are more likely because of their poverty and race to be
arrested, convicted and imprisoned.
 Content that social institution and practices persist because powerful groups have the ability to
maintain status qou.

SOCIALIZATION
 Is carried out by organizing groups that are intended primarily to help the members to acquire
the values, attitudes and norms of the society of which they are a part.
FAMILY COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE
1. Courtship is a social process engaged in by two individuals. Is a form of behavior seeking to win
the consent of another for marriage.
2. it is a progressive commitment leading to a succession of event towards the development of state
interpersonal relationship.
3. Most significant are the development of love and affection.
MARRIAGE
1. It is socially sanctioned union of a man and woman with the expectation that they will assure the
role of husband and wife.
2. It is a social and legal norm by which the relationship of the two sexes is controlled and restricted
by society.
3. Through considered a private affair, it involves public sanction as well as systematic social control.
4. Studies shows that most of the marriage conflicts are due to the following structures:
 a. Personality adjustment
b. Domestic grievances
c. Temperamental traits
d. Frustration
e. Emotional Immaturity
f. Parent fixation
g. Recreation
h. Authority and responsibility
i. Relatives and in laws
j. Trifles
 Extreme physical or mental fatigue
 Unsatisfactory sex relations
 Emotional or intellectual malajustments
k. Handling money
l. Immorality
m. Jealousy
n. Sexual relations
CRISIS – is an ‘’upset in a steady state’’ emotional reaction in the part of individual, family, or group to a
threatening life event.
NARCOTICS – A drug that causes insensibility or stupor. A narcotic includes narcosis, from the Greek
‘’narke’’ for ‘’numbness’’ or torpor
 A drug such as marijuana which is subject to regulatory restrictions comparable to those for
addictive narcotics.
CATEGORIES OF HUMAN NEEDS (Abraham Maslow)
1. Physiological needs (Clothing, water, air, sleep, etc.)
2. Safety needs (security of job, pension, insurance plan)
3. Social needs (love, affection, friendship, acceptance by the group)
4. Esteem needs (self-respect, self confidence, status, recognition, approval, appreciation.
5. Self-actualization (self-development, self-actualization, self-advancement)
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING – the phrase ‘’individual is a biopsychosocial being means that there are
inseparable interacting forces- biological, psychological and social that influences human behavior and
personality.
BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS – include the individual health and nutrition, genetics and natural physical
endowments at birth, normal biological growth and development as well as any deviation.
PYCHOLOGICAL COMPONENT – concerned with the individuals personality, comprising what is commonly
termed ‘’inner states’’ which are three aspects:
1. Cognitive (perceptual or intellectual)
2. Emotional (feelings)
3. Conative (striving, tendency top the actively or purposefully).
SOCIAL COMPONENT – Includes the following elements societal, institutional, status, etc. a dysfunction
in any one of these elements disturbs equilibrium and creates and aggravates tension in both individuals
and those close to them.
MARGINALIZATION – a complex process of relegating specific groups of people to the lower or outer edge
of society. It effectively pushes these groups or people to the margin of society economically, politically,
culturally and socially following the policy of exclusion.
MODELS AND APPROACHES
DIRECT PROVISION MODEL (Schneiderman) – the direct provision of material aid is should not be equated
with ‘’dole outs’’ which means alms or the giving of money or goods in charity.
-GOAL- is the enhancement of client social functioning through the direct provision of material aid useful
in eliminating or reducing situational deficiencies. Other refer to this as a ‘’resource provision’’.
INTERCESSION-MEDIATION MODEL (Schneiderman) – involve the process of negotiating the ‘’service
jungle’’ for clients whether singly or in groups. The worker here ‘’connects’’ the client to need services in
the system until he has availed of them. Worker plays a variety of roles in the clients behalf – helper,
interpreter, facilitator, expeditor, escort, negotiator, broker, etc.
CRISIS INTERVENTION APPROACH (Naomi Golan) – seemingly unending crisis situations that confronts
people in our country require our social work practitioners to use an approach that is appropriate and
therefore truly helpful.
 Crisis is defined as an ‘’upset in steady state’’ an emotional reaction on the part of an
individual, family. Or group to a threatening life event.
 Crisis Intervention is a process for actively influencing the psycho-social functioning of
individuals and groups, during a period od acute disequilibrium. To be really effective crisis
intervention should be availed within 24 TO 72 hours after application or referral for
assistance.
 Crisis Intervention is being used is admission and emergency wards of hospitals, telephone ‘’
hot lines’’ and ‘’walk-in centers’’
PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH (Helen Harris Perlman) – the main proponent of the problem-solving
approach or model in social work, acknowledge that although many individuals and theories influenced
her thinking it was the social psychologist and educator-philosopher John Dewey. Pearlman states the
usual elements of the model are 4ps.
1. Person
2. Problem
3. Place
4. Process
TASK-CENTERED MODEL (Epstein) – is used to describe many different social work interventions.
Ordinarily a client has target problem: this may be a state of distress, uneasiness, upset, turbulence,
malfunction, handicap, or perplexity or perceives a threat to goals and expectation.
 Task is defined as what the client is to do to alleviate the problem which makes the task both an
immediate goal and at the same time the means of achieving the goal of alleviating the problem.
PSYCHO-SOCIAL APPROACH MODEL – used to be associated with the Freudian theory of personality and
was often referred to as the ‘’Organismic Approach’’ and the ‘’diagnostic school of thought’’.
 The approach is a systems theory approach because it is concerned with both the inner realities
of human beings. The person being helped or treated is seen in the context of interaction or
transactions with the external world and effort.
  It requires the worker to understand the clients need and to respond accordingly.
 Clients inability to functions adequately is viewed is being caused by inadequacies either in the
person or in the situation or both. Thus the worker must engage in fact-gathering and come up
with a professional opinion called diagnosis or assessment.
FUNCTIONAL APPROACH (Jessie Taft) – the functional approach has three characteristics which
differentiate it from diagnostic social work.
1. It works from a ‘’psychology of growth’’ and not from a psychology of illness.
2. The purpose of the agency guides the social workers over-all purpose, giving focus, direction and
content to the workers practice. The worker goal is to realize the purpose of the agency in the
interest of the client, the agency and society.
3. Social work is viewed as a helping process through which an agencies services is made available
within the social work method.

BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION – is an approach intended to improve the social functioning of

individuals, families, groups and organization by helping them learn new behaviors and eliminating
problematic ways of behaving.
 The approach is based on behavioral theory, the key premise of which is that people repeat
behaviors that are rewarded and abandon behaviors that are not rewarded or for which they
get punished.

DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH (Emanuel Tropps) – defines development as ‘’causing something to unfold,

to grow, to change for the better, to be realized.’’ It regards a certain entity as being endowed with certain
potentials which society should discover and maximize.
 In the developmental approach, people are not seen as being sick or healthy, but on a scale
ranging from socially functioning (adequate) to dysfunctional (inadequate) to eufunctional
(good function).
INTERACTIONIST APPROACH (William Schwarts) – who believes that the job assignment of social work in
society for which it is held accountable is to mediate the process through which the individual and society
reach out to each other through a mutual need for self-fulfillment.
REMEDIAL APPROACH (Robert Vinter) – it is all about individual change through small groups. It focuses
on the use of guided group processes in treating and rehabilitating individuals whose behavior is
disapproved or who have been disadvantage by society.
 The ‘’Organizational Model’’ that is also described in the social work literature is an off-shoot
of the remedial model.
 In this remedial or social treatment approach, the group is conceived as a small system whose
influences can be guided in planed ways to modify client behavior.

STAGES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT