1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE" VOLUME 2 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DESIGN PROVISIONSFirst Printing Publication Date: April 1997 ISSN 0896.9655 ISBN 1-884590-89-6 (softcover edition) ISBN 1-884590-90-X (loose leaf edition) ° ISBN 1-884590-93-4 (3-vol. set—sofl cover) ISBN 1-884590-94-2 (3-vol. set—loose leaf) COPYRIGHT © 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 by International Conference of Building Officials 5360 WORKMAN MILL ROAD. WHITTIER, CALIFORNIA 90601 2298 {800) 284-4406 + (562) 699-0541 PRINTEDINTHEUSA -Preface ‘The Uniform Building Code ™ is dedicated to the development of better building construction and greater safety to the public by uniformity in building laws. The code is founded on broad-based principles that make possible the use of new matenals and new construction systems. ‘The Uniform Building Code was first enacted by the International Conference of Building Officials at the Sixth Annual Business Meeting held in Phoenix, Arizona, October 18-21, 1927. Revised editions of this code have been published since that time at appro: imate three-year intervals. New editions incorporate changes approved since the last edition. The Uniform Building Code is designed to be compatible with related publications to provide a complete set of documents for regulatory use. See the publications list following this preface fora listing of the complete family of Uniform Codes and related publications. ‘Code Changes. The ICBO code development process has been suspended by the Board of Directors and, because of this action, ‘changes to the Uniform Building Code will not be processed. For mote information, write to the International Conference of Build- ing Officials, 5360 Workman Mill Road, Whittier, California 90601-2298. An analysis of changes between editions is published ir the Analysis of Revisions to the Uniform Codes. Marginal Markings. Solid vertical lines inthe margins within the body of the code indicate a change from the requirements of the 1994 edition except where an entire chapter was revised, a new chapter was added or a change was minor. Where an entire chapter ‘was revised or a new chapter was added, a notation appears atthe beginning of that chapter. The leter F repeating in line vertically in the margin indicates that the provision is maintained under the code change procedures of the International Fire Code Institute. Dele- tion indicators (p) are provided in the margin where a paragraph or item listing has been deleted ifthe deletion resulted in a change of requirements, ‘Three-Volume Set. Provisions of the Uniform Building Code have been divided into a three-volume set. Volume 1 accommodates administrative, fire- and life-safety, and field inspection provisions. Chapters 1 through 15 and Chapters 24 through 35 are printed in ‘Volume 1 in their entirety. Any appendix chapters associated with these chapters ae printed in their entirety atthe end of Volume 1. Excerpts of certain chapters from Volume 2 are reprinted in Volume 1 to provide greater usability. Volume 2 accommodates structural engineering design provisions, and specifically contains Chapters 16 through 23 printed in their entirety. Included in this volume are design standards that have been added to theit respective chapters as divisions of the chap- ters. Any appendix chapters associated with these chapters are printed in their entirety at the end of Volume 2. Excerpts of certain chapters from Volume 1 are reprinted in Volume 2 to provide greater usability Volume 3 contains material, testing and installation standards. Metrication. The Uniform Building Code was metricated in the 1994 edition. The metric conversions are provided in parenthesis, following the English units. Where industry has made metric conversions available, the conversions conform to current industry standards. Formulas are also provided with metric equivalents. Metric equivalent formulas immediately follow the English formula and are denoted by “For SI:” preceding the metric equivalent. Some formulas do not use dimensions and, thus, are not provided with a metric equivalent. Multiplying conversion factors have been provided for formulas where metric forms were unavailable. Tables are pro- vided with multiplying conversion factors in subheadings for each tabulated unit of measurement.TECHNICAL REFERENCES AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS ‘Analysis of Revisions to the Uniform Codes™. An analysis of changes berweea the previous and new editions ofthe Uniform Codes i provided. Changes between code editions are noted cither at the begin ‘ing of chapters or in the margins ofthe code text. ‘Handbook to the Uniform Building Code. The handbook is a ‘completely detailed and illstrated commentary onthe Uniform Build- ing Code, tracing historical background and rationale of the codes through the current edition. Also included are numerous drawings and figures clarifying the application and intent ofthe code provisions. Also available in electronic format. ‘Handbook to the Uniform Mechanical Code. An indispensable tool for understanding the provisions of the current UMC, the handbook traces the historical Background and rationale behind the UMC provi- sions, includes 160 figures which clarify the intent and application of the code, and provides a chapter-by-chapter analysis ofthe UMC. ‘Uniform Building Code Application Manual. This manval iscusses sections of the Uniform Building Code with a question-and- answer format, providing a comprehensive analysis of the intent of the code sections. Most sections include illustrative examples. The ‘manual is in Joose-leaf format so that code applications published in Building Standards magazine may be insered, Also available in electronic format ‘Uniform Mechanical Code Application Manual. AS a compan- jon document to the Uniform Mechanical Code, this manual provides ‘comprehensive analysis ofthe intent of a number of code sections in an easy-to-use question-and-answer format. The manval is available in a Toose-leaf format and includes illustrative examples for many code sections. ‘Uniform Fire Code Applications Manual. This newly developed ‘manual provides questions and answers regarding UFC provisions ‘A comprehensive analysis of the intent of numerous code sections, the ‘manual isin a loose-leaf format for easy insertion of code applications published in IFCI's Fire Code Journal. ‘Quick-Refereace Guide to the Occupancy Requirements of the 1997 UBC. Code requirements are compiled in this publication by ‘occupancy groups for quick access. These tabulations assemble requirements for each occupancy classification inthe code. Provisions, such as fire-resistve ratings for occupancy separations in Table 3-B, exterior wall and opening protection requirements in Table S-A-1, and fite-resisive ratings for types of construction in Table 6A, are tabu lated for quick reference and comparison. Plan Review Manual, A practical text that will assist and guide both the field inspector and plan reviewer in applying the code requirements. ‘This manual covers the nonstructural and basic structural aspects of plan review. Fleld Inspection Manual. An important fundamental text for ‘courses of study atthe community college and trade or technical school level. tis an effective text for those studying building construction oF architecture and includes sample forms and checklists for use in the field ‘Building Department Administration. An excellent guide for im provement of skills in departmental management and inthe enforce tment and application of the Building Code and other regulations ‘administered by a building inspection department. Ths textbook will also be a valuable ai to instructors, students and those in elated profes- sional fields. Bullding Department Guide to Disaster Mitigation, This new, ‘expanded guide is designed to asist building departments in develop- ing of updating disaster mitigation plans. Subjects covered include {guidelines for damage mitigation, disaste-esponse management, immediate response, mutual aid and inspections. working with the media, repait aad recovery policies, and public information bulletins. This publication is a must for those involved in preparing for and responding to disaster Building Official Management Manual. This manual addresses the unique nature of code administration and the managerial duties of the building official. A supplementary insert addresses the budgetary au and financial aspects of a building department. It aso an ideal Tesoues for thee preparing forthe management module ofthe CABO Building Oficial Certification Examination. Legal Aspects of Code Administration, A manval developed by the three model code organizations to inform the building official on the e- fal specs of the pression, The text is written in a logical sequence Sth explanion of legal terminology. Is designed to serve a8 2 Teese for those preparing to take te legal module of the CABO Bailing Oil Cerficaton Examination lustrated Gulde 19 Conventoasl Construction Provisions of the UBC. This compichensve guide and commentary provides feted explanation ofthe conventional constuction provisions in the UBC including descriptive discussions and illustrated drawings to convey the pesriptve provisions related to wood-frame construction Tatreducton tothe Uniform Building Code. A workbook tha pro- vides an overview ofthe basic of the UBC Uanlform Building Code Update Workbook. This manual address. cesmany ofthe changes othe administrative, re-and life safety, and inspection provisions appearing in tbe UBC 'UMC Workbook. Designed for independent study or use with insroctr led programs based on the Uniform Mechanical Code this comprehensive sy guide consists of 16 laming sessions, wit the fist two session evewing he purpose, scope, definitions and admin- istrative provisions andthe remaning 14 sessions progressively explo urements for nstaling,ingpecting ad maintaining beating, cooling ad refrigeration systems. ‘UBC Field Inspection Workbook. A comprehensive workbook for studying the provisions ofthe UBC. Divided into 12 sessions his tvorkbook focuses onthe UBC combustible constuction requirements Tor the inspection of wood-ramed construction. ‘Conerele Manual. A publication for individuals seeking an unde- stoning ofthe fandameatals of concrete eld technology and ispec- thn protics Of particular interest to concrete construction inspectors, itwl also beoefit employees of concrete producers, cotactr, est ing and inspection laboratories and material supplies. Relaforced Concrete Maseary Construction Inspector's Hand- book: A comprehensive infomation source writen expecially for ma- onry inspeton covering terminology, technology, materials qUsity contol, iepection and standards, Published jointly by ICBO and the Masonry Intute of Ameria You Can Build I! Sponsored by CBO in cooperation with CABO, this Docket contains information and advice to ad "do-it yourselers™ ‘vith balding projects Provides guidance in necessary procedures sch 2s permit eguremens, codes, plans, cost estimation, ee Guidelines for Manufactured Housing Installations. A guideline in ede frm implementing the Uniform Building Code and it compan jon code docuttents to regulate the permanent installation of 2 man- “factored home ona privately owned: nonrentl site. A commentary is included to explain specific provisions, and codes applying to each component part are define. ‘Accessibilty Reference Gude. This guide is valuable resource for architects, inter designers, pan reviewers and others who design and Enforce accessibility provisions. Features include accessibility requie- ‘ents along with ead commentary and graphics ocarify the pro- ‘sion, ces-efeences to ter applicable sections ofthe UBC and the Americans with Disables Act Accessiblity Guidelines; acheck- Ist of UBC provisions on aces and usb equrements; and many ober useful references Educational and Technlcal Reference Materials. The Conference has been a leader inthe development of texts and course material to desi in the educational process Toes atria nude wit nforma- tho necsar forthe bullng oficial and subordinates in eating out thelr tesponblites and have proven toe excellent references in con- tion ath community college curricula and higher-level courses in Ths held of uildng constrain technology and inspection andi the ‘Miorastraion of building deparimentsTncluded are plan teview peeks forstucral onstrcturl, mechanical and fie-safty pro- ASboe and aul ine of wdeotapes and automated products,CODES AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS The International Conference of Building Officials (1CBO) publishes family of coves. each correlated withthe Uniform Building Code ™ to provide jurisdictions with 3 complete et of building-related regulations for adoption, Some ofthese codes are published in affiliation with othe organizations suchas the lerntional Fire Code Insitute (FCI) and the International Code Council (ICC). Refer tence materials and related codes also are 3 ble to improve knowledge of code enforcement and administration of building inspec- tion programs. Publications and products are continually being added, 50 inquiries should be directed to Conference headquarters fora listing of available products. Many codes and references ate also available on CD-ROM or floppy disk. These ate denoted by (*). The following publications and products ae available from ICBO: copes *Uniform Building Code, Volumes 1, 2 and 3. The most widely adopted model building code in the United States, the performance: based Uniform Building Code isa proven document, meeting the needs of government units charged with the enforcement of building regula tioas. Volume 1 contains administrative, fire- and life-safety and field inspection provisions: Volume 2 contains structural engineering design provisions; and Volume 3 contains material, testing and installation standards. ‘*Uniform Mechanical Code™. Provides a complete set of require: iments for the design, constructoa, installation and maintenance of heating, ventilating, cooling and refrigeration systems; incinerators and ‘other heat-producing appliances. International Plumbing Code. Provides consistent and tec cally advanced requirements that can be used across the county to pro- vide comprehensive regulations of modern plumbing systems. Setting ‘minimum regulations for plumbing facilities in terms of performance ‘objectives, the IPC provides forthe acceptance of new and innovative products, materials and systems. International Private Sewage Disposal Code. Provides flexi ity inthe development of safety and sanitary individual sewage disposal systems and includes detailed provisions for all aspects of design, installation and inspection of private sewage disposal systems. International Mechanical Code™. Establishes minimum regula- tions for mechanical systems using prescriptive and performance- related provisions. It is founded oa broad-based principles that make possible the use of new materials and new mechanical designs. Uniform Zoning Code™. This code is dedicated to intelligent com- munity development and tothe benefit of the public welfare by provid- ing a means of promoting uniformity io zoning laws and enforcement. *Uniform Fire Code™ , Volumes 1 and 2. The premier model fire code in the United States, the Uniform Fire Code ses forth provi recessary for fire prevention and fire protection. Published by the International Fire Code Insitute, the Uniform Fire Code is endorsed by the Wester Fire Chiefs Association, the International Association of Fire Chiefs and ICBO. Volume I contains code provisions compatible withthe Uniform Building Code, and Volume 2 contains standards ref- erenced from the code provisions. *Urban-Wildland Interface Code™. Promulgated by IFC, this code regulates both land use and the built environment in designated ut- ban-wildland interface areas. This newly developed code isthe only ‘model code that bases construction requirements on the fre-hazard severity exposed to the structure. Developed under a grant ftom the Federal Emergency Management Agency, this code isthe direct result of hazard mitigation meetings held after devastating wildfires. Uniform Housing Code™. Provides complete requirements affect- ing conservation and rehabilitation of housing, Its regulations are com- patible with the Uniform Building Code. Uniform Code for the Abatement of Dangerous Bulldings™. A code compatible with the Uniform Building Code and the Uniform Housing Code which provides equitable remedies consistent with other laws for the repair, vacation or demolition of dangerous buildings. Uniform Sign Code™. Dedicated to the development of better sign regulation, its requirements pertain to all signs