EE60548—Electromagnetic Theory —Spring 2020 Homework Set #2 Due Date: Wednesday, February 12" 1. The transmission line circuit shown below models the feed network for a two-element antenna array operating at 900 MHz. Each antenna is modeled in terms of its radiation resistance, a quantity that gauges the power radiated by each antenna. The coaxial cable used for the feed network is assumed to be loss-less with a characteristic impedance of 50 Q. Given that the antennas are identical with R = 100 Q, and that the phasor current at Antenna | is 7, =0.120"A, Antenna 2 Antenna 1 =100 Q R=100 Q 38 a4 a. Calculate the power dissipated at Antenne 1, b. Plot the voltage standing wave pattem on the transmission line segment between the two antennas giving numerical values forV, andV,,, ¢. Calculate the power dissipated at Antenne 2. 4d. Calculate the VSWR on the transmission line segment between the source and Antenna 2. €. Calculate the generator impedance for maximum power transfer. 2. A loss-less transmission line of characteristic impedance of 75 is terminated at a complex load of impedance 75 - i75 © load. This line is to be matched to another loss-less transmission line of characteristic impedance of 100 ®. For this purpose, a quarter-wave impedance transformer will be used. Given the constraint that the impedance transformer should be placed as close as possible to the load, design the matching network. Give explicit values for the distance (in wavelengths) of the quarter-wave transformer from the load and the characteristic impedance of the transformer. A lossless, coaxial, 50 cable is terminated at an unknown load, The following information is provided: a. the operating frequency is 100 MHz; b. the magnitude of the line voltage is minimum at the load; e. the line impedance is real and equal to 100 Q at a distance of 0.5 m from the load; d. the relative permittivity of the insulating material is less than 3. What is the load impedance? What is the relative permittivity of the insulating material?4. In the transmission-line system shown below the time-average power transferred to the load is maximum. Assuming that both trarsmission lines are loss-less: a. Calculate the load impedance; b. Calculate the time-average power dissipated at the load; and ¢. Plot the voltage standing wave pattern on Line 1 2,=50-i50 Q Z.=100 2 24 30/8 5. Considering the circuit below, determine the value of the characteristic impedance Zs that achieves impedance matching. 1002 Zo = 3002 Zn= 752 Ri=95.75Q 10a 6. Plot the bounce diagram for the transient circuit shown in the figure below. Include at least three reflections, What is the total at the midpoint of the line (z= 2) at time 1 = 31/vp? 100.2 7. A four-section binomial matching transformer is to be used to match a 12.5 Q load to a 50.2 Tine at a center frequency of | GHz. (a) Design the matching transformer, and compute the bandwidth for Ty=0.05. Plot the input reflection coefficient versus frequency. (b) Lay out the microstrip implementation of shis circuit on an FR4 substrate (a PCB board made from glass-reinforced epoxy laminate) that has «=4.2, d=0.158 cm and tan 8=0.02 is the losstangent of the dielectric (ie. tang ‘=-Z,) with copper conductors 0.5 mil thick. Plot the eae insertion loss (i.e, insertion loss (AB)=20 logo |VifIV2) versus frequency. ‘TEAMS Email Team A: 1. Baranker, Jenny [email protected] 2. Luis, Perez [email protected] 3. Goswami, Anjan agoswam2(@nd.edu 4, Palit, Anwesha [email protected] ‘Team B: 1. Mahoney, Brendan [email protected] 2. Wang, Wei [email protected] 3, Zhang, Hanxiang [email protected] .1. The transmission line circuit shown below models the feed network for a two-clement antenna array operating at 900 MHz. Each antenna is modeled in terms of its