THE ROLE OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING SERVICES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN OREDO LOCAL

GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE.

ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at identifying the role of guidance and counselling services in secondary schools in
Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. As a result of this, a number of hypothesis emerged and
these include.

1. Lack of adequate facilities and materials for guidance and counselling centres in schools.

2. Lack of qualified personnel militated against organization of guidance and counselling

services in secondary school.

3. Lack of finance to provide the materials needed for effective organization of guidance and
counselling services is another reason why the centres are not in existence in secondary schools in the
local government area.

4. Ignorance of the usefulness of guidance and counselling services to parents and teachers in
secondary schools is yet another reason for the absence of guidance and counselling centres in the
secondary schools.

5. The government’s unconcerned attitude towards guidance counselling programme in

secondary schools also serves as an impediment to the effective implementation of the guidance and
counselling services in the secondary schools.

The instrument used for the collection of data in this research was mainly the questionnaire. The
questionnaires were administered to one hundred teachers within the five (5) randomly selected
schools in Oredo local government area of Edo State to test the validity of the aforementioned
hypothesis. From the responses of the respondents it was discovered that the importance of guidance
and counselling services cannot be overemphasized.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter One

Background to the study

Statement of the study

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Research questions

Limitations of the study

Chapter Two

Review of related literature

The role of guidance and counselling services in secondary schools

The nature of the child

The need of the child

Assistance to teachers

Assistance to parents

Chapter Three
Research design and methodology

Sampled area

Sample subject

Research instruments

Administration of the questionnaire

Validity and reliability of instrument

Statistical procedure

Chapter Four

Hypothesis I

Hypothesis II

Hypothesis III

Hypothesis Iv

Hypothesis V

Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

Suggestion for further studies

References

Questionnaire

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Guidance and counselling as the name implies in the mode and conduct by which an individual or a body
of individual assist in the aspect of co-ordination, which lead to efficiency in a given state or policy for
the up keep of the future, in a situation as it was from origination traditionally, people were guided
through the use of “Ikoro” ‘Ekwe’ or what we refer to as “talking drum”. This is because, once the
people hearts their sounds, everyone pays attentions, listen alternatively, because important
information laws, policies and relations are usually made through such means. These traditional modes
of communicating have been very successful ingredients for guidance within our society.

As a result of urbanization, and sophistication other means of guidance came into existence, such
as the mass media, namely the television, the radio, the newspapers and magazines. Through these
organs relevant and important information is communicated to the society are expected to be aware of
their rights and wrongs and so rules and regulations will be kept. Also, within the school system, people
are guided through the use of notice board, college bulletins, timetables, syllabus, magazines, bells
posters and handbooks of various types. Besides, within the home children are guided through parental
verbal interaction and the use of positive and negative reinforcement to ensure that order and discipline
are maintained. Apart from that, when an individuals with little problems, leaves his or her home to visit
a medicine man i.e. “Debia” in Jos and “baba-Ade” in Yoruba. He believes strongly that the medicine
man with his charms and amulets will guide him to recovery through the instructions on how to mix and
use certain concoction prepared by him. Also, people could be guided through the use of intuition.

Many philosophers believed that through the use of intuition skills many can achieve high
philosophical standards that can guide ones attitude, values, norms and emotions. The above
explanation points that guidance has been going on within our society, but revealed that such guidance
aims at achievement of ones needs and desires, it further indicates that such guidance is more
compulsive and regimented and so does not give room for ones cognitive restructuring or
transformation of ideas. The traditional guidance has to weakness arising from modernization and
industrialization. Thus, the traditional concept of guiding cannot cope with much of the complexity in
our society. The deficiency in the traditional concept of guidance renders the above definition have to
be given to be able to match its aims and purpose with the complexities of the modern society,
especially as it relates to our school system.