and sign construction attached to buildings. Uniform Administrative Code™. This code covers administrative areas in connection with adoption of the Uniform Building Code, Uniform Mechanical Code and related codes. It contains provision: Which relate to site preparatoa, constuction, alteration, moving, repait and use and occupancies of buildings or structures and building service equipment, including plumbing, electrical and mechanical regulations. ‘The code is compatible withthe administrative provisions of ll codes published by the Conference. Uniform Building Security Code™. This code establishes mini- ‘mum standards to make dwelling units resistant to unlawful entry. It regulates swinging doors, sliding doors, windows and hardware in con- nection with dvelling units of apartment houses or oe- and two-family dwellings. The code gives consideration tothe concer of police, fre and building offical in establishing requirements for resistance to bur- slay which are compatible with fre and life safety. Uniform Code for Building Conservation”. A building conserva- tion guideline presented in code format which will provide a communi- ty with the means to preserve its existing buildings while achieving appropriate levels of safety. I is formatted in the same manner asthe Uniform Building Code, is compatible with other Uniform Codes, and ‘may be adopted as a code or used as a guideline. Dwelling Construction under the Uniform Building Code™. Designed primarily for use in home building and apprentice training. this book contains requirements applicable tothe construction of one- and two-story dwellings based on the requirements of the Uniform Building Code. Available in English or Spanish. Dwelling Construction under the Uniform Mechanical Code™. ‘This publication is forthe convenience ofthe homeowner or contractor rested in installing mechanical equipment in a one- or two-family dwelling in conformance with the Uniform Mechanical Code. ‘Supplements to UBC and related codes. Published ia the years be- tween edition, the Supplements contain all approved changes, plus an analysis of those changes. Uniform Building Code—1927 Edition. A special 6th anniversa- 1y printing of the frst published Uniform Building Code. One and Two Family Dwelling Code. Promulgated by ICC, this code eliminates conflicts and duplications among the model codes 10 achieve national uniformity. Covers mechanical and plumbing requie- ‘ments as wel as construction and occupancy. ‘Application and Commentary on the One and Two Family Dwelling Code. An interpretative commentary on the One and Two Family Dwelling Code intended to enhance uniformity of interpretation and application of the code natioawide. Developed by the three model ‘code organizations, this document includes numerous illustrations of code requirements and the rationale for individual provisions. Model Energy Code. This code includes minimum requirements for tfectve use of energy in the design of new buildings and strctures anc additions to existing buildings. Iti based on American Society of Heat ing, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers Standard 904-1980 and was orginally developed jointly by ICBO, BOCA, SBCCT and the "National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards under & contract funded by the United States Department of Energy. The code is tow maintained by ICC and is adopted by reference in the Uniform Building Code. tlonal Electrical Code®. The electrical code used throughout the United States, Published by the National Fire Protection Association, it is an indispensable aid to every electrician, contactor, architec, build- er, inspecior and anyone who must specify or cetfy electrical intalla- tions.‘TABLE OF CONTENTS—VOLUME 1 Chapter 10 Means of Egress . 1-405 ‘Section 1001 Administrative 1105 ‘Section 1002 Definitions. 1105 Section 1003 General . » 1-105 ‘Section 1004 The Exit Access... -.00+s0eseecce0e IMD Section 1005. The Exit. 1s ‘Section 1006 The Exit Discharge ..-.-- 18, Section 1007, Means of Egress Requtements Based ‘on Occupancy 1-119 Section 1008 Reviewing Stands, Grandstnds, Bleachers, and Foiding and ‘Telescoping Seating . 122 Section 1009. Building Secu 1-128 Chapter 11 Accessibility 127 Section 1101 Scope vee 27 Section 1102, Definitions. . 427 Section 1103 Building Accessibility 127 Section 1104. Egress and Areas of Refuge «.- 16419 Section 1105 Facility Accessibility 1130 Section 1106 Type B Dwelling Units 131 Chapter 12 Interlor Environment ......+ 14135 ‘Section 1201 General 1135 Section 1202, Light and Ventilation i Gros A, B,E,F.H,1, Mand Occupancies .... 1-135 ‘Section 1203 Light and Ventilation in Group R Occupancies + 1136 Section 1204 Eaves .- ceceseeeresseses 1136 ‘Section 1205 Alternate Ventilation when Applicable . 1-136 Chapter 13 Energy Conservation ... 1-139 Section 1301, Solar Energy Collectors 1139 Chapter 14 Exterior Wall Coverings 1141 Section 1401 ; 141 Section 1402 1a Section 1403 ors Section 1404 14143, Chapter 15. Roofing and Roof Structures... 14s ‘Section 1501 Scope...» 1145, Section 1502. Definitions an 1145 Section 1503. Roofing Requirements. 1-146 Section 1504. Roofing Chssifiction 1-146 Section 1505, Ais: Assess Draft tops and Ventilation 1-146 Section 1506 Roof Drainage . 1146 Section 1507, Roof-covering Materials ‘and Application .-.-.-..200ececce0, MAT Section 1508 Valley Flashing . -. 1147 Section 1509 Other Flashing sees IMB Section 1810 Roof Insslation cere 148 Section 1511 Penthouses and Roof Structures 1-148, Section 1512 Towers and Spites ces 148 Section 1513 Access to Rooftep Equipment 1-148, Excerpts from Chapter 16 ‘Structural Desiga Requirements 1-157 ail Excerpts from Chapter 17 ‘Structural Tests and Inspections .. 1-165 Excerpts from Chapter 18 Foundations and Retaining Walls ... 1169 Excerpts from Chapter 19 foncrete 7 17 Excerpts from Chapter 21 ‘Masonry 1193, Excerpts from Chapter 22 Steel se sceeeeeeeee 1-203 Excerpts from Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Glass and Glazing ‘Section 2401 Scope... - Section 2402 Identification ‘Section 2403 Area Limitations . ‘Section 2404. Glazing Support and Framing. ‘Section 2405 Louvered Windows and Jalousies ‘Section 2405. Safety Glazing . Section 2407. Hinged Shower Doors «= +++ ‘Section 2408. Racquetball and Squash Courts ... Section 2409 Sloped Glazing and Skylights Chapter 25 Gypsum Board and Plaster .. Section 2501 Scope ......+.-0++ ‘Section 2502 Materials Section 2503 Vertical Assemblies Section 2504. Horizontal Assemblies 2505. Interior Lath. Section 2506 Exterior Lath . ‘Section 2507 Interior Plaster Section 2508 Exterior Plaster = ‘Section 2509 Exposed Aggregate Plaster. ; ‘Section 2510. Pneumatically Placed Plaster (Gunite) 1-264 Section 2511 Gypsum Wallboard 1-266 ‘Section 2512. Use of Gypsum in Showers and ‘Water Closets... 1-265 Section 2513. Shear-esistng Construction with ‘Wood Frame =... cesees 1-265 Chapter 26 Phastic ... Section 2601 Scope... ‘Section 2602 Foam Plastic Insulation Section 2603. Light-ransmittng Plastics ...- Section 2604. Plastic Veneer : Chapter 27 Electrical Systems. ~ Section 3008, Purpose Section 3009 Scope . Section 3010 Definitions. Section 311, Permits-Cerifiates o napcton .... 1-399 Section 3012 ANSI Code Adopted . 1-399 Section 013 Design -..-.e.eeecseseseerees - 399 Section 3014. Requirement for Operation and Maintenance » 99 Section 3015 Unsafe Concitions 1-400 Appendix Chapter 31. Special Construction .......... 1-401 Division Flood-resistant Construction 1401 Section 104 Getera: Leto Section 3108. Manufactured Soucures « » 401 Section 3106, Protection of Mechanical and Electrical Systems veces 1401 Section 307. Flood Hazard Zones—A Zones ....... 401 Section 08. Coastal High Hazard Zones— V Zones. 1401 Section 3109. Elevation Certification 192 Section 3110 Design Requitements 1402 Divison 11 Membrane Structures 1403 Section 111 General «+--+ 1403 2x Section 3112 Type of Construction and General Requirements ... 1-403 Section 3113. Inflation Systems 1-403 Section 3114 Section Provisions . 1408 Section 3115. Engineering Design 1-404 Division IIL Patio Covers . : 1-405 ‘Section 3116 Patio Covers Defined 1-405 Section 3117 Design Loads . 1-405 Section 3118 Light and Ventilation . 405 Section 3119 Footings <+ 1-405 ‘Appendix Chapter 33 Excavation and Grading ...... 1-407 Section 3304 Purpose . 5 1-407 ‘Section 3305 Scope. Section 3306 Permits Required Section 3307 Hazards «..-.-++- 1-407 Section 3308 Definitions. 1407 Section 3309 Grading Permit Requirements... 1-408 Section 3310. Grading Fees. 21-409 Section 3311 Bonds +410 Section 3312 Cuts +410 Section 3313 Fills + 1-410 Section 3314 Seibacks ... : 1-10 Section 3315 Drainage and Teracing -.. + 410 Section 3316 Erosion Control. erry Section 3317 Grading Inspection .. . att Section 3318 Completion of Work + 14it “Appendix Chapter 34 Existing Structures .=......... 1-413, Division Lifesafety Requirements for Existing Bulag oie tan High a 1413 Section 3406 General. ery Section 3407 Exits .....-ocseeeere : 413 Section 3408 Enclosure of Vertical Shalts 1-414 Section 409, Basement Acces or pial Protection ae Section 3410 Standpipes . Laie Section 3411 Smoke Detectors - 1 44 Section 3412 Separation of Oecupancis erry Division I Life-safety Requirements for Eg ihe Bling. - as Section 3413. Scope Tats Section 3414 General + as Section 3415 Compliance Data - 1 As Section 416. Authority ofthe Building Official... 1-415 Section 3417 Appeals Board 145 Section 418. Specific Provisions and Atetes =. 1-415 Divison I Repairs a Baligs an Srutures Damaged by the Occurence of « Natural Disaster 1419 Section 3619 Purpose 1419 Section 3420 General 1-419 Section 3421. Structural Repairs 1419 Section M22 Nonstructural Repaits 0 Light Fixtutes and Suspended Ceilings 1-419 UNIT CONVERSION TABLES . 421 INDEX 1-425Chapter 30 Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators and Mosing Walks Section 3001 Scope Section 3002 Elevator and Elevator Lobby Enclosures, Section 3003 Special Provisions Section 3004 Hoistway Venting Section 3005. Elevator Machine Room Section 3006 Change in Use Section 3007 Additional Doors Chapter 31. Special Construction ‘Section 3101 Scope. . Section 3102 Chimneys, Fireplaces and Barbecues... 1-289 Section 3103 Temporary Buildings or Structures .... 1-291, ‘Chapter 32 Construction in the Public Right of Way... 1-295 Section 3201 General . . 1-295 ‘Section 3202 Projection into Alleys 1-295 ‘Section 3203 Space below Sidewalk . . = 1-295 Section 3204 Balconies, Sun-control Devices and Appendages Section 3205 Marquees Section 3206 Awnings Section 3207 Doors.. Chapter 33 Site Work, Demolition and Construction ... 1-297 Section 3301 Excavations and Fills 1-297 ‘Section 3302. Preparation of Building Site 1.297 Section 3303. Protection of Pedestrians during. Construction or Demolition ... 1-297 Chapter 34 Existing Structures Section 3401 General ‘Section 3402 Maintenance : Section 3403. Additions, Alterations or Repairs. ‘Section 3404 Moved Buildings ‘Section 3405 Change in Use ‘Chapter 35 Uniform Building Code Standards = 1301 Section 3501 UBC Standards ... + 1301 Section 3502 Adopted Standards. = 1301 ‘Section 3503 Standard of Duty . - 1301 Section 3504 Recognized Standards 1-301 ‘Appendix Chapter 3 Use or Occupancy 1-309 Division I Detention and Correctional Facilites ..... 1-309 Section 313 Scope... Section 314 Application Section 315 Definitions. Section 316 Construction, Requirement Exceptions . 1-309 Section 317 Compartmentation 1-309 Section 318 Occupancy Separations 1-309 Section 319 Glazing + 1-309 Section 320 Electrical . + 1-309 Section 321 Automate Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems - 1309 Scetion 322 Fire Alarm Systems . seceses 1310 Section 323 Smoke Management .. ve E310 Section 324 Means of Egress. = 1-310 Section 325 Fenced Enclosures 1310 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS—VOLUME 1 Division 11 Agricultural Buildings Section 326° Scope Section 327 Construction, Height und Allowable Area 5 L312 Occupancy Separations Section 329 Exterior Walls and Openings . Section 330 Means of Egress Divison I” Requirements for Group R, Divison 3 Occupancies . Section 331 General .. Section 332 One and Two Family Dwelling Code Adopted .... Division IV Requirem vi Requirement for Group R, Di sion 4 Section 333 Section 334 Section 328 General Construction, Height and _ Allowable Area Location on Property Means of Egress and Emergency Escapes care Light, Veoiation and Sanitation. ‘Yards and Courts Room Dimensions .. ‘Shaft Enclosures Fire Alarm Systems Section 335 Section 336 Section 337 Section 338 Section 339 Section 340 Section 341 Section 342 Heating ...... Section 343 Special Hazards Appendix Chapter 4 Special Use and Occupancy .. Division Barriers for Swimming Pools, Spas and Hot Tubs Section 419 General Section 420 Definitions... Section 421 Requirements... Division Aviation Control Towers Section 422 General Section 423 Construction, Height and Allowable Area Means of Egress. Fire Alarms Accessibility... Standby Power and Enerey Generation Systems Appendix Chapter 9 Basement Pipe Inlets .. Section 907 Basement Pipe Inlets Appendix Chapter 10 Building Security Section 1010 Building Security Appendix Chapter 11 Accessibility Division Site Accessibility... Section 107 Accessible Exterior Routes. Section 1108. Parking Facilities. Section 1109 Passenger Loading Zones Division Accesbiity for Exiting Bitdings - Section 1110 Scope .. Section 1111 Defi Section 1112. Alterations Section 1113 Change of Occupancy - Section 1114. Historic Preservation Appendix Chapter 12 Interfor Environment Division Ventilation . Section 1206 Scope Section 424 Section 425 Section 426 Section 427Chapter 30 Elevators, Dumbw: Escalators and Moving Watks 1 ‘Section 3001 Scope 1 Section 3002, Elevator and Elevator Lobby Enclosures. 1-285 Section 3003 Special Provisions . 1-285 Section 3005 Hoistway Venting 1-287 Section 3005 Elevator Machine Room 1-287 Section 3006 Change in Use 1-287 Section 3007 Additional Doors 1-287 Chapter 31. Special Construction 1-289 Section 3101 Scope... + 1289 Section 3102 Chimneys, Fitepaces and Barbecues ... 1-289 Section 3103. Temporary Buildings or Structures .... 1-291 (Chapter 32 Construction in the Public Right of Way ... 1-295 Section 3201 General 1-295 Section 3202 Projection into Alleys + 1-295 Section 3203. Space below Sidewalk 1-295 Section 3204. Balconies. Sun-control Devices and Appendages - ass Section 3205 Marquees... - 1-295 Section 3206 Awnings = 1-295 Section 3207 Doors. 1-296 Chapter 33 Site Work, Demolition and Construction ... 1-297 ‘Section 3301 Excavations and Fills Section 3302 Preparation of Building Site 1.297 Section 3303 Protection of Pedestrians during Construction or Demolit 1.297 Chapter 34 Existing Structures 1-299 Section 3401 General 1299 Section 3402 Maintenance ...... 1-299 Section 3403 Additions, Alterations or Repairs 1-299 Section 3404 Moved Buildings ....... . 129 Section 3405 Change in Use ......... 1299 Chapter 35. Uniform Building Code Standards . 1301 Section 3501 UBC Standards . 1301 ‘Section 3502 Adopted Standards 1-301 Section 3503 Standard of Duty . .. 1-301 ‘Section 3504 Recognized Standards 1-301 Appendix Chapter 3 Use or Occupancy Division Detention and Correctional Facilities Section 313 Scope... 5 Section 314 Application Section 315 Definitions......... = Section 316 Construction, Requirement Exceptions . 1-309 Section 317. Compartment : 1-309 Section 318 Occupancy Separations . 1.309 Section 319 Glazing ... 1-309 Section 320 Electrical .... 1-309 Section 321 Automatic Sprinkler and ‘Standpipe Systems. oe 309 Section 322 Fire Alarm Sysiems . - 1310 Section 323 Smoke Management 1310 Section 324 Means of Egress. 1310 Section 325 Fenced Enclosures 1310 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS—VOLUME 1 Division Agricultural Buildings Section 326 Scope Section 327 Construction, Height und Allowable Area 32 Occupancy Separations 1312 Exterior Walls and Openings 1-312 Section 330 Means of Egress 1312 Divison IH” Requirements for Group R, Divison 3 ‘Occupancies Section 331 General Divo IV Requirements for Group R, Divison 4 Occupancies Section 333 General . Section 334 Construction, Height and Allowable Area .. Location oa Property cs Means of Egress and Emergency Escapes . Light, Ventilation and Sanitation ‘Yards and Courts ... Room Dimensions . Shaft Enclosures... Fite Alarm Systems Section 335 Section 336 Section 337 Section 338 Section 339 Section 340 Section 341 Section 342 Heating .......... Section 343 Special Hazards .. ‘Appendix Chapter 4 Special Use and Occupancy . Division! Barriers for Swimming Pools, ‘Spas and Hot Tubs .