SIMPLE TESTS OF HYPOTHESIS

A test of hypothesis is a procedure used to substantiate or invalidate a claim which started as a null hypothesis.

A decision making process for evaluating claims about a population based on the characteristics of a sample purportedly
coming from that population.

The decision is whether the characteristic is acceptable or not.

Methods used to test hypothesis

1. _____________________________ - the most widely used especially in statistics books and instructional manuals.

2. _____________________________ - becomes popular since the advent of modern computer and high-powered statistical software’s.

3. _____________________________ - explained after the p-value and some illustrative examples were discussed to show its
relationship with hypothesis testing.

_____________________________ is a statement or tentative theory which aims to explain facts about the real world.

• have origin in a question to some practical problem.

• In search for an answer,

• educated guesses; and pertinent evidences

_____________________________, is a statement that there is no difference between the parameter and a specific value, or that there
is no difference between two parameters.

_____________________________, is a statement that there is a difference between the parameter and a specific value, or that there
is a difference between two parameters.

Type I error (or _____________________________) – when we reject the null hypothesis (action) when in fact the null hypothesis or
Ho is true (actual condition) and therefore the alternative hypothesis or Ha is false.

Type II error (or _____________________________) - when we accept the null hypothesis (action) when in fact the null hypothesis
is false (actual condition) and therefore the alternative hypothesis or Ha is true.

Level of significance

The probability of making a type I or alpha error in a test is called the significance level of a test. The significance
level of a test is the maximum value of the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis Ho when in fact it is true.

A 5% significance level means that we can accept about 5 chances in 100 that we would reject the null hypothesis when it
should be accepted (i.e., we are willing to commit an α error or type I error of 5%). A 5% significance level, thus, implies that
we are 95% confident that we have made the right decision. A 1% significance level, often denoted by α = 0.01, means that
we could be wrong with a probability of 0.01. In other words a 1% significance level implies that we are 99% confident that
we have made the right decision.

One-tailed and two-tailed tests

When the rejection region is located at only one extreme of the range of values for the test statistics, the test is one-
tailed. When a z-score is located on both sides of the mean, i.e., in both “tails” of the distribution, the test is called a two-tailed
test.
 z -test

1. Sample mean compared with Population mean

Where: x̅ = sample mean μ = population mean

𝜎 = population standard deviation 𝑛 = number of items within the sample

2. Comparing two sample means

𝐱̅ 𝟏 − 𝐱̅𝟐
𝒛= 𝟏 𝟏
𝝈√ +
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

Where: x̅1 = mean of the first sample x̅2 = mean of the second sample
𝑛1 = number of items in the first sample 𝑛2 = number of items in the second sample
𝜎 = population standard deviation

3. Comparing two sample proportions

𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐
𝒛= 𝑷𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝑷 𝒒
√ 𝒏 + 𝒏𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐

Where: P1 = proportion of first sample q1= 1 – P1 P2 = proportion of second sample

1. Sample Mean Compared with Population Mean

𝐱̅ − 𝛍
𝒕=
𝒔/√𝒏 − 𝟏

where : x̅ = sample mean μ = population mean

𝑠 = sample standard deviation 𝑛 = number of items in the sample

2. Comparing Two Sample Means for Independent Samples

𝐱̅ 𝟏 − 𝐱̅𝟐
t=
(𝒏 − 𝟏) (𝒔𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏) (𝒔𝟐 )𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
√ 𝟏 ∗ √ +
𝒏 + 𝒏 − 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝒏 𝒏 𝟏 𝟐

Where x̅1 = mean of the first sample x̅2 = mean of the second sample

𝑛1 = number of items in the first sample 𝑛2 = number of items in the second sample

𝑠1 = standard deviation of the first sample 𝑠2 = standard deviation of the second sample

Reject Ho if the absolute computed value is _____________________________ the absolute tabular value.

Accept Ho if the absolute computed value is _____________________________ the absolute tabular value.
If n1 = n2, then pooling variance results in a new formula for t.

𝐱̅𝟏 − 𝐱̅𝟐
𝒕=
𝟐 𝟐
√∑ 𝒙𝟏 + ∑ 𝒙𝟐
𝑵 (𝑵 −𝟏)

Example 1

Data from a school census shows that the mean weight of college students was 45 kilos, with a standard deviation of 3 kilos.
A sample of 100 college students were found to have a mean weight of 47 kilos. Are the 100 college students really heavier
than the rest, using 0.05 significance level?

Step 1. Ho: The 100 college students are not really heavier than the rest. (_____________________________)

Ho: The 100 college students are really heavier than the rest. (_____________________________)

Step 2. Set 0.05 level of significance.

Step 3. The standard deviation given is based on the population. Therefore the z-test is to be used.

Step 4. The tabular value for a z-test at .05 level of significance is found in the following table. Critical values of z for other
levels of significance are found in the table of normal curve areas.