“Guidance and counselling” is a twin word that is inseparable, but for the purpose of this study,
the word “guidance” originated from the Greek word guide meaning to direct, lead, guide, pilot, assist
show, inform, control advice, help, teachers give fact facts and to instruct. According to Mr. Eduwen
(1994) guidance is a process of assisting individuals to understand himself and his environment, while
Eduwen also defined counselling as the interaction between a trained personnel (the counsellor) and a
trouble individuals (the Counsellee) for the purpose of helping the Counsellee to resolve his or her
problems or crisis. The history and development of guidance and counselling as a formal educational
services within the system started in the late 1950s, when a group of revered sisters of the saint twenty
outsiders from different works of life to advice the sixty outgoing students on the nature of the different
jobs in order to direct their choice of career through the talks. Through group of twenty met regularly in
the following year and decided to cater not for only schools, but for other school in Ibadan and its
environs. Later principals of school, representation from ministry of education, health, trade, industry
and labour were invited to a meeting held on October 1961 to inaugurate the Ibadan career council and
this later formed the nucleus of what was then knows as “The Nigerian Career Council”. As a result of
the widening of the activities of the council throughout Nigeria, the name Counselling Associated of
Nigeria (CAN). The organization has been very effective in the development of guidance service in
Nigeria by organizing workshops, conferences, seminars, symposium and soon, to disseminate guidance
information. They published a journal called “the counsellor” currently it has led to the organizing of the
guidance units by federal and state ministries of education.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Guidance and counselling centres are of vital importance at all levels at Education. Unfortunately, there
has not been any career in any secondary school in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State and as
such the students cannot identify their talents since the new system of education their them to many
career. Furthermore, many students do not know or value the importance of education in the sense that
they do not exploit their environment. This is because they are guided towards the manipulation of
environment. This is because they are guided towards the manipulation of the resources around them
and so they are never serious with their education. The nation is also there among parents and heads of
schools that the essence of education but that is not all. As a matter of facts, the aim of education will
be defeated if the students cannot out of interest choose a career to follow while in schools. In the
actual sense, the presence of guidance and counselling in our schools will in nor small measure reduce
the rate of drop out, juvenile delinquency, armed robber and other social ills.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this study is to find out the role of guidance and counselling in secondary schools in
Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State for growing children to fully develop and be able to adjust
need a lot of guidance and counselling services, ranging from jealousy to envy, urbanization,
industrialization, moral rejection of our philosophers and cultures of refusal to go to school among
adolescents. The study is also an attempt to examine the extent to which the role of guidance and
counselling centres in secondary schools in Oredo local government of Edo State will help in minimizing
or eradicating the behaviour, emotional, psychological, social academic and financial problems among
the students. All these problems can cripple any developing country and as such the role of guidance
services in our secondary school will help in no small measure to reduce the crime wave.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of this study is multidimensional and includes to assist the child to develop and increase
self understanding and comprehension of the relationship between his abilities, interest, personality,
achievement and opportunities. The study will help in facilitating the socialization process and sensitivity
to the needs of others. To develop social interest and a feeling to belonging. It will help in making the
child to become purposeful and responsible. The study will help to develop whole some attitude and
concepts about self in the feeling of adequacy and self in the feeling of adequacy and self acceptance
and the courage to function in the tasks of life. From the parents view point, this relations and problems
in the family setting as they relates to this child.

In addition, it will help them develop realistic views about their children development in relating to their
potentialities. Above all it will help them understand their children education and social progress and
problems. To teachers, this study will help him to stimulate and promote the use of guidance
procedures thereby increasing the utilization of meaningful pupils personal date. It will help him to
promote early identification of assets and talents and as well as liabilities of pupils. It will help him
develop recognition of the importance of readiness and involvement process as crucial concept, which
produce purposeful education experience. It will also help him to reconcile the uniqueness of the
individual and the demands of the school and the society. All the government level, the study will go
along way in helping the country to identify her talented youths and nurture them to the optimal level
of social, education and economical development.

In this new guiding young people to pursue the right type of education in which there is no
overpopulation of certain manpower needs and under-produced of the other aspect of the manpower
needs is a sure process of building a scientific and technological society. In addition, practicing
counsellor and teacher will find the result of this study useful in the discharge of their duties. Above all,
the researcher hopes that result of this study will help the educational planners and the government to
see the need for guidance and counselling centres in secondary schools in Oredo local government of
Edo State.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions will be tested in this study:

1. Does lack of adequate facilities and materials for guidance and counselling, militates against
the establishment of guidance and counselling centres in secondary schools.

2. Does lack of qualified personnel militated against organization of guidance and counselling
services in secondary schools in Oredo local government area of Edo State.