-..... Section 419 General Section 420 Definitions. Section 421 Requirements......... Division I Aviation Control Towers ... Section 422 General Section 423 Construction, Height and Allowable Area... Means of Egress Fire Alarms Accessibilty Standby Power and Emergency Generation Systems . Section 424 Section 425 Section 426 Section 427 Appendix Chapter 9 Basement Pipe Inlets Section 907 Basement Pipe Inlets Appendix Chapter 10 Building Security Section 1010 Building Security, ‘Appendix Chapter 11 Accessibility .. Division Site Accessibilty Section 1107 Accessible Exterior Routes Section 1108 Parking Facil Section 1109 Passenger Loadi Division IT Accessibility for Existing Buildings Section 1110 Scope. Section 1111 Definitions Section 1112 Alteratioas. Section 1113 Change of Occupancy . Section 1114 Historic Preservation 5 Appendix Chapter 12 Interfor Environment . Division Ventilation . Section 1206 Scope“TABLE, OF CONTENTS—VOLUME 2 ‘Section 1910 Flexure and Axial Loads ‘Section 1911 Shear and Torsion ...... Section 1912. Development and Splices of rus 212 Reinforcement eel Section 1913 Two-way Slab Systems ++ 2-136 Section 1914 Walls .....- = 2141 Section 1915. Footings ....... 242 ‘Section 1916 Precast Concrete 2144 Section 1917 Compesie Concrete Flenural Members - 2-145 Section 1918. Prestressed Concrete . 2447 Section 1919 Shells and Folded Plates 2 R151 Section 1920 Strength Evaluation of Existing Structures 2133 Section 1921. Reinfored Concrete Smuctues Resisting Forces Induced by Earthquake Motions. . 2154 Section 1922. Structural Plain Concrete . Division IT Desig Standard for Anchorage fo onerete Seaton 1923 Anchorage o Concrete... Division IV and Construction Standard forSiotrete- 2165 2-168 2-168 2.170 Section 1924 Shoterete + 2170 Division V Design Standard for Reinforced Gypsum Concrete . 27 ‘Section 1925 Reinforced Gypsum Concrete 27 Division VI Alternate Design Method - 2a Section 1926 Alternate Design Method ........--.- 2-172 Division VIL_ Unified Design Provisions ..... 2-176 ‘Section 1927, Unified Design Provisions for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Flexural and Compression Members ... 2-176 Division VIII Alternative Load-factor Combination and Strength Reduction Factors 2178 Section 1928 Alternative Load-factor Combi and Strength Reduction Factors ....... 2-178 Chapter 20 Lightweight Metals. . 2185 Division! General = 2185 ‘Section 2001, Material Standards and Symbols... 2-185 ‘Section 2002 Allowable Stresses for Members and Fasteners 2-186 Section 2003 Design . 2.187 Section 2004 Fabrication and Erection 2-187 Divislon I Design Standard for Aluminum Structures... 2.192 Section 2005 Scope... + 2192 Section 2006 Materials . 2192 Section 2007 Design... 2192 Section 2008. Allowable Sess s+ 2192 Section 2009 Special Design Rules = 2192 ‘Section 2010 Mechanical Connections ve E195 Section 2011 Fabrication 2.196 Section 2012 Welded Construction 9-197 2198, Section 2013. Testing. Chapter 21 Masonry ‘Section 2101 General cn 2-203 Section 2102. Material Standards = 2-205 Section 2103 Mortar and Grout 2-206, Section 2104 Construction 2-207 2a Section 2105 Quality Assurance coves 22209 Section 2106 Genel Design Requirements ......-+ 2-210 Section 2107 Working Siress Design of Masonry .... 2-214 Section 2108. Strength Design of Masonry . 2.219 Section 2109 Empirical Design of Masonry . 2-225 Section 2110 Glass Masonry .. 221 Section 2111 Chimney, Fireplaces and Barbeces, 2-208 Chapter 22 Steel oco005 : seve 2237 Division! General. 2-237 Section 2201 Scape. 7 2-27 Section 2202. Standards of Quality 2237 ‘Section 2203 Material Identification 2-237 ‘Section 2204 Design Methods a DBT Section 2205 Design and Construction Provisions ... 2-237 Division Design Standard for Land and Resistance actor Design Specification for Structural, 2.239 Section 2207. Amendments ceeees 229 Division III Design Standard for Specification for ‘Structural Steel Buildings Allowable ‘Stress Design and Plastic Desi - 2240 Section 2208 Adoption Section 2209 Amendments ...... Division TV_ Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings . 2-281 Section 2210 Amendments oA Section 2211 Adoption ..... ceveees 22M Division V__ Seismic Provisions for Structural Sieel Buildings for Use with Allowable Stress Design... cos 2-255 Section 2212 General . 2-255 Section 2213, Seismic Provision for Sirectral Stel Buildings in Seismic Zones 3nd 4 .... 2-255 Section 2214 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings in Seismic Zones 1 and 2 Division VI Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-formed Stel Structural Members Section 2215 Adoption . Section 2216 Amendments . Division VIL_ Speciation for Design of Cold-formed Steel Structural Members Section 2217. Adoption Section 2218 Amendments . Divison VIII Lateral Resistance for Steel <1 Sid ‘Wall Systems. Section 2219 General . Section 2220 Special Requirements in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 Division IX _ Open Web Steel Joists ‘Section 2221 Adoption Division X_ Design Standard for Stee Storage Racks Section 2222 General Provisions Section 2 Design Procedures and Dimensional Limitations . Section 2224 Allowable Stresses and Effective ‘Wiaths Scetion 2225. Pallet and Stackerrack Beams, Section 2226 Frame Design : Connections and Bearing Plates‘TABLE OF CONTENTS—VOLUME 2 ES Table of Contents—Volume 2 Structural Engineering Design Provisions ee Effective Use of the Uniform Building Code Chapter 16 Structural Design Requirements. Division! — General Design en Section 1601 Scope. Section 1602 Definitions ‘Section 1603 Notations . .. . Section 1606 Standards Section 1605 Design Section 1606 Dead Loads Section 1607 Live Loads Section 1608 Snow Loads . Section 1609 Wind Loads . Section 1610 Earthquake Loads Section 1611 Other Minimum Loads Section 1612 Combinations of Loads Section 1613 Deflection Division II Snow Loads Section 1614 Snow Loads Division II Wind Design. Section 1615 General Section 1616 Definitions ....... ‘Section 1617 Symbols and Notations . Section 1618 Basic Wind Speed Section 1619 Exposure ‘Section 1620 Design Wind Pressures ...... Section 1621. Primary Frames and Systems Section 1622. Elements and Components of tuctures 2-8 Section 1623 Open-frame Towers . 28 Section 1624 Miscellaneous Structures 28 Section 1625 Occupancy Categories 28 Division IV Earthquake Desiga ...... 29 Section 1626 General 29 Section 1627 Definitions. ; 29 Section 1628. Symbols and Notations 210 Criteria Sele 2a Section 1630 Minimum Design Lateral Forces and Related Effects . 243 ‘Section 1631, Dynamic Analysis Procedures . 216 ‘Section 1632, Lateral Force on Elements of Structures, Nonstructural Components and Equipment Supported by Structures... 2-18 Sesion 193 Deed Sates Devin Repienens. 2-19 Section 1634. Nonbuilding Structures ...... 221 Section 1635 Eantbquake-recordinglsiumentations . 2-22 Division V Soil Profle Types aes) ‘Section 1636. Site Categorization Procedure... 2-23 (Chapter 17 Structural Tests and Inspections. 239 ‘Section 1701. Special Inspections Section 1702 Structural Observation . Section 1703. Nondestructive Testing a Section 1704 Prefabricated Construction ..... 241 Chapter 18 Foundations and Retaining Walls 2B Division General..........0.. are) Section 1801 SCOPE... eee ares) Section 1802 Quality and Design ..... a3 Sesion 105, Soll Cttcim—Enganie Sof... 2-48 Section 1804 Foundation Invest 243 Section 1805 Allowable Foundation and Lateral Pressures 244 Section 1806 Footings ..... cee 2b Section 1807 Piles—Gencral Requirements 245 Section 1808 Specific Pile Requirements 246 Section 1809. Foundation Construction— Seismic Zones 3and 4.2... .seceee 248 Division Design Standard for Treated Wood Foundation System ........ + BSL Section 1810 Scope... oo 251 Section 1811 Materials 251 Section 1812 Drainage and Moisture Contol 251 Section 1813 Design Loads... 282 Section 1814 Structural Design ....... 282 Division II Design Standard for of Slab-on-ground Foundations to Resist the Effects of Expansive Soils and Compressible Solls ...... 254 Section 1815 Design of Slab-on-Ground Foundations {Based 00 Design of Slab-on-Ground Foundations of the Wire Reinforcement Insitute, In. (August, 1981)] ........ 2-54 Section 1816. Design of Posttensioned Slabs on Ground (Based o0 Design Specification of the Posttensioning Institute)... 255 Appendix A (A Procedure for Estimation ‘of the Amount of Climate Controlled Diderewial Movement of Expansive Soils) Section 1818 Appendix B (Simpli Determining Cation Exchange Capacity and Cation Exchange Activity) ....... 2460 Section 1819 Design of Posttensioned Slabs on Compressible Soils (Based on Design Specitcatons ofthe Postensoning Institute) Chapter 19 Concrete Division General Section 1900 General Division It Section 1901 Scope. Section 1902 Definitions. : Section 1903. Specifications for Tests and Materials .. 2-99 Section 1904 Durability Requirements ............ 2-01 Section 1905 Concrete Quality, Mixing and Placing .. 2-102 Section 1906. Formwork, Embedded Pipes and Construction Joints. co 2105 Section 1907 Details of Reinforcement . + 2-106 Section 1908. Analysis and Desi + 2110 Section 1909, Suegih nd Serviceablty Requirements. 2112 ax‘TABLE OF CONTENTS—VOLUME 2 ‘Section 1825 Other Dampproofing Requirements .... 2-817 jon 1826 Waterproofing Required ............ 2-417 Section 1827 Floor Waterproofing . ses 2418 Section 1828 Wall Waterproofing 2418 Section 1829 Other Dampproofing and Waterproof fing Requirements 2418 Apnezx Caper 19, Praectn of Reet Concrete Expoved to Freezing and Thawng....... 2-419 Section 1928 General... LT eas Appendix Chapter 21 Prescriptive Masonry Constructon in Highwind Areas neet?s..sssssu 2421 Section 2112 Gentil veeeecovs 221 Appendix Chapter 23 Conventional Light-frame UNIT CONVERSION TABLES . INDEX...... 2a ‘Construction in High-wind Areas Section 2337 General . 2s 2465 . 2465 . man 2415Section 2228 Loads ‘i 2.270 Section 2229 Special Rack Design Provisions 22 Division X1_ Design Standard for Structural ‘Applications of Steel Cables for Buildings ........ 5 2 Section 2230 Adoption : 2272 ‘Chapter 23 Wood 23 Division! General Design Requirements 22 Section 2301 General 2.2.25 s+00+ 223 ‘Section 2302, Definitions 25... 223 Section 2303. Standards of Quality 2am Section 2304 Minimum Quality 2274 Section 2305 Design and Construction Requirements. 2-275 Division Il General Requirements. cesses 2276 ‘Section 2306. Decay and Termite Protection . 2.276 Section 2307 Wood Supporting Masonry or Concrete 2-277 Section 2308 Wall Framing : we 2277 Section 2309 Floor Framing ..........+ 2277 Section 2310 Exterior Wall Coverings ... 22m Section 2311. Interior Paneling 2278 Section 2312 Sheathing 2278 Section 2313 Mechanically Laminated Floors and Decks 2.278 Section 2314 Post-Beam Connections .. 2278 Section 2315 Wood Shear Walls and Diaphragms... 2-279 Division III Design Specifications for Allowable Stress Design of Wood Buildings . 22901 Section 2316 Design Specifications... Section 2317 Plywood Structural Panels. . Section 2318 Timber Connectors and Fasteners 2-291 2-293, 2-293, Section 2319 Wood Shear Walls and Diaphragms .... 2-294 Division IV Conventional Light-frame Construction .. 2-299 Section 2320 Conventional lightframe Construction Design Provisions 2-299 Division V_ Design Standard for Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss : 2.339 Section 2321, Metal Plate Connected Wood ‘Truss Design 2.339 Division VI_Design Standard for Structural Glued p Members—Pywood Compenents Section 2322 Plywood Stressed Skin Panels. Section 2323 Plywood Curved Panels. Section 2324 Plywood Beams Section 2325. Plywood Sandwich Panels. Section 2326 Fabrication of Plywood Components Section 2327 All-plywood Beams Divisioa VIE Design Standard for Span Tables for Joists and Rafters Section 2328. Span Tables for Joists and Rafters Section 2329 Design Criteria for Joists and Rafters Section 2330 Lumber Stresses Section 2331 Moisture Coateot . Section 2332 Lumber Size ..... Section 2333. Span Tables for Joists and Rafters Division VIII Design Standard for Plank-and-beam Framing . sees 2357 Section 2334 Scope. ......24+++ Section 2335 Definition ...... TABLE OF CONTENTS—VOLUME 2 Section 2336 Design 24 Excerpts from Chapter 24 Glass and Gi ney Excerpts from Chapter 25 rypsum Board and Plaster ......... 2-381 Excerpts from Chapter 35 Uniform Building Code Standards Section 3501 UBC Standards Section 3502 Adopted Standards... 2383 Section 3503 Standard of Duty . 2-383 ‘Section 3504 Recognized Standards 2383, DET ‘Appendix Chapter 16 Structural Forces. DivisionI Snow Load Design . Section 1637 General Section 1638 Notations . 2-387 Section 1639 Ground Snow Loads 2.387 Section 1640 Roof Snow Loads .... + 2-387 Section 1641. Unbalanced Snow Loads, Gable Roofs . 2-388 Section 1642 Unbalanced Snow Load for Curved Roofs... 2... Section 1643 Special Eave Requirements .......... 2-388 Section 1644 Drift Loads on Lower Roofs, Decks and Roof Projections ...... 2.388 Section 1645 Rain on Snow Section 1646 Deflections ...... Section 1647 Impact Loads ........ Section 1648. Vertical Obstructions : Division | Earthquake Recording Instrumentation Section 1649 General Section 1650 Location .... Section 1651 Maintenance ..... Section 1652 Instrumentation of Exiting Buil Division III Seismic Zone Tabulation : Section 1653 For Areas Outside the United States Division IV Earthquake Regulations for Seismic-isolated Structures . Section 1654 General Section 1655. Definitions. . Section 1656. Symbols and Notations Section 1657 Criteria Selection Section 1658. Static Lateral Response Procedure. 2401 2401 2405 2405 2405 2405 2-407 Section 1659 Dynamic Lateral-Response Procedure ... 2-409 Section 1660 Lateral Load on Elements of Structures and Nonstructural ‘Components Supported by Structures .. 2-410 Section 1661 Detailed Systems Requirements .. . Section 1662 Nonbuilding Structures Section 1663 Foundations : Section 1664 Design and Construction Review 2411 2412 2412 2412 Section 1665 Required Tests of Isolation System .... 2-412 Appendix Chapter 18 Waterproofing and ‘Dampproofing Foundations ...... - aT Section 1820 Scope......-..- : Section 1821 Groundwater Table Investigation Section 1822 Dampproofing Required Section 1823 Floor Dampproofing ...... Section 1824 Wall Dampproofing . 2417 2417 2417 2417 2417 oa‘TABLE OF CONTENTS—VOLUME 3 ‘UBC Standard 23-1 Classification, Definition, ‘Methods of Grading and Development of Design Values for All Species of Lumber .....-.- UBC Standard 23-2 Construction and Industrial Plywood 5 peers UBC Standard 23-3. Performance Standard for ‘Wood-based Structural-use Panels... UBC Standard 23-4, Fire-retardant-treated Wood ‘Fests on Durability and Hygroscopic Properties ‘UBC Standard 23-5 Fire-retardant-treated Wood UBC Standard 24-1 Flat Glass ... UBC Standard 24-2 Safety Glazing UBC Standard 25-1 Plastic Cement ‘UBC Standard 25-2 Metal Suspension Systems for “Acoustical Tile and For Lay-in Panel Cellings ..- ‘UBC Standard 26-1 Test Method to Determine Potential Heat of Building Materials UBC Standard 26-2 Test Method for the Evaluation ‘of Thermal Barriers. UBC Standard 26.3 Room Fire Test Standard ‘Interior of Foam Plastic Systems .....+.-. UBC Standard 26-4 Method of Test for the Evaluation ‘of Flammability Characteristics of Exterior, Nonload-bearing Wall Panel Assemblies Using Foam Plastic Insulation 5 UBC Standard 26-8 Chamber Method of Test for “Measuring the Density of Smoke from the Burning or Decomposition of Plastic Materials UBC Standard 26-6 Ignition Properties of Plastics .. UBC Standard 26-7 Method of Test for Determining ‘Classification of Approved Light-transmitting Plastics so te UBC Standard 26-8 Room Fire Test Standard for ‘Garage Doors Using Foam Plastic Insulation ‘UBC Standard 26.9 Method of Test for the ‘Evaluation of Flammability Characteristics ‘of Exterior, Nonload-bearing Wall Assemblies ‘Containing Combustible Components Using the Tntermediate-scale, Multistory Test Apparatus UBC Standard 31-1 Flame-retardant Membranes - UNIT CONVERSION TABLES. at 3-395 3397 457 3459 3-467 3481 3.487 491 3-493, 3-507 = $33 = +535TABLE OF CONTENTS—VOLUME 3 NN Table of Contents—Volume 3 Material, Testing and Installation Standards EEE UE UIE UE ENERemeeneeeennenen penne a UBC Standard 2-1, Noncombustibte Material—Tests .. 3-1 UBC Standard 4-1 Proscenium Firesafety Curtains... 3-3, UBC Standard 7-1, Fire Tests of Building Construction ‘and Materials... 39 UBC Standard 7-2 Fire Tests of Door Assemblies ..... 319 UBC Standard 7-3. Tinclad Fire Doors .. 323 UBC Standard 7-4 Fire Tests of Window Assemblies .. 