Numerical Methods T 264 Unit IV by DR N V Nagendram PDF

LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
L.B.Reddy Nagar, Mylavaram – 521 230. Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
Approved by AICTE New Delhi
Accredited by NBA, New Delhi & Certified by ISO 9001:2008
B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 Subject: T 264- Numerical Methods
ECE – B Section
UNIT – IV Numerical Differentiation Faculty Name: N V Nagendram
and Integration
Numerical Differentiation and Integration – Differentiation using finite

differences – Trapezoidal Rule – Simpson’s 1/3 Rule – Simpson’s 1/8
Rule.
(AUTONOMOUS)
B.Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

ECE - B Section
and Integration Planned Topics Lectures
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Numerical Differentiation
4.3 Formulae for Derivatives using finite differences

(i) Derivatives using Newton’s Forward difference formula
(ii) Derivatives using Newton’s Backward difference formula
(iii) Derivatives using Newton’s Central difference formula
4.4 Maxima and Minima of a Tabulated Function
4.5 Solved Examples
4.6 Exercise Problems
4.7 Tutorials
4.8 Numerical Integration

(AUTONOMOUS)
B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

ECE - B Section
& Integration Lecture-1
Introduction:
Engineers and scientists are frequently faced with the problem of
differentiation or Integration of some functions. If the functions have a
closed form representation and are amenable for standard calculus
methods, then differentiation and integration can be carried out.
However, in many situations, we may not know the exact functions. We will
be knowing only, the values of the functions at a discrete set of points. In
some instances, the functions are known but they are so complicated that
analytic differentiation, integration is difficult. In both these situations, we
seek the help of numerical techniques to obtain the estimates of derivatives
or integrals. The method of obtaining the derivative of a function using a
numerical technique is known as numerical differentiation.
b
The method of finding the value of an integral of the form  f ( x ) dx
a
using
numerical techniques is called “Numerical Integration”.
In this section, we discuss various numerical differentiation and numerical

integration methods. We have to understand that while analytical methods
give exact answers, the numerical techniques provide only approximate
answers.
Definition: Numerical differentiation:
Numerical differentiation is the process by which we can find the derivative

or derivatives of a function at some values of the independent variable when
we are given a set of values of that function.
Uses of Numerical differentiation:
The numerical differentiation techniques can be used in the following

situations:
01. The function values corresponding to distinct values of the argument are
known but the function is unknown.
For example, we may knowing the values of f( x ) at various values of x,

say xi, i = 1,2,3,..., n in a tabulated form.
02. The function to be differentiated is complicated, and so, it is difficult to

differentiate by usual procedures.
Numerical differentiation is the process of calculating the value of the

derivative of a function at some assigned value of x from the given set of
data points (xi, yi = f( xi )), i = 0,1,2,..., n which correspond to the values of
dy
an unknown function y = f( x ). To find , we first replace the exact relation
dx
y = f( x ) by the best interpolating polynomial y = ( x ) as we know earlier
and then differentiate the latter as many times as we desire. The choice of
the interpolation formula to be used, will depend on the assigned value of x
dy
at which is desired.
dx
dy
If the points are equally spaced and is required near the beginning of the
dx
table, we use Newton-Gregory’s Forward Interpolation Formula.
If we require the derivative at the end of the table, we employ Newton-

Gregory’s Backward Interpolation Formula.
If the value of the derivative is required near the middle of the table, we use
one of the Central Difference Interpolation Formula.
If the values of x are not Equi-spaced, we use Newton’s Divided difference

dy
Interpolation Formula or to get the derivative value.
dx
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
UNIT – IVNumerical Differentiation Faculty Name: N V Nagendram
Formulae for Derivatives:
Consider the function y = f (x) which is tabulated for the values
xi ( = x0 + ih ), i = 0, 1, 2,...., n.
Derivatives using Newton’s Forward Difference Formula:
Suppose that we are given a set of values (xi, yi), i = 0,1,2,...., n.
We want to find the derivative of y = f ( x ) passing through the ( n + 1)points,

at a point nearer to the starting value at x = x0.
Newton’s Forward Difference Interpolation Formula is
p( p  1) 2 p( p  1)( p  2) 3
y = y0 + p y0 +  y0 +  y 0 + ............. ------------------ (1)
2! 3!
x  x0
Where p = ------------------ (2)
h
On differentiation (1) w.r.t., p we have
dp 1
On differentiation (2) w.r.t. x we have, 
dx h
 2p 1 2 3p2  6 p + 2 3 
y0 +  y0 +  y0 
dy dy dp 1  2 6 
= . = ......................(3)
dx dp dx h  4 p 3  18 p 2 + 22 p  6 4 
+  y 0 + ... 
 24 
dy
Equation (3) gives the value of at any point x which may be anywhere in
dx
the interval.
At x = x0 and p = 0, hence putting p = 0, equation (3) gives