3. Does lack of finance to provide the materials needed for effective organization of guidance
and counselling services are not in existence in secondary schools in the local government area.

4. Does the government unconcerned attitude towards guidance and counselling programme
in secondary schools also serves as an impediments to the effective implementation of the guidance and
counselling services in the secondary school in Oredo local government area of Edo State.

T HE CAUSES AND EFFECT OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING CENTRE IN SOME

SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOL OF EGOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE “PROBLEMS AND
PROSPECT”

ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at identifying the possible effect for the establishment of guidance and counselling
centre in secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo-State. The instrument used for
collection of data in this research is mainly the questionnaires. The questions were administered to one
hundred respondents selected randomly in Oredo Local Government Area. To test the validity of the
state hypothesis from their responses, it was discovered that many of the respondents are of the view
that there should be counselling centres in secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area. Some
findings were also made in this research, which will be of great benefit to students, teachers,
government parents and society in general. In conclusion, the presence of counselling centre in
secondary schools will help to solve some of the problems facing the teacher, students, relationship,
discipline, moral and the standard of education in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One

Background to the study

Statement of the study

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Research questions

Scope of the study

Definition of terms
Chapter Two

Review of related literature

Chapter Three

Population of the study

Sample of the study

Research instruments

Procedure for data collection

Method of data analysis

Chapter Four

Data analysis, interpretation and discussion of results

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

Suggestion for further studies

References

Questionnaire

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is important to discuss guidance and counseling and how in how it came into Nigeria. Before
going into the study of the causes and effect for guidance and counselling centers in the academic
performance of secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. Guidance and
counselling became a field of study in the 20th century; it was introduced by American who used
descent stones and interest as his notion of pushing his knowledge across to the entire society.

Guidance and counselling was established in Boston through the effort of Frank Parson.
Educational guidance was first used by Truman Kellhn. We have to look at the distinction between the
two terms “guidance and counselling. Guidance carries the undesirable implication of advice giving, or
too much external direction and control of the students behaviour instead of intended meaning of giving
the students the assistance they need to enhance the capacity for self direction. The term counselling is
the face to face encounter between a counsellor and an individual.

Leong, E. Tyler viewed counselling as an assisting process, with the aim of not to change the
person but to enable him utilize the resources, coping with life and more specifically, she suggested that
counselling is one kind of psychological helping activity, the kind that concentrate on the growth of a
clear sense of ego identifying and the willingness to make choice and commitment in accordance with it.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Today, young people are living in an age of an increasingly and mobile society, new technologies
and expanding opportunities. In order to ensure that they are prepared to become the next generation
leaders. Parents, workers, teachers and citizens, students need support from guidance and counselling.
 The causes are the challenges facing the adolescent. Adolescent face unique and diverse
challenges both personal, educational morally, vocationally, socially and developmentally. These is the
causes for creating guidance and counselling in secondary schools students also need counselling in
order for them to identify their talents and actualize it. Furthermore, many students do not know the
importance of education, and the world around them, and therefore do not take their educational
pursuit serious and their environment serious. Head of school and parents always have the notion that
the essence of education, is for the child to acquire knowledge only, but that is not only the aim,
education therefore could be defeated if the students cannot point out of interest or ambition of his
trade or vocation, the number of school dropout, the rate of juvenile delinquency, armed robbers as
well as other social ills, such as lack of respect for constituted authorities.

The major aim of this research is to find out the causes (reason for creating counselling centres in
secondary schools) and the effect (changes that counselling centres will have in their student) of
counselling in secondary schools, and if there are any available counselling services in selected
secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. Absence of guidance and counselling
centres in secondary schools will cause corruption, school dropout, and frustration, problems of
choosing career and diverse among the students.

The students need counselling in their life most especially at the age range of 15-25 adolescent it
will help them to have self control, self direction, self understanding, and decision making and also help
them to plan for their future life.

PURPOSE OF STUDY

The main purpose of this study is to find out the causes and effect of guidance and counselling
centers in secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State.