3-37 UBC Standard 7-5 Fire Tests of Through-penetration Fire Stops : : 339 UBC Standard 7-6 Thickness, Density Determi and Cohesion/Adhesion fr Spray-aplied seseeeees BMS UBC Standard 7-7 Methods for Calculating Fire Resistance of Steel, Concrete, Wood, Concrete Masonry and Clay Masonry Construction, 349 ‘UBC Standard 78, Horizontal Sliding Fire Doors Used in am Exit... 389 UBC Standard 8-1 Test Method for Surface-burning ‘Characteristics of Building Materials... ae UBC Standard 8-2 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall Covering ..... sas UBC Standard 9-1. Installation of Sprinkler Systems .. 3-117 UBC Standard 9-2 Standpipe Systems . 241 UBC Standard 9-3 Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Group R Occupenctes Four Stories or Less 327 UBC Standard 10-1 Power-operated Egress Doors ..... 3-289 UBC Standard 10-2 Stairway Identification 3291 UBC Standard 10-3 Exit Ladder Device .. 3-293 UBC Standard 10-4 Panic Hardware .. 3-295 UBC Standard 14-1 Kraft Waterproof Building PAPE eee cseecseseeesseratscetetersess 3297 UBC Standard 14-2 Vinyl Siding 3.299 UBC Standard 15-1 Roofing Aggregates 3301 UBC Standard 15-2 Test Standard for Determining the Fire Retardancy of Roof Assemblies 3-303 UBC Standard 15-3 Wood Shakes 3311 UBC Standard 15-4 Wood Shingles .. 3317 UBCStandard 15-5. Roof THe ..... 3321 UBC Standard 15-6 Modified Bitumen, Thermoplastic and Thermoset Membranes Used for Root Coverings. . 5 ‘UBC Standard 15-7 Automatic Smoke and Heat Vents ‘UBC Standard 18-1 UBC Standard 18-2 Expansion Index Test UBC Standard 19-1 Welding Reinforcing Steet, ‘Metal Inserts and Connections in Reinforced Concrete Construction... a ‘UBC Standard 19-2 Mill-mixed Gypsum Concrete ‘and Poured Gypsum Roof Diaphragms ‘UBC Standard 21-4. Building Bric, Facing Brick and Hollow Brick (Made from Clay or Shale) ‘UBC Standard 21-2 Calcium Stents Face Brick (Gand-lime Brick) ...... UBC Standard 21-3 Concrete Building Brick UBC Standard 21-4 Hollow and Solid Lod-bearing ‘Concrete Masonry Units UBC Standard 21-5 Nontoad-bearing Concrete Masonry Units ...... . : UBC Standard 21-6 _In-place Masonry Shear Tests... UBC Standard 21-7 Tests of Anchors in Unreinforced Masonry Walls .....- ; = UBC Standard 21-8 Pointing of Unreinforced Masoary Walls 0.0.0 .cceeeeee UBC Standard 21.9 Unbarned Clay Masonry Unis ‘and Standard Methods of Sampling and Testing Unburned Clay Masoary Units .. UBC Standard 21-10 Joint Reinforcement for Masoary vee UBC Standard 21-11 UBC Standard 21-12 Purposes... UBC Standard 21-13 Purposes Soils Classification Cement, Masonry. (Quicklime for Structural Hydrated Lime for Masonry UBC Standard 21-14 UBC Standard 21-15 Mortar for Unit Masonry and Reinforced Masonry Other than Gypsum .- UBC Standard 21-16 Field Tess: Specimens for Mortar «0.2... UBC Standard 21-17 Test Method for Compressive ‘Streagth of Masonry Prisms 7 UBC Standard21-18 Method of Sampling and “Testing Grout ....... UBC Standard 21-19 Groat for Masonry ‘UBC Standard 21-20 Standard Test Method for ‘Flexural Bond Strength of Mortar Cement .. ‘UBC Standard 2-1, Material Spcieations for ‘Structural Steel .... Mortar Cement 3325 3327 3331 3.333, 3335 3337 3343 - 3345 3347 349 3351 3353 3355 . 3397 3359 3363 - 3.367 3309 aa 3.375 3377 3.379 3.381 3-383, 3301EFFECTIVE USE OF THE UNIFORM BUILDING CODE The following procedure may be helpful in using the Uniform Building Code: 1. Classify the building ‘A. OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION: Compute the floor area and occupant load ofthe building or portion thereof. See Sections 207 and 1002 and Table 10-A, Determine the occupancy group which the use of the building or portion thereof most neatly re- semblcs. See Sections 301, 303.1.1, 304.1, 305.1, 306.1, 307.1, 308.1, 309.1, 310.1, 311.1 and 312.1. See Section 302 for buildings with mixed occupancies. B. TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION: Determine the type of construction ofthe building by the building materials used and the fife resistance of the parts of the building. See Chapter 6. C. LOCATION ON PROPERTY: Determine the location of the building on the site and clearances to property lines and other build- ings from the plot plan, See Table 5-A and Sections 602.3, 603.3, 604.3, 605.3 and 606.3 for fie resistance of exterior walls and wall opening requirements based on proximity to property lines. See Section 503. D. ALLOWABLE FLOOR AREA: Determine the allowable floor area of the building, See Table $-B for basic allowable floor area based on occupancy group and type of construction. See Section 50S for allowable increases based on location on property and installation of an approved automatic fie sprinkler system. See Section 504.2 for allowable floor area of multistory buildings. E. HEIGHT AND NUMBER OF STORIES: Compute the height of the building, Section 208, and determine the number of stories, Section 220, See Table 5-B for the maximum height and number of stories permitted based on occupancy group and type of con struction. See Section 506 for allowable story increase based on the installation of an approved automatic fire-sprinkler system. Review the building for conformity with the occupancy requirements in Sections 303 through 312. }. Review the building for conformity with the type of construction requirements in Chapter 6. . Review the building for conformity with the exiting requirements in Chapter 10. Review the building for other detailed code regulations in Chapters 4, 7 through 11, 14, 15, 24 through 26, and 30 through 33, and the appendix. 6. Review the building for conformity with structural engineering regulations and requirements for materials of construction. See Chap- ters 16 through 23, 2a1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE Volume 2 CHAP. 16, OV. 1601 1605.2.1 Chapters 1 through 15 are printed in Volume 1 of the Uniform Building Code. Chapter 16 STRUCTURAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS NOTE: This chapter has been revised in its entirety. Division GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS SECTION 1601 — SCOPE ‘This chapter prescribes general design requirements applicable to all structures regulated by this code. ‘SECTION 1602 — DEFINITIONS ‘The following terms are defined for use in this code: ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a method of proportion- ing structural elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress (also called working stress design). BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor system project- ing from a structure and supported by that structure, with no addi- tional independent supports. equipment incorporated into the building or other structure, DECK is an exterior floor system supported on at least two ‘opposing sides by an adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, ot other independent supports. FACTORED LOAD is the product of a load specified in Sec- tions 1606 through 1611 and a load factor. See Section 1612.2 for combinations of factored loads. LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a structure or compo- nent is judged ether to be no longer useful for its intended function (erviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit state). LIVE LOADS are those loads produced by the use and occu- ppancy of the building or other structure and do not include dead oad, construction load, or environmental loads such as wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load or flood load. LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD) isa ‘method of proportioning structural elements using load and resist- ance factors such that no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all appropriate toad combinations. The term “LRFD" is used in the design of steel and wood structures. STRENGTH DESIGN is a method of proportioning structural elements such that the computed forces produced in the elements by the factored load combinations do not exceed the factored ele- ‘ment strength. The term ‘strength design” is used in the design of concrete and masonry structures. ‘SECTION 1603 — NOTATIONS D = dead load. E_ = earthquake load set forth in Section 1630.1. Em = estimated maximum earthquake force that can be devel- ‘oped in the structure as set forth in Section 1630.1.1. F = load due to fluids. H_ = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in sol L = live load, except roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction. = roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction. ponding load. snow load. = selfstraining force and effects arising from contraction cr expansion resulting from temperature change, shrink- age, moisture change, creep in component materials, movement due to differential setlement, or combina- tions thereof. W = load due to wind pressure. sow et SECTION 1604 — STANDARDS The standards listed below are recognized standards (see Section 3504). 1, Wind Design, 11 ASCE 7, Chapter 6, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures 1.2 ANSIEIA/TIA 222-E, Structural Standards for Steel Antenna Towers and Antenna Supporting Structures 13 ANSUNAAMM FPIOO1, Guide Specifications for the Design Loads of Metal Flagpoles SECTION 1605 — DESIGN 1605.1. General. Buildings and other structures and all portions thereof shall be designed and constructed to sustain, within the limitations specified in this code, all loads set forth in Chapter 16 and elsewhere in this code, combined in accordance with Section 1612. Design shall be in accordance with Strength Design, Load and Resistance Factor Design or Allowable Stress Design meth- ods, as permitted by the applicable materials chapters, EXCEPTION: Unless otherwise required by the building offica, buildings or portions thereof that are constacted in accordance with the conventional light-traming tequzements specified in Chapter 23 of this cade shal be deemed to meet the requcements ofthis section. 1605.2 Rationality. Any system or method of construction to be used shall be based on a rational analysis in accordance with well- established principles of mechanics. Such analysis shall result in a system that provides a complete load path capable of transferring all loads and forces from their point of origi to the load-resisting clements. The analysis shall include, but not be limited to, the pro- visions of Sections 1605.2.1 through 1605.23. 1605.2.1 Distribution of horizontal shear. The total lateral force shall be distributed to the various vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system in proportion to their rigidities con- sidering the rigidity of the horizontal bracing system or dia- phragm. Rigid clements that are assumed not to be part of the lateral-force-resisting system may be incorporated into buildings, provided that their effect on the action of the system is considered and provided for in the design. aCHAP. 16, DIV. 1605.24 1607.42 Provision shall be made for the increased forces induced on resisting elements of the structural system resulting from torsion ‘due to eccentricity between the center of application of the lateral forces and the center of rigidity of the lateral-force-resisting sys- tem. For accidental torsion requirements for seismic design, see ‘Section 1630.6. 1605.2.2 Stability against overturning. Every structure shall be designed to resist the overturning effects caused by the lateral forces specified inthis chapter. See Section 1611.6 for retaining ‘walls, Section 1615 for wind and Section 1626 for seismic. 1605.2.3 Anchorage. Anchorage of the roof to walls and col- ‘umns, and of walls and columns to foundations, shall be provided to resist the uplift and sliding forces that result from the applica- tion of the prescribed forces. Concrete and masonry walls shall be anchored to all floors, roofs and other structural elements that provide lateral support for the wall. Such anchorage shall provide a positive direct connec- tion capable of resisting the horizontal forces specified in this chapter but not less than the minimum forces in Section 1611.4. In addition, in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, diaphragm to wall anchorage ‘using embedded straps shall have the straps attached to of hooked ‘around the reinforcing tee] or otherwise terminated so as to effec- tively transfer forces to the reinforcing steel. Walls shall be designed to resist bending between anchors where the anchor spacing exceeds 4 feet (1219 mm). Required anchors in masonry Walls of hollow units or cavity walls shall be embedded in a rein- forced grouted structural element of the wall. See Sections 1632, 1633.2.8 and 1633.2.9 for earthquake design requirements. 1605.3 Erection of Structural Framing. Walls and structural framing shall be erected true and plumb in accordance with the design. ‘SECTION 1606 — DEAD LOADS 1606.1 General. Dead loads shall be as defined in Section 1602 and this section. 1606.2 Partition Loads. Floors in office buildings and other buildings where partion locations are subject to change shall be designed to support, in addition to all other loads, a uniformly dis- tributed dead load equal to 20 pounds per square foot (psf (0.96 N/m?) of floor area. EXCEPTION: Ascess or systems shall be designed to supp, inaction oa oberon auf Sistibted dea load nt ess than 10 pal (048 KN) of lor aren. ‘SECTION 1607 — LIVE LOADS 1607.1 General. Live loads shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy but in no case shall be less than the loads required by this section. 1607.2. Critical Distribution of Live Loads. Where structural ‘members are arranged 0 create continuity, members shall be designed using the loading conditions, which would cause maxi- ‘mum shear and bending moments. This requirement may be satis- fied in accordance with the provisions of Section 1607.3.2 or 1607.4.2, where applicable, 1607.3 Floor Live Loads. 1607.1 General. Floors shall be designed for the unit live Joads as set forth in Table 16-A. These loads shall be taken as the minimum live loads in pounds per square fo0t of horizontal pro- jection to be used in the design of buildings for the occupancies 22 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE listed, and loads at least equal shall be assumed for uses not listed in this section bu that ereate or accommodate similar loadings. ‘Where it can be determined in designing floors thatthe actual live Toad willbe greater than the value shown in Table 16-A, the actual lve load shall be used inthe design of such buildings or por tions thereof. Special provisions shall be made for machine and. apparatus loads, 1607.32 Distribution of uniform floor loads. Where uniform floor loads are involved, consideration may be limited to full dead Joad on all spans in combination with full ive load on adjacent spans and allemate spans. 1607.33 Concentrated loads. Provision shall be made in designing floors for a concentrated load, L, as set forth in Table 16-A placed upon any space 24/s feet (762 mm) square, wherever this load upon an otherwise unloaded floor would produce stresses greater than those caused by the uniform load required therefor. Provision shall be made in areas where vehicles are used or stored for concentrated loads, , consisting of two or more loads spaced 5 feet (1524 mm) nominally on center without uniform live loads. Each load shall be 40 percent of the gross weight of the maximum-size vehicle o be accommodated. Parking garages for the storage of private or pleasure-type motor vehicles with no repair or refueling shall havea floor system designed fora concen- trated load of not less than 2,000 pounds (8.9 KN) acting on an area ‘of 20 square inches (12 903 mm?) without uniform live loads. The ‘condition of concentrated or uniform live load, combined in accordance with Section 1612.2 or 1612.3 as appropriate, produc- ing the greatest stresses shall govern, 1607.34 Special loads. Provision shall be made forthe special: vertical and lateral loads as set forth in Table 16-B. 160735 Live loads posted. The live loads for which each floor ‘ot portion thereof of a commercial or industrial building is or has been designed shall have such design live loads conspicuously posted by the owner in that part of each story in which they apply, ‘Using durable metal signs, and it shall be unlawful to remove or ‘deface such notices. The occupant of the building shall be respon- sible for keeping the actual load below the allowable limits. 1607.4 Roof Live Loads. 1607.4. General. Roofs shall be designed for the unit live loads, L, set forth in Table 16-C. The lve loads shall be assumed to act vertically upon the area projected on a horizontal plane. 