 1 1 
 y0 + 2 y 0 + 3 y 0 
 dy   dy  1 2 6
  =   p 1 =   ......................(3)
 dx  x  x1  dp  h  4 p 3  18 p 2 + 22 p  6 4 
+  y 0 + ...
 24 
Again on differentiation (3) we get
 dy 
d 
2
d y  dx  d  dy  dp d  dy  dp 1  2 ( p  1) 3 6 p 2 - 18 p + 11 4 
= =  . =  . = 2  y 0 +  y0 +  y 0 + ...
dx 2
dx dp  dx  dx dp  dx  dx h  12 
From which we obtain
d2y 1  2 11 4 5 5 
 2  x  x0 = 2  y 0 -  y 0 + 12  y 0  6  y 0 + .. at x = x0 and p = 0 ....... (5)
3
 dx  h  
d3y 1  3 
Similarly,  3  x  x0 = 3 3 y 0 - 4 y 0 + ...... ....... (6)
 dx  h  2 
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
Derivatives using Newton’s Backward Difference Formula:
Newton’s Backward Difference Interpolation Formula is
p( p + 1) 2 p( p + 1)( p + 2) 3
y(x) = y n + p y n +  yn +  y n + ............. ------------------ (7)
2! 3!
x  xn
Where p = ------------------ (8)
h
On differentiation (7) w.r.t., p we have
dy  2p +1 2 3p2 + 6 p + 2 3 4 p 3 + 18 p 2 + 22 p + 6 4 
= y n +  yn +  yn +  y n + ... .
dp  2 6 24 
dp 1
On differentiation (8) w.r.t. x we have,  Now
dx h
dy dy dp 1  2p +1 2 3p2 + 6 p + 2 3 4 p 3 + 18 p 2 + 22 p + 6 4 
= . = y n +  yn +  yn +  y n + ..
dx dp dx h  2 6 24 
......................(9)
dy
Equation (9) gives the value of at any point x which may be anywhere in
dx
the interval.
At x = xn and p = 0, hence putting p = 0, equation (9) gives
 dy   dy  1 1 2 1 3 1 4 
  x  x n 1 =   x n = yn +  y n +  y n +  y n + .................................(10)
 dx   dx  h 2 3 4 
Again on differentiation (09) we obtain

 dy 
d 
2
d y  dx  dp d  dy  dp d  dy  dp
= . =  . =  .
dx 2
dx dx dp  dx  dx dp  dx  dx
1  2 ( p + 1) 3 6 p 2 + 18 p + 11 4 
=   y n +  y n +  y n + .
h2  12 
From which we obtain
d2y 1  2 11 4 5 5 
 2  x  x n = 2  y n +  y n + 12  y n + 6  y n + .. at x= xn and p = 0
3
 dx  h  
d3y 1  3 3 4 
Similarly,  3  x  x n = 3  y n - 2  y 0 + ...... ....... (12)
 dx  h  
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
Derivatives using Central Difference Formula:
The Stirling’s Formula is given by
p p2 2 p3  p 3 p4  p2 4
y = y 0 + (y 0 + y -1 ) +  y 1 + ( y 1 +  y -2 ) +
3
 y  2 + ....... (13)
2 2 12 24
x  x0
Where p =
h
On differentiation (1) w.r.t., x we have
1 p 2 3p2 1 3 
 ( y 0 + y -1 ) +  y 1 + ( y 1 + 3 y  2 ) 
2 12 
dy dy dp 1 dy 1  (2 p 3  p) 4 5 p 4  15 p 2  4 5 
= . = . = +  y 2 + . ( y  2 + 5 y 3 ) 
dx dp dx h dp h  12 240 
+ ........ 
 
 
At x = x0 and p = 0, hence putting p = 0, we get
1 1 3 1 
 dy  1  (y 0 + y -1 )  ( y 1 + 3 y  2 ) + (5 y  2 + 5 y 3 ) + ....
  at x  x 0 =  2 12 60

 dx  h
 
Similarly,
d2y 1  1 6 
 2  x  x0 = 2 2 y 1 - 1/12 4 y  2 +  y 3 - . at x= xn and p = 0
 dx  h  90 
d3y 1 1 
Similarly,  3  x  x0 = 3  (3 y 1 + 3 y  2 ) + ......
 dx  h 2 
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
UNIT – IV
Numerical Differentiation Faculty Name: N V Nagendram
Maxima and Minima of a tabulated Function:
Given a set of data points (xi, yi) , i = 0,1,2,....., n, we can get the
interpolating polynomial of degree n. Now we wish to estimate the value of x
at which the curve is maximum or minimum.
We know that the maximum and minimum values of a function can be

determined by equating the first derivative to zero and solving for the
variable. The same procedure can be applied to find the maxima and
minima of a tabulated function. Assume that the points are equally spaced
with a step size of h.
Consider Newton’s forward difference interpolation formula

p( p  1) 2 p( p  1)( p  3) 3
y  y 0 + py 0 +  y0 +  y 0 + .............. On differentiation it
2! 3!
dy  2 p -1 2 3p2 - 6 p + 2 3 
w.r.t. p, we get= y n +  yn +  y n + .. . .....................(1)
dp  2 6 
dy
For maxima and minima  0. hence equating the RHS of (1) to zero and
dp
for simplicity only upto 3rd differences we obtain
 2 p -1 2 3p2 - 6 p + 2 3 

 ny +  y n +  y n + .. = 0
 2 6 
Re-arranging this as a quadratic in p, we get
  y 0  p +  y 0   y 0  p +  y 0   y 0 +  y 0 . = 0 ............................ (2)
1 3  2 2 3  1 2 1 3 
2   2 3 
1
Substituting the values of y 0 , 2 y 0 , 3 y 0 from the difference table, We
3
solve the equation (2) for p. Then the corresponding values of x are given by
x = x0 + ph at which y is maximum or minimum.
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
& Integration Tutorial-01
Problem #01: Given the following data find f(6)

x: 0 2 3 4 7 9
y: 4 26 58 112 466 922

[Ans. f (6) = 135
Problem #02: Find the first and second derivatives of the function tabulated
below at the point x = 1.5.
x: 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
y: 3.375 7.0 13.625 24.0 38.875 59.0
 "
[Ans. f (6) = 4.75; f (6) = 9
x: 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
y: 1.5836 1.7974 2.0442 2.2375 2.6511
[Ans. f (6) = 2.64442; f"(6) = 3.6475

Problem #04: the following table of values of x and y is given.