Gradually, this study will also investigate and identify problems facing implementation of
counselling centres in secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State.
Lastly, the study will also investigate the benefit of setting up such counselling center in Oredo Local
Government Area, and make appropriate recommendations to the authorities concerned. The study will
also identify some of the problems or challenges facing the students in their life and also provide
solutions to the problems. Another aim of these studies is to guide the students not to fall victim into
some social problems like street girls and boys, prostitutions, armed robbery, unwanted pregnancy
among the girls, disobedience etc.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significant for the following reasons;

1. It will help to highlight the causes and the effect for guidance and counselling centers in
secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area.

2. It also provides opportunities for further research. This study is also important, as it will help to
find out the problems of students, thereby helping them to overcome these problems so as to enhance
effective teaching and learning. It will be of great importance to the students, teachers and the society
at large.

3. It will help to obtain first hand information on how counselling center is to provided in
secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State

4. To help students develop the skills of self study, self analysis and self understanding

5. To develop in students an awareness of opportunities in the persona, social education and

vocational areas by providing them with appropriate, useful and usable information.

6. To help route the nations human resources into appropriate useful and beneficial channels thus
preventing unnecessary economic bottlenecks.

7. To help build upon and sharpens the child’s perception of reality, development of a sense of
autonomy and to whim up the motivation for creativity and productivity.
8. To assist students in the process of developing and acquiring skills in problem solve and decision
making.

9. To help children relate behaviour meaningfully to cognitive achievement and the chances of
success in life.

10. It will also help to create good moral in the students, to know the usefulness of education and
make them very hard to achieve success. It will also help the students to utilize their potentials
effectively in both academic and voca5tional area.

11. Finally, the researchers hope that the result or outcome of this study will help educational
planners, parents, students, teachers, government etc. to see the effect for counselling centers in
secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This researcher work would be restricted to students of Oredo Local Government Area, the
secondary schools for which these research will be carried out are:

1. Anglican Girls Grammar School, Oredo Benin City.

2. Ogbe Secondary School , Oredo Benin City.

3. Idia College Secondary School, Oredo Benin City.

4. Emotan Girls College.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Has the causes and effect for guidance and counselling be felt in secondary schools?
2. Will the establishment of counselling centers in secondary schools, be of any benefit to the
students?

3. Will the provision of counselling center in secondary school be of great help to parents?

4. Do government, suppose to contribute to the growth of guidance and counselling centers in

secondary schools in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State

5. Will counselling center help the students in their personal development?

6. Will counselling center help to improve the standard of discipline of home and school?

7. Do you think that the absence of counselling center in secondary school is having any negative
influence on the students?

8. Do you accept guidance and counselling programme as a welcome development in schools?

DEFINITION TO TERMS

Causes: A reason for having a particular feelings or behaviour in a particular way.

Effect: A change that somebody/something causes. A change, be it something or somebody to come

into use.

Guidance: This is the help or advice given to a child or a young person by someone in authority, such as
morals, spiritual, vocational guidance.
Counseling – Is a professional advice about a problem it may be psychiatric, financial, social and
emotional counselling.

Centers – Can be seen as a place where certain activities or facilities are concentrated.

Secondary school: Is a formal school where educations are impacted to children at early stage between
12 and 18 years after primary school education.

Impact of Guidance and Counseling on Academic Performance

Dabone, KyeremehTawiah 1*; Graham, Yaa Alberta 2

and Fabea, Ineke Bossman 1

1. Department of Educational Foundations, University of Cape Coast, Ghana

2. Institute of Education University of Cape Coast, Ghana

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out in order to ascertain the impact of guidance and counselling on academic

performance. The study area was the Dormaa Senior High School in the Dormaa Central Municipality of
the

Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana. Pre-test and post-test control group design was appliedfor the study. An

experimental design was used as the research frame for the study. 40 students were selected; 20 for
experimental

group and 20 for control group for the study. Two hypotheses were formulated to keep the study in
focus.

Data from respondents were gathered by the use of interviews. The results of the findings revealed that

there is no significant difference of pre-test scores of experimental and control group.

However,significant

difference was realized between post-test scores of experimental and control group with regards to
academic

performance.

It was recommended that full time counsellors be appointed in each school to address the existing and

teething problems of students. It was again recommended that guidance programmes should be
seriously
included in the curriculum of our pre-tertiary institutions. .