1607.42 Distribution of loads. Where uniform roof loads are involved in the design of structural members arranged to create continuity, consideration may be limited to full dead loads on all spans in combination with full rof live loads on adjacent spans and on alternate spans. EXCEPTION: Alternate span loading need not be considered where the uniform oof lve lad is 20 ps (0.96 kNAw! or mor ot Mere load combinations, including snow load esl in larger meme ters or comecions For those conditions where light-gage metal preformed struc- tural shets serve as the suppor and finish of roofs, roof structural members arranged to create continuity shall be considered ade- {uate if designed for full dead loads on all spans in combination ‘ith the most eitcal one ofthe following superimposed toads: 1. Snow load in accordance with Section 1614 2. The uniform roof live load. L,, set forth in Table 16-C on all spans. 3. A concentrated gravity load, L,, of 2,000 pounds (8.9 kN) placed on any span supporting a tributary area greater than 200 ‘square feet (18.38 m2) lo create maximum stresses in the member.1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE whenever this loading creates greater stresses than those caused by the uniform live load. The concentrated load shall be placed on the member over a length of 2! feet (762 mm) along the span. ‘The concentrated load need not be applied to more than one span simultaneously. 4. Water accumulation as prescribed in Section 1611.7. 160743 Unbalanced loading. Unbalanced loads shall be used where such loading will result in larger members or connections. ‘Trusses and arches shall be designed to resist the stresses caused by unit live foads on one half of the span if such loading results in reverse stresses, or stresses greater in any portion than the stresses produced by the required unit live load on the entire span. For roofs whose structures are composed ofa stressed shell, framed or solid, wherein stresses caused by any point loading are distributed throughout the area ofthe shell. the requirements for unbalanced unit live load design may be reduced 50 percent. 1607.44 Special roof loads. Roofs to be used for special pur- ‘poses shall be designed for appropriate loads as approved by the building official. Greenhouse roof bars, purtins and rafters shall be designed to ‘carry a 100-pound-minimum (444.8 N) concentrated load, L,, in addition to the uniform live load. 1607.5 Reduction of Live Loads. The design live load deter- ‘mined using the unit live loads asset forth in Table 16-A for floors and Table 16-C, Method 2, for roofs may be reduced on any mem- ber supporting more than 150 square feet (13.94 m?), including flat slabs, except for floors in places of public assembly and for live loads greater than 100 psf (4.79 kN/m?), in accordance with the following formut R=r(A-150) (7-1) For Sk: Rer(A-13.94) ‘The reduction shall not exceed 40 percent for members receiv- ing toad from one level only, 60 percent for other members or R, as determined by the following formula: =23.1(1 + D/L) 72) WHERE: ‘A. = atea of floor or roof supported by the member, square feet (m2). ‘D = dead load per square foot (m*) of area supported by the member. L_ = unit live load per square fo0t (m2) of area supported by the member. R = reduction in percentage, 1F = rate of reduction equal to 0.08 percent for floors. See Table 16-C for roots. For storage loads exceeding 100 psf (4.79 kN/m?), no reduction shall be made, except that design live loads on columns may be reduced 20 percent ‘The live load reduction shall not exceed 40 percent in garages for the storage of private pleasure cars having a capacity of not more than nine passengers per vehicle. 1607.6 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction. As an alternate to Formula (7-1), the unit five loads set forth in Table 16-A may be reduced in accordance with Formula (7-3) on any member, includ- ing flat slabs, having an influence area of 400 square feet (37.2 m?) or more. an For Sk: fot ‘Ar = influence area, in square feet (m2). The influence area Ay is four times the tributary area for a column, two times the tributary area for a beam, equal to the panel area for a two-way slab, and equal to the product of the span and the full ange width fora precast Tbeam. L = reduced design live load per square foot (m") of area supported by the member. Ty = unreduced design live load per square foot (m) of area supported by the member (Table 16-A). ‘The reduced lve load shall not be less than 50 percent ofthe uit live load Ly for members receiving load from one level only, nor less than 40 percent of the unt live load L for other members. SECTION 1608 — SNOW LOADS ‘Snow loads shall be determined in accordance Division I. Chapter 16, SECTION 1609 — WIND LOADS Wind loads shall be determined in accordance with Chapter 16, Division ML. SECTION 1610 — EARTHQUAKE LOADS Earthquake loads shall be determined in accordance with Chapter 16, Division IV. SECTION 1611 — OTHER MINIMUM LOADS 1611.1 General. In addition to the other design loads specified inthis chapter, structures shall be designed to resist the loads spe- Cifed inthis section and the special loads set fort in Table 16-B. 1611.2 Other Loads. Buildings and other structures and por- tions thereof shall be designed to resist all loads due to applicable fluid pressures, F lateral soil pressures, H, ponding loads, P, and self-straining forces, T. See Section 1611.7 for ponding loads for roofs. 1611.3 Impact Loads. Impact loads shall be included in the design of any structure where impact loads occur. 1611.4 Anchorage of Concrete and Masonry Walls. Concrete and masonry walls shall be anchored as required by Section 1605.23. Such anchorage shall be capable of resisting the load combinations of Section 1612.2 of 1612.3 using the greater of the wind or earthquake loads required by this chapter ora minimum horizontal force of 280 pounds per linear foot (4.09 kN/m) of wal, substituted for E. 16115 Interior Wall Loads. Interior walls, permanent partitions and temporary partition that exceed 6 feet (1829 mun) in height shall be designed to resist all loads to which they are subjected but ‘not less than a load, L, of 5 psf (0.24 kN/m?) applied perpendicu- lar tothe walls. The 5 psf (0.24 kN/m?) load need not be applied simultaneously with wind or seismic loads. The deflection of such 2CHAP. 16, DIV. 16118 1612.32 ‘walls under a load of S psf (0.24 kNim?) shall not exceed "/ao of, the span for walls with brittle finishes and '/129 of the span for walls with flexible finishes. See Table 16-O for earthquake design requirements where such requirements are more restrictive. EXCEPTION: Flexible, folding or portable partitions are not required to met the load and defection ceria bul must be anchored fo be supporting stuerure to meet the provisions ofthis code. 1611.6 Retaining Walls. Retaining walls shall be designed to resist loads due to the lateral pressure of retained material in accordance with accepted engineering practice. Walls retaining ‘rained soil, where the surface of the retained so is level, shall be ‘designed for a load, H, equivalent to that exerted by a fluid weigh- {ng aot less than 30 psf per foot of depth (4.71 kN/m2/m) and hav- ing a depth equal to that of the retained soil. Any surcharge shall be in addition to the equivalent fluid pressure, Retaining walls shall be designed to resist sliding by at least 15 times the lateral force and overturning by at least 1.5 times the overturning moment, using allowable stress design loads. 1611.7 Water Accumulation. All roofs shall be designed with sufficient slope or camber to ensure adequate drainage after the long-term deflection from dead load or shal be designed to resist ponding load, P, combined in accordance with Section 1612.2 or 1612.3. Ponding load shall include water accumulation from any source, including snow, due to deflection. See Section 1506 and Table 16-C, Footnote 3, for drainage slope. See Section 1615 for deflection criteria. 1611.8 Hydrostatic Uplift. All foundations, slabs and other footings subjected to water pressure shall be designed to resist a uniformly distributed uplift load, F equal to the full hydrostatic For flood-resistant con- struction requirements, where specifically adopted, see Appendix Chapter 16, Division IV. 1611.10 Heliport and Helistop Landing Areas. In additi other design requitements of this chapter, heliport and helistop landing or touchdown areas shall be designed for the following loads, combined in accordance with Section 1612.2 of 1612.3: 1. Dead load plus actual weight of the helicopter. _2. Dead load plus single concentrated impact load, L, cover- ing 1 square foot (0.093 m2) of 0.75 times the fully loaded weight of the helicopter if it is equipped with hydraulic-type shock absorbers, or 1.5 times the fully loaded weight of the helicopter if it is equipped with a rigid or skid-type landing gear. 3. The dead load plus a uniform live load, L, of 100 psf (4.8 KN/ m?), The required live load may be reduced in accordance with Section 1607.5 ot 1607.6. 1611.11 Prefabricated Construction. 1611.11.1 Connections. Every device used to connect pre- fabricated assemblies shall be designed as required by this code and shall be capable of developing the strength of the members connected, except inthe ease of members forming part ofa struc- tural frame designed as specified in this chapter. Connections shal be capable of withstanding uplift forces as specified in this chapter, 1611.11.2 Pipes and conduit In structural design, due allowance shall be made forany material to be removed forthe installation of pipes, conduits or other equipment 1611.11.3 Tests and inspections. See Section 1704 for require- ments for tests and inspections of prefabricated construction. aa 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE SECTION 1612 — COMBINATIONS OF LOADS 1612.1 General. Buildings and other structures and all portions thereof shall be designed to resis the oad combinations specified in Section 1612.2 or 1612.3 and, where required by Chapter 16, Division IV, or Chapters 18 through 23, the special seismic load ‘combinations of Section 1612.4. “The most critical effect can occur when one or more ofthe con- ling loads are not ating. All applicable loads shall be consid ered, including both earthquake and wind, in accordance with the specified load combinations. 1612.2 Load Combinations Using Strength Design or Load and Resistance Factor Design. 1612.2.1 Basic load combinations. Where Load and Resistance Factor Design (Strength Design) is used, structures and all por- tions thereof shall resist the most critical effects from the follow- ‘ng combinations of factored loads: 14D (24) 1.2D + 1.6L +05 (Lr or S) (122) 12D +16, orS)+ (iL or08W) (12:3) 1.2D + 13W + fil +05 (Ly or) (2-4) 1.2D + 1.06 + (il + £25) (2-5) 09D # (LOE or 1.34) (12-6) WHERE: fi = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 100 psf (4.9 kN/m?), and for garage live load. = O55 for other live loads. fr = 027 for roof configurations (such as saw tooth) that do not shed snow off the structure. = 02 for other roof configurations. EXCEPTIONS: 1. Facored losd combinations for coctete pet Section 1909.2 where lead combinations donot include seismic forces. 2. Factored lod combinations ofthis section multiplied by 1.1 for concrete and masonry where toad combinations include seismic forces. ‘3. Where ber factored fad combination are specifically required bythe provisions ofthis code 1612.2.2 Other loads. Where FH, P ot Tare to be considered in design, each applicable load shall be added tothe above combina- tions factored as follows: 1.38, 1.6H, 1.2P and 1.27. 16123 Load Combinations Using Allowable Stress Design. 1612.3.1 Basic load combinations. Where allowable stress design (working stress design) is used, structures and all portions thereof shall resist the most critical effects resulting from the fol- lowing combinations of loads: D (2-7) D+L+(LorS) (12-8) p+ (wo & (129) os + £ (12-10) i 2. D+ ort + dors) + (Wor £)] aa No increase in allowable stresses shall be used with these load combinations except as specifically permitted by Section 1808.2. 1612.3.2 Alternate basic load combinations. In liev of the basic load combinations specified in Section 1612.3.1, structures and1997 UNIFORM BUILOING CODE portions thereof shall be permitted to be designed forthe most crit- ical effects resulting from the following toad combinations. When using these alternate basic load combinations, a one-third increase shall be permitted in allowable stresses for all combinations, including W or E. D+tL+ Gos (1212) p+L+(wor &) (12-13) Deitwes (12-14) D+L+se® (12-15) D+L+S+ (12-16) 14 EXCEPTIONS: 1. Crane book loads need aot be combined with roof live lad or with more than ve fourths ofthe snow load of one half of he wind ion. 2. Design stow loads of 30 ps (144 KNin?) oes ned a0 be com bined with seismic loads. Whee desig sow lads exczed 30 psf (14 ‘eN/m?, the design snow load shal be included with seismic loads, but may be reduced up o 78 peovat where cossideatio of sting, contig: {ration and oad duration warrant when approved by the building of ial 1612.33 Other loads. Where F H, Por T are to be considered in design, each applicable load shall be added to the combinations specified in Sections 1612.3.1 and 1612.3.2. When using the alter- nate load combinations specified in Section 1612.3.2,a one-third 1613 increase shall be permitted in allowable stresses for all combina tions including W or 1612.4 Special Seismic Load Combinations. For both Allow- able Stress Design and Strength Design. the following special load combinations for seismic design shall be used as specifically required by Chapter 16, Division TV, or by Chapters 18 through 23: 12D + fl + 106. (2.47) LOE. (12-18) os WHERE: — fi = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly for live loads in excess of 100 psf (4.79 kNim?), and for garage live load. 5 for other live loads. SECTION 1613 — DEFLECTION ‘The deflection of any structural member shall not exceed the val- ves se forth in Table 16-D, based on the faciors set forth in Table 16-E. The deflection criteria representing the most restrictive con- dition shall apply. Deflection criteria for materials not specified shall be developed in a manner consistent with the provisions of this section, See Section 1611.7 for camber requirements. Span tables for light wood-frame construction as specified in Chapter 23, Division VIL, shall conform to the design criteria contained therein. For concrete, see Section 1909.5.2.6; for aluminum, see ‘Section 2003; for glazing framing, see Section 2404.2.CHAP. 16, DIV. 1014 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE Division It-SNOW LOADS SECTION 1614 — SNOW LOADS Buildings and other structures and all portions thereof that are sub- ject to snow loading shall be designed to resist the snow loads, as Getermined by the building official, in accordance with the load combinations set forth in Section 1612.2 of 1612.3. Potential unbalanced accumulation of snow at valleys, para- pets, roof structures and offsets in roofs of uneven configuration shall be considered. ‘Snow loads in excess of 20 psf (0.96 kN/m?) may be reduced for ‘each degree of pitch over 20 degrees by Ry as determined by the formula: 26 -s 1 R= §-3 (4-1) For SI = £- R= H- 0.0% WHERE: R= snow load reduction in pounds per square fot (KN/m?) per degree of pitch over 20 degrees. = total snow load in pounds per square foot (kN/m?). For alternate design procedure, where specifically adopted, see ‘Appendix Chapter 16, Division I1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE ‘1615, 16283 Division If-WIND DESIGN SECTION 1615 — GENERAL Every building or siructure and every portion thereof shall be de- signed and constructed to resist the wind effects determined in ac- ‘cordance with the requirements of this division. Wind shall be assumed to come from any horizontal direction. No teduction in wind pressure shall be taken for the shielding effect of adjacent structures. Structures sensitive to dynamic effects, such as buildings with a height-to-width ratio greater than five, structures sensitive to wind-excited oscillations, such as vortex shedding or icing, and buildings over 400 feet (121.9 m) in height, shall be, and any struc- ture may be, designed in accordance with approved national standards. ‘The provisions of this section do not apply to building and foun- dation systems in those areas subject to scour and water pressure by wind and wave action. Buildings and foundations subject t0 such loads shall be designed in accordance with approved national standards. ‘SECTION 1616 — DEFINITIONS The following definitions apply only to this division: BASIC WIND SPEED is the fastest-mile wind speed asso- ciated with an annual probability of 0.02 measured at a point 33 feet (10 000 mm) above the ground for an area having exposure category C. * EXPOSURE B has terrain with buildings, forest or surface ir regularities, covering at least 20 percent ofthe ground level area extending 1 mile (1.61 km) of more from the site. EXPOSURE C has terrain that is flat and generally open, ex- tending '/2 mile (0.81 