TLT - N18 Key

PHONETICS:
Circle the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from pronunciation in each of the
following questions.
1. A. counterfeit B. borough C. drought D. ouster
2. A. colonel B. journal C. tourist D. adjourn
3. A. overture B. feature C. mature D. endure

Circle letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress
in each of the following questions.
4. A. ‘compromise B. corres’pond C. dominate D. educate
5. A. ‘vigorous B. promiscuous C. victorious D. extraneous

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR

I. Choose the best answer. Write your answers in the numbered blanks provided below. (10 pts)
1. Unfortunately, their house……while they were at the restaurant celebrating their anniversary.
A. had burgled B. got burgled C. went burgled D. burgled
2. In such a plight……that we had no choice but to radio for help.
A. we found ourselves B. we ourselves C. did we find ourselves D. did we ourselves find
3. We believe that these animals could be saved if our plan were ..… .
A. adopted B. taken up C. practised D. exploited
4. Our city is very bare and doesn’t have enough ……, I’m afraid.
A. green B. evergreens C. greenness D. greenery
5. I was told yesterday that the car had been fixed but it's broken down .......... again!
A. even B. still C. yet D. right
6. He’s on his own now. He’ll have to…..his own canoe!
A. row B. steer C. paddle D. ride
7. The pollution problems in the town have been…….by mass tourism in the summer months.
A. exacerbated B. developed C. augmented D. contributed
8. I’ve given up trying to make my sister see sense, and now I’m…..to the fact that she’s going to marry Jason.
A. adapted B. resigned C. adjusted D. accepted
9. If you go on a diet, you’ll find that giving up butter will help you…..a few pounds.
A. shed B. drop C. leave D. fall
10. All the children have gone ……mumps.
A. along with B. down with C. out with D. through with

II. Each line in the following paragraphs contains a mistake. Underline the mistake and correct it . Write your answers in
the numbered blanks provided. (5 pts)
A.
A good health is not something you are able to buy at the drugstore, and you can't depend 1 Good health
on getting back it with a quick visit to the doctor when you're sick, either. Making your 2 getting it back
body last without major problems have to be your own responsibility. Mistreating your 3 has
system by keeping bad habit, neglecting symptoms of illness, and ignoring of common 4 habits
health rules can counteract the best medical care. 5. ignoring common
B.
Even people who are not particular keen on shopping would enjoy a trip to our local market. 6 particularly
It is very colorful place and is very popular with the tourists who visit the town. Unlike almost 7 is a very
markets, this one doesn't sell any food. Instead, there is the most amazed variety of antiques, 8 most
hand-carved objects, and secondhand clothes! Things are unbelievably cheap, so you can pick 9 amazing
some real bargains. 10 pick up

III. Fill in each blank with a suitable PREPOSITION. Write your answers in the numbered blanks provided below. (5pts)
1. There should be some news within the hour.
2. She fainted but they brought her round (to) by throwing cold water on here face.
3. The factory will have to close down if production is not stepped up.
4. Everyone drew back in alarm when smoke began to pour out of the parcel.
5. Contact lenses may feel uncomfortable at first but this feeling soon wears off
6. Don’t you dare come near my house or I’ll set the dog on you!
7. I am sure he will jump at the chance of earning some extra money.
8. Watch out! You almost fell in the mud.
9. I can’t see quite what you’re getting at. Could you be a bit more specific?
10. When our in-laws first met they took to each other immediately and they’ve been friends ever since.

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IV. Supply the correct word form. Write your answers in the numbered blanks provided below. (5 pts)
1. They never dare to leave their only child unattended for even a moment. ATTEND
2. Mark did not go into the army voluntarily. He went because it is the law that all young men must serve in the army.
VOLUNTEER
3. He cautions me not to go out alone at night. CAUTIOUS
4. The thriller was so exciting and absorbing that she could not put the book down. THRILL
5. A few jokes can liven up a lecture. LIFE
6. With the help of the computer, checking information has become less laborious LABOR
7. The museum doesn’t charge for admission on Sundays. ADMIT
8. That large dog is perfectly harmless and has never been known to attack anyone. HARM
9. At 6 o’clock the sky turned black and there was a torrential downpour POUR
10. We always have a bed ready in the spare room in case visitors arrive unexpectedly EXPECT

V. Read the passage and choose the word that best fits each numbered gap. Write your answers in the numbered blanks
provided below. (10 pts)
Medical science has made enormous advances in the 20th century. Most of the great “killer” diseases have been
1_______ , and almost everyday a new drug appears on the market. But the medical profession is 2 _______ a crisis of
confidence. Surveys 3 _______ that less than 40% of people really trust their family doctors. People are 4 _______ away
from conventional medicine to look for alternative 5 _______ of treatment.
The main reason for this is that conventional medicine has 6 _______ to satisfy the needs of the 7 _______ of
people. In spite of the apparent progress made by medical science, we are actually less 8 _______ than our parents or
grandparents. Medical students are taught that diseases are 9 _______ by germs, viruses and toxins. Therefore treatment
must 10 _______ on attacking these things.
1.A. won B. defeated C. erased D. broken
2.A. experiencing B. holding C. bearing D. living
3.A. indicate B. lead C. describe D. point
4.A. growing B. taking C. turning D. coming
5.A. ways B. makes C. forms D. fashions
6.A. missed B. stopped C. lost D. failed
7.A. lot B. majority C. most D. largest
8.A. healthy B. nutritious C. fine D. wholesome
9.A. caused B. made C. brought D. involved
10.A. aim B. function C. concentrate D. find

