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    Cell Modifications That Lead To Adaptation

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    Chris Eisma
    This document summarizes various types of cell modifications that lead to adaptation. It describes apical modifications like microvilli and cilia that increase surface area for absorption. Basal modifications such as basal infoldings are involved in active transport and epithelial polarization. Lateral modifications include tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes that connect cells and increase integrity. Specialized cell types have unique modifications, for example neurons have dendrites and axons for signal transmission, and red blood cells contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport.

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    Cell Modifications That Lead To Adaptation

    Uploaded by

    Chris Eisma
    534 views1 page
    This document summarizes various types of cell modifications that lead to adaptation. It describes apical modifications like microvilli and cilia that increase surface area for absorption. Basal modifications such as basal infoldings are involved in active transport and epithelial polarization. Lateral modifications include tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes that connect cells and increase integrity. Specialized cell types have unique modifications, for example neurons have dendrites and axons for signal transmission, and red blood cells contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport.

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    This document summarizes various types of cell modifications that lead to adaptation. It describes apical modifications like microvilli and cilia that increase surface area for absorption. Basal modifications such as basal infoldings are involved in active transport and epithelial polarization. Lateral modifications include tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes that connect cells and increase integrity. Specialized cell types have unique modifications, for example neurons have dendrites and axons for signal transmission, and red blood cells contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    534 views1 page

    Cell Modifications That Lead To Adaptation

    Uploaded by

    Chris Eisma
    This document summarizes various types of cell modifications that lead to adaptation. It describes apical modifications like microvilli and cilia that increase surface area for absorption. Basal modifications such as basal infoldings are involved in active transport and epithelial polarization. Lateral modifications include tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes that connect cells and increase integrity. Specialized cell types have unique modifications, for example neurons have dendrites and axons for signal transmission, and red blood cells contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CELL MODIFICATIONS THAT LEAD TO  Hemidesmosome

    ADAPTATION  Protein filaments interlock with filaments of the


    adjacent cell which forms a dense intermediate line
    Kinds of Cell Modifications between the cells
    a. Apical Modifications (top)
     Found beneath the zonula adherens
    b. Basal Modifications (bottom)
     Cytoplasmic face is connected to microfilaments
    c. Lateral Modifications (sides)
    extending into the cytoplasm

    APICAL MODIFICATIONS LATERAL MODIFICATIONS


     Microvilli  Tight junctions (zonula occludens)
     Also called brush/striated border  A band near the apical surface forms a seal,
     Finger-like cytoplasmic extensions of the apical appearing to be fused
    surface which increase surface area for  There is 15-20 nm space between epithelium cells
    absorption  Tight junction occludes/separates the compartments
     Numerous, often regularly arranged, and found  Adhering Junctions (Zonula Adherens)
    in absorptive epithelia  the actin filaments which make up zonula adherens
     Cilia maintain integrity of the cell to better bind
     Motile, function in movement  found just beneath the tight junction
     Beats in a coordinated rhythmical wave-like  cytoplasmic face is linked to the actin cytoskeleton
    movement of materials over the surface  Gap Junctions
     Appear as short hair-like structures or  connexons of one membrane aligns with connexion
    projections of adjacent membrane so that hydrophilic material
     Each cilium is connected to a basal body and can be transported
    extends from the free surface  important in cell communication
     Core is composed of microtubules arranged in a  adjacent cells are 2-3 nm apart
    specific manner  Desmosome (Maculs Adherens)
     Can be found in the lining of the trachea  Protein filaments interlock with filaments of the
    (windpipe) or in the Fallopian tube adjacent cell which forms a dense intermediate line
     Stereocilia between the cells
     Long microvilli that function in increasing  Help to resist shearing forces and are found in
    absorption simple and stratified squamous epithelium
     Non-motile
     Found in sensory cells in ear and male SPECIALIZED MODIFICATIONS
    reproductive tract  Nerve cells or neurons are very specialized cells
     Does not have the true characteristics of the true of the nervous system. Since an electrical signal
    cilia or flagella needs to travel relatively long distances to parts
     Flagella of the body, nerve cells have specialized
     Are also concerned with movement structures called dendrites, which received an
     Same axial structure with cilia but much longer electrical signal from another neuron, and axons,
    which transmit an electrical signal to another
     Present in tail of the spermatozoa
    neuron.
    BASAL MODIFICATIONS  Muscle cells are made up primarily of a pair of
     Basal Infoldings special proteins called actin and myosin which
     Often found in epithelium that are known to allows the muscle to contract.
    transport fluid (kidney)  Red blood cells are anucleate, and thus are
     Will often see mitochondria in the basal produced from bone marrow, but contain large
    infoldings, suggests that active transport is amounts of haemoglobin to transport oxygen
    occurring throughout the body.
     Very important in epithelial polarization and  Sperm cells are haploid and contain a flagellum
    stability in order to swim through the vagina.
     Support the epithelium and also functions as a  Plant cells have large amounts of the organelle
    passive molecular sieve or ultrafilter chloroplast, which allows the cell to undergo
     If basal lamina is destroyed (trauma, infections, photosynthesis. Plant cells are also covered by a
    burns), the epithelium will not be repaired but cell wall.
    substituted with a scar (connective tissue)

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