Table 14. Critical Values of Z at Varying Significance Levels

Significance 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01

Two - tailed test ±1.645 ±1.96 ±2.33 ±2.58

Step 5. The given values in the problem are:

Zcom = ___________

Step 6. Zcom > Ztab DR: ___________________________________________

Conclusion: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Example 2

A researcher wishes to find out whether or not there is significant difference between the weekly allowances of morning and
afternoon students in his school. By random sampling, he took a sample of 239 students in the morning session. These
students were found to have a mean weekly allowance of P 142.00. The researcher also took a sample of 209 students in the
afternoon session. They were found to have a mean weekly allowance of P148.00. The total population of students in that
school has a standard deviation of P40. Is there significant difference between the two samples at 0.01 level of significance?

Step 1. Ho: There is no significant difference between the samples (𝑥̅1 = 𝑥̅2 )

Ho: There is significant difference between the samples (𝑥̅1 ≠ 𝑥̅2 )

Step 2. Set α = 0.01

Step 3. Since the population standard deviation is given, the z-test is to be used.

Step 4. Tabular value of z for a two-tailed test at .01 level of significance is + 2.58
Step 5. The given values in the sample problem are:

̅𝟏 − 𝒙
𝒙 ̅𝟐
𝒛= 𝟏 𝟏
𝝈√ +
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

𝟏𝟒𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝟖
𝒛= = _________
𝟏 𝟏
𝟒𝟎 √ +
𝟐𝟑𝟗 𝟐𝟎𝟗

Step 6. The absolute computed vale | - 1.58 | is less than the absolute tabular value 2.58.

Example 3

A sample survey of a television program in Metro manila shows that 80 of 200 men dislike the same program. We want to
80 75
decide whether the difference between the two sample proportions, = 0.40 and = 0.30, is significant or not, at 0.05
200 250
level of significance.

Step 1. Ho: There is no significant difference between the two sample proportions. (P1 = P2)

Ha: There is significant difference between the two sample proportions. (P1 ≠ P2)

Step 2. Set 0.05 level of significance.

Step 3. Use z-test to compare two sample proportions.

Step 4. The tabular value at 0.05 level of significance for a two-tailed test is ________

Step 5. The given values in the problems are:

𝟎.𝟒𝟎𝟏 − 𝟎.𝟑𝟎
𝒛= = ___________
𝟎.𝟒𝟎 (𝟎.𝟔𝟎) 𝟎.𝟑𝟎 (𝟎.𝟕𝟎)
√ +
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟓𝟎

Step 6. Since the computed z-value falls on the rejection region (because it is greater than the tabular value 1.96)
the null hypothesis is rejected.

T - TEST

Example 4

A researcher knows that the average height of Filipino women is 1.525 meters. A random sample of 26 women was taken
and was found to have a mean height of 1.56 meters, with standard deviation of 0.10 meters. Is there reason to believe that
the 26 women in the sample are significantly taller than the others at 0.05 significance level?

Step 1. Ho: The sample is not significantly taller than the other Filipino women(X = 1.525).

Ha: The sample is significantly taller than the other (X > 1.525).

Step 2. Set α = 0.05

Step 3. The standard deviation given is based on the sample.

Step 4. df = n – 1 df = 26 – 1 = 25

The tabular value for a one-tailed test at 25 df and 0.05 tcri = ______
Step 5. The given values in the problem are:

x̅ = 1.56 meters 𝜇 = 1.525 meters n = 26 S = 0.10 meters

The formula to be used is:

x̅ − μ
𝑡= 𝑠
√𝑛 − 1

1.56 − 1.525
𝑡= = ______
0.10
√26 − 1

Step 6. The absolute computed value is greater than the absolute tabular value. The Ho is rejected.

Example 5.

A teacher wishes to test whether or not the Case Method of teaching is more effective than the Traditional Method. She picks
two classes of approximately equal intelligence (verified through an administered IQ test). She gathers a sample of 18
students to whom she uses the Case method and another sample of 14 students to whom she uses the Traditional Method.
After the experiment, an objective test revealed that the first sample got a mean score of 28.6 with a standard deviation of
5.9, while the second group got a mean score of 21.7 with a standard deviation of 4.6. Based on the result of the administered
test, can we say that the Case Method is more effective than the Traditional Method?

Step 1. Ho: The Case Method is as effective as the Traditional Method

Ho: The Case Method is more effective than the Traditional Method (one-tailed)

Step 2. Set α = 0.05

Step 3. Since the standard deviations for the samples are given, the t-test is used.

Step 4. First we must look for the degrees of freedom.

For two samples, df = n1 + n2 – 2

df = 18 + 14 - 2 = 30

The tabular value where α = 0.05 and 30 df intersect for a one-tailed test is _______.

Step 5. The given values in the problem are:

x̅1 = 28.6 x̅2 = 21.7

s1 = 5.9 s2 = 4.6

n1 = 18 n2 = 14

𝐱̅ 𝟏 − 𝐱̅𝟐
𝒕= = = __________
(𝒏 − 𝟏) (𝒔𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏) (𝒔𝟐 )𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
√ 𝟏 ∗ √ +
𝒏𝟏 + 𝒏𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

Step 6. tcomp > tcri DR: _________________________________________________________

Conclusion: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________