km) or more from the site in any full quad- rant. EXPOSURE D represents the most severe exposure in areas with basic wind speeds of 80 miles per hour (mph) (129 km/h) or greater and has terrain that is flat and unobstructed facing large bo- dies of water over 1 mile (1.61 km) or more in width relative to any quadrant of the building site. Exposure D extends inland from the shoreline 1/5 mile (0.40 km) or 10 times the building height, whichever is greater. FASTEST-MILE WIND SPEED is the wind speed obtained from wind velocity maps prepared by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration and isthe highest sustained av- erage wind speed based on the time required for a mile-long sam- ple of air to passa fixed point. OPENINGS are apertures or holes in the exterior wall bound- ary of the structure. All windows or doors or other openings shall be considered as openings unless such openings and their frames are specifically detailed and designed to resist the loads on ele- ‘ments and components in accordance with the provisions of this section. PARTIALLY ENCLOSED STRUCTURE OR STORY is a structure or story that has more than 15 percent of any windward projected area open and the area of opening on all other projected areas is less than half of that on the windward projection. ‘SPECIAL WIND REGION is an area where local records and terrain features indicate 50-year fastest-mile basic wind speed is higher than shown in Figure 16-1. UNENCLOSED STRUCTURE OR STORY is a structure that has 85 percent or more openings on all sides. SECTION 1617 — SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS The following symbols and notations apply to the provisions of this division, Ce = combined height. exposure and gust factor coefficient as given in Table 16-G. = pressure coefficient forthe structure or portion of struc- ture under consideration as given in Table 16-H. importance factor as set forth in Table 16-K. design wind pressure. wind stagnation pressure atthe standard height of 33 feet (10.000 mm) as set forth in Table 16-F. SECTION 1618 — BASIC WIND SPEED ‘The minimum basic wind speed at any site shall not be less than that shown in Figure 16-1. For those areas designated in Figure 16-1 as special wind regions and other areas where local records or terrain indicate higher 50-year (mean recurrence interval) fastest- mile wind speeds, these higher values shall be the minimum basic ‘wind speeds. SECTION 1619 — EXPOSURE ‘An exposure shall be assigned at each site for which a building or structure isto be designed. SECTION 1620 — DESIGN WIND PRESSURES Design wind pressures for buildings and structures and elements therein shall be determined for any height in accordance with the following formula: P=CeCy aby (201) ‘SECTION 1621 — PRIMARY FRAMES AND SYSTEMS 1621.1 General. The primary frames or load-resisting system of every structure shall be designed for the pressures calculated us- ing Formula (20-1) and the pressure coefficients, Cy, of either Method 1 ot Method 2. in addition. design of the overall structure and its primary load-resisting system shall conform to Section 1605. ‘The base overturning moment for the enie structure, or for any ‘one of its individual primary lateral-tesisting elements, shall not ‘exceed two thirds ofthe dead-load-resisting moment. For an entire structure with a height-to-width ratio of 0.5 or less in the wind di rection and a maximum height of 60 feet (18 290 mm), the combi nation of the effects of uplift and overturning may be reduced by ‘one third. The weight of earth superimposed over footings may be used to calculate the dead-load-resisting moment. 1621.2 Method 1 (Normal Force Method), Method 1 shall be used for the design of gabled rigid frames and may be used for any structure. In the Normal Force Method, the wind pressures shall be assumed to act simultaneously normal to all exterior surfaces. For pressures on roofs and leeward walls, C, shall be evaluated atthe ‘mean roof height. 1621.3 Method 2 (Projected Area Method). Method 2 may be used for any structure less than 200 feet (60 960 mm) in eight ex- cept those using gabled rigid frames. This method may be used in stability determinations for any structure less than 200 feet (60 960 mm) high. Inthe Projected Area Method, horizontal pres- sures shall be assumed to act upon the full vertical projected area - a7(CHAP. 16, DIV. 162153 1625 of the structure, and the vertical pressures shall be assumed to act simultaneously upon the full horizontal projected area. SECTION 1622 — ELEMENTS AND COMPONENTS OF STRUCTURES Design wind pressures for each element or component ofa siruc- ture shall be determined from Formula (20-1) and Cy values from ‘Table 16-H, and shal be applied perpendicular to the surface. For ‘outward acting forces the value of C, shall be obtained from Table 16-G based on the mean roof height and applied for the entire height of the structure. Each element or component shall be de- signed for the more severe ofthe following loadings: 1. The pressures determined using C, values for elements and ‘components acting over the entire tributary area of the element. 2. The pressures determined using Cy values for local areas at discontinuities such as corners, ridges and eaves. These local pres- sures shall be applied over 2 distance from a discontinuity of 10 feet (3048 mm) or 0.1 times the least width of the structure, whichever is less. “The wind pressures from Sections 1621 and 1622 need not be combined. 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE ‘SECTION 1623 — OPEN-FRAME TOWERS Radio towers and other towers of trussed construction shall be de- signed and constructed to withstand wind pressures specified in this section, multiplied by the shape factors set forth in Table 16H. ‘SECTION 1624 — MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES Greenhouses, lath houses, agricultural buildings or fences 12 feet (2658 mm) or less in height shall be designed in accordance with Chapter 16, Division Il, However, three fourths of q, bu nt less than 10 psf (0.48 kN/m), may be substituted for , in Formula (20-1), Pressures on local areas at discontinuities need not be con- sidered. SECTION 1625 — OCCUPANCY CATEGORIES For the purpose of wind-resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one of the occupancy categories listed in Table 16-K. Table 16-K lists importance factors, ly, for each category.1987 UNIFORM BUILDING LODE 1626, 1627 Division 'V—EARTHQUAKE DESIGN ‘SECTION 1626 — GENERAL 1626.1 Purpose. The purpose of the earthquake provisions herein is primarily to safeguard against major structural failures and loss Of life, not to limit damage or maintain function. 1626.2 Minimum Seismic Design. Structures and portions thereof shall, as a minimum, be designed and constructed to resist the effects of seismic ground motions as provided in this division. 1626.3 Seismic and Wind Design. When the code-prescribed wind design produces greater effects, the wind design shall gov- ‘em, but detailing requirements and limitations prescribed in this ‘section and referenced sections shall be followed. SECTION 1627 — DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this division, certain terms are defined as fol lows: BASE is the level at which the earthquake motions are consid- ‘ered to be imparted to the structure or the level at which the struc- ture as a dynamic vibrator is supported. BASE SHEAR, Vis the total design lateral force or shear at the base of a structure. BEARING WALL SYSTEM isa structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame. See Section 1629.62. BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an clement at edges of openings ‘or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms. BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system of the ‘concentric or eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces. BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete ‘space frame that provides suppor for gravity loads. See Secti 1629.63. CANTILEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT is a column ele- ‘ment in a lateral-force-resisting system that cantilevers from a fixed base and has minimal moment capacity atthe top, with lat- eral forces applied essentially atthe top. COLLECTOR is a member or element provided to transfer lat- eral forces from a portion ofa structure to vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system. COMPONENT is a part or element of an architectural, electri- ceal, mechanical or structural system. COMPONENT, EQUIPMENT, is a mechanical or electrical ‘component or element that is part of a mechanical and/or electrical system. COMPONENT, FLEXIBLE, is a component, including its attachments, having a fundamental period greater than 0.06 sec- ond. COMPONENT, RIGID, is a component, including its attach- ments, having a fundamental period less than or equal to 0.06 sec- ond. CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces. DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that ground motion that has a 10 percent chance of being exceeded in 50 years as deter- mined by a site-specific bazard analysis or may be determined from a hazard map. A suite of ground motion time histories with dynamic properties representative of the site characteristics shall be used to represent this ground motion, The dynamic effets of the Design Basis Ground Motion may be represented by the Design Response Spectrum, See Section 1631.2. DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an elastic response spectrum for 5 percent equivalent viscous damping used to repre- sent the dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion for the design of structures in accordance with Sections 1630 and 1631. This response spectrum may be either a site-specific spec- trum based on geologic, tectonic, seismological and soil charac- teristics associated with a specific site or may be a spectrum Constructed in accordance with the spectral shape in Figure 16-3, using the site-specific values of C, and C, and muliplied by the acceleration of gravity, 386.4 in./sec.? (9.815 misec.*), See Sec- tion 1631.2 DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE is the minimum total stength de- sign base shear, factored and distributed in accordance with Sec- tion 1630. DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system act- {ng to transmit lateral forces to the vertical-resisting elements. The term “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing systems. DIAPHRAGM or SHEAR WALL CHORD is the boundary clement of a diaphragm or shear wall that is assumed to take axial stresses analogous 10 the flanges of a beam DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag strut, tie, collector) is the ele ‘ment of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm shear to the vertical-resistng elements or dis- tributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members may take axial tension or compression. DRIFT. See “story drift.” DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-esisting frames. ‘and shear walls or braced frames designed in accordance with the criteria of Section 1629.6.5. ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) is a steel- braced frame designed in conformance with Section 2213.10. ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces and deformations determined from an elastic dynamic analysis using ‘an unreduced ground motion representation, in accordance with Section 1630. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are nec- essary for emergency operations subsequent 1o a natural disaster. FLEXIBLE ELEMENT ot system is one whose deformation under lateral load is significantly larger than adjoining parts of the ‘system. Limiting ratios for defining specific flexible elements are set forth in Section 1630.6. . HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is 2 horizontal truss. system that serves the same function as a diaphragm. INTERMEDIATE MOMENT-RESISTING _ FRAME (IMRE) is a concrete frame designed in accordance with Section 19218. LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that part of the structural system designed to resist the Design Seismic Forces. MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME is a frame in which memn- bers and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by Hexure, MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWF) is a ‘masonry wal frame especially detailed to provide ductile bebav- ior and designed in conformance with Section 2108.2.5. ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBF) is a steel-braced frame designed in accordance with the provisions of Section 20~ CHAP. 16, DIV.1V. 1027 1628 2213.8 ot 22146, or concrete-braced frame designed in accord- ance with Section 1921. ORDINARY MOMENT:RESISTING FRAME (OMRF) is ‘a moment-resisting frame not meeting special detailing require- ments for ductile behavior. ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS ate the earthquake load effects on structural elements common tothe lateral-force-resisting sys- tems along two orthogonal axes. OVERSTRENGTH is a characteristic of structures where the actual strength is larger than the design strength. The degree of ‘overstrength is material- and system-dependent. PA EFFECT isthe secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads acting con the laterally displaced building system. ‘SHEAR WALL is a wall designed to resist lateral forces paral- lel to the plane of the wall (sometimes referred to as vertical dia- phragm or structural wall) SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM uses combinations of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to their relative rigidities, considering inter- action between shear walls and frames on al levels. ‘SOFT STORY is one in which he lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent ofthe stiffness ofthe story above. See Table 16-L. SPACE FRAME is a three-dimensional structural system, without bearing walls, composed of members interconnected so as f0 function as a complete self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or loor-bracing systems. SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) isa steel-braced frame designed in conformance withthe provisions of Section 2213.9. SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) is a momentresisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior and comply with the requirements given in Chapter 19 0 22. SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STMF) is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile ‘behavior and comply with the provisions of Section 2213.11. STORY isthe space between levels Story xis the story below Level x. STORY DRIFT is the lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or below. STORY DRIFT RATIO isthe story drift divided by the story height. STORY SHEAR, Vz, isthe summation of design lateral forces above the story under consideration. STRENGTH isthe capacity of an element or a member to resist factored load as specified in Chapters 16. 