Introduction

Guidance is often seen as a kind of direction or leadership offered an individual to assist him or her to

makes decisions about his or her present and future life. Counseling on the other hand is seen as a
psychological

process of helping an individual to be equipped with self-understanding and skills of problem solving of

everyday life in the society, home and school.

According to Okobiah and Okorodudu (2004) guidance is a programme of activities which has provided

us with the gateway out of the existing numerous problems in our present age of complex scientific and

technological development. Essuman (2010) maintains that guidance and counselling should form an
essential

part of Ghana’s educational system. Olayinka (2001) opines that obtaining good grades in examination
to

acquire certificates either for admission into higher institution or obtain good employment is the main
goal of

education to many people and not the acquisition of knowledge and skills through studying. Many
students

perform poorly because they lack the right attitude to study and do not have the right orientation from
home and

from the society (Essuman, 2007).

The attitudes of human beings play significant role in their behaviours. The study of human habits and

attitudes is relevant and essential to counseling, as it can help in the understanding of the rationale for
their

behaviour and provides basis for prediction and assistance. Abiri (1996) argues that if the society is not
to be

plaque by a band/group of disgruntled, frustrated and unrealistic individuals, it is desirable that

adequate

guidance and counseling and career information be provided, to enable the school and society arrive at
a realistic

vocational choice for their children/wards with due realization of their potentialities.

Guidance and counselling is an integral part of modern academic programmes. Ghana, indeed has a

long and documented history on guidance and counseling (Danquah, 1987). Stakeholders in education
are faced
with a myriad of problems albeit social, religious, financial or psychological. The worst victims have also
been

students and their educators. Whereas guidance and counselling is seen to be an effective management
tool for

peoples’ problems whether this has been transcended to the field of academics and specifically
academic

performance is still seeking solutions. According to a report by the West African Examination Council in
2013

revealed that more 0.73% of candidates who sat for the West African Secondary School Certificate
Examination

in Ghana failed in all subjects. Again, just a year after, 3.07% failed in all subjects. This shows in an
increasing

trend which is a source of worry.

The question one will ask is; what then is the impact of guidance and counselling on academic

performance after the Ministry of Education and the Ghana Education Service have made it a policy for
all

second cycle institutions to have guidance and counselling coordinators? To provide answers to
questions suchas this propelled the researchers to investigate the “impact of guidance and counseling
on academic

performance”.

Population, Sample Design, Research Design and Instrument

Pretest-posttest designs are the preferred method to compare participant groups and measure the
degree

of change occurring as a result of treatments or interventions. Therefore, to study the impact of

guidance and

counseling on academic performance of the students pre-test and post test control group design was
applied. The

target population for the study were Senior High school students both male and female studying in
schools in

Dormaa Municipality. The sample of the study was drawn from second year students. The researcher
selected

Dormaa Senior High School purposively. Borg and Gall (1983) as cited by Mehmood, Rashid and Azeem
(2011)
have suggested that in causal comparative and experimental research, it is desirable to have a minimum
of 15

cases in each group to be compared. A group of 20 students are considered manageable for guidance
services.

Hence, research required 40 students, 20 for experimental group and 20 for control group. Again 10
each were

selected for both males and females for the control groups. For experimental group, 20 total students
(10 female

and 10 male) were selected randomly by using simple random.

To get the drift of the impact of guidance and counseling on students’ academic performance in the

subject of mathematics they were given a set of test comprising both objective and essay types based
on the

second year mathematics syllabus taught by the subject master. Two groups of pre-test and post test

experimental design was applied for the study. There was treatment package made up of guidance
together

withboth individual and group counselling for the experimental group.

Treatment schedule:

1. Guidance and counseling services were provided to the experimental group every other day for one
session of

30 - 45 minutes.

2. Twenty sessions of individual and group guidance and counseling were conducted during the study

comprising each session of 30 - 45 minutes.

3. Counseling sessions of 10-15 minutes for individual students were held to address students’
problems.

Treatment

There was a one month treatment process with twenty sessions and an average of thirty five minutes.

This was done through a guidance programme, individual and group counselling for the experimental
group.

Results and Discussions

According to Mehmood, Rashid and Azeem (2011) experiments that apply same kind of treatment can

apply a test or measurement in two places: before the treatment, which is a pre-test and after the
treatment,
which is a post-test. Descriptive statistics, t-test of differences and Analysis of Variance (2-group) were
used to

ascertain the effect of change between the control and the treatment groups. This was made possible
through the

use of SPSS version 20.

