Antenna Radiation Hazards and Dipole Antenna

Week 2 Assignment

1. WHO has classified overhead high voltage transmission lines as: (2)
a. Class 1- carcinogen to human
b. Class 2A- probable carcinogen to human
c. Class 2B- possible carcinogen to human
d. Class 3- not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Solution: WHO has classified overhead high voltage transmission lines as Class 2B- possible
carcinogen to human

2. People living within _____ meter in the main beam of cell tower antenna are
considered to be in extremely high radiation zone. (2)
a. 50
b. 100
c. 200
d. 300
Solution: People living within 50 m meter in the main beam of cell tower antenna are
considered to be in extremely high radiation zone

3. The length of dipole antenna is 25 mm at 900 MHz with wire diameter of 2 mm, what
will be current distribution of the antenna? (2)
a. Uniform
b. Triangular
c. Sinusoidal
d. None of the above
Solution: l= 25 mm
𝑐 3×1010 1000
𝜆=𝑓= 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚
900×106 3
𝑙 3
= 40
𝜆
3
𝑙= 𝜆
40
𝜆 𝜆
Because 50 < 𝑙 ≤ 10
Hence Current distribution of antenna is triangular.

4. Rin of a dipole antenna of length 5 cm at f = 400 MHz is _____. The Zin of this
antenna will be inductive or capacitive? (2)
a. 0.8 Ω, inductive
b. 0.8 Ω, capacitive
c. 3.2 Ω, inductive
d. 3.2 Ω, capacitive
Solution: l= 5 cm; f= 400 MHz
𝑐 3×1010
𝜆=𝑓= 𝑐𝑚 = 75 𝑐𝑚
400×106
 𝑙 5 1
= 75 = 15
𝜆
𝜆
𝑙 = 15;
𝜆 𝜆
Because 50 < 𝑙 ≤ 10
Antenna is an electrically small antenna
Input impedance of small dipole antenna is given by
𝑙 1
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 20𝜋 2 (𝜆)2 = 20𝜋 2 (15)2 = 0.88Ω

𝜆
𝑙 < 4, Therefore reactive component will be capacitive.

5. Design a dipole antenna at 0.7 GHz of diameter 4mm. The approximate length in cm
is: (2)
a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40
Solution: 𝑙 + 𝑑 = 0.48𝜆
𝑐 3×1010
𝜆=𝑓= 𝑐𝑚 = 42.85 𝑐𝑚
0.7×109
𝑙 = (20.56 − 0.4)𝑐𝑚 ≅ 20 𝑐𝑚

Common Data for Questions 6 and 7: A printed dipole antenna is designed at 2.45 GHz on
FR4 substrate having r=4.4, h=0.16 cm and tan = 0.02. If the width of a printed dipole
antenna is 0.5 cm,
6. The approximate resonant length of the printed dipole antenna in cm is : (2)
a. 6.6
b. 5.1
c. 3.4
d. 2.7
Solution: r=4.4, h=0.16 cm, tan = 0.02 and f= 2.45 GHz
Width of the printed dipole= 0.5 cm
Since the dipole will be printed on one side of substrate and other side will be air
Therefore, effective dielectric constant will be slightly greater than one.
eff= 1.1
𝑙 + 𝑑 = 0.48𝜆
𝑐 3×1010
𝜆 = 𝑓√eff = 𝑐𝑚 = 11.67 𝑐𝑚
2.45×109 ×√1.1

𝑙 + 0.5 = 0.48 × 11.67

𝑙 = 5.1 cm

7. Approximate gain of this printed dipole antenna in dBi is: (2)

a. 5.0
b. 4.0
c. 2.0
d. 1.5
Solution: Approximate gain of the printed dipole antenna is 2 dBi because in printed dipole
we have air on both side of the substrate and effective dielectric constant is nearly 1.1. Hence,
the gain of the printed dipole is nearly equal to λ/2 dipole i.e. 2.1 dBi.
 8. The input resistance (Rin) of a 3-fold dipole antenna whose length L satisfies
l+d=0.48λ is approximately : (2)
a. 136 Ω
b. 150 Ω
c. 272 Ω
d. 612 Ω
Solution: Rin of folded dipole antenna= N2× Zinλ/2 = 32×68 = 612Ω
9. The radiation pattern of a small dipole antenna is: Ans(a) (1)

E-plane H-plane E-plane H-plane

a. b.

H-plane H-plane E-plane

c. E-plane d.
Solution: For a dipole, in E-plane, the electric field (and hence power in far field) has to go to
zero along the axis of the dipole, whereas the E field (and hence the radiated power) is
maximum along the direction perpendicular to the length of the dipole. In H-plane, the E-
field (and hence the radiated power) is constant irrespective of the direction. These two
conditions are satisfied only in option a), hence is the correct answer.

10. Bandwidth of a dipole antenna can be increased by : (2)

a. Increasing the diameter
b. Using Printed bow-tie configuration
c. Using bi-conical configuration
d. All of the above
Solution: Bandwidth of the dipole antenna can be increased by doing tapering. In (b) and (c) bow-tie
configuration and bi-conical configuration we are using tapering. And bandwidth can be increased by
increasing the diameter also.