18, 19, 21 and 22. STRUCTURE is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral fores. Structures may be categorized as building structures or nonbuilding structures. ‘SUBDIAPHRAGM is 2 portion of a larger wood diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer local forces to primary diaphragm struts and the main diaphragm. VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME is a space frame designed to carry vertical gravity loads WALL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM is the system of elements anchoring the wall tothe diaphragm and those elements within the diaphragm required to develop the anchorage forces, including 240 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE subdiaphragms and continuous ties, as specified in Sections 1633.28 and 1633.29. WEAK STORY is one in which the story strength is less than £80 percent of the story above. See Table 16-L. SECTION 1628 — SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS The fol this divi ‘Ag = ground floor area of structure in square feet (m?) to include area covered by all overhangs and projec- tions. ‘Ac. = the combined effective area, in square feet (m?), of the shear walls inthe first story of the structure. ‘Ae = the minimum cross-sectional area in any horizontal plane in the first story, in square feet (m2) of a shear wall ‘Ag = the torsional amplification factor at Level x ‘dy = numerical coefficient specified in Section 1632 and set forth in Table 16-0. Cy = seismic coefficient, asset forth in Table 16-0. G, = numerical coefficient given in Section 1630.2.2, G D ng symbols and notations apply to the provisions of jon: = seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 16-R. = dead load on a structural element. Dz = the length, in fet (m), ofa shear wall inthe fist story in the direction parallel to the applied forces. E,Ey Em Ey = earthquake loads set forth in Section 1630.1. Fi Fry F, = Design Seismic Force applied to Level jn of x respectively, Fp = Design Forces on a part of the structure. Design Seismic Force on a diaphragm. that portion of the base shear, V; considered concen- trated atthe top of the structure in addition to lateral force at Level i for use in Formula (30-10). acceleration due to gravity. height in feet (m) above the base to Level i, n or respectively. importance factor given in Table 16-K. importance factor specified in Table 16-K. live load on a structural efement level of the structure referred to by the subscript i, ‘4j = 1” designates the first level above the base. Level n= that level that is uppermost in the main portion of the structure, hat level that is under design consideration. designates the first level above the base M_ = maximum moment magnitude Ng. = near-source factor used in the determination of Cy ia Seismic Zone 4 related to both the proximity of the building or structure to known faults with magnitudes and slip rates as set forth in Tables 16-S and 16-U, near-source factor used in the determination of C, in Seismic Zone 4 related to both the proximity of the building or structure ro known faults with magnitudes and slip rates as set forth in Tables 16-T and 16-U.1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE PI = plasticity index of soil determined in accordance with approved national standards. R = numerical coefficient representative ofthe inherent coverstrength and global ductility capacity of lateral- force-resisting systems, asset forth in Table 16-N or 16. 1 = a ratio used in determining p. See Section 1630.1 eee oe --Se_ = soil profile types as set forth in Table 16-J T = elastic fundamental period of vibration, in seconds, of the structure in the direction under consideration. the (otal design lateral force or shear atthe base given by Formula (30-5), (30-6), (30-7) or (30-11). VY, = the design story shear in Story x W = the total seismic dead load defined in Section 1630.1.1. = that portion of W located at or assigned to Level iors, respectively. = the weight of an element or component. = the weight ofthe diaphragm and the element tributary thereto at Level x, including applicable portions of other loads defined in Section 1630.1.1 ‘= seismic zone factor as given in Table 16-1. ‘Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, which is the total drift or total story drift that occurs when the structure is subjected to the Design Basis Ground Motion, including estimated elastic and inelastic ‘contributions to the total deformation defined in Sec- tion 16309, ‘As = Design Level Response Displacement, which is the total drift or total story drift that occurs when the structure is subjected t0 the design seismic forces. & = horizontal displacement at Level relative tothe base due to applied lateral forces, f, for use in Formula (30-10). p= Redundancy/Reliability Factor given by Formula (30-3) % = Seismic Force Amplification Factor, which is required to account for structural overstrength and set forth in Table 16-N. < By SECTION 1629 — CRITERIA SELECTION 1629.1 Basis for Design. The procedures and the limitations for the design of structures shall be determined considering seismic zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configuration, structural system and height in accordance with this section. Structures shall be designed with adequate strength to withstand the lateral dis- placements induced by the Design Basis Ground Motion, consid- ering the inelastic response of the structure and the inherent redundancy, overstrength and ductility of the lateral-force- resisting system. The minimum design sirength shall be based on the Design Seismic Forces determined in accordance with the static lateral force procedure of Section 1630, except as modified by Section 1631.5.4, Where strength design is used, the load com- binations of Section 1612.2 shall apply. Where Allowable Stress Design is used, the load combinations of Section 1612.3 shall apply. Allowable Stress Design may be used to evaluate sliding or ‘overturning atthe soil-structure interface regardles ofthe design approach used in the design of the structure, provided load com- 1628 16295.1 binations of Section 1612.3 are utilized. One- and two-family dwellings in Seismic Zone | need not conform to the provisions of this section, 1629.2 Occupancy Categories. For purposes of earthquake- resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one ofthe occu- pancy categories listed in Table 16-K. Table 16-K assigns impor- {ance factors, and Jp, and structural observation requirements for each category. 1629.3 Site Geology and Soil Characteristics. Each site shall be assigned a soil profile type based on properly substantiated geotectinical data using the site categorization procedure set forth in Division VI, Section 1636 and Table 16-1. EXCEPTION: When the sol properties ate not known in sufficient detail to determine the sol profie type, Type Sp shall be wed Sol Pro- file Type Se oF Sp need not be assumed unles the building official ‘determines that Type Se or Sr may be present athe sit ri he event that Type Se or Sri established by geotechnical dats, 1629.1 Soil profite type. Soil Profile Types Sx. Sp, Sc, Sp and ‘are defined in Table 16-1 and Soil Profile Type Sf is defined as soils requiring site-specific evaluation as follows: 1. Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seis- mic loading, such as liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, and collapsible weakly cemented soils. 2. Peats and/or highly organic clays, where the thickness of peat or highly organic clay exceeds 10 feet (3048 mm). 3. Very high plasticity clays with a plasticity index, PI > 75, where the depth of clay exceeds 25 feet (7620 mm). 4. Very thick soft/medium stiff clays, where the depth of clay exceeds 120 feet (36 576 mm). 16294 Site Seismic Hazard Characteristics. Seismic hazard characteristics for the site shall be established based on the seis- ‘mic zone and proximity ofthe site to active seismic sources, site soil profile characteristics and the structure's importance factor. 1629.4.1 Seismic zone. Each site shall be assigned a seismic zone in accordance with Figure 16-2. Each structure shall be assigned a seismic zone factor Z, in accordance with Table 16-1 1629.42 Seismic Zone 4 near-source factor. In Seismic Zone 4, each site shal be assigned a near-source factor in accordance with ‘Table 16-S and the Seismic Source Type set forth in Table 16-U. ‘The value of N used to determine Cy need not exceed 1.1 for structures complying with all the following conditions: 1, The soil profile type is St, Sp, Sc ot Sp. 2, p=10. 3. Except in single-story structures, Group R, Division 3 and Group U, Division 1 Occupancies, moment frame systems desig- nated as part of the lateral-force-resisting system shall be special moment-tesisting frames. 4. The exceptions to Section 2213°7.5 shall not apply, except for columns in one-story buildings or columns at the top story of multistory buildings. 5, None of the following structural irregularities is present: ‘Type 1,4 or 5 of Table 16-L, and Type 1 or 4 of Table 16-M. 1629.43 Seismic response coefficients. Each structure shall be assigned a seismic coefficient, Cy, in accordance with Table 16-0 and a seismic coefficient, C, in accordance with Table 16-R. 1629.5 Configuration Requirements, 1629.5.1 General. Each structure shall be designated as being structurally regular or imegular in accordance with Sections 1620.52 and 162053. antCHAP. 16, DIV.IV 1629.52 1629.92 1629.5.2 Regular structures. Regular structures have no sig nificant physical discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or in thei lateral-force-resisting systems such as the irregular fea~ tures described in Section 1629.53. 1629.53 Irregular structures. 1. Iregular structures have significant physical discontinuities, {n configuration or in their lateral-frce-tesisting systems. Irregu- lar features include, but are not limited to, those described ‘Tables 16-L and 16-M. All structures in Seismic Zone 1 and Occu- paney Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2 need to be evaluated only for vertical iregulatites of Type 5 (Table 16-L) and horizon- tal iregularites of Type 1 (Table 16-M). 2. Structures having any of the features listed in Table 16-L shall be designated as if having a vertical iregularity. EXCEPTION: Whete no sory drift ratio under design lateral forces greater than 13 times the stor driftratio of he story above, the stuctre may be deemed tot have the tucturaliegulariies of “Type lor in Table 16-L. The sory dit ato forthe top two stories need aot be considered. Te sto, dis for his determination may be Clout nelecting torsional tec. 3, Structures having any of the features listed in Table 16-M shall be designated as having a plan irregularity. 1629.6 Structural Systems. 1629.6.1 General, Structural systems shall be classified as one ‘of the types listed in Table 16-N and defined inthis section. 1629.6.2 Bearing wall system. A structural system without @ complete vertical load-carrying space frame. Bearing walls or bracing systems provide support forall or most gravity loads. Re- sistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames. 1629.6.3 Building frame system. A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads, Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames. 1629.6.4 Moment-resisting frame system. A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for ‘gravity loads. Moment-resisting frames provide resistance to lat- «eral load primarily by flexural action of members. 1629.6.5 Duat system, A structural system with the following, features: 1. An essentially complete space frame that provides support for gravity loads. 2, Resistance to lateral load is provided by shea walls or braced frames and moment-resistng frames (SMRF, IMRF, MMRWF or steel OMRF). The moment-resstng frames shal be designed to independently resist at least 25 percent ofthe design base shear. 3. The two systems shall be designed to resist the total design base shear in proportion to their relative rigidities considering the interaction of the dua system at all levels 1629.6.6 Cantilevered column system, A structural system relying on cantilevered column elements for lateral resistance. 1629.6.7 Undefined structural system. A structural system not listed in Table 16-N. 1629.68. Nonbui conforming to Sect 1g structural system, A structural system 1634. 1629.7 Height Limits. Height limits for the various structural systems in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 ae given in Table 16-N. a2 1907 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE EXCEPTION: Regular structures may exceed these limits by not more than 50 percent for unoccupied structures, which are not sccess- ‘le tothe general public. 1629.8 Selection of Lateral-force Procedure. 1629.8.1 General, Any structure may be, and certain structures. defined below shall be, designed using the dynamic lateral-force procedures of Section 1631. 1629,8.2 Simplified static. The simplified static lateral-force procedure set forth in Section 1630.2.3 may be used for the fol- owing structures of Occupancy Catetory 4 or 5: 1. Buildings of any occupancy (including single-family dwell- ings) not more than three stories in height excluding basements, that use light-frame construction. 2, Other buildings not more than two stories in height exclud- ing basements. 1629,8.3 Static. The static lateral force procedure of Section 1630 may be used forthe following structures: 1. All structures, regular or iregular, in Seismic Zone 1 and in Occupaney Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2. 2. Regular siructures under 240 feet (73 152 mm) in height ‘with lateral force resistance provided by systems listed in Table IG-N, except where Section 1629.8.4, tem 4, applies. 3. Irregular structures not more than five stories or 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height. 4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on a lower portion where both portions of the structure consid; ‘ered separately can be classified as being regular, the average story stiffness of the lower portion is atleast 10 times the average story stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire structure is not greater than 1.1 times the period of the upper por- tion considered asa separate structure fixed atthe base. 1629.84 Dynamic. The dynamic lateral-force procedure of ‘Section 1631 shall be used forall other structures, including the following: 1. Structures 240 feet (73 152 mm) or more in height, except as permitted by Section 16298.3, tem 1. 2, Structures having a stiffness, weight or geometric vertical it- regularity of Type 1, 2 3, as defined in Table 16-L, or structures having irregular features not described in Table 16-L or 16-M, ex- cept as permitted by Section 1630.4.2. 3. Structures over five stories or 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 not having the same structural system throughout their height except as permitted by Section 1631.2. 4, Structures, regular or irregular, located on Soil Profile Type ‘Sp that have a period greater than 0.7 second. The analysis shall include the effects of the soils atthe site and shall conform to Sec- tion 1631.2, tem 4. 1629.9 System Limitations. 1629.9.1 Discontinuity. Structures with a-discontinuity in ca- pacity, vertical iregularity Type 5 as defined in Table 16-L, shall ‘not be over two siories or 30 feet (9144 mm) in height where the ‘weak story has a calculated strength of less than 65 percent ofthe story above. EXCEPTION: Where the weak story capable of resisting total lateral seismic force of & times the design force prescribed im Section 1630, 1629.9.2. Undefined structural systems. For undefined strvc- tural systems not listed in Table 16-N, the coefficient R shall be substantiated by approved cyclic test data and analyses. The fol- lowing items shall be addressed when establishing R:1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE Dynamic response characteristics, Lateral force resistance, Overstrength and strain hardening or softening, Strength and stiffness degradation, Energy dissipation characteristics, System ductility, and 7. Redundancy. ay een 1629.9.3 Irregular features. All structures having irregular features described in Table 16-L or 16-M shall be designed to meet nal requirements of those sections referenced in the 1629.10 Alternative Procedures. 1629.10.1 General. Alternative lateral-force procedures using, rational analyses based on well-established principles of mechan- ics may be used in lieu of those prescribed in these provisions. 1629.10.2 Seismic isolation, Seismic isolation, energy dissipa- tion and damping systems may be used in the design of structures ‘when approved by the building official and when special detailing is used to provide results equivalent to those obtained by the use of conventional structural systems. For alternate design procedures ‘on seismic isolation systems, refer to Appendix Chapter 16, Divi- sion Ill, Earthquake Regulations for Seismic-isolated Structures. ‘SECTION 1630 — MINIMUM DESIGN LATERAL FORCES AND RELATED EFFECTS 1630.1 Earthquake Loads and Modeling Requirements. 1630.1.1 Earthquake loads, Structures shall be designed for ground motion producing structural response and seismic forces in any horizontal direction. The following earthquake loads shall be used in the load combinations set forth in Section 1612: PEtE, 0-1) QE, (30-2) Em WHERE: E_ = the earthquake load on an element of the structure result- ing from the combination of the horizontal component, Ex, and the vertical component, E,- Ey = the earthquake load due to the base shear, as st forth in Section 1630.2 or the design lateral force, Fp, as set forth in Section 1632. Em = the estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the structure as set forth in Section 1630.11. E, = the load effect resulting from the vertical component of the earthquake ground motion and is equal to an addition of O.SC,ID to the dead load effect, D, for Strength Design, and may be taken as zero for Allowable Stress Design. ; Q = the seismic force amplification factor that is required to account for structural overstrength, as set forth in Sec- tion 1630311. 