radiation resistance, a quantity that gauges the power radiated by each antenna. The coaxial cable used forthe feed network is assumed to be loss-ess with a characteristic impedance of 50 ©. Given that the antennas are identical with R= 100 Q, and that the phasor current at Mem Ze, Antenna 1 is 7, =0.120'4, Antenna 1 R=100.0 38, ‘ 7% Caleulate the power dissipated at Antenna 1 4 ° LZ Bs Plot the voltage standing wave ptm of he transion line segment between the to tmentaa ging numeric values fr? and, © the power dissipated at Antnn 2. C Call the VSWR onthe transmission segment between the source and Antenna 2. YK cleat te VSWR on th 77% Calculate the generator impedance for maximum power transfer.AP> = [FST & =09hWr 100 4 Pour diss palo ab atonal -0SW by Vinay Ivtl (i -+1TRL) = 78 ( /5) = 10v Vw 2 Iv) (I- Ire) = F8(1-L) = 8V Cie) botany - 6ow Smit hante iytl = Vana = ON Z(d=3i,J8) Ze a4 38 b) Vin = Uy. 2 Lin? Yin ren Zn Binz Io b4190 Fem EP = y& REF Vin Mand Vine B49 y yp 190. 3F 3F Line Hise iG OQ? <0. tw 2 The 48 F1lol Vteum ut] so. Vmog? Wut Cit Wel) = 145 Un = WIHECI- tl) = Sk U5. Considering the circuit below, determine the value of the characteristic impedance Ziv that achieves impedance matching. Zo. = 3009 Zn= 750 Ry =95.750 Ziny = 3.2 (norm ) Br? Fs O13 Yiny> 8 B42 7 Yiay= Ys (Vso) > oe 2 0. 09 S Ying OS Ving % 20175 Ger VR, = 0.0 104% KrGit Yap # Ga, 280 1335 cas Re HI9/2bK-I—a 4, —— Zo > 50% ae 2d6, Plot the bounce diagram for the transient circuit shown in the figure below, Include at least three reflections. What is the total at the midpoint ofthe line (2 = /2) at time t= 3i'vp? asa 10.0 yk pie “Shits (r\ pur ee ur~c6e7l4) ° “ Vie pay =0.740 = & 667 + 222-0: 7y0)V ~ 8 -16V eo“d 7. A four-section binomial matching transformer is to be used to match a 12.5 © load to a 50 0 line at a center frequency of 1 GHz. (@) Design the matching transformer, and compute the bandwidth for F'y-O.08. Plot the $3 input reflection coefficient versus frequency. x2 (©) Lay out the microstrip implementation of this circuit on an FR4 substrate (a PCB board made fiom glass-reinforced epory laminate) that has e742, dO.158 em and tan §~0.02 is the loss Pe ge tangent of the dielectric (ie. jyy5"*2 « 2 with copper conductors 0.5 mil thick. Plot the § ae ae >i insertion los (Le. insertion loss (4B)=20 logis |Vi/[Va) versus frequency. is is Gt a > CP aa Ss ae g ArU" 115-9 70.0395 116 *50 oon (sla) =, AE.\ Bing tiny Bar Zyos Input Reflection Coefficent VS. Frequency 0s 04 4 0 02 O04 06 o8 1 ote aaa eee eee Frequency (Ghz)__Insertion Loss VS. Frequency Insertion Loss(dB) 26 04 06 «081 120° 14 «160182 Frequency (Ghz)clear all close all cle Binomial Multistep Maximally Flat Impedance Transformer Luis Perez EENG 402.01 Electromagnetic Waves and Materials The code is divided in two parts. The first part is to calculate a Binomial multistep maximally flat impedance transformer(BMT) using microstrip. Microstrip First it asks what kind of BMT, if number of sections. rostrip, or waveguide, and the operating frequency, along with the %% Microstrip and Waveguide Binomial Multistep Maximally Flat Transformer TLtype= input ("Microstrip(''MS'') \nWaveguide(*'WG'') \n:>>"); Fo= input ("Operating Frequency in GHz: '); Ne input ("Number of sections: '); Inputs For the microstrip", it asks for the input, and the load impedance. if Thtype-= 'ms* 8% MS Specific inputs 3% 20= input ("Input impedance: ZL= input ("Load impedance oy ong ‘Stepped Impedances With the input, and load impedances, it calculates the step impedances, using the following: een ma me Where Nis the total number of sections, and nis the section number. 