X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Y 6.9897 7.4036 7.7815 8.1291 8.4510 8.7506 9.0309
d2y
Find dy/dx when (i) x = 1 (ii) x = 3 (iii) x = 6. Also find when x = 3 ?
dx 2
[Ans. f(1) = 0.3948; f"(3) = 0.3341; f(6) = 0.2731
x: 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
f(x): 27 106.75 324 783.75 1621
[Ans. f(1) = 77
Problem #06: The population of Vijayawada town as obtained from census
data is shown as the following table:
Year 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991
Population 19.96 39.65 58.81 77.21 94.61
in thous
Estimate the growth of the population in 1981.[Ans. f(1981) =1.8 Thous.
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
Solutions & Integration Tutorial-01

Problem #01: Given the following data find f (6)
x: 0 2 3 4 7 9
y: 4 26 58 112 466 922

[Ans. f (6) = 135
Solution: Given data on observation arguments are not equally spaced, we
will use Newton’s divided formula.The divided difference table as below:
x y= f(x) f(x) 2f(x) 3f(x) 4f(x)
0 4
26  4
= 11
20
2 26 32  11
=7
30
58  26 11  7
= 32 =1
32 40
3 58 54  32 0
= 11
42
112  58 16  11
= 54 =1
43 72
4 112 118  54 0
= 16
40
466  112 22  16
= 118 =1
74 93
7 466 228  118
= 22
94
922  466
= 228
97
9 922
By Newton’s divided difference formula,

y = f ( x) = f ( x0 ) + ( x  x0 ) f ( x0 , x1 ) + ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 ) + ................
= 4 + ( x  0)  11 + ( x  0)( x  2)  7 + +( x  0)( x  2)( x  3)  1 + ................
= 4 + 11x + 7( x 2  2 x) + x( x 2  5x + 6) = ( x 3 + 2 x 2 + 3x + 4) is the solution.
x: 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
y: 3.375 7.0 13.625 24.0 38.875 59.0
 "
[Ans. f (6) = 4.75; f (6) = 9
Solution: the difference diagonal table as below:
x y y 2y 3y 4y 5y
1.5 3.375
3.625
2.0 7.0 3
6.625 0.75
2.5 13.625 3.75 0
10.375 0.75 0
3.0 24.0 4.5 0
14.875 0.75
3.5 38.875 5.25
20.125
4.0 59.0
Here x0 = 1.5, y0 = 3.375, h = 0.5

By Newton’s Difference Formula, we have
 dy  1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 
 dx  at x  x0  h y 0  2  y 0 + 3  y 0  4  y 0 + 5  y 0  .......
   
 dy  1  1 1 1 1 
   at x  1.5  3.625  (3) + (0.75)  (0) + (0)
 dx  0.5  2 3 4 5 
 dy 
 dx  at x  1.5  0.5 3.625  1.5 + 0.25
1
 
 dy  2.375
   at x  1.5   4.75
 dx  0.5
And
d 2 y  1  2 11 4 5 5 
 2  at x  x0  2  y 0   y 0 + 12  y 0  6  y 0 + .......
3
 dx  h  
d 2 y  1  2 11 4 5 5 
  2  at x  x0  2  y 0   y 0 + 12  y 0  6  y 0 + .......
3
 dx  h  
d 2 y  1  11 5 
  2  at x  1.5  3  0.75 + 12 (0)  6 (0)
 dx  (0.5) 2  
d 2 y  2.25
  2  at x  1.5   9 Hence the solution.
 dx  (0.25)
x: 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
y: 1.5836 1.7974 2.0442 2.2375 2.6511
[Ans. f (6) = 2.64442; f"(6) = 3.6475

Try urself......
Problem #04: the following table of values of x and y is given.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Y 6.9897 7.4036 7.7815 8.1291 8.4510 8.7506 9.0309
d2y
Find dy/dx when (i) x = 1 (ii) x = 3 (iii) x = 6. Also find when x = 3 ?
dx 2
[Ans. f(1) = 0.3948; f"(3) = 0.3341; f(6) = 0.2731
Try urself......
x: 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
f(x): 27 106.75 324 783.75 1621
[Ans. f(1) = 77
Try urself......
Problem #06: The population of Vijayawada town as obtained from census
data is shown as the following table:
Year 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991
Population 19.96 39.65 58.81 77.21 94.61
in thous
Estimate the growth of the population in 1981.[Ans. f(1981) =1.8 Thous.
Try urself......
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
Problem #01: The table given below reveals the velocity v of a body during
the specified time t. Find the acceleration at t = 1.1:
t: 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
v: 43.1 47.7 52.1 56.4 60.8
[Ans. f(1.1) =44.9166
Problem #02: Find the value of f(x) at x = 0.04 from the following table
using Bessel’s formula.
X 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
f(x) 0.1023 0.1047 0.1071 0.1096 0.1122 0.1148

[Ans. f (0.04) =0.25625
Problem #03: Find the value of cos(1.74) from the following table.
X 1.7 1.74 1.78 1.82 1.86
Sin x 0.9857 0.9916 0.9781 0.9691 0.9584
[Ans. f(1.74)=-0.0178
Problem #04: A rod is rotating in a plane. The following table gives the
angle  in radians through which the rod has turned for various values of
the time t sec.
T 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
 0 0.12 0.49 1.12 2.02 3.20 4.67
Calculate the angular velocity and the angular acceleration of the rod, when
t = 0.6 sec. [Ans. 3.8167, 6.75 rad/sec2.
Problem #05: The velocity v of a particle moving in a straight line covers a
distance x in time t. They are related as follows: Find f(15):
X 0 10 20 30 40
Y 45 60 65 54 42
[Ans. f(15)=-0.05416
Problem #06: Find the value of f(4) from the following table.
X 1 2 4 8 10
Sin x 0 1 5 21 27
[Ans. f(4)=2.833
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
Problem #01: Find the first and second derivative of the function tabulated
below at x = 0.6.
X 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Y 1.5836 1.7974 2.0442 2.3275 2.6511
[Ans. f (0.6)=2.6444; f(0.6) = 3.6475

Problem #02: Find dy/dx at x = 7.5 from the following table.