VI. Fill in the blank with one suitable word. Write your answers in the numbered blanks provided below. (10 pts)
If all countries had the same monetary units, a difficult problem of international trade would be solved. One country’s
money is not usually good in (1) another, however, and it is necessary to have a system for exchanging the currency of the
buyer into (2) that of the seller. Bankers handle this by doing what is called buying or selling foreign exchange.
When an exporter sells his goods to a merchant in a foreign country, he makes (3) out ( = set up- lap) a bill of
exchange for the merchandise. The bill of exchange looks like a common bank check. The exporter sends this bill to his bank
and receives his money. Thus, the exporter receives payment in his own currency.
The exporter’s bank sends the bill of exchange to its branch bank which notifies the importer (4) who pays the bill in his
currency. The branch bank keeps his money and uses it to pay future bills of exchange presented by merchants in that country
who have (5) goods to export.

PART III. READING

I. Read the following passages and choose the best answer. Write your answers in the numbered blanks provided below.
( 10 pts)
By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton,
favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile tough. Mechanization
of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period, and at the
same time the demand for cotton increases dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because
of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the south, but separating the
fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its
fibers were long and seed were concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only
along the nation’s eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers
and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand- process only about one pound per day. Whitney’s gin was a
hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin, a worker
could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of large gins, powered by horses, water, or steam,
multiplied productivity further. The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the
cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton
composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton has a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in
1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.

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 In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly,
cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products
led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States – west of the
Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.
1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time when ………
A. the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products
B. mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry
C. cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process
D. cotton became the most important American export product
2. The word “ favored” is closest in meaning to ………
A. preferred B. recommended C. imported D. included
3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT………
A. cotton’s softness B. cotton ‘s ease of processing
C. a shortage of flax and wool D. the growth that occurred in the textile industry
4. The word “laborious” is closest in meaning to ………
A. unfamiliar B. primitive C. skilled D. difficult
5. According to the passage, one advantage of sea island cotton was its………
A. abundance of seeds B. long fibers C. long growing season D. adaptability to different climates
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about production in the United States after the introduction of
Whitney‘s cotton gin?
A. More cotton came from sea island cotton plants than before.
B. More cotton came from short- staple cotton plants than before.
C. Most cotton produced was sold domestically.
D. Most cotton produced was exported to England.
7. The word “surge” is closest in meaning to ………
A. sharp increase B. sudden stop C. important change D. excess amount
8. The author mentions “ wheat and wheat flour” in order to ………
A. show that Americans exported more agricultural products than they imported
B. show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported
C. demonstrate the importance of cotton among American export products
D. demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable
9. The word “unprecedented” is closest in meaning to………
A. slow B. profitable C. not seen before D. never explained
10. According to the passage, the Mississippi River was………
A. one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place
B. a major source of water for agricultural crops
C. the primary route by which agricultural crops were transported
D. a main source of power for most agricultural machinery
II. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow (15 pts)
Wealth in A Cold Climate
Latitude is crucial to a nation's economic strength.
A Dr William Masters was reading a book about mosquitoes when inspiration struck. “There was this anecdote about the
great yellow-fever epidemic that hit Philadelphia in 1793," Masters recalls. “This epidemic decimated the city until the
first frost came." The inclement weather froze out the insects, allowing Philadelphia to recover.
B If weather could be the key to a city's fortunes. Masters thought, then why not to the historical fortunes of nations? And
could frost lie at the heart of one of the most enduring economic mysteries of all - why are almost all the wealthy,
industrialised nations to be found at latitudes above 40 degrees? After two years of research, he thinks that he has found a
piece of the puzzle. Masters, an agricultural economist from Purdue University in Indiana, and Margaret McMillan at
Tufts University, Boston, show that annual frosts are among the factors that distinguish rich nations from poor ones. Their
study is published this month in the Journal of Economic Growth. The pair speculate that cold snaps have two main
benefits - they freeze pests that would otherwise destroy crops, and also freeze organisms, such as mosquitoes, that carry
disease. The result is agricultural abundance and a big workforce.
C The academics took two sets of information. The first was average income for countries, the second climate data from the
University of East Anglia. They found a curious tally between the sets. Countries having five or more frosty days a month
are uniformly rich, those with fewer than five are impoverished. The authors speculate that the five-day figure is
important; it could be the minimum time needed to kill pests in the soil. Masters says: “For example, Finland is a small
country that is growing quickly, but Bolivia is a small country that isn't growing at all. Perhaps climate has something to
do with that." In fact, limited frosts bring huge benefits to farmers. The chills kill insects or render them inactive; cold
weather slows the break-up of plant and animal material in the soil, allowing it to become richer; and frosts ensure a
build-up of moisture in the ground for spring, reducing dependence on seasonal rains. There are exceptions to the “cold
equals rich" argument. There are well-heeled tropical places such as Hong Kong and Singapore, a result of their superior
trading positions. Likewise, not all European countries are moneyed - in the former communist colonies, economic
potential was crushed by politics.
D Masters stresses that climate will never be the overriding factor - the wealth of nations is too complicated to be
attributable to just one factor. Climate, he feels, somehow combines with other factors - such as the presence of