8% Calculating for the MS Stepped impedances characteristics 8% Z-Binomial_mltstp_trfmr(N, 20,21);Microstrip characteristics from stepped impedances Lastly, it runs all the impedance values through the set of equations from Rogers Corp to determine the microstrip width and length. The final equation is Z0p = 20 $0 4 Soe = 1 ore Cop) The full set of equations can be found here. (28(1), 28_W(1), 2S_L(1)] -Micro_Strip Calculations(z0, Fe, 2); clear i for a=1:N (zs(14i), 28_W(1+i), 25 L(t) icro_Strip Calculations (Z(i), Fey 4); end 2S(end+1), 2$_W(end+1), ZS_L(end+1)]=Micro Strip Calculations(ZL, Fe, 2); Waveguide ‘The second part is to calculate a BMT using a waveguice. Inputs For the waveguide (WG), it asks for the following characteristics + Waveguide mode +m" and "n” mode + Waveguide Band Lastly, it asks for the input, and the load dielectric constant. else 8% WG Specific inputs 8% mode= input ( 'TE or TM mode: ' ); % What mode the waveguide w: m= input ( "Waveguide mode oa % "m" mode of waveguide n= input ( "Waveguide mode ae % "n" mode of waveguide band= input ("Waveguide Band"); switch band case 'L' 16.51; 8.255; 10.922; b= 5.4617 case 'S" a= 7.2147 3.40.2/11/20 11:08 PM_/Users/LuisPer.../Binomial_mltstp_trfmr.m Tofi function [ Z ] = Binomial_mltstp_trfmr( N, Z0, ZL) sThis is a function to calculate the impedances for a binomial multistep sstransformer. 5 Output explanation: % Z= Array of z values in ohms, including the input inpedance, and load ‘sinpedance 5% Input explanation: %:N= Defines the number of sections in the transformer the input impedance in ohms the load impedance in ohms 58 C calculations %% for n= O:N C(n+1)= factorial (N)/(factorial(n)*factorial(N-n)); end 8 Impedance Calculations %% Co= 0; Z= 20; for m="1:Ne1 C= C(m); Z(m#1)= Z(m) exp ( (CO) /(2°N) Log (ZL/ZO) )5 end Z = Z(2zend); end‘Advanced Circuit Materials Division 1005. Roosevelt Avenue ‘Chandler, AZ 85226 Tel: 480-961-1382, Fax: 480-961-4533, \wwwsogorscorporalion.com ROGERS CORPORATION Advanced Circuit Materials Design BIZ Width and Effective Dielectric Constant Equations for Design of Microstrip Transmission Lines ‘As a convenience for microstrip design. line width and effective dielectric constant can be calculated by using our impedance calculation program. This free software is available for use or download on our website at http://www.rogerscorporation.com/acm, Unlike the stripline configuration where the strip lies between two ground planes, transmission lines in microstrip are not entirely in the TEM mode and tend to be dispersive. That is, the effective dielectric con- stant and the impedance vary with the frequency of the transmitted signal. The effect is especially pro- nounced when the frequency is near the TEM cutoff frequency, Several papers have been written dealing with the microstrip transmission line. The static electric field computer analysis of Bryant and Weiss (1.2) is accepted as highly accurate, but lacking in frequency effect and time-consuming in computation. The standard closed form solutions of Wheeler (3) and Schneider (4) have been improved in accuracy by Hammerstad (5) and a summary of accurate closed form equations, including the effect of frequency, have been presented by Hammersiad and Jensen (6). Improved formulas for the frequency dispersion effect were published by Kirschning and Jansen (7). These were experimentally ‘Conductor Thickness Substrate Thickness Traca Dielectric Ground Plane 1. 1.G. Bryant and J.A.Weiss, "Parameters of Microstrip Transmission Lines and Coupled Pairs of Microstrip Lines’. IEEE Trans MIT, MIT-16 (Dec. 1988) pp 1021-27. Conference, (Sept 1-4, 1975) Hamburg, Germany, pp 268-72. 6. E.Hammerstad and O. Jensen, “Accurate Models for 1980 IEEE MTT-S 2. T.G. Bryant and J.A. Weiss, MSIRIP (Parameters of Microstrip)" IEEE Trans MIT, Computer Prog. Desc. (Apr. 1971) pp 418-419. 