X 7.47 7.48 7.49 7.50 7.51 7.52 7.53
Y 0.193 0.195 0.198 0.201 0.203 0.206 0.208

[Ans. f (7.5)=0.225
Problem #03: Find the first and second derivative of the function tabulated
below at x = 1.4.
X 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Y 0.000 0.128 0.544 1.296 2.432 4.000
 
[Ans. f (1.4)=4.68; f (1.4) = 9.6
Problem #04: Find dy/dx at x = 1.76 and x = 1.72 from the following table.
X 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.75 1.76
Y 0.17907 0.17728 0.17552 0.17377 0.17204
[Ans. f(1.72)= - 0.1819; f(1.72) = - 0.1719
9
 f ( x) dx

Problem #05: Find f (0) and
0
X 0 2 3 4 7 9
f(x) 4 26 58 110 460 920
9
[Ans. f(0)=3;  f ( x) dx
0
= 2175.75
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
Problem #01: From the following table Find the value of x for which y is
maximum and find this value of y.
X 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Y 0.9320 0.9636 0.9855 0.9975 0.9996
[Ans. p= 3.7577; max. y = 1.00
Problem #02: From the following table Find the value of x correct to 4
decimals for which y is minimum and find this value of y.
X 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75
Y 0.6221 0.6155 0.6138 0.6170
[Ans. p= 1.8469;min. y = 0.6137
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
Solutions & Integration Tutorial-04
Problem #01: From the following table Find the value of x for which y is
maximum and find this value of y.
X 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Y 0.9320 0.9636 0.9855 0.9975 0.9996
[Ans. p= 3.7577; max. y = 1.00
Solution: The difference table is as below