H1: There is no significant difference of experimental and control group students’ achievements in
pretest

Table 1. Pre test score(total group)

Group N Mean Std.

Deviation

Df Mean

Difference

T-value Sig

Experimental 20 19.23 12.24 38 3.82 .639 .581

Control 20 15.41 13.25

The Null Hypothesis 1 was tested at statistical significance level of 0.05 and the results showed that at

df = 38, p = .581 which is greater than 0.05. Therefore we fail to reject the Null Hypothesis 1. This implies
there

is no significant difference of pre-test scores of experimental and control group. The results, however,
revealed a

small mean of 3.82 meaning the two groups are statistically the same.

Okobiah, and Okorodudu, (2004) on the concepts of guidance and counselling in Benin City in
Nigeriarevealed that there was no statistically significant difference between students who had
undergone counselling

treatment and those had not. They however added that eventhough there were no statistically
significant

differences, there existed some marginal difference in the mean scores of the two groups.

Nwachukwu, (2007) agrees to the findings of Okobia and Okorodudu. He also concluded that there was

no significant difference between students who had had counselling and their counterparts who had not
with

regards to academic performance.

Findings

The study revealed that guidance and counseling services have a positive effect on students‟ academic

achievements. As well as the results of the study are concerned, it is concluded that

1 There is no significant difference of pre-test scores of experimental and control group.

2 There is significant difference of post-test scores of experimental and control group.

Conclusion

1 Guidance and counseling is necessary for all students especially at senior high school level.

2 Guidance and counseling improves the accomplishment of students.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that:

1. Appointing full time counselors in each school will address the existing and teething problems of

students.

2. Guidance programmes should be seriously embedded in the curriculum of our schools.

3. Regional or a nationwide study should be undertaken to give a much broader view of the subject

understudy.

1. Introduction

Career guidance seeks to empower clients to be proactive and believe in their ability to make

things happen, boosts confidence in job seeking. Counseling is fundamental of future planning. It

encourages a positive reconstruction of the meaning of past experience, to be optimistic, to set

constructive external goals and focus on future possibilities.

The construction of social identity is a core activity of counseling because work and learning

activities define identity. It promotes good quality work; it seems likely and tends to promote

well-being. Counseling promotes participation in work and learning. This means clients may

gain opportunities to belong to a social group, avoid loneliness. This enable them to build social

ties that may support them in facing future challenges.

Career counseling and guidance affect career decision making process based on theories of

traditional counseling. Career is based on student’s education, goals, values, interests, vision and

skills. Sometime a student is not sure about what strength he has. He does not know what career
pathway and his aptitude might support. There are also other factors that might impact their

career choices. Effective career counseling give students a deeper insight into question they have, to
help them

better plan their future and to actually use their attributes well. It supports people to face career

related challenges. Through their expertise in career development and labor market, career

counselors can put a person’s qualifications, experience, strengths and weakness in a broad

perspective considering their desired salary, personal hobbies, interest, location, job market and

educational possibilities. Career counselors support people in gaining a better understanding of

what really matters for them personally, how they can plan their careers autonomously, help

making tough decisions. They are capable of supporting students in finding suitable placements,

jobs.

2. Objective of the Study

To find impacts of career guidance and counseling on student’s career development.

To find satisfaction of guided working persons regarding their profession and comparison

with unguided professionals.

3. Hypothesis

There is a significant effect of career guidance and counseling on student’s career

development.

There is a significant effect of career guidance and counseling on professionals working

persons regarding job satisfaction.

4. Methodology

For present study a sample of 240 professionals were selected randomly and classified according

to their profession. Sample was consists of Engineers, Doctors, Chartered Accountants,

Managers, Architects, Software Engineers, Interior Decorators, Dress Designers, Teachers and

Lawyers. Each professional group was comprised of 15 male and 15 female. All selected persons

were interviewed and tested for effects of career counseling and job satisfaction with the help of

a self-prepared questionnaire. Collected data was tabulated, converted into percentage and

comparatively analyzed.
Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Guidance and counseling is a professional field which has a broad range of activities and services aimed
at assisting individuals to understand themselves, their problems, their school environment and their
world. The development of effective study habits in relation to how one can utilize his/her assets and
manage his/her abilities for optimal development as an essential service of guidance and counseling
services. In relation to the above, Idowu views guidance and counseling as a process of planned
intervention within a school system by which the total development of students are stimulated in areas
relating to their personal, social, career, emotional and academic concerns.