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 institutions, including governments, and access to trading routes - to determine whether a country will do well.
Traditionally, Masters says, economists thought that institutions had the biggest effect on the economy, because they
brought order to a country in the form of, for example, laws and property rights. With order, so the thinking went, came
affluence. “But there are some problems that even countries with institutions have not been able to get around,” he says.
“My feeling is that, as countries get richer, they get better institutions. And the accumulation of wealth and improvement
in governing institutions are both helped by a favourable environment, including climate.”
E This does not mean, he insists, that tropical countries are beyond economic help and destined to remain penniless. Instead,
richer countries should change the way in which foreign aid is given. Instead of aid being geared towards improving
governance, it should be spent on technology to improve agriculture and to combat disease. Masters cites one example:
“There are regions in India that have been provided with irrigation - agricultural productivity has gone up and there has
been an improvement in health.” Supplying vaccines against tropical diseases and developing crop varieties that can grow
in the tropics would break the poverty cycle.
F Other minds have applied themselves to the split between poor and rich nations, citing anthropological, climatic and
zoological reasons for why temperate nations are the most affluent. In 350BC, Aristotle observed that “those who live in a
cold climate ... are full of spirit”. Jared Diamond, from the University of California at Los Angeles, pointed out in his
book Guns, Germs and Steel that Eurasia is broadly aligned east-west, while Africa and the Americas are aligned north-
south. So, in Europe, crops can spread quickly across latitudes because climates are similar. One of the first domesticated
crops, einkorn wheat, spread quickly from the Middle East into Europe; it took twice as long for com to spread from
Mexico to what is now the eastern United States. This easy movement along similar latitudes in Eurasia would also have
meant a faster dissemination of other technologies such as the wheel and writing, Diamond speculates. The region also
boasted domesticated livestock, which could provide meat, wool and motive power in the fields. Blessed with such
natural advantages, Eurasia was bound to take off economically.
G John Gallup and Jeffrey Sachs, two US economists, have also pointed out striking correlations between the geographical
location of countries and their wealth. They note that tropical countries between 23.45 degrees north and south of the
equator are nearly all poor. In an article for the Harvard International Review, they concluded that “development surely
seems to favour the temperate-zone economies, especially those in the northern hemisphere, and those that have managed
to avoid both socialism and the ravages of war”. But Masters cautions against geographical determinism, the idea that
tropical countries are beyond hope: “Human health and agriculture can be made better through scientific and
technological research," he says, “so we shouldn’t be writing off these countries. Take Singapore: without air
conditioning, it wouldn’t be rich.”
Questions 1-6
Choose the most suitable heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below. Write the
appropriate number, i-x, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
Example answer List of Headings
Paragraph A: iii i. The positive correlation between climate and wealth
1. Paragraph B i. Other factors besides climate that influence wealth
2. Paragraph C ii. Inspiration from reading a book
3. Paragraph D iii. Other researchers’ results do not rule out exceptional cases
4. Paragraph E iv. Different attributes between Eurasia and Africa
5. Paragraph F v. Low temperature benefits people and crops
6. Paragraph G vi. The importance of institution in traditional views
vii. The spread of crops in Europe, Asia and other places
viii. The best way to use aid
ix. Confusions and exceptions

1. vi 2. i 3. ii 4. ix 5. v
6. iv

WRITING
I. Finish each of the sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. (10 pts)
1. They declared war on the pretext of defending their territorial rights.
1. The excuse for the declaration of war was the defense of their territorial rights.
2. Birth rates have fallen sharply recently.
2. There has been a sharp decline in birth rates recently.
3. There was so much uncertainty that the financial markets remained closed.
3. Such was the uncertainty that the financial markets remained closed.
4. The children are in disgrace for being so badly behaved.
4. The children are under a cloud because of their bad behavior.
5. It was Sir Walter Barron who introduced potatoes and tobacco into England.
5. The English owe (the introduction of) potatoes and tobacco to Sir Walter Barron.
6. I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievement.
6. Much as I admire her achievements, I don’t really like her.
7. I’m sure it wasn’t Mrs. Elton you saw because she‘s in Bristol.
7. It can’t have been Mrs. Elton you saw because she’s in Bristol.

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8. It is your duty to tell him what to do.
8. You are supposed to tell him what to do.
9. Peter is proud of the fact that he is never late.
9. Peter prides himself on never being late.
10. I met some old friends by chance in the pub.
10. I bumped into some old friends in the pub.

II. Write a paragraph (of about 150 words) about the following topic:

THE END