X y y 2y 3y
1.2 0.9320
0.0316
1.3 0.9636 - 0.0097
0.0219 - 0.0002
1.4 0.9855 - 0.0099
0.0120 0
1.5 0.9975 - 0.0099
0.0021
1.6 0.9996
Here h = 0.1
Taking x0 = 1.2, we have y0 = 0.9320, y0 = 0.0316, 2y = - 0.0097 and
3y = - 0.0002.
 Newton’s Forward Difference Formula, terminated after second
p( p  1)
differences, gives as y 0.9320 + p(0.0316) + (0.0097) ................... (1)
2
dy 2p - 1
  0.0316 + (0.0097)
dp 2
For y to be maximum,
dy dy 2p - 1
0   0.0316 + (0.0097) =0  2(0.0316) = (2p-1)(0.0097)
dp dp 2
0.0632
 2p-1 =  6.51546  p = 3.7577
0.0097
Hence x = x0 + ph = 1.2 + (3.7577)(0.1) = 1.5758.
So, y is maximum when x = 1.5758 = 1.58
Putting p = 3.7577 in (1), the maximum value of y
(3.7577)(3.7577  1)
= 0.9320 + (3.7577)(0.0316) + (0.0097)
2
= 0.9320 + 0.11874 – 0.0502586 = 1.00048 = 1.00
Therefore y=1.0
Hence the solution.
Problem #02: From the following table Find the value of x correct to 4
decimals for which y is minimum and find this value of y.
X 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75
Y 0.6221 0.6155 0.6138 0.6170
Solution: The difference table is [Ans. p= 1.8469;min. y = 0.6137
X Y y 2y 3y
0.60 0.6221
- 0.0066
0.65 0.6155 0.0049
- 0.0017 0
0.70 0.6138 0.0049
0.0032
0.75 0.6170
Taking x0 = 0.60, we have y0 = 0.6221, y0 = - 0.0066, 2y0 = 0.0049 and
3y = 0.
 Newton’s Forward Difference Formula, terminated after second
p( p  1)
differences, gives as y= 0.6221 + p(-0.0066) + (0.0049) ................... (1)
2
dy 2p - 1
   0.0066 + (0.0049) For y to be minimum,
dp 2
dy dy 2p - 1
0    0.0066 + (0.0049) =0  2(0.0066) = (2p-1)(0.0049)
dp dp 2
2(0.0066)
 2p-1 =  p = 1.8469
0.0049
Hence x = x0 + ph = 0.60 + (1.8469)(0.05) = 0.6923.
So, y is minimum when x = 0.6923 = 0.6923
Putting p = 1.8469 in (1), the minimum value of y
(1.8469)(1.8469  1)
= 0.6221 + (1.8469)(-0.0066) + (0.0049)
2
= 0.6221 - 0.01219 + 0.0038 = 0.6137.  y=0.6137
Hence the solution.
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
Problems & Integration Tutorial-05
Problem #01 Compute the first and second derivatives for the following
table of data at x = -3 and x = 0
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Y -33 -12 -3 0 3 12 33
 dy  d2y
[Ans.   x = x 0 = 29 ;  2  x = x 0 = - 18 
 dx   dx 
Solution: the difference table is as below:
X y y 2y 3y 4y 5y 5y 6y
-3 -33
21
-2 -12 -12
9 6
-1 -3 -6 0
3 6 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
3 6 0 0
1 3 6 0
9 6
2 12 12
21
3 33
Here x0 = -3, y0 = -33 and h = 1; By Newton’s Forward Difference Formula, we have
 dy  1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 
  x = x0 = y 0   y 0 +  y 0   y 0 +  y 0   y 0 + ......
 dx  h 2 3 4 5 6 
 dy  1 1 1 1 1 1 
   x = x0 = 21  (12) + (6)  (0) + (0)  (0)
 dx  1 2 3 4 5 6 
 dy   dy 
  x = x0 = 21 + 6 + 2  0 + 0  0 = 29
1
   x = x 0 = 29
 dx  1  dx 
d2y 1  11 5 
 2  x = x0 = 2 2 y 0  3 y 0 + 4 y 0  5 y 0 + ......
 dx  h  12 6 
d2y 1  11 5  d2y
   x = x0 = 2
2  (12)  6 + 12 (0)  6 (0)   2  x = x 0 = - 18 is solution.
 dx  1    dx 
Problem #02 Compute the first and second derivatives for the following
table of data at x = 1.1
X 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Y 0.000 0.128 0.544 1.296 2.432 4.000
 dy  d2y
[Ans.   x = x 0 = 0.64 ;  2  x = x 0 = 6.6 
 dx   dx 
Solution: the difference table is as below:
X y y 2y 3y 4y 5 y
1.0 0.000
0.128
1.2 0.128 0.288
0.416 0.048
1.4 0.544 0.336 0
0.752 0.048 0
1.6 1.296 0.384 0
1.136 0.048
1.8 2.432 0.432
1.568
2.0 4.000
Here x0 = 1, y0 = 0 and h = 0.2
By Newton’s Forward Difference Formula, we have
 dy  1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 
  x = x0 = y 0   y 0 +  y 0   y 0 +  y 0  .....
 dx  h 2 3 4 5 
 dy  1  1 1 1 1 
   x = x0 = 0.128  (0.288) + (0.048)  (0) + (0)
 dx  0.2  2 3 4 5 
 dy 
  x = x0 =
1
0.128 - 0.144 + 0.016  0 + 0 = 0   dy  x = 1.1 = 0.128/2  0.64
 dx  0.2  dx 
d2y 1  11 5 
 2  x = x0 = 2 2 y 0  3 y 0 + 4 y 0  5 y 0 + ......
 dx  h  12 6 
d2y 1  11 5 
  2  x = x0 = (0.288)  0.048 + 12 (0)  6 (0)
 dx  0.2 2  
d2y d2y
 2  x = x 0 =
1
0.240  6   2  x = 1.1 = 6 X 1.1 = 6.6
 dx  0.04  dx 
Hence the solution.
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
UNIT – IV Numerical Integration Faculty Name: N V Nagendram
Theory Lecture-06
Introduction:
b
We know that a definite integral of the form  f ( x) dx represents
a
the area under the curve y = f(x), enclosed between the limits x = a and x =
b. This integration is possible only if f(x) is explicitly given and if it is
integrable. The problem of numerical integration can be stated as follows:
Given set of (n + 1) data points ( xi, yi ), i = 0,1,2,.......,n of the

function y = f(x), where f(x) is not known explicitly, it is required to evaluate
xn
 f ( x) dx .
x0
The problem of numerical integration, like that of numerical

differentiation is solved by replacing f(x) with an interpolating polynomial
xn
Pn(x) and obtaining  P ( x) dx

x0
n which is approximately taken as the value of
xn
 f ( x) dx . Numerical Integration is also known as “Numerical Quadrature”.

x0
Newton-Cote’s Quadrature Formula (General Quadrature Formula):
This is the most popular and widely used numerical integration formula. It
forms the basis for a number of numerical integration methods known as
Newton-Cote’s methods.
Derivation of Newton-Cotes formula:
Let the interval [a, b be divided into n equal sub-intervals such that
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < x3 .........< xn = b. Then xn = x0 + nh.
Newton forward difference formula is
p(p - 1) 2 p(p - 1)(p - 2) 3

y( x) = y( x0 + ph) = Pn ( x) = y 0 + py 0 +  y0 +  y 0 + ........ ........ (1)
2! 3!
x  x0
Where p = .Now, instead of f(x) we will replace it by this interpolating
h
polynomial.
xn xn
  f ( x) dx =  P ( x) dx , where Pn(x) is an interpolating polynomial of degree n

n
x0 x0
 
x0 + nh x0 + nh
p(p - 1) 2 p(p - 1)(p - 2) 3
=  Pn ( x) dx =
x0

x0
 y 0 + py 0 +
 2!
 y0 +
3!
 y 0 + ....... dx

Since x = x0 + ph, dx = h.dp and hence the above integral becomes
 
xn n
p(p - 1) 2 p(p - 1)(p - 2) 3
 f ( x) dx = h   y 0 + py 0 +  y0 +  y 0 + ....... dp
0  
x0
2! 3!
 p 2 y 0 1  p 3 p 2  2 1  p4 p3 p2  
= h  y0 ( p ) + +    y 0 +   3 + 2 3 y 0 + .......
 2 2 3 2  6 4 3 2  
 n 2 y 0 1  n3 n 2  2 1  n4 n3 n2  
= h  ny0 + +    y 0 +   3 + 2 3 y 0 + .......
 2 2 3 2 6 4 3 2 
 ny 0 1  n 2 n  2 1  n3 n2 n 
= nh  y 0 + +    y 0 +  3 + 2 3 y 0 + .......
 2 2  3 2 6 4 3 2 
 ny 0 n(2n - 3) 2 n(n - 2) 2 3  n4 n3 n2  4 y 0 