1p = Reliability/Redundancy Factor as given by the follow- ing formula: 629.92 1690.12 ot Fnac va the maximum element-story shear ratio. For a given di- rection of loading, the element-story shear rato isthe ra- tio of the design story shear in the most heavily loaded single element divided by the total design story shear. For any given Story Level i, the element-story shear ra- tio is denoted as r,. The maximum element-story shear Tatio fax i8 defined as the largest of the element story shear ratios, r, which occurs in any of the story levels at ‘or below the two-thirds height level ofthe building. For braced frames, the value ofr is equal to the maximum hori zontal force component in a single brace element divided by the total story shear. For moment frames, shall be taken as the maximum of the ‘sum of the shears in any two adjacent columns ina moment frame bay divided by the story shear. For columns common to two bays ‘with moment-resisting connections on opposite sides at Level iin the direction under consideration, 70 percent of the shear in that column may be used in the column shear sumimation. For shear walls, , shall be taken as the maximum value of the product of the wall shear multiplied by 10/4, (For SE: 3.05/t,) and divided by the total story shear, where ly is the length ofthe wall in feet (m). For dual systems, r shall be taken as the maximum value of 7,3 defined above considering all lateal-load-resisting elements. The lateral loads shall be distributed to elements based on relative r- ‘idities considering the interaction of the dual system. For dual systems, the value of p need not exceed 80 percent of the value cal- culated above. pp shall aot be taken less than 1.0 and need not be greater than 1.5, and Ag isthe ground floor area of the structure in square feet (ar). For special moment-resisting frames, except when used in dual systems, p shall not exceed 1.25. The number of bays of spe- cial moment-resisting frames shall be increased to reduce 7 such that p is less than or equal to 1.25. EXCEPTION: Ag may be taken as the average floor area ia the ‘upper setback portion ofthe building where a larger tase area exis a the ground Noor. ‘When calculating drift, or when the structure is located in Seis- ‘mic Zone 0, 1 or 2, p shall be taken equal to 1 ‘The ground motion producing lateral response and design seis- ric forces may be assumed to act noncurrently inthe direction of cach principal axis of the structure, except as required by Section 1633.1 Seismic dead load, W, isthe total dead load and applicable por- tions of other loads listed below. 1. In storage and warehouse occupancies, a minimum of 25 percent ofthe floor live load shall be applicable. 2. Where a partition load is used in the floor d not less than 10 psf (0.48 kN/m?) shall be included. 3, Design snow loads of 30 psf (1.44 kNém2) or less need not be included. Where design snow loads exceed 30 psf (1.44 kN/m?), the design snow load shall be included, but may be reduced up to 175 percent where consideration of siting, configuration and load duration warrant when approved by the building official. 4, Total weight of permanent equipment shal be included. 1630.1.2 Modeling requirements. The mathematical model of the physical structure shall include all elements of the lateral- force-resisting system. The mode! shall also include the stiffness 243 a load ofCHAP. 16, DIV.IV 1630.12 1630.32 and strength of elements, which are significant tothe dstibution of forces, and shall represent the spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness ofthe structure. In addition, the model shall comply with the following: 1, ‘Stiffness properties of reinforced concrete and masonry ¢le~ ‘ments shall consider the effects of cracked sections. 2. For steel moment frame systems, the contribution of panel zone deformations to overall story drift shall be included. 1630.13 PA effects. The resulting member forces and moments and the story drifts induced by PA effects shall be considered in the evaluation of overall structural frame stability and shall be evalvated using the forces producing the displacement of As. PA need not be considered when the ratio of secondary moment to pri- ‘mary moment Joes not exceed 0.10; the ratio may be evaluated for any sory 28 he produc ofthe total ded, oor ive and sow Toad ic ari ‘a required in Section 1612, above the suory times the sei in that story divided by the product of the seismic shear story times the height of that story. In Seismic Zones 3 and 4, PA. need not be considered when the story drift ratio does not exceed 0.02. 1630.2 Static Foree Procedure. 1630.21 Design base shear. The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following formu! Gt 5 eu 30-4) vag 0-4) ‘The total design base shear need not exceed the following: y 2 Gly G05) R ‘The total design base shear shall not be less than the following: v= OnGIW (30-6) In addition. for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shal also not be less than the following: 08 ZN, I oem 1630.22 Structure period. The value of T shall be determined from one of the following methods: 1. Method A: For all buildings, the value 7 may be approxi- mated from the following formula: 07) T = Ch) (308) (0.0853) for steet moment-resistng frames. G, = 01030 (0.0731) for reinforced concrete moment-esist- ing frames and eccentrically braced frames G, = 0.020 (0.0488 for al other buildings ‘Alternatively the vale of G for structures with concrete of mi sonry shear walls may be taken as 0.1/,A, (For Sl: O00743/ A, for Ay in m=), The value of A, shall be determined from the following fo mute A, = 3A,|02 + (D/ho! 09 ‘The value of Dy/hy used in Formula (30-9) shall not exceed 0.9. 244 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE 2. Method B: The fundamental period T may be calculated us- ing the structural properties and deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis. The analysis shall be in accordance with the requirements of Section 1630.1.2. The value of T from Method B shall not exceed a value 30 percent greater than the value of T obtained from Method A in Seismic Zone 4, and 40 percent in Seismic Zones 1, 2 and 3, ‘The fundamental period T may be computed by using the fot- ‘The values off represent any lateral force distributed approxi- mately in accordance with the principles of Formulas (30-13), (G0-14) and (30-15) or any other rational distribution, The elastic deflecons sal be cael wing the applied lateral forces, fi. 1630.23 Simplified design base shear. 1630.2.3.1 General. Structures conforming to the requirements of Section 1629.8.2 may be designed using this procedure. 1630.2.3.2 Base shear. The total design base shear in a given ‘shall be determined from the following formula: y = 20Gy eA T = 2 ) 0-10) Gon) where the value of Cy shall be based on Table 16-Q forthe soil pro- file type. When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type, Type Sp shall be used in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, and Type Sg shall be used in Seismic Zones 1, 2A and 2B. In Seismic Zone 4, the Near-Source Factor, Na, need ‘not be greater than 1.3 if none ofthe following structural irregular. ities are present: Type 1, 4 or 5 of Table 16-L, of Type 1 oF 4 of Table 16-M, 1630233 Vertical distribution. The forces at each level shall be calculated using the following formula: 30, f= Se ‘where the value of Cy shall be determined in Section 1630.2.3.2. 1630.2.3.4. Applicability. Sections 1630.1.2, 1630.13, 1630.2.1, 1630.2.2, 1630.5, 1630.9, 1630.10 and 1631 shall not apply when using the simplified procedure. EXCEPTION: For buildings wth relatively exible structural ‘systems, the building offical may require consideration of PA effects {and drift in accordance with Setions 16301 3, 163039 and 1630.10. ‘Shall be prepared using design seismic forces from Section 1630.23.2 Where used, Ay shall be taken equal to 0201 times the story height of all stories. In Section 1633.29, Formula (33-1) shall read 0 Fox = 29S wy, and need not exceed 1.0 Ca wp but shall not be Tessthan U.S Cy wp, R and Q shall be taken from Table 16-N. 1630.3 Determination of Seismic Factors. 1630.3.1 Determination of Q. For specific elements of the structure, as specifically design strength shall be the product of the seismic force over- strength factor &, and the design seismic forces set forth in Sec~ tion 1630, For both Allowable Stress Design and Strength Design, the Seismic Force Overstrength Factor, Q, shall be taken from Table 16-N. 1630.3.2 Determination of R. The notation R shall be taken from Table 16-N. 0-12)1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE 1630.4 Combinations of Structural Systems. 1630.4.1 General, Where combinations of structural systems are incorporated into the same structure, the requirements of this section shall be satisfied. 1630.4.2 Vertical combinations. The value of R used in the de- ‘sign of any story shall be less than or equal to the value of R used in the given direction for the story above. EXCEPTION: This requirement need not be applied toa sory where the dead weight above that story is less tha 10 perent ofthe total dead weight ofthe structure Structures may be designed using the procedures of this section under the following conditions: 1. The entite structure is designed using the lowest R of the lateral-force-resisting systems used, or 2. The following two-stage static analysis procedures may be used for structures conforming to Section 1629.8.3, Item 4. 2.1 The flexible upper portion shall be designed as a sepa- rate structure, supported laterally by the rigid lower portion, using the appropriate values of R and p. 2.2. The rigid lower portion shall be designed as a separate structure using the appropriate values of R and p. The reactions from the upper portion shall be those deter- mined from the analysis of the upper portion amplified by the ratio ofthe (R/p) of the upper portion over (Rip) Of the lower portion. 1630.43 Combinations along different axes. In. Seismic Zones 3 and 4 where a structure has a bearing wall system in only ‘one direction, the value of R used for design in the orthogonal di rection shall not be greater than that used for the bearing wall sys- ter. Any combination of bearing wall systems, building frame sys- tems, dual systems or moment-resisting frame systems may be used to resist seismic forces in structures less than 160 fet (48 768 ‘mm) in height. Only combinations of dual systems and special ‘moment-resisting frames shall be used to resist seismic forces in structures exceeding 160 feet (48 768 mm) in height in Seismic Zones 3 and 4. 1630.4.4 Combinations along the same axis. For other than dual systems and shear wall-frame interactive systems in Seismic Zones 0 and 1, where a combination of diffe tural systems is utilized to resist lateral forces in the same direction, the value of R used for design in that direction shall not be greater than the least value for any of the systems utilized in that same direction. 1630.5 Vertical Distribution of Force. The total force shall be distributed over the height of the structure in conformance with Formulas (30-13), (30-14) and (30-15) in the absence of a more rigorous procedure. VeRt DR a (30-13) ‘The con-entrated force F; at the top, which isin addition to Fy, shall be determined from the formula: F, = 007TV 30-14) ‘The value of Tused for the purpose of calculating F; shall be the period that corresponds with the design base shear as computed using Formula (30-4). F; need not exceed 0.25V and may be con sidered as zero where T's 0.7 second or less. The remaining por- 1690.4 1630.81 tion of the hase shear shall be distributed over the height of the structure, including Level a. according tothe following formula (= Fw hy Fr (ue > wh, ‘Aveach level designated a x, the force F, shall be applied over the area ofthe building in accordance with the mass distibation at that level. Structural displacements and design seismic forces shall be calculated as the effect of forces F, and F; applied atthe appropriate levels above the base. 1630.6 Horizontal Distribution of Shear. The design story shear, V. in any story isthe sum of the forces F and Fy above that story. Vz shall be distributed to the various elements of the vertical latetal-force-resisting system in proportion to their rigidities, con- sidering the rigidity of the diaphragm. See Section 1633.2.4 for rigid elements that are not intended tobe part of the lateral-force- resisting systems. Where diaphragms are not flexible, the mass at each level shall be assumed to be displaced from the calculated center of mass in ‘each direction a distance equal to 5 percent of the building dimen sion a that level perpendicular tothe direction of the force under ‘consideration. The effect of this displacement on the story shear 5,000 filsec. (1500 mis). Sa Rock with 2,500 fusec. < ¥, 5,000 fisec. (760 mis < 5, 5 1500 mi). Sc Very dense soil and soft rock with 1,200 fu/sec. < 9, 2,500 fi/sec. (360 m/s 7, < 760 mis) or with either N > 50 0r 5, = 2,000 psf (100 kPa). So Stiff soil with 600 fulsec. <7, < 1,200 ft/sec. (180 m/s ¥, 5 360 mis) or with 15 Ns S0or 1,000 pst < 3, +S 2,000 psf (50 kPa = 5, < 100 kPa). Se Avil profile with &< 600 ft/sec. (180 m/s) or any pro- file with more than 10 ft. (3048 mm) of soft clay defined a8 soil with PY > 20, wine = 40 percent and s, < 500 psf (25 kPa). Sp Soils requiring site-specific evaluation: 1. Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under mic loading such as liquefiabe soils, quick and highly sensi clays, collapsible weakly cemented soils. 2. Peats and/or highly organic clays [H > 10 f. (3048 mm) of peat and/or highly organic clay where H = thickness of soil). 3. Very high plasticity clays [1 > 25 ft. (7620 mm) with PI> 75} 4. Very thick sofvmedium stiff clays ( > 120 ft. (36 580 mm)). EXCEPTION: When the soil properties ae ot known ia sficient ‘exaiodetrmine the sol profile type, Type Sp shal be used. Soil Pro- file Type Sneed not be assumed unless the building offical dete. tries that Sol Profile Type Se may be presen atthe sor in the event that Type Seis established by geotechnical daa, ‘The criteria set forth in the definition for Soil Profile Type Sp requiring site-specific evaluation shall be considered. If the site ‘corresponds to this criteria, the site shall be classified as Soil Pro- file Type Sy and a site-specific evaluation shall be conducted. 1636.2.1 F, Average shear wave velocity. ¥, shall be deter- ‘mined in accordance with the following formula: = 4 6.1) WHERE: (d= thickness of Layer iin feet (m). Yq = shear wave velocity in Layer fin ft/sec. (nsec). 1636.2.2 N, average field standard penetration resistance and. ‘Ncqt, average standard penetration resistance for cohesionless soll layers. N and Nw shall be determined in accordance with the following formula: : 1636.26 (36-2) and ~ 86-3) WHERE: d, = thickness of Layer jin feet (mm). 4, = the total thickness of cohesionless soil layers in the top 100 feet (30 480 mm). Ni = the standard penetration resistance of soil layer in accordance with approved na ards 1636.23 5,, Average undrained shear strength. 5, shall be determined in accordance with the following formul 4, nally recognized stand- wee (36-4) Dn WHERE: 4, the total thickness (100 - d,) of cobesive sol layers inthe top 100 feet (30 480 mm). Sw = the undrained shear strength in accordance with approved nationally recognized standards, not to exceed 5,000 psf (250 kPa). 1636.2.4 Soft clay profile Sg. The existence of a total thickness of soft clay greater than 10 feet (3048 mm) shall be investigated where a soft clay layer is defined by s, < 500 psf (24 kPa), Wye 2 40 perceat and PI > 20. If these criteria are met. the site shall be classified as Soil Profile Type Se. 1636.25 Soil profiles Sc, Sp and Sp. Sites with Soil Profile ‘Types Sc, Sp and Se shall be classified by using one ofthe follow. ing three methods with V, W and 3, computed in all cases as spe fied in Section 1636.2. 1, 9, for the top 100 feet (30 480 mm) (F, method). 2. Nfor the top 100 feet (30 480 mm) (W method), 3. New for cohesionless soil layers (PI < 20) in the top 100 feet (30 480 mm) and average 5, for cohesive soil layers (PI > 20) in the top 100 feet (30 480 mm) (5, method). 1636.2.6 Rock profiles, S, and Sp. The shear wave velocity for tock, Soil Profile Type Sp, shall be either measured on site or esti- ‘mated by a geotechnical engineer, engineering geologist or seismologist for competent rock with moderate fracturing and weathering. Softer and more highly fractured and weathered rock shall cither be measured on site for shear wave velocity or classi- fied as Soil Profile Type Sc. ‘The hard rock, Soil Profile Type S4, category shall be supported by shear wave velocity measurement either on site or on profiles ‘of the same rock type in the same formation with an equal or agzeater degree of weathering and fracturing. Where hard rock con-

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