3. _H.A. Wheeler. "Transmission Line Properties of Parallel Strips Separated by a Dielectric Sheet’, IEEE Trans MTT, (Mar. 1965) pp 172-185. 4. M.V. Schneider, "Microstrip Lines for Microwave Integrated Circuits’, The Bell System Technical Journal. (May-June 1969) PP 1421-44 5. E.0.Hammerstad, “Equations for Microstrip Circuit Design’, Proceedings oof 5th European Microwave Microstrip Computer-Aided Design’, International Symposium Digest, (May 1980) Wash- ington D.C. IEEE catalog #80CHi545-3MIT, pp 407- 409. M. Kirschning and RH. Jansen, Electronics etters, (18 March 1982) Vol 18, No. 6, pp 272-273. S. Deibele, J.B. Bayer, IEEE Trans MIT. Vol MIT-35, No. 5, (May 19987) pp 535-538. PLANAR TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURES, Ed, Tltoh, 1987 IEEE Pres. ‘The world runs belier with Rogers.evaluated by Deibele and Bayer (8). who reported better prediction of results, especially at higher frequencies. The formulas in (6) with dispersion according to (7) were used in this revision. Refer- ences I, 6 are included in the collection of refer- ence 9. The following formulas can be used to generate tables: Description of symbols: substrate thickness in milimeters ratio of conductor thickness to substrate thickness ratio of trace width fo substrate thickness frequency in GHz relative permittivity effective relative permittivity at 0 frequency fqn @ffective relative permittivity at frequency F characteristic impedance at 0 frequency characteristic impedance at frequency F 376.73 filing factor speed of light : 299.792 mm/ns natural logarithm base Pp co e Get width corrected for thickness in homogeneous medium Taf + Stank? (65170)"*)] y-0+— 1 Get width corected for mixed media 1 W, -U)a+—+ : cosh((e U,-Us Get Z,without frequency effect inp -8€ q(x) = “- Get effective permittivity without frequency effect e, -r¢a 00 NO The filing factor P is from Kirschning and Jansen. This was found more accurate than the simpler one in Hammerstad and Jensen according to measurements reported by Deibele and Bayer. F, -0.27488 + U[0.6315 + 052500157FB + 1)*°}--006568%*" B -03362201-e°™"* ) B, =00363e4#”(1-e' P= 27510 P~ PPLFBO1844 + BP," Apply the filing factor to the Getsinger dispersion model for the effective permittivity and characteristic impedance at frequency F Use Ur and ¢,to get valve for intermediate Y Zaz =2o 7 tao Ha, yess “ g A te IL) sor ey gy pene MTZeOnD GE “pee B, ~ 0564 228% 143 ‘CONTACTINFORMATION: Tex Rogers AAVanCoT CFSOFMGTaTGE, WO RZ Corea aE aE FETS FOR TOO FETA Begum ogo Ny. Tek 1309.2353611 Foxe 4829-2350650 sapor Rogers Japan nc Tek ei-s5200-2700 Fox: 819-5200.0571 ion Fogers Yotwan in Tob sse2-esov0se Fax 626-2 S4eo9057 Korea Rogers Korea ne Toke2siriecii2 Faxe2t7i6-4208 singapore: Rogers Technologies Singapere ne eb 65747-3901 Fan 65-7477405 The information inthis design note is intended to assist you in designing with Rogers’ laminates. tis not intended to and does not greale any waranties express or implied, including any warranty & merchantobilty or fines for paricular application. the User Should de mine the suilabilly of Rogers laminates for each application. These commodities, technology or software ore exported from the United States in accordance with the Exper! Adminishalion regulations. Diversion contrary fo U.S. law prohibited. R/duroid® and DUROID® are licensed trademarks of Rogers Corporation. (©1982-2003 Rogers Corporation, Pred in US.A. Publication #2/11/20 11:09 PM /Users/Luis.../Micro_Strip Calculations.m 1 of 2 function [ 20, 20_W, Z0_L ] = Micro Strip_Calculations( Z, Fc, D ) SsThis set of equations is from Rogers Corp. to determine the micro strip width andy length. % R1/duroid 5870(epsiton_r: % RT/duroid 5880(epsilon_r: 2.33) 2.2) 88% Warning! % If working with diffrent material other then 5870/5880, Material % constants will