= nh  y 0 + +  y0 +  y 0 +  3 + 11  3n  + ....
 2 12 24  5 2 3  4! 
This is called Newton-Cote’s Quadrature for)mula. ...........................(2)

(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
Theory Lecture-07
Reference topic on Trapezoidal Rule:
Definition: The process of finding or evaluating a definite integral
b
I =  f ( x) dx
a
from a set of numerical values of the integrand f(x). If it is
applied to the integration of a function of a single variable the process is
known as “Quadrature”.
The problem of numerical integration is solved by first approximating the
integrand by a polynomial with the help of an interpolation formula and
then integrating this expression between the desired limits.
b
Thus, to evaluate the definite integral  f ( x) dx
a
first expression the function
b b
f(x) by an interpolation formula say p(x) and then 
a
f ( x) dx   p( x) dx
a
.
The error E is such type of approximate given by,
b b b

a
f ( x) dx - a
p( x) dx =   f ( x)  p( x)dx
a
.
Definition: Trapezoidal Rule:
Here the function f(x) is approximated by a first- order polynomial P1(x)

which passes through two points.
Putting n = 1 in the above general formula, all differences higher than the
first will become zero (since other differences do not exist if n = 1) and we get
x1 x0 + h
 
 f ( x) dx =  f ( x) dx = h  y 0 +
1
y 0  = h  y 0 + 1 ( y1  y 0 ) = h
( y 0 + y1 )
x0 x0
2   2  2
x2 x0 + 2 h
and  f ( x) dx =  f ( x) dx = h  y

1 +
1 
y1  = h  y1 + 1 ( y 2  y1 ) = h
( y1 + y 2 )
x1 x0 + h
2   2  2
x3 x0 + 3 h
 
 f ( x) dx =  f ( x) dx = h  y 2 +
1
y 2  = h  y 2 + 1 ( y 3  y 2 ) = h
( y 2 + y3 )
x2 x0 + 2 h
2   2  2
..............................................................................................
Finally,
x0 + nh
h
 f ( x) dx =
x0 + ( n 1) h
2
( y n 1 + y n )
Hence,
xn x0 + nh x0 + h x0 + 2 h x0 + 3 h x0 + nh
 f ( x) dx =  f ( x) dx =  f ( x) dx +  f ( x) dx +  f ( x) dx + ..... +  f ( x) dx
x0 x0 x0 x0 + h x0 + 2 h x0 + ( n 1) h
= h
y0 + y1  + h y1 + y 2  +..........+ h ( y n1 + y n )
2 2 2
= h
( y0 + y1 )  2( y1 + y 2 + y3 + y 4 + ....... + y n2 + y n1 
2
................... (3)
xn
 f ( x) dx 
x0
h
sum of the first and last ordnates )  2 (sum of the remaining ordinates )
2
This is known as Trapezoidal Rule.

Geometrical Interpretation:
Consider the points P0(x0, y0), P1(x1, y1),P2(x2, y2), P3(x3, y3),....., Pn(xn, yn).
Suppose the curve y = f(x) passing through the above points be
approximated by the union of the line segments joining (P0, P1), (P1, P2),
(P2, P3),,.....,(Pn-1, Pn).
Y P2
P1
P0 Pn-1 Pn
y0 y1 y2 yn-1 yn
O x0 x1 x2 xn-1 xn X
Geometrically, the curve y = f(x) is replaced by n straight line segments

joining the points (x0, y0) and (x1, y1); (x2, y2) and (x3, y3); ,....., (xn-1, yn-1) and
(xn, yn). The area bounded by the curve y = f(x), x- axis and the ordinates
x = x0 and x = xn is then approximately equal to the sum of the areas of the
n trapezium as shown in the figure above.
The total area given by
h
y0 + y1 + h y1 + y 2  + h y 2 + y3  +..........+ h ( y n1 + y n )
2 2 2 2
xn
= h
( y0 + 2( y1 + y 2 + y3 + y 4 + ....... + y n1 ) + y n  =  f ( x) dx approximately.
2 x0
Note: Throughout this Trapezoidal rule method is very simple for calculation
purposes of numerical integration; the error in this case is significant.
Note: The accuracy of the result can be improved by increasing the number
of intervals or by decreasing the value of h.
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
Theory Lecture-08
Reference topic on Simpson’s 1/3 Rule
This is another popular and important method. Here, the function f(x) is
approximated by a second order polynomial P2(x) which passes through
three successive points.
Putting n = 2 in Newton-Cotes Quadrature formula i.e., by replacing the

curve y = f(x) by n/2 parabolas, we have
2(4  3) 2 
x2
 2  1 
 f ( x) dx = 2h  y
x0
0 +
2
y 0 +
12
 y 0  = 2h  y 0 + y 0 + 2 y 0 
  6 
 1  1 2 1 
= 2h  y 0 + (y1  y 0 ) + ( y 2  2 y1 + y 0 ) = 2h  y 0 + y1 + y 2 
 6  6 3 6 
=
2h
y 0 + 4 y1 + y 2  = h y 0 + 4 y1 + y 2 
6 3
x4
 f ( x) dx = 3 y + 4 y3 + y 4 
h
Similarly, 2
x2
....................................................
xn
 f ( x) dx =
h
y n2 + 4 y n1 + y n  Adding all these integrals, we obtain
xn  2
3
x2 x2 x4 xn