School guidance and counseling programs have therefore been introduced to assist students overcome
the number of challenges they experience at home and at school. Nziramasanga states that because of
many pressures imposed on the family, parents tend to have little time with their children to give them
the necessary guidance. The parents expect the school to provide solutions to the indiscipline in schools
caused by their children. UNESCO adds that “adults have become more concerned with earning money
and are less occupied with many traditional practices that formerly contributed to the upbringing of
young people”.

Rapid sociological changes emanating from modernization and urbanization stress students. UNESCO
states that migration and urbanization have resulted in a sense of isolation among the youth who have
lost traditional family social networks. There is also an increase in the divorce rate and in the number of
single-parent families all over the world which is also a stress factor for students. Gora et al. state that
the increase in “diverse student problems and the current economic situation have made the need for
effective counseling services even more critical than in the past”. Mapfumo adds that students
experience immense psychological pressures in today’s world. Orphanhood in turn leads to poverty.

Thus, besides academic problems of failure and dropout from schools, students face numerous psycho-
social, vocational and personal-social problems (Eyo et al. 2010). In other words, the growing number of
social, economic and family problems has resulted in an increased need for School Guidance and
Counseling services, hereafter referred to as SGC services. For example, Paisley calls for SGC services to
be restructured so that they become responsive to the existing social, economic and political realities
within today’s complex and diverse society.

Egbochuku argues that society may not be plaque by a band/group of disgruntled, frustrated and
unrealistic individuals, if adequate school guidance and counseling services are provided.

In line with this, it is observed that some schools in Quezon District do not have clear manifestation of
an effective guidance program. It is within this premise that the proponent of this research was
prompted to conduct this study. This will lead to the identification of effectiveness of the different
guidance programs in the different schools within the district. The investigation on this area thus
becomes a real and compelling motivation for the researchers to conduct this study. Hence, this study
was undertaken.

Conceptual Framework

Guidance and Counseling services are an important component of the education process and it is
impossible for schools to operate without having such services. For one, “guidance and counseling is the
bedrock for achieving self-actualization”. Guidance and counseling is usually referred to as “a process of
helping individuals to understand themselves by discovering their own needs, interests and capabilities
in order to formulate their own goals and make plans for realizing those goals”. Specifically, “the aims
of guidance and counseling programs in schools are to assist individuals to develop the ability to
understand themselves, to solve their own problems, and to make appropriate adjustments to their
environment”. Assessments, placements, and counseling are some of the major services of a guidance
and counseling program. Assessment services are designed “to collect, analyze, and use a variety of
objective and subjective personal, psychological, and social data”. These collected data can be used to
better understand students and better guide them in decision-making especially in providing
admissions, placements, and counseling services. The use of both grades and examination to identify
students with a high potential for future success are an example of multi-dimensional screening.
“Outcomes based solely on one predictor (e.g., test score or grades) have consistently been proven to
be inferior to prediction models that employ multiple predictors” (Camara, Wiley & Wyatt, 2010, p. 6).
On the other hand, generally speaking, “placement is ensuring that people are in the right place at the
right time. It has to do with helping people find a place that will contribute to their physical, mental,
emotional, and spiritual health and well-being. Specifically, placement services are designed to include
“assessment, informational services, and counseling assistance appropriate to the pupil's choices of
school subjects, co-curricular activities, and employment”. “The counseling service is designed to
facilitate self-understanding and development through dyadic or small group relationships. The aim of
such relationships tends to be on personal development and decision making that is based on self-
understanding and knowledge of the environment”. “Counseling is the heart of the guidance program.
It is the counseling that integrates all the data gathered about the individual and his environment, in
order for them to make sense”. It must ultimately be remembered that all services included in guidance
and counseling programs will only be successful if they are based on relevant information.

To understand the conceptual framework of the study, a paradigm is presented herewith.