need to be changed in order to match the new material. % Key verialbes to look for: epsilon_r Thickness of substrate ‘= Thickness of Conductor Output explanation: Z0= Characteristic Impedance that was chosen Z@_W = Width of the micro strip ze Micro strip length determined by D Input explanation: Characteristic Impedance of choice Operating frequency Lambda division factor (if set to one, Z@L= 1 Wavelength) 88 Variables 5% %Z= input (‘Characteristic Impedance: SF> input (Operating Frequency in Giz: were cree we % Desired Characteristic Impedance in ohms % Operating Frequency in Gigahertz % Lambda Division factor = input (‘Lambda Division Factor: * S% Material Constants syns w % Varialbes for intermidieate equations; w =u trace width 1,58} %1.575; % Substrate Thickness in millimeters 0.0127; %35¥10~-3; % Conductor Thickness in millimeters er= 4.2; 82.2; % Relative Permitivity eta_0= 376.73; % e= exp(1); % Defining “e" for future use 299.792; % Speed of Light mm/ns B= 0.564x((er-.9) /(er43))*.053; % Constant for Y functions cT= C/T; % Ratio fo conductor Thickness to Substratew Thicknes for i= 1:1:2 % For loop will run this section of the codew twice. Us w/T; % Ratio of trace Width to substrate thickness 38% U functions % Ul= U+(CTxLog( (4xextanh( (6.517#U)*0.5)72) /CT + 1))/pis Ur= U+((UI-U)#(1+(1/(cosh( (er=1)*.5)))))/25 58 Y Functions %% Au= L+( Log( (Ur~4+(Ur2/2704) } / (Ur~4+.432)))/49 + (Log( (Ur/18.1)*341))/18.75 Y= (er+1)/2 + (er-1)/24(1410/Ur)*—(AusB) ; $8 Z Functions % Ze= 201_function(Ur,eta_0)/Y*.5; e_eff_O= Y«(Z01_function(U1,eta_¢)/Z01_function(Ur,eta_d))*2; 9% P Functinos ¥% PI= 0,27488+U+ (0.6315+0.525%(0.01574FcxT+1) -20)-0, 065683+exp(-8. 75134U) ; P2= 0,33622#(1-exp(-0.03442#er) ) 52/11/20 11:09 PM_/Users/Lui: /Micro Strip Calculations.m 2 of 2 P3_1= 0.0363¥e*(-(4.64U)); 1 2= 1-e*(=( (Fost) /(38.7) 94.97); P3_1¥P3_1 2.751+(1-e%(~(er/15.916)*8) )+1; PL4P2+( Fo#T#(@, 1844+P3+P4) )*1.5763; 98 Frequency Specific Functions %% e_eff_F= er-((er-e_eff_0)/(14P)); Z0_F= Z0«( (¢_eff_0/e_e?f_F)*.5)#( (e_eff_F-1)/(e_eff_O-1)); if is 2 % continue end % Calculate width %% w= vpasolve(Z0_F==Z,w,4); w= double(w) ifw<0 disp('Need to change "Guess" in Micro Strip_Calculations (vpasolve) ") return end end 9 Calculate Landa %% Vp= c¢/(sqrt(e_eff_F))i % Effective phase velocity lambda= Vp/Fcz % Lambda in mm d= lambda/D; % Microstrip Length % Outputs 20- 2; Ss Displays % fprintf('Z0= %d \n', Z) % fprintf( ‘Microstrip Width= %.4f(mm) \n', w); % fprintf( ‘Microstrip length= %.4f(mm) \n'\n', 1d); end2/11/20 11:23 PM_/Users/LuisPerez/Desktop/ND_EM_HW2.m eps_eff = 3.2090; vp = physconst( ‘LightSpeed')/sqrt (eps_eff 026: 2€9; for i= 1:size(Z,2)-1 beta_U(:,i) = 2xpiaF*Z5_L(i+1)x0.001/vp; end Zind = 2(4)*(ZL+1ixZ(4)etan(beta_U(:,4)))./(Z(4)+1ixZL*tan(beta_L Zin2 = 2(3).*(Zin1+1i.¥Z2(3) tan (beta_U:,3)))./(Z(3) +1i.+Zin1 tan (beta_U Zin3 Zing 3Zin5 Vambda/4 2(2).#(Zin241i.42(2) -etan(beta_l 20.*(Zind+1i.*Z0.xtan(pi/2))./(Z0+1i.. Gamma_s = (Zin4-20)./(Zin4+Z0) ; Ganma_m = 0.05+ones(size(Ganma_s,1),1); figure plot(F/1e9, abs (Gamma_s), ‘LineWwidth' ,2) hold on plot (F/1e9,Ganma_m, hold off *, "LineWidth' 2) Legend('N=4", '\Ganma_m = 0.05", ‘Location’, 'best') grid on xlabel( ‘Frequency (Ghz)') ylabel(* |\Ganna|") title('Input Reflection Coefficent VS. Frequency") s.¥Zind. /(Z0+Zin4); Va xZin3./(Z(1)+Zin3) ; W2exzin2./(Z(2)+Zin2 V3.xZin1./(Z(3)+Zin1); V4exZL./(2(4)42L) IL = (abs(V1)./abs(V5)); ILdB = 2@%Log10(TL); figure plot (F/1e9, ILdB) grid on xlabel( ‘Frequency (Ghz)') ylabel (‘Insertion Loss(dB)*) title( "Insertion Loss VS. Frequency') Ganma_L = (ZL-Z0)/(ZL+Z0); ip 12)))./(Z(2) 414. 4Zin2, tan (beta_U(:52))); 2(1) vx(Zin341i-*2Z(1) tan (beta U(:1)))/(Z(1) 41L.4Zin3 tan (betas: .1)))# Zind.*tan(pi/2)); %assume ZO length ise lof 2