x0
f ( x) dx = 
x0
f ( x) dx + 
x2
f ( x) dx + ........... +  f ( x) dx
xn  2
=
h
y 0 + 4 y1 + y 2  + h y 2 + 4 y3 + y 4  + ............ + h y n2 + 4 y n1 + y n 
3 3 3
=
h
( y 0 + 4 y1 + y 2 ) + ( y 2 + 4 y3 + y 4 ) + ............. + ( y n2 + 4 y n1 + y n )
3
=
h
( y 0 + y n ) + 4( y1 + y 2 + y3 + y5 + y n1 ) + 2( y 2 + y 4 + y 6 + ....... + y n2 )
3
................... (4)
h sum of the first and last ordnates ) + 4 ( sum of the odd ordinates )
3 + 2( sum of the remaining even ordinates 
=

With the convention that y0, y2, y4,....., y2n are even ordinates and y1, y3,
y5,....., y2n-1 are odd ordinates.
This is known as Simpson’s 1/3 rule or simply Simpson’s rule.
Note: This rule requires the given interval must be divided into even number
of equal sub-intervals of width h.
Reference topic on Simpson’s 3/8 Rule:
Simpson’s 1/3 rule was derived using three points that fit a Quadratic
equation. We can extend this approach by incorporating four successive
points so that the rule can be exact for a polynomial f(x) of degree 3. Putting
n = 3 in Newton-Cote’s Quadrature formula, all differences higher than the
third will become zero and we obtain
 3(6  3) 2 3(3  2) 2 3 
x3
3

x0
f ( x) dx = 3h  y 0 + y 0 +
 2 12
 y0 +
24
 y0 

x3
 3 3 1 
 f ( x) dx = 3h y
x0
0 +
2
y 0 + 2 y 0 + 3 y 0 
4 8 
x3
 3 3 1 
 f ( x) dx = 3h  y
x0
0 +
2
( y1  y 0 ) + ( y 2  2 y1 + y 0 ) + ( y 3  3 y 2 + 3 y1  y 0 )
4 8 
x3
hy 0 + 3 y1 + 3 y 2 + y 3 
3
 f ( x) dx =
x0
8
Similarly,
x6
hy 3 + 3 y 4 + 3 y 5 + y 6  and so on.

3
 f ( x) dx =
x3
8
Adding all these integrals, from x0 to xn, where n is a multiple of 3, we get

xn x3 x6 xn
 f ( x) dx =  f ( x) dx +  f ( x) dx + ........... +  f ( x) dx
x0 x0 x3 xn  3
=
3h
( y0 + 3 y1 + 3 y2 + y3 ) + ( y3 + 3 y4 + 3 y5 + y6 ) + ...... + ( yn3 + 3 yn2 + 3 yn1 + yn )
8
=
3h
( y0 + yn ) + 3( y1 + y2 + y4 + y5 + ......... + yn1 ) + 2( y3 + y6 + y9 + ....... + yn )
8
.................... (5)
Equation (5) is called Simpson’s 3/8 rule which is applicable only when n
is multiple of 3. This rule is not so accurate as Simpson’s 1/3 rule.
Note: while there is no restriction for the number of intervals in Trapezoidal

rule, number of sub-intervals n in the case of Simpson’s 1/3 rule must be
even, for Simpson’s 3/8 rule must be multiple of 3.
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section

2
e
sin x
Problem # 01 Evaluate dx taking h =/6? [Ans.3.0815
0
1
x
3
Problem # 02 Evaluate dx with five sub-intervals by Trapezoidal rule?
0
[Ans.0.26
Problem # 03 When a train is moving ar 30 m/sec, steam is shut off and

brakes are supplied. The spped of the train per second after t sec. Is given
by using Simpson’s rule, determine the distance moved by the train in 40
seconds?
Time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
speed 30 24 19.5 16 13.6 11.7 10 8.5 7.0
[Ans.573.4367

Problem #04 Evaluate  t sin t
0
dt using the trapezoidal rule? [Ans.3.07
e dx by simpson’s 1/3 rule with 10 sub-divisions?

x
Problem #05 Compute
0
[Ans.53.6055
2
dx
Problem #05 Find the value of 
1
x
by Simpson’s rule. Hence obtain
approximate value of loge ? 2 [Ans.0.6931
e dx by using Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule. Also

x
Problem #06 Evaluate
0
compare your result with the exact value of the integral?

[Ans.(i) 57.992 (ii) 53.864 (iii) 53.5981
2
e
x2
Problem #07 Evaluate dx by using Simpson’s rule taking h = 0.25?
0
[Ans. 0.63486
(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
Problem #01 Dividing the range into 10 equal parts, find the approximate

value of  sin x dx
0
by (i) Trapezoidal Rule (ii) Simpson’s Rule.
[Ans. (i) 1.9843 (ii) 2.0009

Problem #02 A rocket is launched from the ground. Its acceleration
measured every 5 sec. Is tabulated below. Find the velocity and the position
of the rocket at t = 40 seconds. Use Trapezoidal rule as well as Simpson’s
rule?
T 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
a(t) 40.0 42.25 48.50 51.25 54.35 59.48 61.5 64.3 68.7
[Ans. velocity 2194.9;position 87796;velocity 2197.5;position 87900
Problem #03 Evaluate the following integral using Simpson’s 1/3 rule for
2
ex
n = 4 dx ? [Ans. 3.0592
1
x
1
1
Problem #04 Evaluate  1+ x
0
dx (i) by Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson’s 1/3
rule (ii) Using Simpson’s 3/8 rule? [Ans.0.69485;0.6931;0.6932
Problem #05 Given that

X 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2
Log x 1.3863 1.4351 1.4816 1.5261 1.5686 1.6094 1.6487
5.2
Evaluate  log x dx
4
by Simpson’s 3/8 rule? [Ans. 1.827847
1
Problem #06 Evaluate 
0
1 + x 4 dx using Simpson’s 3/8 rule?[Ans.1.08942
6
1
0
dx using Simpson’s 1/3 and 3/8 rule and
compare the result with actual value? [Ans.1.9586; 1.9659;1.94591

(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
1
1
0
2
dx using Simpson’s 3/8 rule taking h = 1/6
Hence obtain an approximate value of ? [Ans. 3.1416
1
Problem #02 Evaluate 
0
1 + x 3 dx using (i)Simpson’s 1/3 rule and (ii)
Trapezoidal rule? [Ans.1.1114; 1.11226
Problem #03 The table below shows the temperature f(t) as a function of
time
t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f(t) 81 75 80 83 78 70 60
7
Use Simpson’s 1/3 rule method to estimate 
0
f (t ) dt ? [Ans. 403.6667
2.0
Problem #04 Evaluate  y dx
0.6
using Trapezoidal rule given data below
x 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

y 1.23 1.58 2.03 4.32 6.25 8.38 10.23 12.45
[Ans.10.416
2
dx
Problem #05 Calculate 
1
x
Using Simpson’s rule and Trapezoidal rule
take h = 0.25 in the given range? [Ans.0.697

(AUTONOMOUS)

ECE - B Section
Objective Type Questions & Integration OTQ-01
6
01. If y0 = 0, y1 = 10, y2 = 18, y3 = 25 and h = 2 then the value of  y dx
0
by
Simpson’s 3/8 rule is ......................... [81.75

02. The n th difference of a polynomial of degree n is .................. [constant
03. Trapezoidal rule states that ....................................................................
[ ( y 0 + y1 )  2( y1 + y 2 + y3 + y 4 + ....... + y n2 + y n1 
h
2
04. f(x) is given by
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
f(x) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 4 5 6 7
1
Then the value of  f ( x) dx
0
by Simpson’s 3/8 rule is ................. [1.966
05. f(x) is given by,

x 0 0.5 1.0
f(x) 1 0.8 0.5
1
Then by Trapezoidal rule  f ( x) dx
0
is..................... [0.775

06. If f(0) = 1, f( ) = 1.6487, f(  ) = 2.3632, f(  ) = 2.7182, then the value
6 3 2

2
of 
0
f ( x) dx by Simpson’s 3/8 rule is ................................... [0.0911
07. If f(0) = 1, f(1) = 0.5, f(2) = 0.2, f(3) = 0.1, f(4) = 0.0588, f(5) = 0.0385,
6
f(6) = 0.027, then the value of 
0
f ( x) dx by Simpson’s 3/8 rule is [1.3571
b
08. by Simpson’s 3/8 rule, a
f ( x) dx =
3h
( y0 + yn ) + 3( y1 + y2 + y4 + y5 + ......... + yn1 ) + 2( y3 + y6 + y9 + ....... + yn )
8

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LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Numerical Differentiation and Integration – Differentiation using finite

B.Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

4.2 Numerical Differentiation

4.3 Formulae for Derivatives using finite differences

4.4 Maxima and Minima of a Tabulated Function

4.5 Solved Examples

4.6 Exercise Problems

4.8 Numerical Integration

B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

numerical techniques is called “Numerical Integration”.

In this section, we discuss various numerical differentiation and numerical

Numerical differentiation is the process by which we can find the derivative

Uses of Numerical differentiation:

The numerical differentiation techniques can be used in the following

For example, we may knowing the values of f( x ) at various values of x,

02. The function to be differentiated is complicated, and so, it is difficult to

Numerical differentiation is the process of calculating the value of the

If we require the derivative at the end of the table, we employ Newton-

If the values of x are not Equi-spaced, we use Newton’s Divided difference

B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

Derivatives using Newton’s Forward Difference Formula:

Suppose that we are given a set of values (xi, yi), i = 0,1,2,...., n.

We want to find the derivative of y = f ( x ) passing through the ( n + 1)points,

Newton’s Forward Difference Interpolation Formula is

On differentiation (1) w.r.t., p we have

At x = x0 and p = 0, hence putting p = 0, equation (3) gives

From which we obtain

B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

Derivatives using Newton’s Backward Difference Formula:

Newton’s Backward Difference Interpolation Formula is

On differentiation (7) w.r.t., p we have

At x = xn and p = 0, hence putting p = 0, equation (9) gives

Again on differentiation (09) we obtain

From which we obtain

B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

Derivatives using Central Difference Formula:

The Stirling’s Formula is given by

On differentiation (1) w.r.t., x we have

At x = x0 and p = 0, hence putting p = 0, we get

B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

We know that the maximum and minimum values of a function can be

Consider Newton’s forward difference interpolation formula

B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

Problem #01: Given the following data find f(6)

Problem #04: the following table of values of x and y is given.

B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

By Newton’s divided difference formula,

Here x0 = 1.5, y0 = 3.375, h = 0.5

B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

Problem #02: Find dy/dx at x = 7.5 from the following table.

B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

Solution: The difference table is as below

B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods

Here x0 = 1, y0 = 0 and h = 0.2

By Newton’s Forward Difference Formula, we have

B. Tech I Year (II-Semester) May/ June 2014 T 264- Numerical Methods